through+group

μέσος, η, ον (Hom.+). The distinction between ‘middle’ and ‘among’ for μ. is sometimes rather fluid, and some of the passages here cited may fit equally well under 1 or 2.

① pert. to a middle position spatially or temporally, middle, in the middle.

ⓐ as adj. (of intermediate terms: Pla., Rep. 330b, Pol. 303a) ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν ἀνήρ the man in their midst, apparently surrounded by them Hs 9, 12, 7. μέσης νυκτός at midnight (3 Km 3:20.—B-D-F §270, 2; Rob. 495; Lobeck, Phryn. p. 53; 54; 465) Mt 25:6. ἡμέρας μέσης at midday (Jos., Bell. 1, 651, Ant. 17, 155) Ac 26:13. εἰς μέσην τὴν οἰκοδομήν into the middle of the building Hs 9, 7, 5; cp. 9, 8, 2; 4; 6 (cp. Philo, Fuga 49 εἰς μέσον τὸν ποταμόν; Jos., Ant. 4, 80 εἰς μέσον τὸ πῦρ). ἐσταύρωσαν … μέσον τὸν Ἰησοῦν they crucified Jesus between (them) J 19:18. ἐσχίσθη τὸ καταπέτασμα μέσον the curtain was torn in two Lk 23:45 (cp. Artem. 4, 30 τὸ ἱμάτιον μέσον ἐρρωγέναι). ἐλάκησεν μέσος Ac 1:18 (cp. Aristoph., Ran. 955). ἐν μέσοις τοῖς ὀργάνοις τοῦ διαβόλου in the midst of the tools of the devil 2 Cl 18:2 (for the syntax cp. Gen 2:9 ἐν μέσῳ τῷ παραδείσῳ).

ⓑ as subst. neut. τὸ μ. the middle (on the absence of the art. s. B-D-F §264, 4; cp. Rob. 792) ἀνὰ μέσον τινός (s. ἀνά 1) ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ὁρίων within or through the region Mk 7:31. ἀνὰ μ. αὐτῶν between them GPt 4:10; Hs 9, 2, 3; 9, 15, 2. ἀνὰ μ. ἐκκλησίας ἁγίων B 6:16; 4:10; διακρῖναι ἀνὰ μ. τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ between one (congregation) member and another 1 Cor 6:5 (s. ἀνά 1b. Perh. μέσος prompted a shortening of the sentence tending to obscurity; cp. the Stoic expr. μέσα καθήκοντα = καθήκοντα ἃ ἐν μέσῳ ἐστὶ κατορθωμάτων κ. ἁμαρτημάτων: MPohlenz, D. Stoa II ’49, 73f). τὸ ἀρνίον τὸ ἀ. μ. τοῦ θρόνου the lamb who is (seated) on the center of the throne Rv 7:17. ἀνὰ μ. τῆς ὁδοῦ (they made) half their journey GJs 17:3.—διὰ μέσου αὐτῶν through the midst of them (X., An. 1, 4, 4; Aesop. Fab. 147 P.=247 H./201a Ch./152 [I, II] H-H.; Am 5:17; Jer 44:4; Jdth 11:19; 1 Macc 5:46; Ath. 18, 3 ‘between’) Lk 4:30; J 8:59 v.l. διὰ μέσον Σαμαρείας καὶ Γαλιλαίας Lk 17:11 prob. can only mean through Samaria and Galilee; but this raises a practical difficulty, since we should expect to find the provinces mentioned in the opposite order. Perh. the text is damaged (cp. the vv.ll. διὰ μέσου and μέσον; s. B-D-F §222; Rob. 648; JBlinzler, AWikenhauser Festschr. ’54, 46ff. If the v.l. διὰ μέσου Σ. καὶ Γ. should be correct, we could compare Maximus Tyr. 28, 4a διὰ μέσου πίστεως κ. ἀπιστίας=throughout between). For the view that μέσον signifies the area betw. S. and G. s. the comm. Cp. δια B1.—εἰς τὸ μέσον into the middle or center (X., Cyr. 3, 1, 6; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 24; 3 Km 6:8; Jos., Ant. 9, 149) Mk 3:3; Lk 4:35; 5:19; 6:8; J 20:19, 26 (ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον as Vi. Aesopi G 82 P.); Hs 9, 8, 5; also in the middle 9, 6, 1. W. gen. (X., An. 1, 5; 14a; Jer 21:4; 48:7; Sb 6270, 13) εἰς τὸ μ. αὐτῶν in the midst of them 9, 11, 7. Without the art. (LXX; Jos., Vi. 334; SibOr 3, 674) εἰς μ. τοῦ πεδίου in the middle of the plain Hs 9, 2, 1 (εἰς μ.=‘in the middle’, as Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 30 p. 44, 21 Lag.). τί … τὸ ἔριον εἰς μ. τῶν ἀκανθῶν τιθέασιν; Why do they place the wool in the middle of the thorns? 7:11. ἀναστὰς εἰς μ. he arose (and came) forward Mk 14:60 (cp. Theocr. 22, 82 ἐς μέσον=into the middle; Himerius, Or. 63 [=Or. 17], 2 εἰς μέσον ἔρχεσθαι=come into the open; X., Cyr. 4, 1, 1 στὰς εἰς τὸ μ.).—ἐν τῷ μ. among, before (more closely defined by the context, or = in public [so Clearch., Fgm. 45 οἴκοι καὶ μὴ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ; Appian, Liby. 15 §63]) Mt 14:6 (Dio Chrys. 30 [79], 39 ὀρχεῖσθαι ἐν τῷ μέσω; Lucian, Pereg. 8) and into the middle, before (them) (Vi. Aesopi W c. 86 στὰς ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἔφη) Ac 4:7. Without the art. (LXX) ἐν μέσῳ (on the spelling ἐμ μέσῳ, which occurs several times as v.l., s. B-D-F §19, 1; Mlt-H. 105) abs. into the middle, before (someone) (Appian, Hann. 16 §67, Liby. 14 §59; Jos., Ant. 7, 278) J 8:3; MPol 18:1 and in the middle (Pla., Rep. 558a; Herm. Wr. 4, 3; PLille 1 recto, 5 [259 B.C.]; GrBar 13:4) J 8:9. W. gen. of place (Aeneas Tact. 1529; 1532; TestAbr A 12 p. 90, 21 [Stone p. 28], B 8 p. 113, 3 [St. p. 74]; ParJer 1:2; GrBar 10:2) τῆς θαλάσσης (En 97:7) in the middle of the lake Mk 6:47. τῆς πλατείας through the middle of the street Rv 22:2. ἐν μ. τῆς αὐλῆς in the middle of the courtyard Lk 22:55a; τοῦ τάφου GPt 13:55. ἐν μ. αὐτῆς within it (the city of Jerusalem) Lk 21:21; cp. Dg 12:3; MPol 12:1; 12:2(?). ἐν μ. τοῦ θρόνου καὶ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων on the center of the throne and among the four living creatures Rv 5:6a (w. double gen. also between: Appian, Hann. 14 §60, Bell. Civ. 5, 23 §92; Arrian, Anab. 1, 20, 2; 3, 28, 8 al.; Lucian, Fugit. 10 ἐν μ. ἀλαζονείας κ. φιλοσοφίας). ἐν μέσῳ τ. θρόνου around (on every side of) the throne 4:6 (but between the throne and a more remote point: RBrewer, JBL 71, ’52, 227–31).—ἐν μέσῳ ἐκκλησίας Hb 2:12 (Ps 21:23); cp. Ac 17:22. κατὰ μέσον (Jos., Bell. 5, 207; SibOr 3, 802 κατὰ μέσσον=‘in the middle’ [of the day]) κατὰ μ. τῆς νυκτός about midnight Ac 16:25 D; 27:27.

ⓒ The neut. μέσον serves as adv. (e.g., Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 43 §175 μ.=meanwhile) ἦν μέσον ὡς he was in the center of it as MPol 15:2; and is used as prep. w. gen. (B-D-F §215, 3; Rob. 644. Cp. Hdt. 9, 107, 2; Polyb. 8, 25, 1; Epict. 2, 22, 10; LXX, TestSol; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 31 [Stone p. 8]; JosAs 24:21; Jos., Ant. 6, 65; SibOr 3, 319) μ. τῆς θαλάσσης in the middle of the lake Mt 14:24 v.l.; μ. γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς in the midst of a crooked generation Phil 2:15 (cp. Maximus Tyr. 36, 5a ἐν μέσῳ τῷ σιδηρῷ τούτῳ γένει).

② pert. to a position within a group, without focus on mediate position, among.

ⓐ as adj. ἐκάθητο ὁ Πέτρος μέσος αὐτῶν Peter was sitting among them Lk 22:55 (the point being not as center of attention but inconspicuously in the group; cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 107). μέσος ὑμῶν ἕστηκεν J 1:26 (Jos., Ant. 14, 23). τοῦ πύργου μέσου Hs 9, 8, 2. εἶδον … μέσον αὐτῶν τὸν Παῦλον AcPl Ha 11, 14.

ⓑ as subst. neuter ἀνὰ μέσον τινός (s. ἀνά 1) among someth. Mt 13:25. W. gen. pl. (TestJob 32:6 ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου) in the midst of, among in answer to the questions where and whither (B-D-F §215, 3 app.) Mt 18:2, 20; Mk 9:36; Lk 2:46; 24:36; Ac 1:15; 2:22; 6:15 D; 27:21; Rv 5:6b; cp. 6:6. Of close personal relationship ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν among you = in communion with you Lk 22:27; 1 Th 2:7.—ἐν μ. λύκων among wolves Mt 10:16; Lk 10:3; 2 Cl 5:2.—W. gen. pl. of things (Alciphron 3, 24, 3) Lk 8:7; Rv 1:13; 2:1. ἐκ (τοῦ) μ. from among (X., An. 1, 5, 14b; oracular response in Diod S 9, 3, 2; LXX=מִתּוֹךְ): αἴρειν τι (or τινά) ἐκ (τοῦ) μέσου (τινῶν) Col 2:14; 1 Cor 5:2 (s. αἴρω 3). ἁρπάσαι αὐτὸν ἐκ μ. αὐτῶν Ac 23:10 (s. ἁρπάζω 2a). ἀφορίζειν τοὺς πονηροὺς ἐκ μ. τῶν δικαίων Mt 13:49 (s. ἀφορίζω 1). γίνεσθαι ἐκ μ. 2 Th 2:7 (s. γίνομαι 6b). ἐξέρχεσθαι ἐκ μ. αὐτῶν from among them Ac 17:33; cp. 2 Cor 6:17 (cp. Is 52:11). κύριος λαμβάνει ἑαυτῷ ἔθνος ἐκ μ. ἐθνῶν 1 Cl 29:3 (cp. Dt 4:34).—B. 864. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ (ἐκ + καλέω; Eur., Hdt.+)

① a regularly summoned legislative body, assembly, as gener. understood in the Gr-Rom. world (Jos., Ant. 12, 164; 19, 332, Vi. 268) Ac 19:39 (on ‘[regular] statutory assembly’, s. ἔννομος and IBM III/2, p. 141. The term ἐννόμη ἐ. here contrasts w. the usage vss. 32 and 40, in which ἐ. denotes simply ‘a gathering’; s. 2 below. On the ἐ. in Ephesus cp. CIG III, 325; IBM III/1, 481, 340; on the ἐ. in the theater there s. the last-named ins ln. 395; OGI 480, 9).—Pauly-W. V/2, 1905, 2163–2200; RAC IV 905–21 (lit.).

② a casual gathering of people, an assemblage, gathering (cp. 1 Km 19:20; 1 Macc 3:13; Sir 26:5) Ac 19:32, 40.

③ people with shared belief, community, congregation (for common identity, cp. the community of Pythagoras [Hermippus in Diog. L. 8, 41]. Remarkably, in Himerius, Or. 39 [Or. 5], 5 Orpheus forms for himself τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, a group of wild animals, who listen to him, in the Thracian mountains where there are no people), in our lit. of common interest in the God of Israel.

ⓐ of OT Israelites assembly, congregation (Dt 31:30; Judg 20:2; 1 Km 17:47; 3 Km 8:14; PsSol 10:6; TestJob 32:8 τῆς εὐώδους ἐ.; Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 309; Diod S 40, 3, 6) Hb 2:12 (Ps 21:23); e.g. to hear the law (Dt 4:10; 9:10; 18:16) Ac 7:38.

ⓑ of Christians in a specific place or area (the term ἐ. apparently became popular among Christians in Greek-speaking areas for chiefly two reasons: to affirm continuity with Israel through use of a term found in Gk. translations of the Hebrew Scriptures, and to allay any suspicion, esp. in political circles, that Christians were a disorderly group).

α. of a specific Christian group assembly, gathering ordinarily involving worship and discussion of matters of concern to the community: Mt 18:17; συνερχομένων ὑμῶν ἐν ἐ. when you come together as an assembly 1 Cor 11:18; cp. 14:4f, 12, 19, 28, 35; pl. vs. 34. ἐν ἐ. ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰ παραπτώματα confess one’s sins in assembly D 4:14; cp. 3J 6 (JCampbell, JTS 49, ’48, 130–42; for the Johannines s. ESchweizer below). In Ac 15:22 the ‘apostles and elders’ function in the manner of the βουλή or council, the committee of the whole that was responsible in a Gr-Rom. polis for proposing legislation to the assembly of citizens.—Of Christians gathering in the home of a patron house-assembly (‘house-church’) Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν … καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐ. Ro 16:5; cp. 1 Cor 16:19. Νύμφαν καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῆς ἐ. Col 4:15; ἡ κατʼ οἶκόν σου ἐ. Phlm 2.—FFilson, JBL 58, ’39, 105–12; other reff. οἶκος 1aα.—Pl. ἐ. τῶν ἁγίων 1 Cor 14:33; ἐ. τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 16:4.—1 Ti 5:16 prob. belongs here, s. βαρέω b.

β. congregation or church as the totality of Christians living and meeting in a particular locality or larger geographical area, but not necessarily limited to one meeting place: Ac 5:11; 8:3; 9:31 (so KGiles, NTS 31, ’85, 135–42; s. c below), 11:26; 12:5; 15:3; 18:22; 20:17; cp. 12:1; 1 Cor 4:17; Phil 4:15; 1 Ti 5:16 perh., s. α above; Js 5:14; 3 J 9f; 1 Cl 44:3; Hv 2, 4, 3. More definitely of the Christians in Jerusalem Ac 8:1; 11:22; cp. 2:47 v.l.; 15:4, 22; Cenchreae Ro 16:1; cp. vs. 23; Corinth 1 Cor 1:2; 2 Cor 1:1; 1 Cl ins; 47:6; AcPlCor 1:16; Laodicea Col 4:16; Rv 3:14; Thessalonica 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:1; Colossae Phlm subscr. v.l. Likew. w. other names: Rv 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7; IEph ins; 8:1; IMg ins; ITr ins; 13:1; IRo 9:1; IPhld ins; 10:1; ISm 11:1; Pol ins. Plural: Ac 15:41; 16:5; Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 7:17; 2 Cor 8:18f, 23f; 11:8, 28; 12:13; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 23, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 22:16; the Christian community in Judea Gal 1:22; 1 Th 2:14; Galatia Gal 1:2; 1 Cor 16:1; Asia vs. 19; Rv 1:4, and cp. vss. 11 and 20; Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1. κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in each individual congregation or assembly Ac 14:23 (on the syntax cp. OGI 480, 9 [s. 1 above]: ἵνα τιθῆνται κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in order that they [the statues] might be set up at each [meeting of the] ἐ.). On κατὰ τ. οὖσαν ἐ. Ac 13:1 cp. εἰμί 1 end.

ⓒ the global community of Christians, (universal) church (s. AvHarnack, Mission I⁴ 420 n. 2 on Ac 12:1): Mt 16:18 (OBetz, ZNW 48, ’57, 49–77: Qumran parallels; s. HBraun, Qumran I, ’66, 30–37); Ac 9:31 (but s. 3bβ); 1 Cor 6:4; 12:28; Eph 1:22; 3:10, 21; 5:23ff, 27, 29, 32 (HSchlier, Christus u. d. Kirche im Eph 1930; also ThBl 6, 1927, 12–17); Col 1:18, 24; Phil 3:6; B 7:11; Hv 2, 2, 6; 2, 4, 1 (with the depiction of the church as an elderly lady cp. Ps.-Demetr. 265 where Hellas, the homeland, is represented as λαβοῦσα γυναικὸς σχῆμα); 3, 3, 3; IEph 5:1f and oft.—The local assembly or congregation as well as the universal church is more specif. called ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ or ἐ. τ. Χριστοῦ. This is essentially Pauline usage, and it serves to give the current Gk. term its Christian coloring and thereby its special mng.:

α. ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 63, 22) 1 Cor 1:2; 10:32; 11:16, 22; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:13; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Th 1:4; 1 Ti 3:5, 15; Ac 20:28; ITr 2:3; 12:1; IPhld 10:1; ISm ins al.

β. ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 22, 14) Ro 16:16.

γ. both together ἐ. ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ καὶ κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ 1 Th 1:1.

δ. ἡ ἐ. ἡ πρώτη ἡ πνευματική the first, spiritual church (conceived in a Platonic sense as preexistent) 2 Cl 14:1; ἐ. ζῶσα the living church the body of Christ vs. 2; ἡ ἁγία ἐ. Hv 1, 1, 6; 1, 3, 4; ἡ καθολικὴ ἐ. ISm 8:2; ἡ ἁγία καὶ καθολικὴ ἐ. MPol ins; ἡ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην καθολικὴ ἐ. 8:1; 19:2; ἓν σῶμα τῆς ἐ. ISm 1:2.—The literature before ’32 is given in OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche in d. neueren Forschung (s. esp. 138–46) ’32 and AMedebielle, Dict. de la Bible, Suppl. II ’34, 487–691; before ’60, s. RAC; also s. TW, Sieben, and JHainz, Ekklesia ’72. Esp. important: EBurton, Gal (ICC) 1921, 417–20; KHoll, D. Kirchenbegriff des Pls usw.: SBBerlAk 1921, 920–47=Ges. Aufs. II 1928, 44ff; FKattenbusch, D. Vorzugsstellung d. Petrus u. d. Charakter d. Urgemeinde zu Jerusalem: KMüller Festschr. 1922, 322–51; KLSchmidt, D. Kirche des Urchristentums: Dssm. Festschr. 1927, 259–319, TW III 502–39. S. also: EPeterson, D. Kirche aus Juden u. Heiden ’33; KLSchmidt, D. Polis in Kirche u. Welt ’39; WBieder, Ekkl. u. Polis im NT u. in d. alten Kirche ’41; OMichel, D. Zeugnis des NTs v. d. Gemeinde ’41; NDahl, D. Volk Gottes ’41; RFlew, Jesus and His Church², ’43; GJohnston, The Doctrine of the Church in the NT ’43; WKümmel, Kirchenbegriff u. Geschichtsbewusstsein in d. Urg. u. b. Jesus ’43; DFaulhaber, D. Johev. u. d. Kirche ’38; AFridrichsen, Kyrkan i 4. ev.: SvTK 16, ’40, 227–42; ESchweizer, NT Essays (Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 230–45; EWolf, Ecclesia Pressa—eccl. militans: TLZ 72, ’47, 223–32; SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46; HvCampenhausen, Kirchl. Amt u. geistl. Vollmacht in den ersten 3 Jahrh. ’53; EKäsemann, Sätze hlg. Rechtes im NT, NTS 1, ’55, 248–60; AGeorge, ET 58, ’46/47, 312–16; in ATR: JBernardin 21, ’39, 153–70; BEaston 22, ’40, 157–68; SWalke 32, ’50, 39–53 (Apost. Fath.); JMurphy, American Ecclesiastical Review 140, ’59, 250–59; 325–32; PMinear, Images of the Church in the NT, ’60; BMetzger, Theology Today 19, ’62, 369–80; ESchweizer, Church Order in the NT, tr. FClarke ’61; RSchnackenburg, The Church in the NT, tr. WO’Hara ’65; LCerfaux, JBL 85, ’66, 250–51; AHilhorst, Filología Neotestamentaria 1, ’88, 27–34. S. also ἐπίσκοπος 2 end; Πέτρος; πέτρα 1.—B. 1476f. DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `leathern strap, for drawing, lashing etc., thong of a sandal, of a door etc.', as building term `beam' (Il.; Delebecque Cheval 63, 187f.).

Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἱμαντ-ελίκται pl. "pricker of tapes-", name of the sophists in Democr. 150, ἱμαντελιγμός name of a game (Poll. 9, 118), compounds of ἱμάντας ἑλίσσειν, cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 244 w. n. 1.

Derivatives: Diminut. ἱμάντιον (Hp.), ἱμαντ-άριον (Delos II^a a. o.), - ίδιον (EM), - ίσκος (Herod.); adj. ἱμάντινος `of ropes' (Hdt., Hp.), ἱμαντώδης `rope-like' (Pl., Dsc., Gal.); denomin. verbs: 1. ἱμάσσω, aor. ἱμάσαι a) `lash' (Il.) with ἱμάσθλη `lash, whip' (Il.); also μάσθλης (through cross with μάστιξ?, cf. on μαίο-μαι; diff. on ἱμάσσω, ἱμάσθλη Schwyzer 533, 725 n. 3, Belardi Maia 2, 274ff.); b) `provide with ἱμάντες, i. e. beams' only in ἱμασσια `beams?' (IG 4, 823, 26, Troizen IV^a; s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 149 w. n. 1, Bechtel Dial. 2, 510, Scheller Oxytonierung 113 n. 1). 2. ἱμάσκω `wallop' (`fetter'?; Del.³ 409, 7; cf. Brugmann IF 29, 214). 3. ἱμαντόω `provide with ἱμάντες, i. e. bed-clothes' in ἱμαντωμένην κλίνην (H. s. πυξ\< ίνην\>; from there ἱμάντωσις (LXX, Poll.), ἱμάντωμα H. - Besides, independent of ἱμάς, but cognate with it: 1. ἱμαῖος (sc. ᾠδή), ἱμαῖον ( μέλος, ᾳ῏σμα) `song at water scooping' (Call., Tryphon, Suid.) with ἱμαοιδός (haplolog. for ἱμαιο-αοιδός) `who sings an ἱμαῖον' (Poll., H.); 2. ἱμάω `bring (water) up with a ropel (from a well)', also metaph. (Arist., Ath.), usually ἀν-, καθ-ιμάω (Ar., X.) with ἱμητήρ ( κάδος, Delos II^a), ἱμητήριος (H. s. ἱβανατρίς), ἀν-, καθ-ίμησις (Plu.); 3. ἱμονιά `well-rope' (Com., Ph., Luc. a. o.; Scheller Oxytonierung 75f.); 4. ἱμανήθρη `id.' s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [891] * seh₁-i- `bind, tie'

Etymology: As secondary formation in - ντ- (Schwyzer 526, esp. Kretschmer Glotta 14, 99f.) ἱμάς supposes a noun, that is found also in ἱμάω, ἱμαῖος, so e.g. *ἱμᾱ `rope' ( ἱμαῖος from ἱμάω like δαμαῖος from δαμάζω?; cf. Chantr. Form. 48f.); beside it we find in ἱμον-ιά (as in καθ-, κατ-ιμονεύει καθίησι, καθιεῖ H., if not free formed to ἱμονιά) an ν-stem, prob. *ἱμων; thus ἱμανήθρη through *ἱμανάω, perh. *ἱμαίνω goes back on *ἱμάνη (cf. πλεκτάνη, ἀρτάνη; this seems quite doubtful, however), or *ἷμα; cf. e. g. γνώμη: γνῶμα: γνώμων. Note the changing quantity of the anlauting vowel: against length in ἱμονιά, ἱμανήθρη, καθ-ιμάω stands a short in ἱμαῖος, mostly also in ἱμάς (except Φ 544, Κ 475 a. o., cf. Schulze Q. 181, 466 n. 1) with compp. and derivv. The change cannot go back on old ablaut (as Frisl says), but it will continue * sh₁i-, which with metathesis (to * sih₁m-) gives a long, without a short vowel; see Schrijver, Laryngals in Latin 519ff, who supposes that a stressed form resulted in the long vowel. With *ἱ̄μων agrees exactly a Germ. word for `rope', e. g. OWNo. sīmi, OS sīmo m.; with deviant meaning Skt. sīmán- m. f. `skull, boundary', IE * sī-mon-, sī-men- (note that for Germ. also * seh₁i-m- is possible); formally identical are *ἱμᾱ and Skt. sīmā f. `boundary'; an m-suffix also in Irish sim `chain'. The primary verb `bind' is still seen in Indo-Iranian, Baltic and Hittite, e. g. Skt. sy-ati, si-nā́-ti, Ptz. sĭ-ta-, Lith. sienù, siẽti, Hitt. išh̯ii̯a-, 3. sg. išh̯āi. The nominal derivv. are very numerous, a. o. OHG NHG seil (uncertain hypotheses in Specht Ursprung 227). More forms Pok. 891f. - (The group ἰβάνη, ἴβανος etc. (s. v. and s. εἴβω) is rather Pre-Greek (Kuiper Μνήμης χάριν 1, 212f.).

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Grammatical information: m. (pl. -ά Call. Del. 142; Schwyzer 581.)

Meaning: `the innermost place, the inmost, corner, hiding-place, store-room' (Il.; on the meaning in Homer Wace JHSt. 71, 203ff.).

Other forms: On μοχοι- s. below.

Compounds: Compp., e.g. ἑπτά-μυχος `with seven hiding-places' (Call.).

Derivatives: 1. μύχιος `innermost' (poet. Hes. Op. 523, late prose); several superlatives, all from μυχός: μυχοίτατος (φ 146), from the loc. - μυχοῖ in μοχοῖ ἐντός. Πάφιοι H.; μυχαίτατος (Arist.; - τερος Hdn. Epim.), after μεσαί-τατος, - τερος a.o.; μύχατος (A. R., Call.), after ἔσχατος etc.; μυχέστατος (Phot.). -- 2. μύχ-αλος = - ατος (trag. anon.; Τάρταρα; also E. Hel. 189?), cf. μυχάλμη βυθὸς θαλάσσης Phot. (: ἅλμη), βύσσαλοι βόθροι H. (s.s.v. βυθος, Fur. 254). -- 3. μυχώδης `full of corners' (E.). -- 4. μυχάς f. = μυχός ( Lyr. Adesp. Oxy. 15 II 4). -- 5. μυχόομαι `be hidden in a corner' (sch.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Without direct agreement outside Greek. As supposed verbal noun, prop. *"slipping, putting in, hiding" (\> `hiding place'), μυχός can be connected partly with Arm. mxem `put in, immerse', IE ( s)mukh-, partly with a Germ. group, e.g. OWNo. smjúga `slip in, through' (with smuga f. `small opening, hidingplace'), MHG smiegen ' schmiegen', if from IE * smeugh-; the Germ. words, however, can also go back on * smeuk and agree then as regards the velar with OCS smykati sę `drag on, cooper', Lith. smùkti `glide (away)' etc.; the variation k: kh: gh can partly be due to phonetic developments (assimilation of consonants), partly to mixing with related forms. -- Further combinations, which with a wordfamily of this meaning, are easily lost endlessly, in WP. 2, 254f., Pok. 744f., Fraenkel s. smùkti, also Vasmer s. smýkatь; everywhere with further forms. -- On μύσχον τὸ ἀνδρεῖον καὶ γυναικεῖον μόριον H., by Fick KZ 43, 149 (s. also Bechtel Dial. 3, 317) connected through *μύχ-σκον, cf. on 2. μόσχος. - Fur. 364 thinks the word is Pre-Greek, but without further arguments.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `eye' (Il.).

Other forms: Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος.

Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. μον-όφθαλμος ( μουν-) `with a single eye, one-eyed' (Hdt., Plb., Str.), ἑτερ-όφθαλμος `bereft of one eye' (D., Arist.); also as 1. member, e.g. ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος `digging out the eyes' (A.).

Derivatives: 1. ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον n. dimin. (Ar.); 2. - ία, Ion. - ίη f. `eye-disease' (s. Scheller Oxytonierung 42f.) with - ιάω `suffering from an eye-disease' (IA.), with - ίασις f. (Plu., H.); 3. - ίας m. name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.; because of the fixed glance, Strömberg Fischnamen 42); 4. - ικός `belonging to the eyes', m. `eye-doctor' (Gal., Dsc.); 5. - ηδόν `like eyes' (gloss.). -- 6. Verbs ὀφθαλμίζομαι `to be inoculated' (Thphr.), `to suffer from ὀ-ία' (Plu.); with prep. ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω `to inoculate' (Thphr.), - ίζομαι pass. (Delos) with - ισμός (Thphr.); also - ιάζομαι (Plu.); ἐξ-οφθαλμ-ιάζω `to disregard, to disparage' (pap. IV<sup>p</sup>); ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω (Pherecyd., Plu.), - ιάω (Plu., pap. III<sup>p</sup>), - έω (pap. IV<sup>p</sup>) `to ogle, to peep at'.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Understandably the word has been derived from the root ὀπ- `see'. Variants are Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος. The group κτ: πτ: φθ ("mit altem κτ [but see below], analogischem πτ und expressivem φθ" (Frisk) [Schwyzer 299 bzw. Benveniste Origines 48]?) has been connected with the group kṣ in Skt. ákṣi `eye' Schwyzer 317 w. lit.). With the suppletive n-stem e.g. in gen. akṣ-ṇ-ás the l-stem in ὀφθ-αλ-μός would correspond (Specht 351n.1). "Die lautlichen Einzelheiten sind indessen nicht endgültig und eindeutig aufgeklärt" (Frisk). An IE laibo-velar before consonat became a labial, Lejeune Phonét. $ 42, so Frisks "mit altem κτ" is wrong. The rise of - αλ(λ)- cannot be explained from IE. The repeated attempts, to explain ὀφθαλμός as a compound, are all wrong (to θάλαμος Brugmann, s. Bq and WP. 1, 864). The variation cannot well be explained as IE, nor can the formation of ὀφθαλμός. ὄκταλλος has a Pre-Greek suffix, Beekes FS Kortlandt.; already Devel. 193); it continues a palatalized l (i.e. *l^y, which was represented as a geminate). This leads to a PGr. reconstruction *akʷt-al^y-(m)- (with *a- = [ο] before the labiovelar). Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which gave ὀκτ-. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant ὀφθ- is unproblematic. In ὀπτίλ(λ)ος apparently the (second) *a became i through the following labialized consonant. The fact that PGr. * akʷ- strongly resembles IE * h₃ekʷ- is a mere coincidence, an accident that may be expected to occur here and there. -- Note the expressive geminate in ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν H. (to Arm. akn? Meillet BSL 26, 15f.; s. also Lejeune Traité de phon. 72 n. 1); this word may well be of IE origin. -- For words derived from the IE root ὀπ- `see', s. ὄμμα, ὄσσε, ὄπωπα; cf. WP. 1, 169ff., Pok. 775ff., W.-Hofmann s. oculus etc.

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καλέω impf. ἐκάλουν; fut. καλέσω (LXX; JosAs 17:5; 20:6; Jos., Ant. 11, 266.—W-S. §13, 5; B-D-F §74, 1; Mlt-H. 242); 1 aor. ἐκάλεσα; pf. κέκληκα. Mid.: fut. 3 sg. καλέσεται (Just., D. 43, 5). Pass. 1 fut. κληθῆσομαι (W-S. §15); 2 fut. 3 sg. κεκλήσεται Lev 13:45; Hos 12:1; 1 aor. ἐκλήθην; pf. κέκλημαι (Hom.+).

① to identify by name or attribute, call, call by name, name

ⓐ call (to someone) abs., with naming implied (opp. ὑπακούειν; cp. PHamb 29, 3 [89 A.D.] κληθέντων τινῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπακουσάντων; Just., D. 136, 2 οὔτε καλοῦντος αὐτοῦ ἀνέχεσθε οὔτε λαλοῦντος ἀκούετε) of God ἐκάλουν καὶ οὐχ ὑπηκούσατε 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:24); w. obj. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα καλεῖ κατʼ ὄνομα J 10:3 v.l.

ⓑ call, address as, designate as w. double acc. (Just., D. 3, 5 θεὸν σὺ τί καλεῖς; Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 1) αὐτὸν καλῶμεν κύριον 2 Cl 4:1; cp. Mt 22:43, 45; 23:9 (here the sense supplies the second acc.: you are to call no one your father); Lk 20:44; Ac 14:12; Ro 9:25; Hb 2:11; 1 Pt 1:17 P⁷²; 3:6. A voc. can take the place of the second acc. τί με καλεῖτε κύριε, κύριε; Lk 6:46. Pass. καλεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ῥαββί Mt 23:7. ὑμεῖς μὴ κληθῆτε ῥαββί you are not to have people call you ‘rabbi’ vs. 8; vs. 10. Cp. Lk 22:25; Js 2:23. ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς κληθήσεται Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17 (both Is 56:7). κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).

ⓒ name, provide with a name w. double acc. (Iren. 1, 1, 1 [Harv. I 8, 3]) ἐκάλουν αὐτὸ … Ζαχαρίαν they were for naming him Z. Lk 1:59 (on ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τ. πατρός after his father[’s name] cp. 1 Esdr 5:38; Sir 36:11 and s. Hs 9, 17, 4).—Pass. be given a name, be named (Jos., Ant. 1, 34) κληθήσεται Ἰωάννης his name is to be John Lk 1:60; cp. vs. 62. σὺ κληθήσῃ Κηφᾶς J 1:42. Also of localities Mt 27:8; Ac 1:19; ApcPt Rainer (s. Ἀχερουσία).—Have as a name, be called (Lucian, Jud. Voc. 7 Λυσίμαχος ἐκαλεῖτο; Just., D. 1, 3 Τρύφων…καλοῦμαι; 63, 5 Χριστιανοὶ … καλούμεθα) ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τ. ὀνόματι τούτῳ who bears this name Lk 1:61. Also of localities (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 70 §289; 3, 91 §374; SIG 599, 5 τὸ φρούριον ὸ̔ καλεῖται Κάριον; Just., A I, 59, 6 τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρεβος) πόλις Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ Lk 2:4. Cp. Ac 28:1; Rv 11:8.—Lk, Ac, Rv, GPt add to a pers. or thing the name or surname which he, she, or it bears, by means of the pres. pass. ptc. (cp. SIG 685, 39 νῆσον τὴν καλουμένην Λεύκην; 826e 22; 1063, 5; PPetr II, 45 II, 20; BGU 1000, 6; PCairGoodsp 9, 4; O. Wilck II, 1210, 4). The name: ἀδελφὴ καλουμένη Μαριάμ a sister named Mary Lk 10:39 (PCairMasp 23, 16 τ. ἀδελφὴν καλουμένην Πρόκλαν; TestJob 48:1 ἡ καλουμένη Ἡμέρα). Cp. 19:2; Ac 7:58; Rv 19:11, also 12:9. πόλις καλουμένη Ν. Lk 7:11; cp. 9:10; 19:29; 21:37; 23:33; Ac 1:12; 3:11; 8:10; 9:11; 10:1; 27:8, 14, 16; Rv 1:9; 16:16; GPt 6:24. The surname (2 Macc 10:12 Πτολεμαῖος ὁ καλούμενος Μάκρων; 1 Macc 3:1; Jos., Ant. 13, 367; TestJob 1:1 Ιωβ τοῦ καλουμένου Ιωβαβ): Σίμων ὁ κ. ζηλωτής Simon the Zealot Lk 6:15. Cp. 1:36; 8:2; 22:3 (s. ἐπικαλέω 2); Ac 1:23; 13:1; 15:22 (s. ἐπικαλέω), 37.—The example of the OT (Gen 17:19; 1 Km 1:20; Hos 1:9; 1 Macc 6:17) has influenced the expr. καλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος, w. the name added in the acc. καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν Mt 1:21; GJs 11:3; 14:2. Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14), 25; Lk 1:13, 31. Pass. Lk 2:21; Rv 19:13.

ⓓ Very oft. the emphasis is to be placed less on the fact that names are such and such, than on the fact that the bearers of the name actually are what the name says about them. The pass. be named thus approaches closely the mng. to be, and it must be left to the sensitivity of the interpreter whether this transl. is to be attempted in any individual case (Quint. Smyrn. 14, 434 οὔτʼ ἔτι σεῖο κεκλήσομαι=I do not wish any longer to be yours, i.e. your daughter). Among such pass. are these: Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται he is to be a Nazarene Mt 2:23. υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται 5:9; cp. vs. 19ab. υἱὸς ὑψίστου κληθήσεται (in parallelism w. ἔσται μέγας) Lk 1:32; so GJs 11:3, but without the ref. to greatness; cp. Lk 1:35, 76; 2:23. οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου 15:19, 21. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος 1 Cor 15:9. ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καί ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are 1J 3:1 (sim. Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; cp. Just., D. 123, 9; καλεῖσθαι beside εἶναι as Plut., Demetr. 900 [25, 6]). οἱ κεκλημένοι ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου those who are identified by the Lord’s name i.e. as Christians Hs 8, 1, 1. ἄχρις οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται as long as it is called ‘today’, as long as ‘today’ lasts Hb 3:13 (WLorimer, NTS 12, ’66, 390f, quoting Pla., Phd. 107c).—Here we may also class ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα in (through) Isaac you are to have your descendants Ro 9:7 and Hb 11:18 (Gen 21:12).

② to request the presence of someone at a social gathering, invite (Hom. et al.; pap; 2 Km 13:23; Esth 5:12; ISardRobert 1, ’64, p. 9, lines 1–4) τινά someone εἰς (τοὺς) γάμους to the wedding (Diod S 4, 70, 3; POxy 1487, 1 καλεῖ σε Θέων εἰς τοὺς γάμους) Mt 22:9; Lk 14:8, cp. vs. 10 (Syn. ἐρωτάω; s. three texts, invitations to the κλινή of Sarapis [ZPE 1, ’67, 121–26], two w. ἐ. and one w. καλέω New Docs 1, 5–9; on Luke’s compositional use of the meal context, s. XdeMeeûs, ETL 37, ’61, 847–70; cp. J 2:2; Rv 19:9. Abs. invite τινά someone 1 Cor 10:27 (Diog. L. 7, 184 of Chrysippus: ἐπὶ θυσίαν [sacrificial meal] ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν κληθῆναι); priests to a child’s birthday GJs 6:2. Cp. Lk 7:39; 14:9, 12f, 16. οἱ κεκλημένοι the invited guests (Damox. Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 2, 26 K. in Athen. 3, 59, 102c τ. κεκλημένον; Jos., Ant. 6, 48; 52); Mt 22:3b (οἱ κεκλημένοι εἰς τ. γάμους as Diphilus Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 17, 1), 4, 8; Lk 14:7, 17; cp. vs. 24. ὁ κεκληκώς, the host 14:10 (s. above).—If αὐτοῦ Mk 2:15 refers to Jesus’ home, κ. in vs. 17 registers the double sense of an invitation to dinner and receipt of Messianic benefits, w. Jesus as host (s. AMcNeile, Mt ’57, 118); difft. Lk 5:27–32, s. 4 below. Of a follow-up invitation to guests upon completion of banquet preparations Mt 22:3a (cp. 3b below).

③ to use authority to have a person or group appear, summon

ⓐ call together τινάς people: Workers to be paid Mt 20:8. Slaves to receive orders 25:14; Lk 19:13. Shepherds GJs 4:3. τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν Ἑβραίων for Mary’s diversion 6:1; 7:2. τὰς παρθένους Ox 404 recto, 21 (Hs 113, 5); GJs 10:1. Guests Mt 22:3a (s. 2 end).

ⓑ summon τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 82 §347; 4, 86 §362; 1 Macc 1:6) ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλοῦντες αὐτόν they sent to him to summon him Mk 3:31. Cp. Mt 2:7; 22:3a. Of Joseph ἐκάλεσεν αὐτήν GJs 13:2 (for the context cp. Mt 1:18f). Of God: the Israelites fr. Egypt (as a type of Christ) Mt 2:15.— Call upon (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10; 4 Macc 3:19) Hb 11:8.

ⓒ a legal t.t. call in, summon before a court (oft. pap) τινά someone (Jos., Ant. 14, 169) Ac 4:18; 24:2.—The transition to mng. 4 is well illustrated by Mt 4:21; Mk 1:20; Papias (8), where the summons is also a call to discipleship.

④ From the mngs. ‘summon’ and ‘invite’ there develops the extended sense choose for receipt of a special benefit or experience, call (Paus. 10, 32, 13 οὓς ἂν ἡ ῏Ισις καλέσῃ διʼ ἐνυπνίων; Ael. Aristid. 30, 9 K.=10 p. 116 D.: ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κληθείς) καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ Hb 5:4. τινὰ εἴς τι someone to someth., in the usage of the NT, as well as that of the LXX, of the choice of pers. for salvation: God (much more rarely Christ) calls εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν 1 Th 2:12; εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν 1 Pt 5:10. εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Ti 6:12. εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ to fellowship with his son 1 Cor 1:9. ἐκ σκότους εἰς τὸ αὐτοῦ φῶς from darkness to his light 1 Pt 2:9. ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς 1 Cl 59:2. διὰ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ Gal 1:15. for this God called you through our proclamation, namely to obtain the glory 2 Th 2:14; cp. 1 Th 2:12. καλέσαντι … εἰς τὴν μερίδα τοῦ κλήρους τῶν ἁγίων Col 1:12 v.l. (for ἱκανώσαντι). Without further modification Ro 8:30; 9:24; 1 Cor 7:17f, 20–22, 24; Eph 1:11 v.l.; 2 Cl 9:5; 10:1.—κ. κλήσει ἁγίᾳ call with a holy calling 2 Ti 1:9. ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως ἧς (attraction, instead of ἣν) ἐκλήθητε worthily of the calling by which you were called Eph 4:1 (on the constr. s. W-S. §24, 4b; Rob. 478). Of God: ὁ καλῶν τινά Gal 5:8; 1 Th 5:24. Abs. ὁ καλῶν Ro 9:12. ὁ καλέσας τινά Gal 1:6; 1 Pt 1:15; 2 Pt 1:3. Likew. of Christ ὁ καλέσας τινά 2 Cl 5:1 (Just., A I, 15, 7). Pass. οἱ κεκλημένοι those who are called Hb 9:15. κεκλημένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διʼ αὐτοῦ (=Ἰ. Χρ.) 1 Cl 65:2. οἱ κεκλημένοι ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ (=υἱοῦ τ. θεοῦ) Hs 9, 14, 5. οἱ κληθέντες Hm 4, 3, 4. S. also 1d.—More closely defined: ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ B 14:7 (Is 42:6). ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ (s. ἐλευθερία) Gal 5:13. οὐκ ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ not for impurity, but in consecration 1 Th 4:7. ἐν εἰρήνῃ in peace 1 Cor 7:15. ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν you were called in the one hope that you share in your call Eph 4:4. ἡμεῖς διὰ θελήματος αὐτου (=θεοῦ) ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ κληθέντες 1 Cl 32:4. εἰς εἰρήνην τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐνὶ σώματι Col 3:15. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 2 Cl 9:4. ἐν Ἰσαάκ Hb 11:18 (=Ro 9:7). πόθεν ἐκλήθημεν καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος καὶ εἰς ὸ̔ν τόπον 2 Cl 1:2. εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα for this reason, that 1 Pt 3:9; cp. 2:21. Of Christ: οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς (+ εἰς μετάνοιαν v.l.) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17 (on a prob. double sense in this pass. s. 2); 2 Cl 2:4; cp. vs. 7 (cp. Just., A I, 40, 7 εἰς μετάνοιαν καλεῖ πάντας ὁ θεός); Lk 5:32 (ἐλήλυθα … εἰς μετάνοιαν). Of God: ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς οὐκ ὄντας he called us when we did not exist 2 Cl 1:8. ὁ καλῶν τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα the one who calls into being what does not exist Ro 4:17 (Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 187 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ἐκάλεσεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι; cp. Is 41:4; 48:13).—Of the call to an office by God Hb 5:4.—JHempel, Berufung u. Bekehrung (also GBeer Festschr.) ’35; HWildberger, Jahwes Eigentumsvolk ’60.—B. 1276. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW.

-οῦ ⁺ ὁ N 2 6-7-15-10-14=52 Gn 42,27.35(bis); Lv 26,13; Nm 19,15

band, bond Lv 26,13; δεσμοί bonds, chains Prv 7,22

ἐάν τε εἰς δεσμά whether (casting) into prison Ezr 7,26; κατέλαβον τὸν Μανασση ἐν δεσμοῖς they took Manasseh in bonds, they captured Manasseh 2 Chr 33,11; πᾶς ὅρκος δεσμοῦ every binding oath Nm 30,14; εἶδεν τὸν δεσμὸν τοῦ ἀργυρίου αὐτοῦ he saw his bundle of money Gn 42,27, see also Hag 1,6

*Hab 3,13 δεσμούς bonds-⋄אסר,יסר? for MT יסוד foundation, base; *Mal 3,20 ἐκ δεσμῶν (let loose) from bonds-רבק/מ ⋄מן and ⋄רבק for MT מרבק ⋄רבק fatted (through binding); *Jb 38,31 δεσμόν chain (here denoting the stellar group the Pleiades)-מענדות for MT מעדנות sweets, dainties? or reluctance?

Cf. WALTERS 1973 129.316; →NIDNTT; TWNT

τρῐᾱκοντ-ήρης (sc. ναῦς), ἡ, perh.

A a galley rowed by thirty men to each group of oars passing through the same porthole, Callix. 1, OGI39.3 (Paphos, iii B. C.).

Grammatical information: pl.

Meaning: `two, both' (Il.),

Other forms: δοιώ du.

Dialectal forms: Myc. PN duwojo \/ dwojos\/

Derivatives: δοιός sg. `double' (Emp.). δοιάς f. `group of two' (gloss.; after μονάς etc.) and denomin. δοιάζω, - ομαι, aor. δοιάξαι, also δοάσσαι (through blending with δοάσσατο) `linger, deliberate', also (after δοάσσατο) `imagine, believe' (B.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [228] *du̯oi- `twofold, double'

Etymology: ἐν δοιῃ̃ `in dubio, in hesitation' (Ι 230), from where ἐνδοιάζω `hesitate' (Th.) with ἐνδοιαστός, - ῶς `doubtful' (Ion., Th.) and late ἐνδοίασις, - άσιμος, - ασμός, - αστής, - αστικός. - Old formation to δύο, identical with Skt. dvayá-, OCS dъvojь `twofold', Germ., e. g. OHG zweiio, Goth. twaddje, ONord. tveggja gen. pl., IE *du̯o(i)i̯ó-; beside -du̯ei̯o- in Lith. dvejì `(each) two', OHG zwī `twig'; so to *du̯i- (s. δίς). - The maintenance of the intervocalic ι in Greek and the Germanic geminate (or "Verschärfung" to) Goth. ddj, ONord. ggj points to double i. Acc. to Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 119f. (with Fraenkel Glotta 32, 19) (ἐν) δοιῃ̃ must be compared with Skt. dat. f. dvayyái. - S. also Gonda Reflexions on the numerals "one" and "two" 44 und 47f.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `press together, draw together, fence in' (Hom.)

Other forms: Ep. Delph. also εἴλομαι in εἰλόμενος, εἰλέσθω(ν), Dor. El. Ϝηλέω, Att. sometimes ἴλλω, εἴλλω (cf. below), aor. ἔλσαι, ἐέλσαι (Ep.), med.-pass. ἀλήμεναι, ἀλῆναι, ἀλείς, perf. med. ἔελμαι, - μένος (Ep.), perfect preterite ἐόλει? (Pi., s. below); from there the new εἰλῆσαι, εἰλήσω, εἴλημαι, εἰλήθην (Ion. Hell.)

Compounds: With prefix ἀπ(ο-), e. g. ἀπο-Ϝηλέω (El.), ἐξ-, e. g. ἐγ-Ϝηληθίωντι (Her.) = ἐξ-ειληθῶσι, κατ(α)-, e. g. κατα-Ϝελμένος (Cret.), προσ- ( προτι-), συν-ειλέω, -( ε)ίλλω etc. with diff. shades of meaning.

Derivatives: Of the derivatives most have become formally and semantically independent: ἁλής, ἀολλής, ἐξουλή, ἴλη ( εἴλη), οὑλαμός (s. vv.). Further: βήλημα κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῳ̃ H.; i. e. Ϝήλημα, Mess. ἤλημα, κατ-, συν-είλησις `pressing together, what is pressed' or `what is drawn together' (Epicur. or Ael.), εἰληθμός ( εἰδ- cod.) συστροφή, φυγή H., προσείλημα ( κεφαλῆς) `turban' (Kreon Hist.; to 2?). From (Ϝ)ίλλω prob. Ϝιλσιιος gen. `adversity' (Pamphyl. IV^a); unclear ἰλλάς `pressed together (?)' (S. Fr. 70, E. Fr. 837), cf. on 2. εἰλέω; lengthened ἰλλίζει, s. ib. S. also on εἶλαρ.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1138] *u̯el- `press together'

Etymology: As the basis of εἰλέω, Ϝηλέω, to which belongs also ἀπελλεῖν (?, cod. - ειν) ἀποκλείειν H. (Aeol.), one may posit a nasal present *Ϝελ-νέω, which may be a variant of εἴλω \< *Ϝέλ-νω (Schwyzer 720; cf. also 693 w. n. 11, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 130). Beside it there is a reduplicated ἴλλω \< *Ϝί-Ϝλ-ω (mostly to 2., like ἰλλόμενος A. R. 2, 27, s. on 2.). (For εἴλλω vowelprothesis was assumed \< *ἐ-Ϝέλ-νω ( ἐ-Ϝέλ-ιω?; so Solmsen, s. below) which is now no longer possible, if not simply through (graphical) influence of εἰλέω. - The non-present forms were oirginally, as is to be expected, primary: aor. (Ϝ)έλ-σαι, perf. *(Ϝ)έ-(Ϝ)ολα in ἐόλει `(op)pressed' (Pi. P. 4, 233; coni. Boeckh)?, med. with secondary full grade (Ϝ)έ-(Ϝ)ελ-μαι, intr. aor. with zero grade (Ϝ)αλῆ-ναι; these forms were replaced by the innovations εἰλῆσαι etc. From the many IE words with an element u̯el-, only some Balto-Slavic formations can be considered as cognates of 1. εἰλέω. Thus Russ. válom `in mass', the instrumental of a noun * valъ (IE *u̯ōlos) with many derivatives, e. g. zavál `stoppage, blocking' (cf. Ϝήλημα); on the maning cf. esp. (Ϝ)άλις. An other instrumental in OCS Russ. velьmí `μεγάλως, very', from * velь (IE *u̯eli-). From Baltic: Lith. su-valýti `collect (grain), reap (together)'; further perh. Lith. veliù, vélti (with Russ. valjátь) `to full'; but see also on 2. εἰλέω. It is not always possible to distinguish εἰλέω `press (together)' and εἰλέω `wind'. - On the group see Solmsen Unt. 224ff., 285ff.; s. also Burdach NJbb. 49, 254ff.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `one of two, the one, the other' (Il.)

Other forms: ἅτερος (Dor. Aeol.; also Att. in crasis ἅ̄τερος, θά̄τερα etc.); cf. Dor. ατροπανπαις Bourgeuet, Dial. laconien 1927, 117; Meillet assumed zero grade ( BSL 28, 1927, 116f) as in ἀλλότριος and Lith. añtras.

Dialectal forms: Myc. a₂-te-ro

Compounds: With negation οὑδ-, μηδ-έτερος, - άτερος `none of both' (Hes., Ion.-Att. Dor.). Very often as 1. member in bahuvrihi with different meanings, e. g. ἑτερ-αλκής `who helps one party' (Il.; cf. on ἀλέξω), ἑτερ-ήμερος `living day by day' (λ 303 of the Dioscouroi; Ph.), ἑτερό-πτολις `coming from another town' (Erinn. 5).

Derivatives: ἑτέρ-ωθεν, - ωθι, - ωσε, - ωτα `from the other side' etc. (Hom.); ἑτεροῖος `of anoher kind' (Ion.-Att.; after τοῖος, ἀλλοῖος a. o.) with ἑτεροιότης (Pl., Ph.), ἑτεροιόομαι, - όω `become different', `change' (Ion. etc.), - οίωσις `change' (hell.); ἑτερότης `be different' (Arist.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [902] *sm̥-tero- `one of two'

Etymology: From IE *sm̥-teros, zero grade of * sem- in εἷς `one' (s. v. and ἅπαξ) with the same suffix as in ἀριστερός (s. v.) a. o.; cf. esp. Skt. eka-tara- `alteruter'; the ε-vowel in ἕτερος rather after εἷς than through assimilation (cf. Schwyzer 614). - With ἅτερος is prob. identical a Celtic word for `half', Welsh hanther, Corn. Bret. hanter ; s. Gonda Reflexions on the numerals "one" and "two" 33f.; who also tries to connect the Germ. group Goth. sundro `on itself, κατ' ἰδίαν', OHG suntar `separated, however' etc. (s. ἄτερ).

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `wonder, astonishment' (Il.).

Other forms: Hdt. a. o. θῶμα (mss. also θῶυμα; s. below)

Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in θαυματο-ποιός `wonder-worker = juggler' (Pl., D.).

Derivatives: θαυματός `wonderfull' (Hes. Sc. 165, h. Hom., Pi.) with θαυμάσιος `id.' (IA; Schwyzer 466), from where θαυμασιότης (Hp.); θαυματόεις `id.' (Man.); Θαύμας, - αντος (Hes.; Schwyzer 526, Chantraine Formation 269). Denomin. verbs: 1. θαυμαίνω `wonder, admire' (θ 108, h. Ven. 84) with Dor. Θωμάντας (Phleius); 2. θαυμάζω `id.' (Il.; on the formation Schwyzer 734) with θαυμαστής `admirer' and θαυμαστικός (Arist.), θαυμασμός `admiration' (hell.), θαύμακτρον prob. `money paid to see consurer's tricks' (Sophr. 120; cf. Chantraine 332); 3. θαυματίζομαι ἐκπλήττομαι H. - Θώμων (Boeot.); cf. γνῶμα: γνώμων a. o.; s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 214.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: θαῦμα belongs to the group of θάμβος, τέθηπα etc. with Pre-Greek labial\/F (Fur. 228-33); this also explains θῶμα with αυ\/ω, beside which through etymological notation in Hdt. also θῶυμα (Hoffmann Dial. 3, 366f.); from IE the variation cannot be explained. These verbal nouns go back on a verb for `see, observe', seen also in θέα `looking at' (s. v.), θεάομαι `behold'; θαῦμα. Thus Kuiper Gedenksch. Kretchmer (1956) 225, Fur. 236, 242 (who further compares Proto-Hatt. tāu̯u̯a `fear').

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θρά̄σσω, θρά̄ττω rommelig

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `trouble, disquiet' (Pi., Hp., Att.);

Other forms: Aor. θρᾶξαι (A., E.), pass. ἐθράχθη (S. Fr. 1055); perf. τέτρηχα intr. `be troubled, unquiet' (Il.).

Compounds: incid. with prefix, ἐν-, ὑπο-, ἐπι-,

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [251] [very uncertain] * dʰreh₂gʰ- `??'

Etymology: Primary yot-present from *θρᾱχ-ι̯ω, beside which the old perfect *τέ-θρᾱχ-α (Schwyzer 702); the rarely occurring aorist forms θρᾶξαι, ἐθράχθη are innovations after the type πράσσω: πρᾶξαι a. o. for older ταράξαι (like δαμάσαι), to which the present ταράσσω (s. v.), with the same disyll. stem form as ταραχή; to τέ-τρηχ-α: ταραχ-ή cf. e. g. τέ-θνη-κα: θάνα-τος. A primary nominal formation with long stem as θρά̄σσω, τέτρηχα is τρᾱχύς `raw, hard'; s. v. There are no exact correcpondences ouside Greek. Bezzenberger BB 4, 320 adduced a widespread word for `dregs, sediment', which occurs in varying form: Germ., e. g. ONord. dregg f., pl. dreggiar, Balt.-Slav., e. g. OLith. drãges pl., Alb. drā, prob. also Lat. fracēs, -um. Further one compares a large group in Baltic, which through its acute would agree with the Greek words, e. g. Lith. dérgiu, dérgti `schlackerig sein (of the weather), get squalid etc.' [but the acute is caused by the Lith. g \< *g acc. to Winter-Kortlandt's law, and so does not agree with Greek]. (Here acc. to Specht KZ 59, 102 and 117 w. n. 3 also dìrgstu, dìrgti `relax, get weak etc.' (with dìrginu, dìrginti `relax'); but see the critical remarks in Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dìrginti and drėgti !. - More forms W.-Hofmann s. fracēs; and Fraenkel s. drãges; and Pok. 251; these forms are not clear. Cf. Bechtel Lex. s. ταράσσω.

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θρά̄σσω, θρά̄ττω rommelig

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `trouble, disquiet' (Pi., Hp., Att.);

Other forms: Aor. θρᾶξαι (A., E.), pass. ἐθράχθη (S. Fr. 1055); perf. τέτρηχα intr. `be troubled, unquiet' (Il.).

Compounds: incid. with prefix, ἐν-, ὑπο-, ἐπι-,

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [251] [very uncertain] * dʰreh₂gʰ- `??'

Etymology: Primary yot-present from *θρᾱχ-ι̯ω, beside which the old perfect *τέ-θρᾱχ-α (Schwyzer 702); the rarely occurring aorist forms θρᾶξαι, ἐθράχθη are innovations after the type πράσσω: πρᾶξαι a. o. for older ταράξαι (like δαμάσαι), to which the present ταράσσω (s. v.), with the same disyll. stem form as ταραχή; to τέ-τρηχ-α: ταραχ-ή cf. e. g. τέ-θνη-κα: θάνα-τος. A primary nominal formation with long stem as θρά̄σσω, τέτρηχα is τρᾱχύς `raw, hard'; s. v. There are no exact correcpondences ouside Greek. Bezzenberger BB 4, 320 adduced a widespread word for `dregs, sediment', which occurs in varying form: Germ., e. g. ONord. dregg f., pl. dreggiar, Balt.-Slav., e. g. OLith. drãges pl., Alb. drā, prob. also Lat. fracēs, -um. Further one compares a large group in Baltic, which through its acute would agree with the Greek words, e. g. Lith. dérgiu, dérgti `schlackerig sein (of the weather), get squalid etc.' [but the acute is caused by the Lith. g \< *g acc. to Winter-Kortlandt's law, and so does not agree with Greek]. (Here acc. to Specht KZ 59, 102 and 117 w. n. 3 also dìrgstu, dìrgti `relax, get weak etc.' (with dìrginu, dìrginti `relax'); but see the critical remarks in Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dìrginti and drėgti !. - More forms W.-Hofmann s. fracēs; and Fraenkel s. drãges; and Pok. 251; these forms are not clear. Cf. Bechtel Lex. s. ταράσσω.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `philtre, charm, block of a pulley' (Hero Bel., Pap. III<sup>p</sup>), [`eiserner Pflock, Bolzen'] (Sch.), `throwing machine, ballista, tormentum' (Gloss., H.), `means to deceive, bewitch' (Heracl. All., H.).

Derivatives: μαγγανάριος `deceiver' (pap. III<sup>p</sup>), `mechanic' (Papp.), will be a loan from Latin. Denomin. verb μαγγανεύω `deceive, bewitch with artificial means, play tricks' with μαγγαν-εία `trickery' (Pl. Lg., Ph.), - εύματα pl. `charms, philtres' (Pl., Plu.), - ευτής `impostor, quack' (Suid., Phot.), - ευτικη τέχνη `agical art' (Poll.), - εύτριαι pl. H. s. βαμβακεύ-τριαι, - ευτήριον `haunt for impostors' (Them.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The word got as a loan a wide spread: Lat. manganum `machine' (to Rom., e.g. Ital. mangano `sling') with the unclear byform mangō `a handler, who promotes his ware by artificial means' (from hell. *μάγγων?), from where mangōnium `dressing up ware', Alb. mangë `hemp-brake', mengji `medicine', MHG MLG mange `throwing-machine', NHG Mange(l) `smoothing roll(?) for laundry' (from where Balt., e.g. Lith. mañgalis `mangling-machine'). If we forget these loans, a few words from the farthest east and west remain, which have been connected as cognate with μάγγανον: Skt. mañju-, mañjula- `beautiful, sweet, charming', maṅgala n. `happiness, salvation, good omen' (all ep. class.), Osset. mäng `deceit'; Celt., MIr. meng `deceit, cleverness, ruse' (but Toch. A maṅk `guilt, fault, sin', adduced by Schneider, together with B meṅki `id.', also `smaller', with μανός, μάνυ). To this rather motley collection one may add further the group of μάσσω `knead', through which the most wide combinations can be made. - Lit. in Bq, WP. 2, 233, Pok. 731, W.-Hofmann s. mangō; esp. Meringer IF 19, 436f. a. 21, 282, whose attempts to make the history of these words concrete, are in principle no doubt correct, even when they lack confirmation or are in detail even wrong. - From an IE root * meng- (Pok. 731) the Greek form cannot be derived; the word must then be Pre-Greek (as was already stated by W.- Hofmann s.v. mango), where mang-an- is unproblematic. The Sanskrit words are semantically too far off (perh. they are of Dravidian origin, Mayrhofer KEWA547, 553 and EWAia 379f.). (Such isolated Sanskrit comparisons with Greek must often be discarded.) The other words will be loans from Latin. (Lith. mañgalis is a loan from German.) The original meaning was no doubt as Frisk assumed a technical instrument. The meaning `hemp-brake' goes in the same direction, but the meaning ballista I cannot easily combine. The meaning `mangling-machine' recurs several times (Germ. `Glättroll für Wäsche'). It served to `embellish' the cloths. From there the notion of deceit. It is a good example of the long life of a Pre-Greek word which was by some considered as IE.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `get as share' (I 616), `divide' (Arat. 1054).

Other forms: perf. act. 3. sg. ἔμμορε `got as share' (Il.), 3. pl. ἐμμόραντι τετεύχασι H., later also ἔμμορες, - ον (A. R., Nic.; s. below), μεμόρηκα (Nic.); perf. a. ppf. 3. sg. εἵμαρται, - το `is (was) decided by fate' (Il.), ptc., esp. in fem. εἱμαρμένη `fate' (IA.); Aeol. ἐμμόρμενον (Alc.), Dor. ἔμβραται εἵμαρται, ἐμβραμένα εἱμαρμένη H.; also (through innovation) βεβραμένων εἱμαρμένων H., μεμόρ-ηται, - ημένος (Man., AP).

Compounds: Also with ἀπο- (Hes. Op. 578), ἐπι- (Vett.Val. 346, 6). As 2. member e.g. in κάμ-μορος ( κά-σμορος), ἤ-μορος; s. v.

Derivatives: Several derivv., which however mostly have an independent position as opposed to the disappearing verb 1. μέρος n. `share etc.', s. v. -- 2. μόρος m. `fate, (fate of) death, violent death' (Il.; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 305 m. n. 75), `share, share of ground', also as land-measure (Mytilene, Western Locris). Diminut. of this μόριον n. `share, part, member of the body' (IA.), math. `fraction, denominator' with μοριασμός, - στικός (: *μοριάζω; Ptol., sch.), further the adj. μόριμος `by fate destined' (Y 302, Pi., A.), μόριος `belonging to de deathfate' (AP), prob. also μορίαι ( ἐλαῖαι), s. v., μορόεις `deathly' (Nic.). --3. μόρα f. name of a Lacon. section of troops (X.; on the accent Chantraine Form. 20). -- 4. μοῖρα f. `part, piece, piece of ground, share, degree, fate, (evil or good) fate, death-fate', also personified `goddess of fate' (Il.); compp., e.g. μοιρη-γενής `fate-, child of happiness' (Γ182; s. Bechtel Lex. s. v., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 362; - η- anal.-metr. lengthening), εὔ-μοιρος `favoured' (B., Pl.). From this μοιρ-άδιος `destined by fate' (S. OC 228 cod. Laur.), - ίδιος `id.' (Pi., S.), - αῖος `belonging to fate' (Man.), - ιαῖος `measuring a degree' (Ptol., Procl.). - ικός, - ικῶς `acc. to degree' (Ptol., Vett.Val.); μοιρίς f. `half' (Nic.); μοιρ-άομαι, - αω `divide, be awarded one's share, share' (A., A. R.), - άζω = - άω (Anon. in Rh.). On μοῖρα and μόρος in gen. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 361ff. -- 5. μορτή, Dor. - τά `share of the farmer' (Poll., Eust., H.). -- 6. μόρσιμος `destined by fate'; s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [569] * smer- `care?'

Etymology: The perfectforms Aeol. ἔμμορε (later taken as aor. 2, whence ἔμμορες, - ον) and Ion. εἵμαρται can be explained from *sé-smor-e resp. *sé-smr̥-tai (Schwyzer 769, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 174 f., 184); here the full grade yot-present μείρομαι \< *smér-i̯o-mai (Schw. 715); cf. e.g. φθείρω: ἔφθορα: ἔφθαρμαι. Init. sm- is seen also elsewhere, e.g. ἄ-μμορος, κατὰ μμοῖραν. -- Corresponding forms are nowhere found. Cognate may be the diff. built Lat. mereō, - ēre, - eor, - ērī `earn, acquire' (prop. *'get your share, acquire'?), which may also have sm- and may be identical with the yot-present in μείρομαι. Uncertain is the meaning of Hitt. marriya- ('break in pieces, make small'?), cf. Benveniste BSL 33, 140, Kronasser Studies Whatmough 122; we would have to assume an s-less variant. Hypothetic is the connection with the group of μέριμνα (Solmsen Wortforsch. 40 f. WP. 2, 690, Pok. 970, W.-Hofmann s. mereō. -- Of the nominal derivv. only μοῖρα requires a special explanation: one may start as well from an ο-stem μόρος as from an older consonant-stem *μορ- (Schwyzer 474). The o-vowel could be an Aeolic zero grade.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to owe, to have to pay, to be obliged, to be due' (IA., also Il.)

Other forms: ὀφέλλω (Aeol., Arc., also Hom.), ὀφήλω (Cret., Arc., Arg.), aor. 1. ὀφειλ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσω (hell. also - έσω), perf. ὠφείληκα (Att.), aor. 2. ὤφελον, ὄφελον (Il., Att.). Beside it ὀφρλισκάνω, fut. ὀφλ-ήσω, aor. 1. - ῆσαι, perf. ὤφληκα (Att.), ptc. dat. pl. Ϝοφληκόσι, 3. pl. [Ϝο]φλέασι (Arc.), aor. 2. ὀφλεῖν (IA.), also wit ἐπ-, προσ-, `to be guilty, to incur a punishment, to be sentenced'.

Dialectal forms: On Myc. opero etc. Lejeune Rev. ét. anc. 58, 19f. w. n. 58, BSL 52, 197 n. 5.

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. προ-, προσ-.

Derivatives: A. From pres. ὀφείλω: ὀφειλ-έτης m., - έτις f. `debtor' (S., Pl.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 62 a. 241 f.) with - έσιον n. `small debt' (Eust.), - ημα n. (Th., Pl., Arist.; ὀφήλωμα [Cret.] after ἀνάλωμα), - ησις f. (pap. III^a) `debt, indebted sum'; -ή f. `debt, leasing' (pap., NT). B. From the aorist ὀφλεῖν: ὄφλ-ημα n. (D., Arist., pap.), - ησις f. (LXX) `penalty, fine'; - ητής m. `debtor' (gloss.), ὀφλοί ὀφειλέται, ὀφειλαί H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [not in Pok.] * h₃bʰel- `owe, be obliged'

Etymology: The system ὀφλεῖν: ὀφλισκ-άνω: ὀφλήσω: ὤφληκα agrees with (except for the enlarging - άνω; Schwyzer 700) the group εὑρεῖν: εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὕρηκα; to this came the aorist ὀφλῆσαι (Lys. a. late); also [Ϝο]φλέ-ασι has the same enlarged zero grade without second. κ. Beside this system built on a zero grade themat. aorist stands another, based on the full grade aorist ὤφελον, to which came the nasal present *ὀφέλ-νω ( \> ὀφείλω, ὀφέλλω, ὀφήλω) like ἔτεμον: τέμνω. As the formation of the present ὀφείλω became unclear through the phonetic development, it could become the basis of another system. Also semantically the formal pairs went different ways. -- An old problem provides Ϝο- which appears only in an Arc. inscription. While some, e.g. Brugmann IF 29, 241 (cf. on οἴγνυμι), want to see in it a prefix (to Lat. au-, vē-, Skt. áva `away (from)'; diff. Vollgraff Mél. Bq 2, 339), others are inclined, e.g. Solmsen KZ 34, 450f., Fraenkel Phil. 97, 162, to see Ϝο- as reversed writing for ὀ- (further in Schwyzer 226 n. 1). -- Further quite isolated and dark; an attempt to connect ὀφείλω etc. with ὀφέλλω `augment' in v. Windekens Ling.Posn. 8, 35 ff. -- On the explanation of the individual forms Schwyzer 709 and 746 w. n. 9 (partly diff.), also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 314 (w. lit.) a. 394;

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `end, boundary, outcome, goal, decision'; ep. also `rope, cable' (from `rope-end, cable-end'?; also `knot'?; s.bel.).

Other forms: mostly pl. - ατα n. (Il., περ(ρ)άτων Alc.), younger πεῖρας (Pi.), πέρας (Att.).

Compounds: As 2. member in ἀ-πείρων (Il.), with transiion in the ο-stems ἄ-πειρος (Pi., Ion., trag., Pl., Arist.) `endless, unlimited', also ἀ-πε(ί)ρατος `id.' (Pi., Ph.); here also ἀπειρέσιος, ἀπείριτος with suffixtranfer (diff. s.v.)?; ἀπέρονα πέρας μη ἔχοντα H.; πολυ-πείρων `with many (wide) boundaries' (h. Cer. 296, Orph.).

Derivatives: 1. πειραίνω (Hom.), περαίνω (Att.), aor. πειρῆναι, περᾶναι, also w. δια-, συν- a.o., `to bring to an end, to finish, to conclude' with ἀ-πέραντος (- εί-) `unlimited' (Pi., Att.), περαντικός `conclusive' (Ar., Arist.), συμπέρασ-μα n. `end, finishing, conclusion' (Arist.) with - ματικός (Arist.). 2. περατόομαι, - όω, also w. ἀπο-, συν-, `to end, to bring to an end, to limit' (Arist.) with ἀποπεράτ-ωσις (medic.). 3. ἀπο-περατίζω `to end' (sch.). 4. περατεύει ὁρίζει H. -- Also περάτη f. `extremity of the heavens' (ψ 243, Arat., Call.), after the superlatives (cf. Schwyzer 503 c); here περάτ-ηθεν `from the boundary, from beyond' (A. R.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [811] *per-u̯-r̥\/n̥ `end'?

Etymology: Basis *πέρϜαρ with old ρ \/ ν-flexion; from ν-stem ἀ-πείρων; through innovation πεῖρας, πέρας (cf. Schwyzer 514). -- A remarkable similarity shows Skt. pár-van- n. `knot, joint, section'. Schulze Q. 109f., 116ff. concludes from this a special word πεῖραρ with the meaning `knot' (μ 51 a.o., h. Ap. 129), with the ptc. πειρήναντε `knotting, kn. confirming' (χ 175, 192); very attractive, but with the in other places (e.g. Ν 358) hardly rejectable meaning `rope, line' (from `rope-, line-end'?) one finds even so no solution. After Krause Glotta 25, 148 stands beside πεῖραρ `end' a special πεῖραρ `line' to σπεῖρα, σπάρτον; to be rejected. For a uniform πεῖραρ (s. Bq w. older lit.) a.o. Niedermann Glotta 19, 7, Björck Mél. Bq 1, 143ff. -- In the sense of `end, frontier' πεῖραρ \< *πέρ-Ϝαρ belongs in any case to the great group πείρω, πέρᾱ etc. (prob. also πεῖρα); the orig. function of the element περ-, whether verbal or nominal, can no longer be decided. Also πεῖραρ = pár-van- `knot' can perh. be united (prop. `end, section, knot of a stalk'?; WP. 2, 32; doubts in Mayrhofer s. páruḥ).

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: Poet. adj. of unclear and varying meaning, referring to walk(ing) and movement (cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 253 a. 295): σαῦλα βαίνειν h. Merc. 28 (of a tortoise), Anacr. 168 (Bacchantes), Semon. 18 (horse), σαῦλαι Βασσαρίδες (Anacr. 55), by H. explained with κοῦφα, ἥσυχα, τρυφερά resp. with ἁβρόν, κοῦφον, ἄκρον, τρυφερόν; after sch. Ar. V. 1169 = τὸ φαῦλον καὶ διερρυηκός, so approxim. `light, dainty, delicate, prancing'?; as 1. member in σαυλο-πρωκτιάω (Ar. V. 1173).

Derivatives: σαυλόομαι (E. Kyk. 40: κῶμοι... ἀοιδαῖς βαρβίτων σαυλούμενοι), after H. τρυφᾶν, θρύπτεσθαι, ἐναβρύνεσθαι, δια- σαῦλος (Ar. Fr. 624; διασαυλούμενον διακινούμενον καὶ ἐναβρυνόμενον, η διασειόμενον H.), with σαύλωμα θρύμμα H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Rhyming to φαῦλος and perh. arisen through cross with it; other adj. barytona in - λος are μάχλος, κτίλος, ἕωλος. Besides with ν-suffix σαυνά ( σαῦνα?) ἁπαλά H. -- Already because of the uncleare meaning etymolog. difficult to determine. Cf. on σαύρα. -- Prob. belongs to a group (see s.v. σαυκός) of Pre-Greek words.

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