prose

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).

Lit., in space.

In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:

brevior via,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:

via brevis,

Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:

cursus brevissimus,

Verg. A. 3, 507:

brevius iter,

Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:

cursu brevissimus Almo,

id. M. 14, 329:

quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?

so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.

also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,

id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:

non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,

Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:

brevissima terra,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:

in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,

a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:

brevibus Gyaris,

Juv. 1, 73:

scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),

that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:

quo brevius valent,

the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—

Trop. of the journey of life:

quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?

Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:

vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,

Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:

fila vitae breviora,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —

In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);

of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,

Quint. 2, 3, 8:

forma,

Ov. M. 5, 457:

(puella) longa brevisque,

id. Am. 2, 4, 36:

brevis corpore,

Suet. Galb. 3;

id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,

Ov. M. 9, 789.—

Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,

lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

brevior ilex,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:

mus,

little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —

In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):

puteus,

Juv. 3, 226:

vada,

Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:

tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,

Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:

brevia litorum,

id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:

breve,

Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—

Trop.:

brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,

difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—

Of the line of a circle:

ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,

makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.

of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,

Plin. 2. 15, 13, §

63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,

Sen. Hippol. 314. —

Transf., of time.

Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.

In gen.:

quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:

breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:

brevis hora,

Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:

occasio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:

brevis hic est fructus homulleis,

short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:

MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,

Inscr. Orell. 558:

omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,

Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:

quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,

Sall. C. 1, 3; so,

vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:

aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,

occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:

brevissimum tempus,

id. 5, 6, 7:

detrimentum,

Quint. 11, 1, 10:

arbitrium mortis,

Tac. A. 15, 60:

breves populi Romani amores,

id. ib. 2, 41:

tempus,

Suet. Ner. 20 al.:

nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,

Cat. 5, 5:

fructus,

Lucr. 3, 914:

aevum,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:

anni,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:

ver,

Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:

flores rosae,

quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:

lilium,

id. ib. 1, 36, 16:

cena,

frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:

mensa,

id. A. P. 198:

dominus,

living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:

stultitia,

id. ib. 4, 12, 27:

ira furor brevis est,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

actio brevis atque concisa,

Quint. 6, 4, 2:

somnus,

Sen. Troad. 441:

nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,

nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:

domus,

Sen. Hippol. 762:

fortuna,

Sil. 4, 734.—

Esp.

Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:

brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,

Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—

In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):

inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,

Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:

in multo breviore temporis spatio,

id. Aug. 22:

multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,

Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:

spatio brevi,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:

res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:

sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,

soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;

acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,

Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:

brevi deinde,

id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:

fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,

Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:

mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,

Liv. 1, 9, 9:

brevi omnia subegit,

Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—

Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:

illa brevi spatio silet,

id. ib. 7, 307; so,

* breve,

Cat. 61, 187.—

Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:

ad breve quoddam tempus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—

Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.

Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):

narratio,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;

comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,

id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:

nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,

id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:

quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!

id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:

Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,

Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):

breviores commentarii,

Quint. 3, 8, 58:

annotatio,

id. 10, 7, 31:

brevia illa atque concisa,

id. 10, 7, 10; so,

sententiae,

id. 10, 1, 60:

causae,

id. 6, 1, 8:

docendi compendia,

id. 1, 1, 24:

comprehensiones,

id. 12, 2, 19:

quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,

id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:

multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:

brevior in scribendo,

id. Att. 5, 6, 2:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

in eloquendo brevis,

Quint. 10, 1, 63:

densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,

id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):

brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,

Charis. p. 176 P.:

id percurram brevi,

Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:

aliquid explicare,

id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:

circumscribere et definire,

id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:

complecti,

id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:

exponere,

id. ib. 1, 46, 203:

reprehendere,

id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:

reddere,

id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

respondere,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:

perscribere,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:

in brevi,

Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:

quid scribam? breve faciam,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:

longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,

id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:

in breve coactae causae,

Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:

in breve coactio causae,

Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:

brevis nominum,

Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—

Of a short syllable;

rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,

Hor. A. P. 251:

a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,

Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):

dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,

Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:

in fine pro longā accipi brevem,

Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:

plurimum habent celeritatis breves,

id. 9, 4, 91.—

Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,

Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—

For parvus, exiguus, little, small:

exigua pars brevisque,

Lucr. 5, 591:

Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,

Hor. Epod. 5, 15:

Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,

Ov. H. 2, 119:

brevi latere ac pede longo est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.

just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,

Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:

parvae alvi): mus,

Ov. F. 2, 574:

forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),

id. M. 5, 457.—

So, lapathi herba,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):

folia breviora,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):

census,

id. C. 2, 15, 13:

pondus,

id. S. 2, 2, 37:

impensa,

Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:

sigillum,

id. M. 6, 86:

insulae,

Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:

offulae,

id. 1, 29, 4:

pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:

breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,

Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.

Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:

parvo brevius quam totus,

a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,

Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,

(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.

In gen.:

iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,

Gell. 19, 1, 20.—

Esp.

In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:

sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,

Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

rem totam breviter cognoscite,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:

summatim breviterque describere,

id. Or. 15, 50:

breviter tangere,

id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:

breviter et modice disserere,

Sall. J. 111, 1:

adicere aliquid,

Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:

omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),

Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—

Of syllables:

quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,

Cic. Or. 48, 159.

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).

Lit., in space.

In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:

brevior via,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:

via brevis,

Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:

cursus brevissimus,

Verg. A. 3, 507:

brevius iter,

Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:

cursu brevissimus Almo,

id. M. 14, 329:

quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?

so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.

also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,

id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:

non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,

Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:

brevissima terra,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:

in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,

a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:

brevibus Gyaris,

Juv. 1, 73:

scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),

that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:

quo brevius valent,

the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—

Trop. of the journey of life:

quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?

Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:

vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,

Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:

fila vitae breviora,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —

In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);

of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,

Quint. 2, 3, 8:

forma,

Ov. M. 5, 457:

(puella) longa brevisque,

id. Am. 2, 4, 36:

brevis corpore,

Suet. Galb. 3;

id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,

Ov. M. 9, 789.—

Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,

lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

brevior ilex,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:

mus,

little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —

In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):

puteus,

Juv. 3, 226:

vada,

Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:

tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,

Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:

brevia litorum,

id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:

breve,

Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—

Trop.:

brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,

difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—

Of the line of a circle:

ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,

makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.

of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,

Plin. 2. 15, 13, §

63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,

Sen. Hippol. 314. —

Transf., of time.

Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.

In gen.:

quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:

breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:

brevis hora,

Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:

occasio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:

brevis hic est fructus homulleis,

short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:

MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,

Inscr. Orell. 558:

omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,

Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:

quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,

Sall. C. 1, 3; so,

vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:

aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,

occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:

brevissimum tempus,

id. 5, 6, 7:

detrimentum,

Quint. 11, 1, 10:

arbitrium mortis,

Tac. A. 15, 60:

breves populi Romani amores,

id. ib. 2, 41:

tempus,

Suet. Ner. 20 al.:

nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,

Cat. 5, 5:

fructus,

Lucr. 3, 914:

aevum,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:

anni,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:

ver,

Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:

flores rosae,

quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:

lilium,

id. ib. 1, 36, 16:

cena,

frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:

mensa,

id. A. P. 198:

dominus,

living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:

stultitia,

id. ib. 4, 12, 27:

ira furor brevis est,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

actio brevis atque concisa,

Quint. 6, 4, 2:

somnus,

Sen. Troad. 441:

nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,

nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:

domus,

Sen. Hippol. 762:

fortuna,

Sil. 4, 734.—

Esp.

Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:

brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,

Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—

In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):

inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,

Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:

in multo breviore temporis spatio,

id. Aug. 22:

multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,

Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:

spatio brevi,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:

res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:

sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,

soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;

acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,

Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:

brevi deinde,

id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:

fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,

Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:

mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,

Liv. 1, 9, 9:

brevi omnia subegit,

Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—

Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:

illa brevi spatio silet,

id. ib. 7, 307; so,

* breve,

Cat. 61, 187.—

Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:

ad breve quoddam tempus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—

Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.

Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):

narratio,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;

comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,

id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:

nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,

id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:

quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!

id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:

Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,

Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):

breviores commentarii,

Quint. 3, 8, 58:

annotatio,

id. 10, 7, 31:

brevia illa atque concisa,

id. 10, 7, 10; so,

sententiae,

id. 10, 1, 60:

causae,

id. 6, 1, 8:

docendi compendia,

id. 1, 1, 24:

comprehensiones,

id. 12, 2, 19:

quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,

id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:

multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:

brevior in scribendo,

id. Att. 5, 6, 2:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

in eloquendo brevis,

Quint. 10, 1, 63:

densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,

id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):

brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,

Charis. p. 176 P.:

id percurram brevi,

Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:

aliquid explicare,

id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:

circumscribere et definire,

id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:

complecti,

id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:

exponere,

id. ib. 1, 46, 203:

reprehendere,

id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:

reddere,

id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

respondere,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:

perscribere,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:

in brevi,

Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:

quid scribam? breve faciam,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:

longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,

id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:

in breve coactae causae,

Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:

in breve coactio causae,

Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:

brevis nominum,

Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—

Of a short syllable;

rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,

Hor. A. P. 251:

a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,

Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):

dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,

Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:

in fine pro longā accipi brevem,

Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:

plurimum habent celeritatis breves,

id. 9, 4, 91.—

Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,

Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—

For parvus, exiguus, little, small:

exigua pars brevisque,

Lucr. 5, 591:

Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,

Hor. Epod. 5, 15:

Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,

Ov. H. 2, 119:

brevi latere ac pede longo est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.

just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,

Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:

parvae alvi): mus,

Ov. F. 2, 574:

forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),

id. M. 5, 457.—

So, lapathi herba,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):

folia breviora,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):

census,

id. C. 2, 15, 13:

pondus,

id. S. 2, 2, 37:

impensa,

Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:

sigillum,

id. M. 6, 86:

insulae,

Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:

offulae,

id. 1, 29, 4:

pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:

breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,

Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.

Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:

parvo brevius quam totus,

a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,

Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,

(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.

In gen.:

iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,

Gell. 19, 1, 20.—

Esp.

In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:

sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,

Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

rem totam breviter cognoscite,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:

summatim breviterque describere,

id. Or. 15, 50:

breviter tangere,

id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:

breviter et modice disserere,

Sall. J. 111, 1:

adicere aliquid,

Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:

omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),

Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—

Of syllables:

quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,

Cic. Or. 48, 159.

brĕvis, e, adj. (abl. breve, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 2; comp. abl. breviore, Ov. Am. 2, 17, 22) [cf. brachus, Fest. p. 26], short, little, of small extent, in space and time (opp. longus; in space, in good class. prose, diff. from parvus, which designates that which fills a small space in length, breadth, and thickness; while brevis is used only of length in its different directions of breadth, height, or depth; and even of a circle, as merely a line, and without reference to the space enclosed, v. infra. In poets and postAug. prose brevis sometimes = parvus).

Lit., in space.

In distance, extent, short, little, small, narrow (opp. latus), Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:

brevior via,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Tib. 1, 10, 4:

via brevis,

Verg. E. 9, 23; Ov. M. 5, 253; Juv. 14, 223:

cursus brevissimus,

Verg. A. 3, 507:

brevius iter,

Ov. P. 1, 4, 32:

cursu brevissimus Almo,

id. M. 14, 329:

quid mihi, quod lato non separor aequore, prodest? Num minus haec nobis tam brevis obstat aqua?

so narrow a stream, id. H. 18, 174; cf.

also brevis unda, opp. latum mare,

id. ib. 19, 141 and 142:

non Asiam brevioris aquae disterminat usquam fluctus ab Europā,

Luc. 9, 957 (strictioris, Schol.); cf. id. 9, 317:

brevissima terra,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 2:

in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat altō Gurgite,

a small, narrow rock, Ov. M. 9, 226:

brevibus Gyaris,

Juv. 1, 73:

scis In breve te cogi (sc. libellum),

that you are closely rolled together, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 8:

quo brevius valent,

the nearer, the more powerful are they in conflict, Tac. A. 6, 35.—

Trop. of the journey of life:

quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus?

Cic. Arch. 11, 28; cf.:

vitae brevis cursus, gloriae sempiternus,

id. Sest. 21, 47:

tum brevior dirae mortis aperta via est,

Tib. 1, 10, 4.—And poet. of the thread of life:

fila vitae breviora,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 46. —

In height, short, small, low (opp. altus and sometimes longus);

of the human figure: sed sedebat judex L. Aurifex, brevior ipse quam testis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

ut statura breves in digitos eriguntur,

Quint. 2, 3, 8:

forma,

Ov. M. 5, 457:

(puella) longa brevisque,

id. Am. 2, 4, 36:

brevis corpore,

Suet. Galb. 3;

id. Vit. Hor.—Of a maiden changed to a boy: et incomptis brevior mensura capillis,

Ov. M. 9, 789.—

Of other things: ut pleraque Alpium ab Italiā sicut breviora, ita arrectiora sunt,

lower, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

brevior ilex,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1641:

mus,

little, Ov. F. 2, 574. —

In depth, small, little, shallow (opp. profundus):

puteus,

Juv. 3, 226:

vada,

Verg. A. 5, 221; Sen. Agam. 570.—Hence, subst.: brĕvia, ium, n., as in Gr. ta brachea, shallow places, shallows, shoals:

tris Eurus ab alto In brevia et syrtis urget,

Verg. A. 1, 111 (brevia vadosa dicit, per quae vadi pedibus potest, Serv.); Luc. 9, 338: neque discerni poterant incerta ab solidis, brevia a profundis, Tac. A. 1, 70:

brevia litorum,

id. ib. 6, 33 fin. —Perh. also in sing.:

breve,

Tac. A. 14, 29 Draeg. ad loc. (Ritter, brevia; al. breve litus).—

Trop.:

brevia, in quibus volutatur, incerta, ancipitia,

difficulties, Sen. Ep. 22, 7.—

Of the line of a circle:

ubi circulus (i.e. arcticus) axem Ultimus extremum spatioque brevissimus ambit,

makes the shortest path, Ov. M. 2, 517; cf.

of similar orbits, of stars: absides breviores,

Plin. 2. 15, 13, §

63.—Of the circular course of a horse on the track: discit gyro breviore flecti,

Sen. Hippol. 314. —

Transf., of time.

Lit. (the usu. signif. of the word), short, brief, small, little.

In gen.:

quanto, nox, fuisti longior hac proxumā, Tanto brevior dies ut fiat faciam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 51:

breve spatium'st perferundi quae minitas mihi,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 85:

brevis hora,

Lucr. 4, 179; so Ov. M. 4, 696: Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermone? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:

occasio,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 57; Phaedr. 5, 8, 5:

brevis hic est fructus homulleis,

short is this enjoyment for little men, Lucr. 3, 927; cf.:

MORS. PERFECIT. TVA. VT. TIBE. ESSENT. OMNIA. BREVIA. HONOS. FAMA. VIRTVSQVE. GLORIA. ATQVE. INGENIVM.,

Inscr. Orell. 558:

omnia brevia tolerabilia esse debent,

Cic. Lael. 27, 104; id. Fin. 1, 12, 40; 2, 29, 94; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94; Sen. Ira, 3, 43, 5:

quoniam vita brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxime longam efficere,

Sall. C. 1, 3; so,

vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. 1, 11, 6:

aut omnia breviora aliquanto fuere, aut Saguntum principio anni captum,

occupied a shorter time, Liv. 21, 15, 5:

brevissimum tempus,

id. 5, 6, 7:

detrimentum,

Quint. 11, 1, 10:

arbitrium mortis,

Tac. A. 15, 60:

breves populi Romani amores,

id. ib. 2, 41:

tempus,

Suet. Ner. 20 al.:

nobis quom semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda,

Cat. 5, 5:

fructus,

Lucr. 3, 914:

aevum,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 17; id. S. 2, 6, 97; id. Ep. 2, 1, 144; Plin. Pan. 78, 2:

anni,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 22:

ver,

Ov. M. 1, 118; 10, 85:

flores rosae,

quickly withering, short-lived, Hor. C. 2, 3, 13:

lilium,

id. ib. 1, 36, 16:

cena,

frugal, id. Ep. 1, 14, 35:

mensa,

id. A. P. 198:

dominus,

living but a short time, id. C. 2, 14, 24:

stultitia,

id. ib. 4, 12, 27:

ira furor brevis est,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

actio brevis atque concisa,

Quint. 6, 4, 2:

somnus,

Sen. Troad. 441:

nec gratius quicquam decore nec brevius,

nothing is more acceptable, but nothing more perishable, fading, than beauty, Suet. Dom. 18:

domus,

Sen. Hippol. 762:

fortuna,

Sil. 4, 734.—

Esp.

Comp. brevius, with subj. clause, shorter, i.e. easier, more convenient:

brevius visum urbana crimina incipi, quorum obvii testes erant,

Tac. A. 13, 43: modo ne existimes brevius esse ab urbe mitti, Trag. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 40 (49), 3.—

In brevi spatio, brevi spatio, in brevi tempore, brevi tempore, and absol. brevi or in brevi, in a short time, shortly (before or after) (brevi tempore and brevi are class.; the latter, as in Gr. en brachei, to be considered as neuter, without supplying tempore):

inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum,

Lucr. 2, 77; so Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Claud. 12; id. Ner. 30; cf.:

in multo breviore temporis spatio,

id. Aug. 22:

multa brevi spatio simulacra geruntur,

Lucr. 4, 160; Sall. J. 87, 3:

spatio brevi,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 6:

res publica per vos brevi tempore jus suum recuperabit,

Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3; 5, 21, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 11; Nep. Milt. 2, 1; id. Them. 1, 4; Suet. Caes. 3:

sic ille affectus, brevi postea est mortuus,

soon after, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (Zumpt;

acc. to MSS. perbrevi).—So brevi post = paulo post: brevi post Marcellus Romam venit,

Liv. 33, 37, 9; 24, 3, 14:

brevi deinde,

id. 24, 4, 9: (Britanni) tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere et brevi ( in a short time, i.e. with great rapidity) moderari ac flectere consuerint, Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. Herz. and Held.:

fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divolgatur,

Sall. J. 13, 1; Nep. Them. 4, 4:

mirantur tam brevi rem Romanam crevisse,

Liv. 1, 9, 9:

brevi omnia subegit,

Suet. Caes. 34; so id. Aug. 17; 65; id. Vesp. 5; id. Gram. 3; Gell. 1, 15, 18: scire in brevi, Afran. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.; Flor. 1, 1, 15.—

Brevi, a short time, a little while: [p. 251] cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam in Persea misit, Ov. M. 5, 32; cf.:

illa brevi spatio silet,

id. ib. 7, 307; so,

* breve,

Cat. 61, 187.—

Ad breve, for a short time, Suet. Tib. 68; cf.:

ad breve quoddam tempus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 31.—

Transf. to things done or taking place in a short time; so most freq.

Of discourse, short, brief, concise (most freq. in Cic. and Quint.):

narratio,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 28; id. de Or. 3, 50, 196: laudatio;

comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum erat apud illum contractus et brevis,

id. Brut. 44, 162; cf. id. de Or. 2, 80, 326:

nunc venio ad illa tua brevia: et primum illud, quo nihil potest esse brevius: bonum omne laudabile, etc.,

id. Fin. 4, 18, 48:

quam falsa re! quam brevia responsu!

id. Clu. 59, 164: urbanitas est virtus quaedam in breve dictum coacta, Dom. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 104:

Homerus brevem eloquentiam Menelao dedit,

Quint. 12, 10, 64 (brevis = ou polumuthos, Hom. Il. 3, 214):

breviores commentarii,

Quint. 3, 8, 58:

annotatio,

id. 10, 7, 31:

brevia illa atque concisa,

id. 10, 7, 10; so,

sententiae,

id. 10, 1, 60:

causae,

id. 6, 1, 8:

docendi compendia,

id. 1, 1, 24:

comprehensiones,

id. 12, 2, 19:

quod ut brevissimo pateat exemplo,

id. 3, 6, 10: commendatio, requiring few words, i.e. moderate, Plin. 11, 42, 97, § 240.— Meton. of a speaker or orator, brief:

multos imitatio brevitatis decipit, ut cum se breves putent esse, longissimi sint,

Cic. Inv. 1, 20, 38:

brevior in scribendo,

id. Att. 5, 6, 2:

brevis esse laboro, Obscurus fio,

Hor. A. P. 25:

in eloquendo brevis,

Quint. 10, 1, 63:

densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides,

id. 10, 1, 73.—Hence, brĕvī, adv., briefly, in few words (freq. and class.):

brevi pro breviter M. Tullius de Orat. ad Quintum fratrem (1, 8, 34): ac ne plura quidem quae sunt innumerabilia consecter, comprehendam brevi,

Charis. p. 176 P.:

id percurram brevi,

Cic. Caecin. 32, 94:

aliquid explicare,

id. Planc. 40, 95 Wund.:

circumscribere et definire,

id. Sest. 45, 97; so id. ib. 5, 12 Orell. N. cr.; id. Fin. 1, 17, 55:

complecti,

id. de Or. 1, 42, 190:

exponere,

id. ib. 1, 46, 203:

reprehendere,

id. Inv. 1, 9, 12:

reddere,

id. Leg. 2, 14, 34:

respondere,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 1:

perscribere,

id. ib. 4, 5, 1; so Auct. Her. 4, 26, 35; 35, 47 al.; cf.:

in brevi,

Quint. 9, 4, 32.—So once in epistolary style: breve facere, to be short or brief:

quid scribam? breve faciam,

Cic. Att. 11, 7, 6; cf.:

longum est ea dicere, sed hoc breve dicam,

id. Sest. 5, 12.—Once, in breve cogere (diff. from I. A.), to comprise in few words, bring into a small compass:

in breve coactae causae,

Liv. 39, 47, 5; cf.:

in breve coactio causae,

Gai. Inst. 4, 15.— In late Lat. subst.: brĕvis, is, m. (sc. liber—acc. to another reading, brĕve, is, n.), a short catalogue, summary, = breviarium:

brevis nominum,

Vop. Aur. 36; so id. Bonos. 15; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 21; Hier. Ep. 5, n. 2 al.—

Of a short syllable;

rarely as adj.: Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus,

Hor. A. P. 251:

a brevis, gre brevis, faciet tamen longam priorem,

Quint. 9, 4, 86 et saep.—More freq. subst.: brĕvis, is, f. (sc. syllaba):

dactylus, qui est e longā et duabus brevibus,

Cic. Or. 64, 217 sq.:

in fine pro longā accipi brevem,

Quint. 9, 4, 93; 9, 4, 86:

plurimum habent celeritatis breves,

id. 9, 4, 91.—

Hence also once of a syllable long by position, but pronounced short: indoctus dicimus brevi primā litterā, insanus productā: inhumanus brevi, infelix longā,

Cic. Or. 48, 159 Meyer N. cr.; cf. Gell. 2, 17 sqq., and Schütz Lex. Cic. s. v. brevis.—

For parvus, exiguus, little, small:

exigua pars brevisque,

Lucr. 5, 591:

Canidia brevibus implicata viperis,

Hor. Epod. 5, 15:

Alecto brevibus torquata colubris,

Ov. H. 2, 119:

brevi latere ac pede longo est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 93; cf.

just before: breve quod caput, ardua cervix, v. 89, and brevis alvus,

Verg. G. 3, 80 (on the other hand, Nemes. 244:

parvae alvi): mus,

Ov. F. 2, 574:

forma (sc. pueri in stellionem mutati),

id. M. 5, 457.—

So, lapathi herba,

Hor. S. 2, 4, 29 (brevis = parva, non excrescens in altum, Schol. Cruqu.):

folia breviora,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 26 (minor corona, Schol. Cruqu.):

census,

id. C. 2, 15, 13:

pondus,

id. S. 2, 2, 37:

impensa,

Ov. H. 7, 188 Ruhnk.:

sigillum,

id. M. 6, 86:

insulae,

Pall. 1, 28, 1; cf. Juv. 1, 73: vasculum, Pall. Apr. 8, 4:

offulae,

id. 1, 29, 4:

pantheris in candido breves macularum oculi,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 62.—With nom. abstr.:

breve in exiguo marmore nomen ero,

Prop. 2, 1, 72; Sen. Oedip. 935.—So, pondus, Hor. S. 2, 2, 37 al.—Hence, brĕ-vĭter, adv., shortly, briefly, etc.

Of space (acc. to I.) (rare): seu libeat, curvo brevius convertere gyro, shorter, i. e. in a smaller circle, Tib. 4, 1, 94:

parvo brevius quam totus,

a little less than the whole, Plin. 2, 67, 67, § 168:

Sarmatae, omisso arcu, quo brevius valent, contis gladiisque ruerent,

Tac. A. 6, 35.—Far more freq. in prose and poetry,

(Acc. to II. A. b. and c.) Of time, in a short time.

In gen.:

iratum breviter vites, inimicum diu, Publ. Syr. v. 249 Rib.: sapiens, cum breviter et strictim colore atque vultu motus est,

Gell. 19, 1, 20.—

Esp.

In expression, briefly, in brief, in few words, concisely, summarily:

sed breviter paucis praestat comprendere multa,

Lucr. 6, 1082: multa breviter et commode dicta (sc. apophthegmata; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 29, 104) memoriae mandabam, Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

rem totam breviter cognoscite,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 169; 2, 3, 27, § 67; so id. de Or. 2, 83, 340:

summatim breviterque describere,

id. Or. 15, 50:

breviter tangere,

id. Off. 3, 2, 8 Beier N. cr.:

breviter et modice disserere,

Sall. J. 111, 1:

adicere aliquid,

Quint. 9, 3, 100; cf. also Verg. A. 2, 11; 4, 632; 6, 321; Ov. M. 2, 783:

omnia soli Forsan Pacuvio breviter dabit (i.e. paucis testamenti verbis, quibus heres ex asse scribetur),

Juv. 12, 125 Web. (cf. id. 1, 68: beatum exiguis tabulis).— Comp., Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 26; Quint. 8, prooem. § 1; 8, 6, 61; 9, 2, 16; 10, 1, 49; 11, 1, 5 al.— Sup., Cic. N. D. 2, 1, 3; id. Div. 1, 32, 70; Quint. 1, 10, 1; 4, 2, 113 al.—

Of syllables:

quibus in verbis eae primae litterae sunt quae in sapiente atque felice, producte dicitur, in ceteris omnibus breviter,

Cic. Or. 48, 159.

cădo, cĕcĭdi, cāsum, 3 ( part. pres. gen. plur. cadentūm, Verg. A. 10, 674; 12, 410), v. n. [cf. Sanscr. çad-, to fall away].

Lit.

In an extended sense, to be driven or carried by one ' s weight from a higher to a lower point, to fall down, be precipitated, sink down, go down, sink, fall (so mostly poet.; in prose, in place of it, the compounds decĭdo, occĭdo, excĭdo, etc.; cf. also ruo, labor;

opp. surgo, sto): tum arbores in te cadent,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 25: (aves) praecipites cadunt in terram aut in aquam, fall headlong to the earth or into the water, Lucr. 6, 745; cf. id. 6, 828;

imitated by Verg.: (apes) praecipites cadunt,

Verg. G. 4, 80:

nimbus, Ut picis e caelo demissum flumen, in undas Sic cadit, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 258:

cadit in terras vis flammea,

id. 2, 215; so with in, id. 2, 209; 4, 1282; 6, 1006; 6, 1125; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 64:

in patrios pedes,

Ov. F. 2, 832.—With a different meaning:

omnes plerumque cadunt in vulnus,

in the direction of, towards their wound, Lucr. 4, 1049; cf.:

prolapsa in vulnus moribunda cecidit,

Liv. 1, 58, 11:

cadit in vultus,

Ov. M. 5, 292:

in pectus,

id. ib. 4, 579.—Less freq. with ad:

ad terras,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216:

ad terram,

Quint. 5, 10, 84.—The place from which is designated by ab, ex, de:

a summo cadere,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 15:

a mento cadit manus,

Ov. F. 3, 20:

aves ab alto,

Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112:

ut cadat (avis) e regione loci,

Lucr. 6, 824:

ex arbore,

Plin. 17, 20, 34, § 148; Dig. 50, 16, 30, § 4; 18, 1, 80, § 2:

cecidisse de equo dicitur,

Cic. Clu. 62, 175:

cadere de equo,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 125 (for which Cæsar, Nepos, and Pliny employ decidere):

de manibus arma cecidissent,

Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 21; cf.:

de manibus civium delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,

id. Off. 1, 22, 77:

cadunt altis de montibus umbrae,

Verg. E. 1, 84:

de caelo,

Lucr. 5, 791; Ov. M. 2, 322:

de matre (i. e. nasci),

Claud. in Rufin. 1, 92.—With per:

per inane profundum,

Lucr. 2, 222:

per aquas,

id. 2, 230:

per salebras altaque saxa,

Mart. 11, 91; cf.:

imbre per indignas usque cadente genas,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 18.—With the adverb altius: altius atque cadant summotis nubibus imbres, and poured forth from a greater height, etc., Verg. E. 6, 38.—And absol.:

folia nunc cadunt,

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 24; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 12; Lucr. 6, 297:

ut pluere in multis regionibus et cadere imbres,

id. 6, 415:

cadens nix,

id. 3, 21; 3, 402:

velut si prolapsus cecidisset,

Liv. 1, 56, 12: quaeque ita concus [p. 259] sa est, ut jam casura putetur, Ov. P. 2, 3, 59:

cadentem Sustinuisse,

id. M. 8, 148:

saepius, of epileptics,

Plin. Val. 12, 58:

casuri, si leviter excutiantur, flosculi,

Quint. 12, 10, 73.—

Esp.

Of heavenly bodies, to decline, set (opp. orior), Ov. F. 1, 295:

oceani finem juxta solemque cadentem,

Verg. A. 4, 480; 8, 59; Tac. G. 45:

soli subjecta cadenti arva,

Avien. Descr. Orb. 273; cf. Tac. Agr. 12:

quā (nocte) tristis Orion cadit,

Hor. Epod. 10, 10:

Arcturus cadens,

id. C. 3, 1, 27.—

To separate from something by falling, to fall off or away, fall out, to drop off, be shed, etc.:

nam tum dentes mihi cadebant primulum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 57:

dentes cadere imperat aetas,

Lucr. 5, 671; Sen. Ep. 12, 3; 83, 3:

pueri qui primus ceciderit dens,

Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 41:

barba,

Verg. E. 1, 29:

quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo Lapsa cadunt folia,

id. A. 6, 310; cf. Cat. 11, 22; Hor. A. P. 61:

lanigeris gregibus Sponte suā lanae cadunt,

Ov. M. 7, 541:

saetae,

id. ib. 14, 303:

quadrupedibus pilum cadere,

Plin. 11, 39, 94, § 231:

poma,

Ov. M. 7, 586:

cecidere manu quas legerat, herbae,

id. ib. 14, 350:

elapsae manibus cecidere tabellae,

id. ib. 9, 571:

et colus et fusus digitis cecidere remissis,

id. ib. 4, 229.—

Of a stream, to fall, empty itself:

amnis Aretho cadit in sinum maris,

Liv. 38, 4, 3; 38, 13, 6; 44, 31, 4:

flumina in pontum cadent,

Sen. Med. 406:

flumina in Hebrum cadentia,

Plin. 4, 11, 18, § 50:

tandem in alterum amnem cadit,

Curt. 6, 4, 6.—

Of dice, to be thrown or cast; to turn up:

illud, quod cecidit forte,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 23 sq.; Liv. 2, 12, 16.—

Alicui (alicujus) ad pedes, to fall at one ' s feet in supplication, etc. (post-class. for abicio, proicio), Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 19; Eutr. 4, 7; Aug. Serm. 143, 4; Vulg. Joan. 11, 32 al.—

Super collum allcujus, to embrace (late Lat.), Vulg. Luc. 15, 20.—

In a more restricted sense.

To fall, to fall down, drop, fall to, be precipitated, etc.; to sink down, to sink, settle (the usual class. signif. in prose and poetry):

cadere in plano,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 17 sq.:

deorsum,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 89:

uspiam,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 12:

Brutus, velut si prolapsus cecidisset,

Liv. 1, 56, 12; cf. id. 5, 21, 16; 1, 58, 12:

dum timent, ne aliquando cadant, semper jacent,

Quint. 8, 5, 32:

sinistrā manu sinum ad ima crura deduxit (Caesar), quo honestius caderet,

Suet. Caes. 82:

cadere supinus,

id. Aug. 43 fin.:

in pectus pronus,

Ov. M. 4, 579:

cadunt toti montes,

Lucr. 6, 546:

radicitus exturbata (pinus) prona cadit,

Cat. 64, 109:

concussae cadunt urbes,

Lucr. 5, 1236:

casura moenia Troum,

Ov. M. 13, 375; id. H. 13, 71:

multaque praeterea ceciderunt moenia magnis motibus in terris,

Lucr. 6, 588: languescunt omnia membra;

bracchia palpebraeque cadunt,

their arms and eyelids fall, id. 4, 953; 3, 596; so,

ceciderunt artus,

id. 3, 453:

sed tibi tamen oculi, voltus, verba cecidissent,

Cic. Dom. 52, 133; cf.:

oculos vigiliā fatigatos cadentesque in opere detineo,

Sen. Ep. 8, 1:

patriae cecidere manus,

Verg. A. 6, 33:

cur facunda parum decoro Inter verba cadit lingua silentio?

Hor. C. 4, 1, 36:

cecidere illis animique manusque,

Ov. M. 7, 347; Val. Fl. 1, 300; cf. II. F. infra.—

In a pregn. signif. (as in most langg., to fall in battle, to die), to fall so as to be unable to rise, to fall dead, to fall, die (opp. vivere), Prop. 2 (3), 28, 42 (usu. of those who die in battle;

hence most freq. in the histt.): hostes crebri cadunt,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 79 sq.:

aut in acie cadendum fuit aut in aliquas insidias incidendum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 3; Curt. 4, 1, 28; Ov. M. 7, 142:

ut cum dignitate potius cadamus quam cum ignominiā serviamus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 14, 35:

pauci de nostris cadunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15; id. B. C. 3, 53:

optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari,

Sall. J. 92, 8; so id. C. 60, 6; id. J. 54, 10; Nep. Paus. 1, 2; id. Thras. 2, 7; id. Dat. 1, 2; 6, 1; 8, 3; Liv. 10, 35, 15 and 19; 21, 7, 10; 23, 21, 7; 29, 14, 8; Tac. G. 33; Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 27; Ov. M. 7, 142:

per acies,

Tac. A. 1, 2:

pro patriā,

Quint. 2, 15, 29:

ante diem,

Verg. A. 4, 620:

bipenni,

Ov. M. 12, 611:

ense,

Val. Fl. 1, 812.—Not in battle:

inque pio cadit officio,

Ov. M. 6, 250.—With abl. of means or instrument:

suoque Marte (i. e. suā manu) cadunt,

Ov. M. 3, 123; cf. Tac. A. 3, 42 fin.:

suā manu cecidit,

fell by his own hand, id. ib. 15, 71:

exitu voluntario,

id. H. 1, 40:

muliebri fraude cadere,

id. A. 2, 71: cecidere justā Morte Centauri, cecidit tremendae Flamma Chimaerae, Hor. C. 4, 2, 14 sq.:

manu femineā,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1179:

femineo Marte,

Ov. M. 12, 610.—With abl. of agent with ab:

torqueor, infesto ne vir ab hoste cadat,

should be slain by, Ov. H. 9, 36; so id. M. 5, 192; Suet. Oth. 5:

a centurione volneribus adversis tamquam in pugnā,

Tac. A. 16, 9.—And without ab:

barbarae postquam cecidere turmae Thessalo victore,

Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; imitated by Claudian, IV. Cons. Hon. 89; Grat. Cyn. 315.—

Of victims, to be slain or offered, to be sacrificed, to fall ( poet.):

multa tibi ante aras nostrā cadet hostia dextrā,

Verg. A. 1, 334:

si tener pleno cadit haedus anno,

Hor. C. 3, 18, 5; Tib. 1, 1, 23; 4, 1, 15; Ov. M. 7, 162; 13, 615; id. F. 4, 653.—

In mal. part., = succumbo, to yield to, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 104; Tib. 4, 10, 2; Sen. Contr. 1, 3, 7.—

Matre cadens, just born ( poet.), Val. Fl. 1, 355; cf. of the custom of laying the new-born child at the father's feet: tellure cadens. Stat. S. 1, 2, 209; 5, 5, 69.

Trop.

To come or fall under, to fall, to be subject or exposed to something (more rare than its compound incidere, but class.); constr. usually with sub or in, sometimes with ad:

sub sensus cadere nostros,

i. e. to be perceived by the senses, Lucr. 1, 448:

sub sensum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 48: in cernendi sensum. id. Tim. 3:

sub oculos,

id. Or. 3, 9:

in conspectum,

to become visible, id. Tusc. 1, 22, 50:

sub aurium mensuram,

id. Or. 20, 67:

sponte suā (genus humanum) cecidit sub leges artaque jura,

subjected itself to law and the force of right, Lucr. 5, 1146; so id. 3, 848:

ad servitia,

Liv. 1, 40, 3:

utrorum ad regna,

Lucr. 3, 836; so,

sub imperium dicionemque Romanorum,

Cic. Font. 5, 12 (1, 2):

in potestatem unius,

id. Att. 8, 3, 2:

in cogitationem,

to suggest itself to the thoughts, id. N. D. 1, 9, 21:

in hominum disceptationem,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 5:

in deliberationem,

id. Off. 1, 3, 9:

in offensionem alicujus,

id. N. D. 1, 30, 85:

in morbum,

id. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:

in suspitionem alicujus,

Nep. Paus. 2, 6:

in calumniam,

Quint. 9, 4, 57:

abrupte cadere in narrationem,

id. 4, 1, 79:

in peccatum,

Aug. in Psa. 65, 13.—

In gen.: in or sub aliquem or aliquid, to belong to any object, to be in accordance with, agree with, refer to, be suitable to, to fit, suit, become (so esp. freq. in philos. and rhet. lang.):

non cadit in hos mores, non in hunc pudorem, non in hanc vitam, non in hunc hominem ista suspitio,

Cic. Sull. 27, 75:

cadit ergo in bonum virum mentiri, emolumenti sui causā?

id. Off. 3, 20, 81; so id. Cael. 29, 69; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

haec Academica... in personas non cadebant,

id. Att. 13, 19, 5:

qui pedes in orationem non cadere quī possunt?

id. Or. 56, 188:

neque in unam formam cadunt omnia,

id. ib. 11, 37; 57, 191; 27, 95; id. de Or. 3, 47, 182; Quint. 3, 7, 6; 4, 2, 37; 4, 2, 93; 6, prooem. § 5; 7, 2, 30 and 31; Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 82:

heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus?

Verg. E. 9, 17; Cic. Or. 27, 95; 11, 37; Quint. 3, 5, 16; 3, 6, 91; 5, 10, 30; 6, 3, 52; 7, 2, 31; 9, 1, 7;

9, 3, 92: hoc quoque in rerum naturam cadit, ut, etc.,

id. 2, 17, 32:

in iis rebus, quae sub eandem rationem cadunt,

Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 47; Quint. 8, 3, 56.—

To fall upon a definite time (rare):

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

in id saeculum Romuli cecidit aetas, cum, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 10, 18.—Hence, in mercantile lang., of payments, to fall due: in eam diem cadere ( were due) nummos, qui a Quinto debentur, Cic. Att. 15, 20, 4.—

(Acc. to I. 1. e.) Alicui, to fall to one (as by lot), fall to one ' s lot, happen to one, befall; and absol. (for accidere), to happen, come to pass, occur, result, turn out, fall out (esp. in an unexpected manner; cf. accido; very freq. in prose and poetry).

Alicui:

nihil ipsis jure incommodi cadere possit,

Cic. Quint. 16, 51:

hoc cecidit mihi peropportune, quod, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 4, 15; id. Att. 3, 1:

insperanti mihi, cecidit, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 21, 96; id. Att. 8, 3, 6; id. Mil. 30, 81:

mihi omnia semper honesta et jucunda ceciderunt,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

sunt, quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti,

Verg. G. 4, 165:

haec aliis maledicta cadant,

Tib. 1, 6, 85:

neu tibi pro vano verba benigna cadunt,

Prop. 1, 10, 24:

ut illis... voluptas cadat dura inter saepe pericla,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 40: verba cadentia, uttered at random, id. Ep. 1, 18, 12.—

Ab sol., Afran. ap. Charis. p. 195 P.;

Cic. Leg.2, 13, 33: verebar quorsum id casurum esset,

how it would turn out, id. Att. 3, 24:

aliorsum vota ceciderunt,

Flor. 2, 4, 5:

cum aliter res cecidisset ac putasses,

had turned out differently from what was expected, Cic. Fam. 5, 19, 1:

sane ita cadebat ut vellem,

id. Att. 3, 7, 1; id. Div. 2, 52, 107; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 3; Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 5; Caes. B. C. 3, 73, Nep. Milt. 2, 5 Dähne:

cum, quae tum maxime acciderant, casura praemonens, a furioso incepto eos deterreret,

Liv. 36, 34, 3; 22, 40, 3; 35, 13, 9; 38, 46, 6; Plin. Pan. 31, 1; Tac. A. 2, 80; 6, 8; Suet. Tib. 14 al.; Verg. A. 2, 709:

ut omnia fortiter fiant, feliciter cadant,

Sen. Suas. 2, p. 14:

multa. fortuito in melius casura,

Tac. A. 2, 77.—With adj.:

si non omnia caderent secunda,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73:

vota cadunt, i.e. rata sunt,

are fulfilled, realized, Tib. 2, 2, 17 (diff. from Prop. 1, 17, 4; v. under F.).—

With in and acc.: nimia illa libertas et populis et privatis in nimiam servitutem cadit (cf. metaballei), Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68.—Esp.: in (ad) irritum or cassum, to be frustrated, fail, be or remain fruitless:

omnia in cassum cadunt,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 147; Lucr. 2, 1166:

ad irritum cadens spes,

Liv. 2, 6, 1; so Tac. H. 3, 26:

in irritum,

id. A. 15, 39; cf. with irritus, adj.:

ut irrita promissa ejus caderent,

Liv. 2, 31, 5:

haud irritae cecidere minae,

id. 6, 35, 10.—

To fall, to become less (in strength, power, worth, etc.), to decrease, diminish, lessen:

cadunt vires,

Lucr. 5, 410:

mercenarii milites pretia militiae casura in pace aegre ferebant,

Liv. 34, 36, 7.—More freq. in an extended signif. (acc. to I. B. 2.),

To lose all one ' s strength, worth, value, etc., to fall, to perish, vanish, decay, cease.

In gen.: pellis item cecidit, vestis contempta ferina. declined in value, Lucr. 5, 1417:

turpius est enim privatim cadere (i. e. fortunis everti) quam publice,

Cic. Att. 16, 15, 6; so id. Fam. 6, 10, 2:

atque ea quidem tua laus pariter cum re publicā cecidit,

id. Off. 2, 13, 45:

tanta civitas, si cadet,

id. Har. Resp. 20, 42:

huc cecidisse Germanici exercitus gloriam, ut, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 13:

non tibi ingredienti fines ira cecidit?

Liv. 2, 40, 7; Pers. 5, 91:

amicitia nec debilitari animos aut cadere patitur,

Cic. Lael. 7, 23:

animus,

to fail, Liv. 1, 11, 3; Ov. M. 11, 537; cf. id. ib. 7, 347:

non debemus ita cadere animis, etc.,

to lose courage, be disheartened, Cic. Fam. 6, 1, 4:

tam graviter,

id. Off. 1, 21, 73; cf. Sen. Ep. 8, 3.—Esp., to fail in speaking:

magnus orator est... minimeque in lubrico versabitur, et si semel constiterit numquam cadet,

Cic. Or. 28, 98:

alte enim cadere non potest,

id. ib. —So in the lang. of the jurists, causā or formulā, to lose one ' s cause or suit:

causā cadere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 19, 57; so id. de Or. 1, 36, 166 sq.; id. Fam. 7, 14, 1; Quint. 7, 3, 17; Luc. 2, 554; Suet. Calig. 39:

formulā cadere,

Sen. Ep. 48, 10; Quint. 3, 6, 69.—With in:

ita quemquam cadere in judicio, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 28, 58.—Also absol.:

cadere,

Tac. H. 4, 6; and:

criminibus repetundarum,

id. ib. 1, 77:

conjurationis crimine,

id. A. 6, 14:

ut cecidit Fortuna Phrygum,

Ov. M. 13, 435:

omniaque ingrato litore vota cadunt, i. e. irrita sunt,

remain unfulfilled, unaccomplished, Prop. 1, 17, 4 (diff. from Tib. 2, 2, 17; v. above, D. 2.); cf.:

at mea nocturno verba cadunt zephyro,

Prop. 1, 16, 34:

multa renascentur, quae jam cecidere, cadentque Quae nunc sunt in honore vocabula,

to fall into disuse, grow out of date, Hor. A. P. 70 —Hence of theatrical representations, to fall through, to fail, be condemned (opp. stare, to win applause;

the fig. derived from combatants): securus cadat an recto stet fabula talo,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 176.— Impers.. periculum est, ne cadatur, Aug. Don. Persev. 1.—

Esp. of the wind (opp. surgo), to abate, subside, die away, etc.:

cadit Eurus et umida surgunt Nubila,

Ov. M. 8, 2:

ventus premente nebulā cecidit,

Liv. 29, 27, 10:

cadente jam Euro,

id. 25, 27, 11:

venti vis omnis cecidit,

id. 26, 39, 8:

ubi primum aquilones ceciderunt,

id. 36, 43, 11; cf.:

sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor,

Verg. A. 1, 154:

ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae,

id. E. 9, 58; id. G. 1, 354 Serv. and Wagn.—

Rhet. and gram. t. t. of words, syllables, clauses, etc., to be terminated, end, close:

verba melius in syllabas longiores cadunt,

Cic. Or. 57, 194; 67, 223: qua (littera [p. 260] sc. m) nullum Graece verbum cadit, Quint. 12, 10, 31:

plerique censent cadere tantum numerose oportere terminarique sententiam,

Cic. Or. 59, 199; so id. Brut. 8, 34:

apto cadens oratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 32:

numerus opportune cadens,

id. 9, 4, 27:

ultima syllaba in gravem vel duas graves cadit semper,

id. 12, 10, 33 Spald.: similiter cadentia = omoioptôta, the ending of words with the same cases or verbal forms, diff. from similiter desinentia = omoioteleuta, similar endings of any kind, Cic. de Or. 3, 54, 206; id. Or. 34, 135; Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28; Quint. 9, 4, 42; cf. id. 9, 4, 18; 9, 3, 78; 9, 3, 79; 1, 7, 23; Aquil. Rom. Figur. §§ 25 and 26.

castīgo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [castum-ago, as purgo = purum-ago], to set right by word or deed, to correct, chastise, punish; to blame, reprove, chide, censure, find fault with (syn.: animadvertere, punire; more forcible than reprehendere and vituperare; weaker than culpare;

class. in prose and poetry): pueros non verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 27, 64; so,

verberibus,

Plin. 8, 3, 3, § 6; cf. Liv. 26, 27, 8; Curt. 8, 6, 5:

magnā clade,

Liv. 39, 1, 4:

baculo,

Front. Strat. 1, 1, 3:

quo saepius (magister) monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit,

Quint. 2, 2, 5:

laudat Pompeius... segniores castigat atque incitat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3;

so opp. laudare,

Liv. 27, 8, 18; Tac. Agr. 21:

castigando increpandoque plus quam leniter agendo, proficere,

Liv. 27, 9, 8:

servos exuviis bubulis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 26:

aliquem dictis plurumis,

id. Bacch. 4, 8, 67; Verg. A. 5, 387:

verbis,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 88; Liv. 36, 20, 4:

litteris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

per litteras,

Tac. A. 3, 35:

leniter,

Liv. 30, 15, 10; 36, 31, 8:

vehementissime,

Petr. 109, 1:

in hoc me ipse castigo quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 1, 4:

segnitiem hominum atque inertiam,

id. de Or. 1, 41, 184; Liv. 31, 6, 5:

nimiam lenitatem,

id. 39, 55, 1:

moras,

Verg. A. 4, 407:

dolos,

id. ib. 6, 567:

vitia,

Juv. 2, 35; Vulg. Psa. 117, 18; id. Heb. 12, 6 al.—

Esp.

To correct some error, to set right, mend ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose) ( = corrigere, emendare): carmen, *Hor. A. P. 294:

amicae verba,

Juv. 6, 455:

examen improbum in trutină,

Pers. 1, 6:

vitia sua,

Plin. Pan. 46, 6.—

To hold in check, to restrain; lit. and trop. (rare for the more usu. coërcere, cohibere, etc.):

quid illum credis facturum, nisi eum... servas, castigas, mones?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 31:

equum tenacem, non parentem frenis asperioribus castigare,

Liv. 39, 25, 13; Tac. A. 6, 13:

castigatus animi dolor,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50:

risum crebris potiunculis,

Petr. 47, 7:

lapsus,

Stat. Th. 6, 700; cf. under P. a.—Hence,

Of relations of space, to enclose, surround, encompass, confine, shut in:

insula castigatur aquis,

Sil. 12, 355.— Hence, castīgātus, a, um, P. a. ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose), confined, compressed; hence,

As a designation of physical beauty, small, slender, close:

pectus,

Ov. Am. 1, 5, 21:

frons,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 43.—

Trop., restrained, checked:

luxuria tanto castigatior, quanto posset esse liberior, Aug. Civ. Dei, 5, 24: castigatissima disciplina,

the strictest, Gell. 4, 20, 1 Hertz (Cod. Reg. castissima).— Adv.: castīgātē.

(Acc. to castigatus, 1.) Compressedly, briefly:

castigatius,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 6:

castigatius eloqui,

Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 14.—

(Acc. to 2.) Restrainedly, within bounds:

vixit modeste, castigate, etc.,

Sen. Contr. 6, 8:

vivere,

Amm. 22, 3, 12.

castīgo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [castum-ago, as purgo = purum-ago], to set right by word or deed, to correct, chastise, punish; to blame, reprove, chide, censure, find fault with (syn.: animadvertere, punire; more forcible than reprehendere and vituperare; weaker than culpare;

class. in prose and poetry): pueros non verbis solum, sed etiam verberibus,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 27, 64; so,

verberibus,

Plin. 8, 3, 3, § 6; cf. Liv. 26, 27, 8; Curt. 8, 6, 5:

magnā clade,

Liv. 39, 1, 4:

baculo,

Front. Strat. 1, 1, 3:

quo saepius (magister) monuerit, hoc rarius castigabit,

Quint. 2, 2, 5:

laudat Pompeius... segniores castigat atque incitat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3;

so opp. laudare,

Liv. 27, 8, 18; Tac. Agr. 21:

castigando increpandoque plus quam leniter agendo, proficere,

Liv. 27, 9, 8:

servos exuviis bubulis,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 26:

aliquem dictis plurumis,

id. Bacch. 4, 8, 67; Verg. A. 5, 387:

verbis,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 88; Liv. 36, 20, 4:

litteris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

per litteras,

Tac. A. 3, 35:

leniter,

Liv. 30, 15, 10; 36, 31, 8:

vehementissime,

Petr. 109, 1:

in hoc me ipse castigo quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 1, 4:

segnitiem hominum atque inertiam,

id. de Or. 1, 41, 184; Liv. 31, 6, 5:

nimiam lenitatem,

id. 39, 55, 1:

moras,

Verg. A. 4, 407:

dolos,

id. ib. 6, 567:

vitia,

Juv. 2, 35; Vulg. Psa. 117, 18; id. Heb. 12, 6 al.—

Esp.

To correct some error, to set right, mend ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose) ( = corrigere, emendare): carmen, *Hor. A. P. 294:

amicae verba,

Juv. 6, 455:

examen improbum in trutină,

Pers. 1, 6:

vitia sua,

Plin. Pan. 46, 6.—

To hold in check, to restrain; lit. and trop. (rare for the more usu. coërcere, cohibere, etc.):

quid illum credis facturum, nisi eum... servas, castigas, mones?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 31:

equum tenacem, non parentem frenis asperioribus castigare,

Liv. 39, 25, 13; Tac. A. 6, 13:

castigatus animi dolor,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 50:

risum crebris potiunculis,

Petr. 47, 7:

lapsus,

Stat. Th. 6, 700; cf. under P. a.—Hence,

Of relations of space, to enclose, surround, encompass, confine, shut in:

insula castigatur aquis,

Sil. 12, 355.— Hence, castīgātus, a, um, P. a. ( poet. or in post-Aug. prose), confined, compressed; hence,

As a designation of physical beauty, small, slender, close:

pectus,

Ov. Am. 1, 5, 21:

frons,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 43.—

Trop., restrained, checked:

luxuria tanto castigatior, quanto posset esse liberior, Aug. Civ. Dei, 5, 24: castigatissima disciplina,

the strictest, Gell. 4, 20, 1 Hertz (Cod. Reg. castissima).— Adv.: castīgātē.

(Acc. to castigatus, 1.) Compressedly, briefly:

castigatius,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 6:

castigatius eloqui,

Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 14.—

(Acc. to 2.) Restrainedly, within bounds:

vixit modeste, castigate, etc.,

Sen. Contr. 6, 8:

vivere,

Amm. 22, 3, 12.

cĭĕo, cīvi, cĭtum, 2 (from the primitive form cĭo, cīre, prevailing in the compounds accio, excio, etc. (cf. Prisc. pp. 865, 905, and 908 P.), are also found: pres. cio, Mart. 4, 90, 4:

cit,

Verg. Cul. 201; Col. 6, 5, 1 Schneid.:

cimus,

Lucr. 1, 213; 5, 211:

ciunt,

Lact. Ep. 4 dub.:

ciant,

App. Flor. 2, n. 17, p. 358; Mart. Cap. 1, § 91: ciuntur, id. de Mundo, 22, p. 67), v. a. [kindr. with kiô, to go; and by the addition of the causative signif. like kineô, causative from kiô; v. 1. ci.].

Lit., to put in motion; hence, to move, stir, shake (syn.: moveo, commoveo, concito, excito al.;

class. in prose and poetry): calcem,

to make a move in the game of chess, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 86:

natura omnia ciens et agitans,

Cic. N. D. 3, 11, 27: inanimum est omne, quod pulsu agitatur externo;

quod autem est animal, id motu cietur interiore et suo,

id. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 (for which, in the same chapter, several times movere; cf. also id. N. D. 2, 9, 23):

remos,

Stat. Th. 6, 801:

imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo,

stirs up, Verg. A. 2, 419:

puppes sinistrorsum citae,

Hor. Epod. 9, 20.—

In judic. lang. t. t.:

ciere erctum (lit. to put in motion, i. e.),

to divide the inheritance, Cic. de Or. 1, 56, 237; cf. erctum.—

Trop., to put in motion, to rouse up, disturb: natura maris per se immobilis est, et venti et aurae cient, Liv. 28, 27, 11:

saltum canibus ciere,

Lucr. 5, 1250: fontes et stagna, Cic. poët. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 9, 15:

tonitru caelum omne ciebo,

Verg. A. 4, 122:

loca sonitu cientur,

Lucr. 4, 608; cf.:

reboat raucum regio cita barbara bombum,

id. 4, 544 Lachm. N. cr. —

With reference to the terminus ad quem, to move, excite, or call to ( poet. or in Aug. and post-Aug. prose for the common accire):

ad sese aliquem,

Cat. 68, 88:

ad arma,

Liv. 5, 47, 4; Sil. 7, 43:

in pugnam,

id. 4, 272:

armatos ad pugnam,

Vell. 2, 6, 6:

aere ciere viros,

Verg. A. 6, 165:

quos e proximis coloniis ejus rei fama civerat,

Tac. A. 15, 33:

aliquem in aliquem,

id. H. 1, 84, 5:

ab ultimis subsidiis cietur miles (sc. in primam aciem),

Liv. 9, 39, 8:

ille cieri Narcissum postulat,

Tac. A. 11, 30.—

To call upon for help, to invoke; of invoking superior beings:

nocturnos manes,

Verg. A. 4, 490:

luctificam Alecto dirarum ab sede sororum,

id. ib. 7, 325:

vipereasque ciet Stygiā de valle sorores (i. e. Furias),

Ov. M. 6, 662:

numina nota ciens,

Val. Fl. 4, 549:

foedera et deos,

Liv. 22, 14, 7.—

In gen., to call upon any one by name, to mention by name:

erum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 11:

comites magnā voce,

Lucr. 4, 578:

animamque sepulcro Condimus et magnā supremum voce ciemus,

Verg. A. 3, 68:

lamentatione flebili majores suos ciens ipsumque Pompeium,

Tac. A. 3, 23:

singulos nomine,

id. ib. 2, 81; so Suet. Ner. 46: triumphum nomine ciere, i. e. to call Io triumphe! Liv. 45, 38, 12.—Hence,

In a civil sense: patrem, to name one ' s father, i. e. show one ' s free birth, Liv. 10, 8, 10.—

To put any course of action in progress or any passion in motion, i. e. to excite, stimulate, rouse, to produce, effect, cause, occasion, begin (very freq., esp. in poetry):

solis uti varios cursus lunaeque meatus Noscere possemus quae vis et causa cierent,

Lucr. 5, 773:

motus,

id. 3, 379; Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 20:

varias voces,

Lucr. 5, 1059:

lamenta virum commoliri atque ciere,

id. 6, 242 Lachm. N. cr.:

tinnitus aere,

Cat. 64, 262; Verg. G. 4, 64 (cie tinnitus):

singultus ore,

Cat. 64, 131:

gemitus,

Verg. G. 3, 517:

fletus,

id. A. 3, 344:

lacrimas,

id. ib. 6, 468:

mugitus,

id. ib. 12, 103:

murmur,

id. G. 1, 110; Liv. 9, 7, 3:

bellum,

id. 5, 37, 2; Vell. 2, 54; Tac. H. 3, 41 fin.; Verg. A. 1, 541:

belli simulacra,

id. ib. 5, 674:

seditiones,

Liv. 4, 52, 2:

tumultum,

id. 28, 17, 16; 41, 24, 18:

vires intimas molemque belli,

Tac. A. 15, 2 fin.; cf. id. H. 3, 1:

pugnam,

Liv. 1, 12, 2; 2, 47, 1; 9, 22, 7; Tac. A. 3, 41:

proelium,

Liv. 2, 19, 10; 4, 33, 3; 7, 33, 12;

10, 28, 8: Martem,

Verg. A. 9, 766:

acies, stragem,

id. ib. 6, 829; cf. Liv. 22, 39, 7:

rixam,

Vell. 1, 2 al. —

In medic.:

alvum,

to cause evacuation, Plin. 20, 9, 38, § 96:

urinam,

id. 27, 7, 28, § 48:

menses,

to cause menstruation, id. 26, 15, 90, § 151 sq. al.—Hence, cĭtus, a, um, P. a., lit. put in motion; hence, quick, swift, rapid (opp. tardus, Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216; Sall. C. 15, 5; class.; esp. freq. in poetry;

rare in Cic.): ad scribendum citus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 86:

quod jubeat citis quadrigis citius properet persequi,

id. Aul. 4, 1, 14; Verg. A. 8, 642:

bigae,

Cat. 55, 26:

puppis,

id. 64, 6; Tib. 4, 1, 69:

classis,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 24:

navis,

Ov. M. 15, 732; Tac. A. 2, 6:

axis,

Ov. M. 2, 75:

fugae,

id. ib. 1, 543:

plantae,

id. ib. 10, 591:

incessus,

Sall. C. 15, 5:

via,

Liv. 33, 48, 1:

venator,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 18:

cum militibus,

Tac. A. 11, 1:

legionibus,

id. ib. 14, 26:

agmine,

id. ib. 1, 63;

4, 25: cohortes,

id. ib. 12, 31:

mors,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 29; id. S. 1, 1, 8:

pes, i. e. iambus,

id. A. P. 252.— Comp.: nullam ego rem citiorem apud homines esse quam famam reor, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Fest. p. 61 Müll.; Val. Max. 3, 8, ext. 1.— Sup., Quint. 6, 4, 14 dub.; v. Spald. and Zumpt in h. l.—

In the poets very freq. (also a few times in Tac.) instead of the adv. cito:

citi ad aedis venimus Circae, Liv. And. ap. Fest. s. v. topper, p. 352, 6 Müll.: equites parent citi,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 88; id. Stich. 2, 2, 70; Lucr. 1, 386:

somnus fugiens citus abiit,

Cat. 63, 42: solvite vela citi, Verg, A. 4, 574; cf. id. ib. 9, 37; 12, 425; Hor. S. 1, 10, 92; cf. id. C. 3, 7, 27:

ite citi,

Ov. M. 3, 562; Tac. H. 2, 40:

si citi advenissent,

id. A. 12, 12.—Hence,

cĭto, adv.

Quickly, speedily, soon (freq. in prose and poetry of all periods):

quam tarda es! non vis citius progredi?

Phaedr. 3, 6, 2; [p. 331] Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 44:

eloquere,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 83:

abi cito et suspende te,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 20; 3, 1, 16:

labascit victus uno verbo: quam cito!

id. Eun. 1, 2, 98:

quod eum negasti, qui non cito quid didicisset, umquam omnino posse perdiscere,

Cic. de Or. 3, 36, 146; cf. Hor. A. P. 335; Quint. 12, 8, 3; 11, 2, 2; 10, 6, 2:

non multum praestant sed cito,

id. 1, 3, 4 et saep.: sat cito si sat bene, a moral saying of Cato in Hier. Ep. 66, n. 9:

cito rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris,

Phaedr. 3, 14, 10:

ad paenitendum properat cito qui judicat, Publ. Syr. Sent. 6: scribere,

Quint. 10, 3, 10:

nimis cito diligere,

Cic. Lael. 21, 78:

cito absolvere, tarde condemnare,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 26.— Comp.:

citius,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 14; Pers. 3, 3, 31; Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 23; Lucr. 1, 557; 2, 34; Cic. Sen. 2, 4:

Noto citius, Verg.A.5, 242 et saep.: dicto,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 80; Verg. A. 1, 142:

supremā die, i. e. ante supremam diem,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 20:

serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam (for which serius ocius,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26), sooner or later, Ov. M. 10, 33.— Sup.:

citissime,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin. al.—

With the negative, sometimes equivalent to non facile, not easily (cf. the Gr. tacha):

haud cito,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 89:

neque verbis aptiorem cito alium dixerim, neque sententiis crebriorem,

Cic. Brut. 76, 264: quem tu non tam cito rhetorem dixisses quam politikon, id. ib. § 265.—

Sometimes in comp. without the negative, = potius, sooner, rather:

ut citius diceres, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 67, 238 fin.:

citius dixerim, jactasse se aliquos, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 11, 25; id. Fam. 5, 2, 10; id. Off. 1, 18, 59; Hor. S. 2, 5, 35.—

cĭtē, quickly, Scrib. Comp. 198.

com-mŏdus, a, um, adj., that has a due or proper measure; hence,

Object., complete, perfect, of full weight or measure, fit, suitable, due, proper, etc. (mostly poet. or in post-Aug. prose;

most freq. in Plaut.): statura,

a tall stature, Plaut. As. 2, 3, 21:

capillus,

id. Most. 1, 3, 98:

viginti argenti minae,

full twenty, id. As. 3, 3, 134 (cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 144: minae bonae); id. Merc. 2, 3, 101:

talentum argenti,

id. Rud. 5, 2, 31; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 266, 27:

novem cyathis commodis miscentur pocula,

Hor. C. 3, 19, 12:

alimenta,

Dig. 34, 1, 16, § 1:

capitis valetudo commodior,

more firm, Cels. 8, 1; Quint. 6, 3, 77;

and transf. to the person: vivere filium atque etiam commodiorem esse,

to be better, Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 4.—

Subject., suitable, fit, convenient, opportune, commodious, easy, appropriate for some one or something, favorable, friendly to (in every period and species of composition); constr. with dat. or absol., rarely with ad (v. the foll.).

Of things.

With dat.

Of the purpose or use:

curationi omnia commodiora,

Liv. 30, 19, 5:

nec pecori opportuna seges nec commoda Baccho,

Verg. G. 4, 129.—

Of the person:

hoc et vobis et meae commodum famae arbitror,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 9:

quod erit mihi bonum et commodum,

id. Phorm. 1, 2, 81:

nulla lex satis commoda omnibus est (corresp. with prodesse),

Liv. 34, 3, 5:

primordia eloquentiae mortalibus,

Tac. Or. 12:

hanc sibi commodissimam belli rationem judicavit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 85:

quae sit stella homini commoda, quaeque mala,

Prop. 2 (3), 27, 4.—

Absol.:

hiberna,

Liv. 42, 67, 8:

longius ceterum commodius iter,

id. 22, 2, 2; cf.:

commodissimus in Britanniam transjectus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 2:

commodius anni tempus,

Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; cf. Ter. And. 5, 2, 3:

faciliore ac commodiore judicio,

Cic. Caecin. 3, 8:

litterae satis commodae de Britannicis rebus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 25:

mores,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11.—

With or without dat. pers. in the phrase commodum est, it pleases, is agreeable, = libet:

proinde ut commodum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 8; 3, 1, 2: dum erit commodum, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 38:

si id non commodum est,

id. Eun. 3, 2, 49; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 37; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33 Ascon.; 2, 2, 16, § 39; 2, 1, 26, § 65; 2, 3, 70, § 165; id. Div. 1, 49, 111; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87; Plin. Pan. 48, 1:

id si tibi erit commodum, cures velim,

Cic. Att. 13, 48, 2; Cels. 4, 4; 4, 22.—

With ad and acc. of purpose (very rare):

nec satis ad cursus commoda vestis Erat,

Ov. F. 2, 288.—

With sup. in u (rare):

hoc exornationis genus... commodum est auditu,

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 26.—

Of persons, serving a neighbor or (more freq.) accommodating one ' s self to his wishes, useful, serviceable, pleasant, agreeable, obliging, neighborly, friendly, polite, affable, gentle, etc.:

mihi commodus uni,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 1, 227:

quemquamne existimas Catone commodiorem, communiorem, moderatiorem fuisse ad omnem rationem humanitatis?

Cic. Mur. 31, 66:

commodior mitiorque,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13, § 39:

Apronius, qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23:

convivae,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 2; cf.:

commodus comissator,

Ter. Ad. 5, 2, 8; and:

commodus meis sodalibus,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 1:

homines,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 28:

mulier commoda, Faceta,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 10; cf. id. And. 5, 2, 3.—In a double sense with I. supra:

ubi tu commoda's, capillum commodum esse credito,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 98.— Poet., of the measure of iambic verse:

spondeos in jura paterna recepit Commodus et patiens,

sharing the paternal rights with them, in a fraternal manner, Hor. A. P. 257.—Hence,

Subst.: commŏdum, i, n.

A convenient opportunity, favorable condition, convenience (rare, but in good prose):

nostrum exspectare,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 1:

cum tamdiu sedens meum commodum exspectet,

id. ib. 14, 2, 3;

12, 38, 1: velim aliquando, cum erit tuum commodum, Lentulum puerum visas,

when it shall be convenient for you, id. ib. 12, 28, 3.—More freq.,

In the connection commodo meo, tuo, etc., per commodum, ex commodo, at, or according to my, thy, etc., convenience, conveniently, at one ' s leisure:

etiamsi spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo vacuosque dies habuissemus,

according to our convenience, Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56:

quod commodo tuo fiat,

id. Fam. 4, 2, 4; 1, 1, 3; id. Att. 13, 48, 1: suo commodo me convenire, Caes. ap. Cic. ib. 14, 1, 2:

ubi consul copias per commodum exponere posset,

Liv. 42, 18, 3:

tamquam lecturus ex commodo,

Sen. Ep. 46, 1; Col. 12, 19, 3;

so opp. festinanter,

id. 6, 2, 14.—

Advantage, profit (very freq. in all periods and species of composition):

commodum est, quod plus usus habet quam molestiae: bonum sincerum debet esse et ab omni parte innoxium,

Sen. Ep. 87, 36 sq.:

ut malis gaudeant atque ex incommodis Alterius sua ut comparent commoda,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 4:

ut ex illius commodo meum compararem commodum,

id. Heaut. 2, 4, 17; cf. id. Hec. 5, 3, 42; Cic. N. D. 1, 9, 23:

cui tam subito tot congruerint commoda,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 3:

(honestatem) ipsam suo splendore ad se animos ducere, nullo prorsus commodo extrinsecus posito, Cic. Ac. Fragm. ap. Aug. contr. Ac. 3, 7, 15 (IV. 2, p. 470 Orell.): sequi matris commodum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 31:

pacis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 82, 335:

contra valetudinis commodum laborare,

to the injury of health, id. Mur. 23, 47:

mea,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 37:

in publica peccem,

id. ib. 2, 1, 3; cf.:

populi commoda,

Nep. Phoc. 4, 1.—

Specif., a reward, pay, stipend, salary, wages for public service: veteranorum, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2, 3:

omnibus provincialibus ornamentis commodisque depositis,

emoluments, id. Red. in Sen. 14, 35; Suet. Ner. 32; cf.:

emeritae militiae,

id. Calig. 44; id. Aug. 49; cf. also id. Vit. 15; id. Galb. 12:

militibus commoda dare,

Ov. A. A. 1, 131 sq.:

tribunatus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 8, 1:

missionum,

Suet. Aug. 49.—

A favor, privilege, immunity, Suet. Aug. 31; id. Claud. 19.—

A useful thing, a good:

commoda vitae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87; Lucr. 3, 2; cf.:

cetera opinione bona sunt... proprietas in illis boni non est. Itaque commoda vocentur,

Sen. Ep. 74, 17:

inter commoda illas (divitias) numeratis: atqui eādem ratione ne commodum quidem erunt,

id. ib. 87, 29. —

Sometimes commodo or per commodum, adverb. antith. to that which is [p. 382] injurious, without injury or detriment:

ut regem reducas, quod commodo rei publicae facere possis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 1, 3:

si per commodum reipublicae posset, Romam venisset,

Liv. 10, 25, 17.—

Concr., = commodatum, that which is lent, a loan:

qui forum et basilicas commodis hospitum, non furtis nocentium ornarent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 6; cf. Isid. Orig. 5, 25, 16.—

Advv.:

commŏdum, adv. temp. (only in colloquial lang. and post-class. prose writers).

At a fit time, just in time, at the very nick, at the very moment, opportunely, seasonably ( = opportune, eukairôs):

ecce autem commodum aperitur foris,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 61:

commodum adveni domum,

id. Am. 2, 2, 37:

orditur loqui,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 12:

ipse exit Lesbonicus,

id. ib. 2, 3, 9: eukairôs ad me venit, cum haberem Dolabellam, Torquatus... commodum egeram diligentissime, Cic. Att. 13, 9, 1; Symm. Ep. 2, 47. —

To designate a point of time that corresponds with another, or that just precedes it, just, just then, just now.

Absol.:

ad te hercle ibam commodum,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 4, 3; Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 9:

Taurus, sectatoribus commodum dimissis, sedebat, etc.,

Gell. 2, 2, 2:

si istac ibis, commodum obviam venies patri,

just meet, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 107. —

With postquam or (more freq.) with cum in a parallel clause:

postquam me misisti ad portum cum luci simul, Commodum radiosus ecce sol superabat ex mari,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 41:

quom huc respicio ad virginem, Illa sese interea commodum huc advorterat,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 52:

commodum discesseras heri, cum Trebatius venit,

Cic. Att. 13, 9, 1:

emerseram commodum ex Antiati in Appiam, cum in me incurrit Curio,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2 B. and K. (al. commode); so with the pluperf. and a foll. cum, id. ib. 13, 19, 1; 13, 30, 2; 10, 16, 1; App. M. 1, p. 107, 15:

adducitur a Veneriis Lollius commodum cum Apronius e palaestrā redisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 61 B. and K. (Zumpt, commode):

cum jam filiae nostrae dies natalis appeteret, commodum aderant, quae muneri miseratis,

Symm. Ep. 3, 50. —

commŏdŏ, adv. temp., = commodum, a., just in time, seasonably, just at this time (ante-class. and very rare): commodo eccum exit, Titin. ap. Charis. p. 177 P. (i. e. in tempore, Charis.): commodo de parte superiore descendebat, Sisenn. ib.: commodo dictitemus, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Charis. p. 174; cf. id. ib. p. 177.—

commŏdē, adv.

(Acc. to commodus, I.) Duly, properly, completely, rightly, well, skilfully, neatly, etc. (class.):

suo quique loco viden' capillus satis compositu'st commode?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 97: commode amictus non sum, id. Fragm. ap. Gell. 18, 12, 3:

saltare, Nep. praef. § 1: legere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 3; cf. in comp., id. ib. 9, 34, 1:

multa breviter et commode dicta,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1; cf. id. de Or. 1, 53, 227; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 9; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 20; 1, 2, 33 al.:

cogitare,

id. Heaut. prol. 14:

audire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

valere,

Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 11:

feceris commode mihique gratum, si, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 3 fin.:

commode facere, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 7, 7; in comp.:

commodius fecissent tribuni plebis, si, etc.,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 1.—In medic.:

commode facere,

to do well, be beneficial, Cels. 4, 12.—

(Acc. to commodus, II.)

Conveniently, suitably, opportunely, fitly, aptly, appropriately:

magis commode quam strenue navigavi,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 1:

ille satis scite et commode tempus ad te cepit adeundi,

id. Fam. 11, 16, 1:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2:

explorat, quo commodissime itinere valles transiri possit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49 fin.:

hoc ego commodius quam tu vivo,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 110; cf.:

consumere vitiatum commodius quam integrum,

id. ib. 2, 2, 91; Quint. 6, 3, 54:

cui commodissime subjungitur,

id. 9, 3, 82; cf. id. 4, 1, 76.—

In a friendly manner, pleasantly, gently, kindly:

acceptae bene et commode eximus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 1; id. Poen. 1, 2, 190; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 48.—

(Equiv. to commodum, adv. b.) Just, just at the moment when, etc.; only v.l. in the doubtful passages cited supra, commodum, b. fin.

Commŏdus, i, m., a Roman cognomen; so L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus, Roman emperor, Lampr. Commod. 1 sq.; Eutr. 8, 15 al.—Hence,

Commŏdĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Commodus: horti, Lampr. Commod. 8:

thermae,

Spart. Nigid. 6 al. —

Commŏ-dĭus, a, um, adj., the same:

Nonae,

Lampr. Commod. 12; cf. id. ib. 11.—

Commŏ-dus, a, um, adj., the same: mensis, i. e. August, which Commodus wished to name after himself, Lampr. Commod. 11.

com-mŏdus, a, um, adj., that has a due or proper measure; hence,

Object., complete, perfect, of full weight or measure, fit, suitable, due, proper, etc. (mostly poet. or in post-Aug. prose;

most freq. in Plaut.): statura,

a tall stature, Plaut. As. 2, 3, 21:

capillus,

id. Most. 1, 3, 98:

viginti argenti minae,

full twenty, id. As. 3, 3, 134 (cf. id. ib. 3, 3, 144: minae bonae); id. Merc. 2, 3, 101:

talentum argenti,

id. Rud. 5, 2, 31; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 266, 27:

novem cyathis commodis miscentur pocula,

Hor. C. 3, 19, 12:

alimenta,

Dig. 34, 1, 16, § 1:

capitis valetudo commodior,

more firm, Cels. 8, 1; Quint. 6, 3, 77;

and transf. to the person: vivere filium atque etiam commodiorem esse,

to be better, Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 4.—

Subject., suitable, fit, convenient, opportune, commodious, easy, appropriate for some one or something, favorable, friendly to (in every period and species of composition); constr. with dat. or absol., rarely with ad (v. the foll.).

Of things.

With dat.

Of the purpose or use:

curationi omnia commodiora,

Liv. 30, 19, 5:

nec pecori opportuna seges nec commoda Baccho,

Verg. G. 4, 129.—

Of the person:

hoc et vobis et meae commodum famae arbitror,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 9:

quod erit mihi bonum et commodum,

id. Phorm. 1, 2, 81:

nulla lex satis commoda omnibus est (corresp. with prodesse),

Liv. 34, 3, 5:

primordia eloquentiae mortalibus,

Tac. Or. 12:

hanc sibi commodissimam belli rationem judicavit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 85:

quae sit stella homini commoda, quaeque mala,

Prop. 2 (3), 27, 4.—

Absol.:

hiberna,

Liv. 42, 67, 8:

longius ceterum commodius iter,

id. 22, 2, 2; cf.:

commodissimus in Britanniam transjectus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 2:

commodius anni tempus,

Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; cf. Ter. And. 5, 2, 3:

faciliore ac commodiore judicio,

Cic. Caecin. 3, 8:

litterae satis commodae de Britannicis rebus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 25:

mores,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

commodissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subduci, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11.—

With or without dat. pers. in the phrase commodum est, it pleases, is agreeable, = libet:

proinde ut commodum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 8; 3, 1, 2: dum erit commodum, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 38:

si id non commodum est,

id. Eun. 3, 2, 49; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 37; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33 Ascon.; 2, 2, 16, § 39; 2, 1, 26, § 65; 2, 3, 70, § 165; id. Div. 1, 49, 111; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87; Plin. Pan. 48, 1:

id si tibi erit commodum, cures velim,

Cic. Att. 13, 48, 2; Cels. 4, 4; 4, 22.—

With ad and acc. of purpose (very rare):

nec satis ad cursus commoda vestis Erat,

Ov. F. 2, 288.—

With sup. in u (rare):

hoc exornationis genus... commodum est auditu,

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 26.—

Of persons, serving a neighbor or (more freq.) accommodating one ' s self to his wishes, useful, serviceable, pleasant, agreeable, obliging, neighborly, friendly, polite, affable, gentle, etc.:

mihi commodus uni,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 1, 227:

quemquamne existimas Catone commodiorem, communiorem, moderatiorem fuisse ad omnem rationem humanitatis?

Cic. Mur. 31, 66:

commodior mitiorque,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 13, § 39:

Apronius, qui aliis inhumanus ac barbarus, isti uni commodus ac disertus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23:

convivae,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 2; cf.:

commodus comissator,

Ter. Ad. 5, 2, 8; and:

commodus meis sodalibus,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 1:

homines,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 28:

mulier commoda, Faceta,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 10; cf. id. And. 5, 2, 3.—In a double sense with I. supra:

ubi tu commoda's, capillum commodum esse credito,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 98.— Poet., of the measure of iambic verse:

spondeos in jura paterna recepit Commodus et patiens,

sharing the paternal rights with them, in a fraternal manner, Hor. A. P. 257.—Hence,

Subst.: commŏdum, i, n.

A convenient opportunity, favorable condition, convenience (rare, but in good prose):

nostrum exspectare,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 1:

cum tamdiu sedens meum commodum exspectet,

id. ib. 14, 2, 3;

12, 38, 1: velim aliquando, cum erit tuum commodum, Lentulum puerum visas,

when it shall be convenient for you, id. ib. 12, 28, 3.—More freq.,

In the connection commodo meo, tuo, etc., per commodum, ex commodo, at, or according to my, thy, etc., convenience, conveniently, at one ' s leisure:

etiamsi spatium ad dicendum nostro commodo vacuosque dies habuissemus,

according to our convenience, Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 56:

quod commodo tuo fiat,

id. Fam. 4, 2, 4; 1, 1, 3; id. Att. 13, 48, 1: suo commodo me convenire, Caes. ap. Cic. ib. 14, 1, 2:

ubi consul copias per commodum exponere posset,

Liv. 42, 18, 3:

tamquam lecturus ex commodo,

Sen. Ep. 46, 1; Col. 12, 19, 3;

so opp. festinanter,

id. 6, 2, 14.—

Advantage, profit (very freq. in all periods and species of composition):

commodum est, quod plus usus habet quam molestiae: bonum sincerum debet esse et ab omni parte innoxium,

Sen. Ep. 87, 36 sq.:

ut malis gaudeant atque ex incommodis Alterius sua ut comparent commoda,

Ter. And. 4, 1, 4:

ut ex illius commodo meum compararem commodum,

id. Heaut. 2, 4, 17; cf. id. Hec. 5, 3, 42; Cic. N. D. 1, 9, 23:

cui tam subito tot congruerint commoda,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 3:

(honestatem) ipsam suo splendore ad se animos ducere, nullo prorsus commodo extrinsecus posito, Cic. Ac. Fragm. ap. Aug. contr. Ac. 3, 7, 15 (IV. 2, p. 470 Orell.): sequi matris commodum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 31:

pacis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 82, 335:

contra valetudinis commodum laborare,

to the injury of health, id. Mur. 23, 47:

mea,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 37:

in publica peccem,

id. ib. 2, 1, 3; cf.:

populi commoda,

Nep. Phoc. 4, 1.—

Specif., a reward, pay, stipend, salary, wages for public service: veteranorum, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2, 3:

omnibus provincialibus ornamentis commodisque depositis,

emoluments, id. Red. in Sen. 14, 35; Suet. Ner. 32; cf.:

emeritae militiae,

id. Calig. 44; id. Aug. 49; cf. also id. Vit. 15; id. Galb. 12:

militibus commoda dare,

Ov. A. A. 1, 131 sq.:

tribunatus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 8, 1:

missionum,

Suet. Aug. 49.—

A favor, privilege, immunity, Suet. Aug. 31; id. Claud. 19.—

A useful thing, a good:

commoda vitae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 87; Lucr. 3, 2; cf.:

cetera opinione bona sunt... proprietas in illis boni non est. Itaque commoda vocentur,

Sen. Ep. 74, 17:

inter commoda illas (divitias) numeratis: atqui eādem ratione ne commodum quidem erunt,

id. ib. 87, 29. —

Sometimes commodo or per commodum, adverb. antith. to that which is [p. 382] injurious, without injury or detriment:

ut regem reducas, quod commodo rei publicae facere possis,

Cic. Fam. 1, 1, 3:

si per commodum reipublicae posset, Romam venisset,

Liv. 10, 25, 17.—

Concr., = commodatum, that which is lent, a loan:

qui forum et basilicas commodis hospitum, non furtis nocentium ornarent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3, § 6; cf. Isid. Orig. 5, 25, 16.—

Advv.:

commŏdum, adv. temp. (only in colloquial lang. and post-class. prose writers).

At a fit time, just in time, at the very nick, at the very moment, opportunely, seasonably ( = opportune, eukairôs):

ecce autem commodum aperitur foris,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 61:

commodum adveni domum,

id. Am. 2, 2, 37:

orditur loqui,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 12:

ipse exit Lesbonicus,

id. ib. 2, 3, 9: eukairôs ad me venit, cum haberem Dolabellam, Torquatus... commodum egeram diligentissime, Cic. Att. 13, 9, 1; Symm. Ep. 2, 47. —

To designate a point of time that corresponds with another, or that just precedes it, just, just then, just now.

Absol.:

ad te hercle ibam commodum,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 4, 3; Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 9:

Taurus, sectatoribus commodum dimissis, sedebat, etc.,

Gell. 2, 2, 2:

si istac ibis, commodum obviam venies patri,

just meet, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 107. —

With postquam or (more freq.) with cum in a parallel clause:

postquam me misisti ad portum cum luci simul, Commodum radiosus ecce sol superabat ex mari,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 41:

quom huc respicio ad virginem, Illa sese interea commodum huc advorterat,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 52:

commodum discesseras heri, cum Trebatius venit,

Cic. Att. 13, 9, 1:

emerseram commodum ex Antiati in Appiam, cum in me incurrit Curio,

id. ib. 2, 12, 2 B. and K. (al. commode); so with the pluperf. and a foll. cum, id. ib. 13, 19, 1; 13, 30, 2; 10, 16, 1; App. M. 1, p. 107, 15:

adducitur a Veneriis Lollius commodum cum Apronius e palaestrā redisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 61 B. and K. (Zumpt, commode):

cum jam filiae nostrae dies natalis appeteret, commodum aderant, quae muneri miseratis,

Symm. Ep. 3, 50. —

commŏdŏ, adv. temp., = commodum, a., just in time, seasonably, just at this time (ante-class. and very rare): commodo eccum exit, Titin. ap. Charis. p. 177 P. (i. e. in tempore, Charis.): commodo de parte superiore descendebat, Sisenn. ib.: commodo dictitemus, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Charis. p. 174; cf. id. ib. p. 177.—

commŏdē, adv.

(Acc. to commodus, I.) Duly, properly, completely, rightly, well, skilfully, neatly, etc. (class.):

suo quique loco viden' capillus satis compositu'st commode?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 97: commode amictus non sum, id. Fragm. ap. Gell. 18, 12, 3:

saltare, Nep. praef. § 1: legere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 3; cf. in comp., id. ib. 9, 34, 1:

multa breviter et commode dicta,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1; cf. id. de Or. 1, 53, 227; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 9; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 20; 1, 2, 33 al.:

cogitare,

id. Heaut. prol. 14:

audire,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

valere,

Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 11:

feceris commode mihique gratum, si, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 3 fin.:

commode facere, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 11, 7, 7; in comp.:

commodius fecissent tribuni plebis, si, etc.,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 1.—In medic.:

commode facere,

to do well, be beneficial, Cels. 4, 12.—

(Acc. to commodus, II.)

Conveniently, suitably, opportunely, fitly, aptly, appropriately:

magis commode quam strenue navigavi,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 1:

ille satis scite et commode tempus ad te cepit adeundi,

id. Fam. 11, 16, 1:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2:

explorat, quo commodissime itinere valles transiri possit,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49 fin.:

hoc ego commodius quam tu vivo,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 110; cf.:

consumere vitiatum commodius quam integrum,

id. ib. 2, 2, 91; Quint. 6, 3, 54:

cui commodissime subjungitur,

id. 9, 3, 82; cf. id. 4, 1, 76.—

In a friendly manner, pleasantly, gently, kindly:

acceptae bene et commode eximus,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 1, 1; id. Poen. 1, 2, 190; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 48.—

(Equiv. to commodum, adv. b.) Just, just at the moment when, etc.; only v.l. in the doubtful passages cited supra, commodum, b. fin.

Commŏdus, i, m., a Roman cognomen; so L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus, Roman emperor, Lampr. Commod. 1 sq.; Eutr. 8, 15 al.—Hence,

Commŏdĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to Commodus: horti, Lampr. Commod. 8:

thermae,

Spart. Nigid. 6 al. —

Commŏ-dĭus, a, um, adj., the same:

Nonae,

Lampr. Commod. 12; cf. id. ib. 11.—

Commŏ-dus, a, um, adj., the same: mensis, i. e. August, which Commodus wished to name after himself, Lampr. Commod. 11.

cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.

In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

id. ib. prol. 125:

cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

id. Mil. 21, 55:

quibuscum essem libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

id. Sull. 3, 7:

si cenas hodie mecum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—

In an expression of displeasure:

in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—

In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

cum primo luci,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

cum primā luce,

id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

cum primo lumine solis,

Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

pariter cum ortu solis,

Sall. J. 106, 5:

pariter cum occasu solis,

id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

cum sole reliquit,

Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

mane cum luci simul,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—

In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

cum magno provinciae periculo,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

cum summo probro,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

cum summā tuā dignitate,

Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

cum bonā alite,

Cat. 61, 19:

ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

orare cum lacrimis coepere,

Liv. 5, 30, 5:

si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

cum curā,

Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

cum summo studio,

Sall. C. 51, 38:

cum quanto studio periculoque,

Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

cum multā venustate et omni sale,

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

maximo cum clamore involant,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

cum clamore,

Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

cum clamore ac tumultu,

id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

illud cum pace agemus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

cum bonā pace,

Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

cum bonā gratiā,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

cum bonā veniā,

Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

cum veniā,

Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

cum virtute vivere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

cum judicio,

Quint. 10, 1, 8:

cum firmā memoriā,

id. 5, 10, 54:

legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

Suet. Calig. 16:

spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

Liv. 4, 20, 3.—

Attributively, with subst.:

et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—

Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).

Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—

With ut:

Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —

With ne:

obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

Col. 5, 1, 4:

cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

id. 2, 17.—

Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

cum superis,

Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—

Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

cum octavo, cum decimo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

cum centesimo,

Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—

With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

cum linguā lingere,

Cat. 98, 3:

cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

Verg. A. 9, 816:

cum vino et oleo ungere,

Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.

In partic.

Completing the meaning of verbs.

With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

id. 1, 9, 16:

interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

id. Clu. 31, 86:

hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

Liv. 1, 52, 4:

cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

id. 3, 58, 4:

stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

id. 8, 34, 1:

conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

Curt. 7, 1, 6:

Autronium secum facere,

Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—

Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

cum civibus vivere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

Liv. 1, 45, 2:

partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

cum Baebio communicare,

id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

Liv. 1, 58, 4:

duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

id. 2, 10, 5.—

Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

cum aliquo agere,

to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

si par est agere cum civibus,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

tecum enim mihi res est,

id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

Liv. 2, 12, 11:

pacem cum Sabinis facere,

Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—

Of deliberation and discussion:

haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—

Of strife, difference, etc.:

quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

manu cum hoste confligere,

id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

utilia cum honestis pugnare,

id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

cum Auruncis bellum inire,

id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

id. 2, 40, 14:

inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

cum Scipione dissentire,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—

Of comparison:

nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

id. Clu. 34, 94:

(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—

Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

hominem sine re, sine fide,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

cadus cum vino,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

olla cum aquā,

Cato, R. R. 156:

arcula cum ornamentis,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

onerariae naves cum commeatu,

Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

cum servili schemā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

so of clothing,

id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

so of weapons,

id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

cum quinque pedibus natus,

id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

Liv. 9, 44, 14:

te Romam venisse cum febri,

Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

cum imperio aut magistratu,

Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—

With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—

In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.

Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—

Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.

In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—

It designates,

A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—

The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.

Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].

Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.

In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.

The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.

Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.

With principal predicate in pres.:

nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—

With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—

With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

Verg. G. 3, 457:

nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—

With logical perf. indic.

With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—

With two logical perff. (rare):

cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—

With principal predicate in pres.:

in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in pres.:

quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—

With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—

With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—

With two fut. perff.:

cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—

In partic.

In definitions with pres, indic.:

humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —

Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—

Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—

With subj. referring to indefinite time.

With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).

With pres. subj.:

acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

difficile est tacere cum doleas,

Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—

With perf. subj.:

difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—

In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—

In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—

When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—

If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

Cato, R. R. 28:

quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—

Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).

Cum with pres. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

quod cum ita est,

if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

quodsi ita est,

Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —

With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—

Cum with logical perf. indic.

Principal predicate in pres.:

ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—

With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—

With fut.

With principal predicate in fut.:

quom videbis tum scies,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—

With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—

In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—

With fut. perf.

With principal predicate in fut.:

mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—

With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—

With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—

With subj. in definite time.

Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—

Sometimes by attraction:

curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —

In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.

In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.

With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

quom testamento patris partisset bona,

Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

quom venisset,

Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —

With pluperf. indic.

Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—

If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—

If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—

If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.

With pluperf. indic.

With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—

With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—

With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—

In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.

When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—

Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—

When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—

For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.

In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

also,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).

Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).

The clause expressing a momentary action:

posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—

If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—

With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:

ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—

With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:

ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:

me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,

Cic. Brut. 89, 303:

itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,

Liv. 42, 5, 8:

Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,

Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—

With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.

The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:

set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 43, 161:

eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:

cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,

Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:

cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,

Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;

45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,

Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:

beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?

Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:

bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,

Dig. 28, 18, § 1:

pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—

The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):

cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—

The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].

Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.

Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:

eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:

alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):

qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:

res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,

id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:

Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):

Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,

id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:

non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,

id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:

etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):

cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,

Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:

hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,

Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):

desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:

sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?

id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:

num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,

fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,

id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:

cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,

id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,

equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,

id. Brut. 8, 293:

cum censebam,

id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:

cum dicebam,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:

cum ponebas,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:

res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,

id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;

sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,

Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:

cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,

id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:

tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—

The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:

antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,

id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:

Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:

Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,

Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:

cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,

Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:

cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,

Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—

If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:

tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:

cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,

Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,

Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:

ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),

Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,

according to class. usage,

Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;

contrary to class. usage,

Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —

In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:

nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:

ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,

Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:

nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?

id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):

similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),

id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:

nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,

id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:

casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,

Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:

Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,

Liv. 29, 31, 1:

cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,

id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:

cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,

id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):

cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,

id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:

cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,

id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:

tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),

Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):

cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,

Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—

If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter

In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:

res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:

quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?

Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:

o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;

44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),

Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):

cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,

Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:

cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,

id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:

cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,

id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—

With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,

Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,

Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):

cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),

id. Sull. 17, 49:

tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),

id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:

quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),

Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,

Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:

quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:

consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,

Cic. Sest. 28, 61:

haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:

Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,

Liv. 1, 13, 6:

Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,

id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):

cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,

Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;

so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),

id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:

Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),

Liv. 42, 40, 8:

Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,

Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:

Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,

Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:

proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):

ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,

Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

cum lux appropinquaret,

id. Tull. 9, 21:

cum dies instaret,

id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:

cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,

Liv. 28, 10, 1:

cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,

id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:

cum ea dies venit,

Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:

cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:

L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,

id. Brut. 68, 241:

cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,

Liv. 40, 42, 10:

cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,

id. 8, 33, 4:

haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,

id. 1, 50, 7;

so with cum maxime,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):

Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),

Cic. Sest. 63, 132:

Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),

Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:

cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,

Liv. 6, 1, 6:

cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,

id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—

In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:

illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,

Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:

cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,

Liv. 4, 3, 1:

cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,

id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:

cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,

id. Quint. 16, 53):

ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:

cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:

sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,

Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:

cum secum reputavit,

Tac. A. 15, 54.