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  • 101 λιάζομαι

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `bend, incline, shrink, recoil, sink' (Il.); rare a. late act. forms (cf. Wackernagel Unt. 131) λιάζω (Lyc., H.), λιάσαι (H.), λίασσε v. l. Ψ 879 for λίασθεν; nasalpresent λίναμαι τρέπομαι H. (cf. below), verbal adj. ἀλίαστος `not to be turned aside, undaubted, obstinate, incessant' (Il., Hes.; on the meaning Erbse Glotta 32, 236ff.).
    Other forms: aor. λιασθῆναι
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: To the disyllabic passive aorist λια-σ-θῆναι (with anal. - σ-) belonged of old a nasalpresent λί-ν-α-μαι; as innoavtions arose the hapax λίασσε and esp. the present λιάζομαι (cf. Schwyzer 761, 693 and 734). - The not very outspoken meaning, which may have changed through literary influence (s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 208 f.), leaves much room for etymological speculation and makes certain interpretation difficult. The presens λίναμαι (see Wackernagel Unt. 206 n. 1 on the meaning) agrees formally with Skt. lināti (gramm.) `lean against', also `hide oneself, disappear', and Celt., OIr. lenaid `follow' (Wackernagel l.c.); the meaning is far away however. Semantically better fits Germ., e.g. Goth. af-linnan ' ἀποχωρεῖν', OHG bi-linnan `yield, stop, leave off' with - nn- from -nu̯- (Osthoff MU 4, 46). All verbs including Lat. linō `smear' are taken together by W.-Hofmann s. v. Further see Bq and WP. 2, 387 f., Pok. 661 f. with even more dubious connections. Cf. also ἐλινύω and λιμός.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λιάζομαι

  • 102 λύω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `loosen, liberate, make loose, destroy, pay'.
    Other forms: aor. λῦσαι, fut. λύσω, perf. midd. λέλῠμαι, aor. pass. λῠθῆναι (Il.), aor. midd. also λύμην, λύ(ν)το (Hom.), perf. act. λέλῡκα.
    Compounds: very often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, παρα-. As 1. member λῦσ(ι)- in governing compp., e.g. λυσί-πονος, λυσι-τελής (s. v.), PN like Λυσί-μαχος, shortname Λυσίας a. o.; as 2. member in βου-λῡ-τός (s. v.).
    Derivatives: 1. λύσις `loosenig, liberation' (Ω 655 a. ι 421; cf. Krarup Class. et Med. 10, 4f.. Benveniste Noms d'agent 77, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 71ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 196), from the prefixcompp. ἀπό-, ἀνά-, διά-, κατά-, ἔκ-λυσις etc. (Thgn., Sol., IA; cf. Holt [s. Index]); davon ( κατα-, ἀπο-)λύσιμος `good for loosening etc.' (trag., Pl., Arist.; Arbenz 66 u. 68); also λύσιος `bringing loosening', surn. of the gods, esp. Dionysos (Pl., Plu.). 2. λύματα pl. = ἐνέχυρα (Suid.); but κατάλῠ-μα n. `inn' (hell.) with - μάτιον (hell. pap.) from κατα-λύω `dismiss, unloose'. 3. Aeol. Dor. λύα f. (Alc., Pi.), λύη (Hdn. Gr.) `loosening, saparation, στάσις'; from it, but deviant in meaning, Λυαῖος, - αία surn. of Dionysos resp. the Great Goddess ( Anakreont., IG 5: 2, 287 [I--IIp]; Tim. Pers. 132), cf. Danielsson Eranos 5, 52 and Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 11 w. n. 1, Lat. LW [loanword] Lyaeus. - 4. ( ἀνα-, κατα-) λυτήρ, - ῆρος m. `liberator, looser, arbiter' (A., E., hell. inscr.) with ( ἐκ-)λυτήριος `loosing, liberating' (Hp., trag.); λυτήριον = λύτρον (Pi., A. R.), but καταλυτήριον = κατάλυμα (Poll., s. above). Fem. λύτειρα (Orph.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 128), also λυτηριάς (Orph.). 5. δια-, κατα-, ἀνα-, συν-λύτης `looser, resp. loging guest, looser, conciliator' (Th., resp. Plb.); here and after λύσις, λύω ( ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐκ-, παρα- etc.) λυτικός `good for loosing.' (Pl., Arist.). - 6. λύτρον `ransom' (usu. pl.), `substitute, retribution' (Pi., IA.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 203 f., Chantraine Formation 332) with ( ἀπο-, παρα-, ἐκ-)λυτρόω, - όομαι `give free for ransom etc.' (Att.), from where (-) λύτρωσις, λυτρώσι-μος, λυτρωτής, ἀπολυτρωτικός (hell.).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [681] * leu(s)- `make loose'
    Etymology: The regular Greek formal system is the result of nivellation. Old was the athematic aorist λύ-μην, λύ-το (Schwyzer 740, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 382), new prob. the themat. present λύω with original short (Hom.), then also long (Att.; sts. also Hom.) υ, prob. after λῦσαι etc. (cf. Schwyzer 686, Chantraine 1, 372; also Schulze Q. 387 f., Bonfante Emerita 1, 117). Further agrees with λῠ́ω Lat. luō `mend, pay', to which solvō (from *sĕ-luō) `solve'; the long vowel in so-lū-tus and in Skt. lū-na- `cut off' has an agreement in βου-λῡ-τός (against λύ-το, λύ-σις etc.). The Skt. verb deviates both formally and semantically ('cut off, divide, destroy usw.') with the nasal presents lu-nā́-ti, lu-no-ti; the other finite forms are much later; on full grade verbal nouns (e.g. laví-, lavítra-) s. on λαῖον (not in λοι-δορέω). - From other languages there are isolated verbal nouns or verb forma, which are unimportant for Greek, like Goth. lun acc. sg. ' λύτρον, ransom'; with n-suffix Alb. laj `pay a debt' (from IE *lǝu̯n-i̯ō?). Besides with s-enlargement Germ. e.g. Goth. fra-liusan `lose' (IE * leus-) wiht fralusts `loss' (IE. * lus-ti-), fra-lus-nan `be lost'. - More forms WP. 2, 407 f., Pok. 681 f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. luō.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λύω

  • 103 μέσος

    Grammatical information: adj.
    Meaning: `(being) in the middle, middle', of space, sime etc., τὸ μέσον `the middle' (Il.). Forms of somp.: μεσαί-τερος, - τατος (IA.; after παλαίτερος a.o.; Schwyzer 632), μέσ(σ)ατος (Il., Ar.; after ἔσχατος etc.), μεσσάτιος (Call.; like ἐσχάτιος), μεσάτιον name of a strap (Poll.; vgl. μέσαβον); μεσσότατος (A. R., Man.).
    Other forms: Aeol. μέσσος, Cret. Boeot. μέττος.
    Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e.g. μεσό-δμη, μεσ-ημβρία (s. vv.); also μεσαι-πόλιος `halfgrey, growing grey' (Ν 361; cf. e.g. μεσό-λευκος) like μεσαί-τερος not locatival, but metr. conditioned (Schwyzer 448).
    Derivatives: Also adjectives, partly stilistically formally enlarged, partly from (τὸ) μέσον: 1. μεσήεις = μέσος (M269; metr. enlargement at verse-end (after τιμήεις, τελήεις?), Risch $56e; see Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28 f. 2. μεσ(σ)ήρης = μέσος (E., Eratosth.; after ποδήρης a. o.). 3. μεσαῖος = μέσος (Antiph.; as τελευταῖος). 4. μεσάδιος `central' (Aeol. acc. to sch. D.T.; after διχθάδιος a. o., cf. also μεσάζω). 5. μεσίδιος `in the middle, equal' (Arist.); μεσίδιον n. `at a mediator deposed property' with - ιόω `make a deposite' (pap., inscr.). -- 6. μεσίτης m. `mediator, arbiter' (Redard 25 f., 260 n. 1) with - ιτεύω 'be a μ., balance', also `pawn' (Plb., pap., NT), - ιτεία `mediation, settlement, pawning' (J., pap.). 7. μέσης m. `wind between ἀπαρκτίας and καικίας' (Arist.; Schwyzer 461, Chantraine Form. 31), also μεσεύς = καικίας (Steph. in Hp.). -- 8. μεσότης, - ητος f. `middle, mediocre, moderation' (Pl., Arist.). -- 9. μεσακόθεν adv. `among, between' (Arcad. IVa), \< - αχόθεν after πανταχόθεν (Thurneysen Glotta 12, 146, Schwyzer 630); not with Bechtel Gött. Nachr. 1920, 244 to Goth. * midjunga in midjun[ga] gards. -- Denomin. verbs: 1. μεσόω `form the middle, be in...' (IA.); 2. μεσεύω `keep the mean, be neutral' (Pl. Lg., X., Arist.); 3. μεσάζω = μεσόω (LXX, D.S.). -- On μεσ(σ)ηγύς s. v.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [706] *medʰi̯o- `middle'
    Etymology: Old local adj., identical with Skt. mádhya-, Lat. medius, Germ., e.g. Goth. midjis, OHG mitti, IE *médhi̯os `in the middle'. More forms from several other languages in WP. 2, 261, Pok. 706f., W.-Hofmann s. medius, Mayrhofer s. mádhyaḥ, Feist Vgl. Wb. s. midjis, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. mẽdis, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. mežá. Supposition on the prehistory (adjectiv. of an adverb *médhi?; cf. μετά) also in Schwyzer 461 a. 627.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέσος

  • 104 νάβλα

    Grammatical information: f.
    Meaning: name of a Phoenician lyre with 10 or 12 strings (Soph.Fr. 849 [uncertain conj.], LXX).
    Other forms: - ας m. (com., Str.), also ναῦλα f. (Aq., Sm.), - ον n. (H.).
    Derivatives: ναβλίζω = ψάλλω (Gloss.) with ναβλιστής m. `player of a n.' (Euph.), also ναβλιστο-κτυπεύς `id.' (Man. 4, 185), for *ναβλο-κτύπος (through cross and with formally enlarging - ευς), f. ναβλίστρια (Maced.).
    Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.
    Etymology: Like the instrument the name was prob. also Phoenician; cf. Hebr. nēbel name of a harp; more in Lewy Fremdw. 161. The word seems to have meant originally `vase'. DELG speaks of the harp as "avec son mouvement arrondi". E. Masson Emprunts 67 - 69; Meurgon, Melanges Carcopino 518 - 522. -- Lat. LW [loanword] nablium, nablum, s. W.-Hofmann s.v. Etruscan has naplan, designating a cup.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νάβλα

  • 105 οἰδέω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to swell' (ε 455).
    Other forms: Also οἰδάω (Plu., Luc.), οἰδαίνω (hell. poet.); οἰδάνομαι, -ω (Ι 646 a. 554, Ar., A. R.), οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (medic.) `swell' resp. `make swell', aor. οἰδῆσαι (IA.), rare οἰδῆναι (Q. S.: οἰδαίνω), perf. ὤδηκα (Hp., Theoc.);
    Compounds: with prefix, esp. ἀν-οιδέω, - οιδίσκομαι, - οιδαίνω, also with δι-, ἐξ-.
    Derivatives: 1. οἶδμα n. `torrent of water' (Il.), after κῦμα (Porzig Satzinhalte 242); cf. κυέω: κῦμα, δοκέω: δόγμα (if not from a lost primary verb; cf. below); οἰδματ-όεις `flowing' (A. Fr. 69 = 103 Mette, Opp.). 2. οἶδος n. `swelling' (Hp., Nic., Aret.); cf. κρατέω: κράτος. 3. οἴδ-ημα n. `swelling' (Hp., D.) with - ημάτιον (Hp., Aët.), - ηματώδης (medic.); ( ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ- etc.) οίδησις f. `bulge' (Pl., medic., Thphr.). 4. ( ἐπ-, ὑπ-)οιδαλέος `swollen' (Archil., Hp.: οἰδαίνω like κερδαλέος: κερδαίνω). 5. οἴδᾱξ m. `unripe fig' (Poll., Choerob.; from οἶδος or οἰδέω). 6. Backformations: ὕποιδος `somewhat swollen' (Gal.: ὑπ-οιδέω), ἐνοιδής `swollen' (Nic.: ἐν-οιδέω). -- On Οἰδίπους s. v.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [774] * h₂eid-\/ h₂oid- `swell'
    Etymology: Of the presentforms only οἰδέω will be old. Through enlargement arose the causat. οἰδάνω with intr. οἰδάνομαι (cf. on Οἰδίπους), in the same way οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (Schwyzer 700 a. 709 f.); οἰδαίνω will be analog. after κυμαίνω, ὀργαίνω u.a., perh. also to οἰδῆσαι after κερδῆσαι: κερδαίνω a. o.; to οἰδῆσαι the late and rare οἰδάω. In οἰδέω some see an iterativ-intensive formation; but an agreeing primary verb is not attested. -- A certain cognate is Arm. ayt-nu-m `swell' with the primaryn aor. ayte-ay and the noun ayt (i-stem) `cheek', IE * oidi- (poss. * aidi-; cf. below); the nu-present is an Arm. innovation. Germ. presents some isolated nouns, a.o. OHG eiz, NHG dial. Eis `abscess, ulcer', PGm. * aita-z, IE * oido-s (* aido-s?; cf. formally close οἶδος n.); with r-suffix e.g. OHG eittar n. ' Eitar', PGm. * aitra- n. (cf. on Οἰδίπους), also in waternames, e.g. Eiter-bach (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7, 105 ff.). Isolated also Lat. aemidus (prob. after the synon. tumi-dus), in the vowel deviating from οἰδέω (ablaut oi: ai?, which could be * h₂ei-\/ h₂oi-); the non-Greek. forms can further continue both IE oi and ai. -- The Slav. forms adduced are polyinterpretable: OCS jadъ `poison'; even more doubtful Russ. etc. jadró, PSl. *jędro `kernel, testicle etc.' (with nasal infix?). Also other nasalised forms wit zero grade have been connected, e.g. Skt. índu- m. `drop', Balt. rivernames like Indus, Indura; all of it rather doubtful and for Greek unimportant. Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 166f., Pok. 774, W.-Hofmann s. aemidus, Vasmer s. jád and jadró, also Mayrhofer s. índuḥ and Indraḥ.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἰδέω

  • 106 οἶκος

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: `house, dwelling of any kind, room, home, household, native land' (Il.).
    Other forms: dial. Ϝοῖκος
    Dialectal forms: Myc. woikode \/ woikon-de\/ `home'
    Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. οἰκο-νόμος m. `householder, keeper' with - νομέω, - νομία (att.), compoun δ of οἶκον νέμειν, - εσθαι; μέτ-οικος (ion. att.), πεδά-Ϝοικος (Arg.) `living among others, attending, rear vassal'; ἐποίκ-ιον n. `outbuilding, countryhouse, village' (Tab. Heracl., LXX, pap.), hypostasis of ἐπ' οἴκου.
    Derivatives: (very short survey). A. Subst. 1. τὰ οἰκία pl. (Il.), sg. τὸ οἰκίον (since LXX) `residence, palace, nest' (cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 30, Schwyzer-Debrunner 43). 2. οἰκία, ion. - ίη f. (posthom.; for hexam. uneasy), Ϝοικία (Cret., Locr.) `house, building' (Scheller 48 f.) with the dimin. οἰκΐδιον n. (Ar., Lys.), οἰκιή-της (ion.), Ϝοικιά-τας m. (Locr., Thess., Arc.) = οἰκέτης (s. 5), οἰκια-κός `belonging to the house, housemate' (pap., Ev. Matt.). 3. Rare dimin. οἰκ-ίσκος m. `little house, little room, bird cage' (D., Ar., inscr.), - άριον n. `little house' (Lys.). 4. οἰκεύς (Il.), Ϝοικεύς (Gort.) m. `housemate, servant' (Bosshardt 32f., Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 107 against Leumann Hom. Wörter 281); f. Ϝοικέα (Gort.). 5. οἰκέ-της (ion. att.), Boeot. Ϝυκέ-τας m. `housemate, servant, domestic slave', f. - τις (Hp., trag.), with - τικός (Pl., Arist., inscr.; Chantraine Études 137 a. 144), - τεία f. `the whole of domestic servants, attendants' (Str., Aristeas, J., inscr.); οἰκετεύω `to be a housemate, to occupy' only E. Alc. 437 (lyr.) and H.; on οἰκέτης, οἰκεύς, οἰκιήτης E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 75ff.; compound πανοικεσίᾳ adv. `with all οἰκέται, with the whole of attendants' (Att.) -- B. Adj. 6. οἰκεῖος (Att.), οἰκήϊος (ion. since Hes. Op. 457) `belonging to the house, domestic, homely, near' with - ειότης (-ηϊότης), - ειόω (-ηϊόω), from where - είωμα, - είωσις, - ειωτι-κός. 7. οἰκίδιος `id.' (Opp.); κατοικ-ίδιος (: κατ' οἶκον) `indoor' (Hp., Ph.). -- C. Verbs. 8. οἰκεω (Il.), Ϝοικέω (Locr.), very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, δι-, ἐν-, ἐπ-, κατ-, μετ-, `to house, to reside', also `to be located' (see Leumann Hom. Wörter 194), `to occupy, to manage' with οἴκ-ησις (late also διοίκ-εσις), - ήσιμος, - ημα, - ηματιον, - ηματικός, - ητήρ, - ητήριον, - ήτωρ, - ητής, - ητικός. 9. οἰκίζω, often w. ἀπ-, δι-, κατ-, μετ-, συν- a.ο. `to found, to settle' (since μ 135 ἀπῴκισε; cf. Chantraine Grannn. hom. 1, 145) with οἴκ-ισις, - ισία, - ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήρ, - ιστικός. -- Adverbs. 10. οἴκο-θεν (Il.), - θι (ep.), - σε (A. D.) beside fixed loc. οἴκ-οι (Il.), - ει (Men.; unoriginal? Schwyzer 549 w. lit.). 11. οἴκα-δε `homeward' (Il., Ϝοίκαδε Delph.), prob. from (Ϝ)οῖκα n. pl. like κέλευθα, κύκλα a. o. (Wackernagel Akzent 14 n. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1082 n. 1; diff. Schwyzer 458 a. 624), - δις (Meg.; Schwyzer 625 w. lit.); besides οἶκόν-δε (ep).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1131] *u̯eiḱ-, u̯oiḱ- `house'
    Etymology: Old name of the living, the house, identical with Lat. vīcus m. `group of houses, village, quarter', Skt. veśa- m. `hous', esp. `brothel'; IE *u̯óiḱo-s m. Besides in Indo-Ir. and Slav. zero grade and mososyll. Skt. viś- f., acc. viś-am, Av. vīs- f., acc. vīs-ǝm, OPers. viÞ-am `living, house' (OIr. esp. `house of lords, kings'), `community', Slav., e.g. OCS vьsь f. (i-st. second.) `village, field, piece of ground', Russ. vesь `village', IE *u̯iḱ- f. Beside these old nouns Indo-Ir. has a verb meaning `enter, go in, settle', Skt. viśáti, Av. vīsaiti, IE *u̯iḱ-éti. It can be taken as demon. of *u̯iḱ-'house'; so prop. "come in the house, be (as guest) in the house"? To this verb is connected, first as nom. actionis, IE *u̯óiḱo-s, prop. "entering, go inside", concret. `entrance, living'. Beside it as oxytone nom. agentis Skt. veśá- m. `inhabitant', Av. vaēsa- m. `servant', IE *u̯oiḱó-s m. Another nomen actionis is Goth. weihs, gen. weihs-is n. `village', which goes back on IE *u̯éiḱos- n.. -- The formally identical τὰ οἰκία and Skt. veśyà- n. `house, village' are separate innovations (Schindler, BSL 67, 1972, 32). -- More forms w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 231, Pok. 1131, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. vīcus a. vīlla, Vasmer vesь. -- Not here prob. τριχάϊκες, s. v.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἶκος

  • 107 ὄχλος

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: 1. `(orderless, moved) crowd, (common) multitude, great mass, throng', pl. `crowd, people'; 2. `disturbance, perturbation, annoyance' (Pi., IA.).
    Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὀχλο-κρατία f. `mob-rule' (Plb., Plu., s. lit. on δημοκρατία), ἄ-οχλος `without disturbances, not disturbing' (Hp.).
    Derivatives: Adj. 1. ὀχλ-ηρός `bothersome, annoying' (IA.) with - ηρία f. (LXX); 2. - ικός `belonging to a great multitude, mobbish' (hell.); 3. - ώδης `annoying' (IA.), `popular, common' (Plu.). Subst. 4. ὀχλεύς μοχλός, στρόφιγξ, δεσμός... H.; ἐποχλεύς m. `sprag on a cart' (Ath.), prob. for *ἐποχεύς; ἐποχλίζομαι `to be bolted' (Apollon. Lex.). -- Denominative verbs 5. ὀχλέω `to put in (rolling) motion, to roll away' (Φ 261; ἀν-οχλέω = ἀν-οχλίζω S. E.), `to disturb, to perturb, to bother' (Ion., hell.; w. prefix, esp. ἐν-, also Att.); from it ὄχλ-ησις ( ἐν- ὄχλος) f. `bothering, interference, perturbation' (Democr., hell.), ( ἐν-)ὄχλ-ημα `id.' (Epicur., medic.), ὀχλητι-κός = ὀχλικός (Procl.); 6. ὀχλεύονται = ὀχλεῦνται κυλινδοῦνται H.; 7. ὀχλ-ίζω, also w. μετ-, ἀν- a.o., `to pull up, out of place' (Il.); 8. ὀχλ-άζω `to be disturbed, confused' (LXX).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1118] *u̯eǵh- `move, drive, ride'
    Etymology: The orig. meaning of the verbal nouns ὄχλος, which was concretized as `heap, crowd', cannot be established with more certainty; in the sense of `perturbation etc.' it may have been influenced by ὀχλέω (cf. Bosshardt 78). If one starts from *Ϝόχ-(σ)λο-ς (on the possible loss of a Ϝ- in Hom. s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 125), ὄχλος agrees well with the well-known verb for `drive, carry, bring, move' in Ϝέχω (s. 2. ἔχω), ὀχέομαι, Lat. vehō etc., IE *u̯oǵh-(s)lo-; cf. the interpretations of Sealey Glotta 37, 281 ff. The broad sphere of meaning gives several possibiliies: *'driving, carrying, moving', resp. as nom. agentis or instr. *'driver, carryer, mover'. -- Formally identical is OWNo. vagl m. `tiebeam, roost' (prop. *'bearing-bar, carrier'). To the denominative ὀχλ-ίζω `raise', ὀχλ-έω `roll away' and to ὀχλ-εύς `lever etc.' agree semantically the primary nouns Lat. vec-tis and OWNo. vǫg (IE *u̯oǵhā) `lever'. From *`move, movement' one gets both to `moved mass, mob' and to `spiritual movement, unrest'; the same holds for the denominative ὀχλέω (cf. turba, - āre). -- Uncertain supposition on cross with μοχλός, - έω in Güntert Reimwortbildungen 161 f. Older hypothesis in Bq (rejected). Wrong Belardi Doxa 3, 217. -- Further lit. s. ὄχος.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄχλος

  • 108 πέρᾱ

    πέρᾱ
    Grammatical information: adv., also as prep. w. gen.
    Meaning: `beyond, further, longer, more, past' (Att.).
    Compounds: comp. περαι-τέρω (Att.), - τερον with adj. - τερος (Pi.).
    Derivatives: Besides πέρᾱν, Ion. - ην adv., also prep. w. gen. `over, across, beyond, opposite to' (Il.). -- Adj. περαῖος `ulterior', esp. ἡ περαία ( χώρα, γῆ) `the country on the other side', also as PN (Hdt., A. R., Plb., Str.). From it 1. Περαΐτης m. `inhabitant of the Περαία' (J.; Redard 26 and 239 n. 24); 2. περαιόθεν `from the other side' (A. R., Arat.); 3. περαιόομαι, - όω, also w. δια- a.o., `to cross over, to bring over' (since ω 437), `to accomplish' (Gort.), `to end' (medic.) with περαίωσις f. `crossing' (Str., Plu.). -- Denominative verb περάω, aor. - ᾶσαι, Ion. - ῆσαι, also w. prefix, esp. δια- and ἐκ-, `to pass through, to go through, to travel through, to go beyond, to reach the end' (Il.) with ( δια-)πέρ-αμα n. `crossing' (Str.), ἐκπέρ-αμα n. `coming out of' (A.), πέρ-ασις f. `stepping through' (S.), - άσιμος `crossable, passable' (E., Str.); - ατός, Ion. - ητός `id.' (Pi., Hdt.); - ατής m. `ferryman' (Suid., Procl.); but in the sense of `stranger, emigrant' (LXX) prob. from πέρᾱ(ν); thus περᾱ-τικός `coming from a strange (ulterior) country, foreign' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), and - τός `id.' (pap. IIIa). -- Often w. strengthening ἀντι-: ἀντι-πέραια n. pl. `the stretches of coast on the opposite side' (Β 635), - αια f. sg. (A. R., Nonn.); ἀντι-πέρας `opposite to' (Th., X.; on the ending below), - πέραν, - ην (hell.), -πέρᾱ (Ev. Luc.) `id.'; - πέρηθε(ν) `from the opposite coast' (A. R., AP).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [811] * per `beyond, further'
    Etymology: Both πέρᾱ and πέρᾱν are frozen caseforms, the latter acc. of a noun *πέρᾱ f. (Schwyzer 621), the first polyinterpret. (instr. f. or nom. pl. n.?). To this were adapted, prob. as innovations, the gen. in ἀντι-πέρας and in ἐκ πέρας Ναυπακτίας (A. Supp. 262) as well as the nominal acc. in Χαλκίδος πέραν ἔχων (A.Ag. 190 [lyr.]) and in πέρανδε (Argos Va). -- With πέρᾱ may be equated formally Skt. párā and Av. para `off, away, on the side'; these belong to the adj. Skt. pára-, Av. OP. para- `farther, of the other side'. Uncertain is the comparison of πέρᾱν with Lat. per-peram `wrong, false', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Cf. πέρι and πάρος w. further connections and lit.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέρᾱ

  • 109 πέτομαι

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to fly' (Il.).
    Other forms: Aor. πτάσθαι, πτέσθαι (all Il.); to this pres. πέταμαι (poet. since Sapph., Arist.) with aor. πετασθῆναι (Arist., LXX), ἴπταμαι (late; s. v.); aor. act. πτῆναι, ptc. πτάς etc. (poet. Hes., also hell. prose); fut. πτήσομαι (IA.), πετήσομαι (Ar.), perf. κατ-έπτηκα (Men.).
    Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπερ-. Compounds: a. - πέτης, Dor. - πέτας m.., e.g. ὑψι-πέτης, - ας m. `flying high' (Hom., Pi.), enlarged - ήεις (Hom.); b. - πετής, e.g. ὑπερπετ-ής `flying over' (hell.); c. ἐκπετ-ήσιμος `ready to fly' (Ar. a.o.; hypothesis on the formation in Arbenz 60); d. ἀερσι-πότης and - πότη-τος `flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.); in spite of Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 95 rather to ποτάομαι as from ποτή.
    Derivatives: 1. ποτή f. `flying, flight' (ε 337, h. Merc. 544 [v. l. πτερύγεσσι]); 2. πτῆσις f. `id.' (A., Arist.) with πτήσιμος (Jul.; Arbenz 61); πτῆμα n. `id.' (Suid.). 3. Adj. w. νο-suffix: a. πτηνός, Dor. πτᾱνός `winged, fledged' (Pi., trag., Pl.); b. πετεινός, - ηνός `id.' (Thgn.; Πετήνη Att. shipsname [inscr.]), hardly from *πέτος (cf. Chantraine Form. 196, Benveniste Origines 14), but rather direct from πέτομαι after φαεινός, ὀρεινός a.o.; πετηνός after πτηνός?; c. πετε-ηνός, - εινός `id.' (Il.), w. diektasis (Risch $ 35 d); d. ποτᾱνός `id.' (Pi., Epich., trag. in lyr.; - ηνός ep. poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252 b), prob. rather after ποτάομαι as with Detschew KZ 63, 228 from the rare ποτή. -- 4. Deverbat.: ποτάομαι, - έομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, περι-, ἐκ- a.o., `to fly, to flap' (Il.); πωτάομαι, also w. ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-, `id.' (Μ 287, h. Ap. 442 a.o.; cf. Schwyzer 719 n. 3); to this πωτήεις `flapping' (Nonn.), also πωτήματα pl. `flight' (A. Eu. 250; usu. with Dindorf corrected in ποτ-). -- On πτερόν, πτέρυξ s. vv.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [825] * peth₂- `fly, swoop down, fall'
    Etymology: Beside the thematic πέτ-ο-μαι, πτ-έ-σθαι stands the athematic zero grade root-aorist πτά-σθαι, ἔ-πτα-το, πτά-μενος wie φθά-μενος ( φθί-μενος, φθί-σθαι, ἔ-φθι-το). The corresponding full grade in πτῆ-ναι, ἔ-πτᾱ-ν, πτή-σομαι can be old (s. however below). More doubtful is the originality of the disyll. πέτα-μαι, as analogy to πτά-σθαι after πτέ-σθαι: πέτο-μαι may be considered. Certain innovations are ἴπταμαι (after ἵσταμαι) and πετή-σομαι (after πέτομαι). Details w. lit. in Schwyzer 742 a. 681 w. n. 9. -- With πέτομαι agree formally, partly also semantically, Skt., OIr., Lat. a. Celt. forms, e.g. Skt. pátati, Av. pataiti `fly, fall, attack, hurry etc.', Lat. petō `move somewhere, hurry, look for, desire', OWelsh hedant `volant'; doubtful on the contrary the in any case diff. built Hitt. piddāi- (pittii̯ami, pittāizzi usw.) `run, hurry, flee'. Thus ποτέομαι and Skt. patáyati `fly, hurry' agree; however πωτάομαι is independent of Skt. pātáyati `let fall, throw down'. Further the Greek a. Skt. systems are apart. Beside the zero grade thematic Aorist πτ-έσθαι, ἐ-πτ-όμην stands in Skt. an also zero grade and thematic but reduplicated aor. a-pa-pt-at. The zero grade πτᾰ- in πτά-σθαι is found in forms like pa-pti-ma (pf. 1. pl.) (IE pth₂-); the corresponding full grade ptā- is however not represented in Skt. (so πτῆ-ναι analogical after φθῆ-ναι, στῆ-ναι a.o.?, Schwyzer 742). Thus the disyll. πετᾰ- in πέτα-μαι and pati- (e.g. fut. pati-ṣyáti) go without historical connection side by side. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 19ff., Pok. 825f., W.-Hofmann s. petō. Cf. πίπτω, not πίτυλος.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέτομαι

  • 110 πόλεμος

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: `battle, war' (Il.).
    Other forms: ep. also πτόλεμος.
    Dialectal forms: Myc. euru-potoremojo \/ Ευρυ-πτολεμοιο\/.
    Compounds: Some compp., e.g. πολέμ-αρχος m. "warlord", name of an official (IA., Dor.), φιλο-π(τ)όλεμος `friend of battles, warlike' (Il.).
    Derivatives: A. Several adj.: 1. πολέμ-ιος `militant, hostile', also subst. `enemy' (Pi., IA.); 2. -ήϊος `belonging to battle, war' (ep. Il.); metr. condit., prob. after Άρήϊος (Trümpy Fachausdrücke 134 w. lit.); 3. - ικός `belonging to war, militant, hostile' (Hdt. 3, 4 as v. l., Att.; Chantraine Études 123 etc.); 4. - ώδης `id.' (Olymp. in Grg.). B. Verbs: 1. πολεμ-έω, often w. prefix, e.g. δια-, κατα-, ἐκ-, `to battle, to fight a war' (IA.) with - ήτωρ (Antioch. Astr.), - ητής (Gytheion IIIp) m. `fighter, warrior', - ητήριον n. `military base, operation base, headquarters' (Plb.); διαπολέμ-ησις f. `ending of the war' (Th.). 2. πολεμ-ίζω ( πτολ-) `to fight' (ep. Il.; metr. for - έω, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 95) with - ιστής m. `fighter, warrior' (ep. Il.), f. - ίστρια (Heraclit. Ep.), - ιστρίς (Tz.), - ιστήριος `belonging to warriors' (IA.). 3. πολεμ-όομαι, - όω, also w. ἐκ- a.o., `to become enemies' (Hdt., Th., X.) with ἐκπολέμ-ωσις f. `the becoming enemies' (Plu.). 4. Desid. πολεμ-ησείω `to wish for war' (Th., D. C.). -- PN, e.g. Πολέμων, from where the plantname πολεμώνιον (Dsc.), s. Strömberg Pfl. 135; Πτολεμαῖος.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Orig. meaning `battle' (beside μάχομαι `fight'), from which (already in Homer) `continuing conflict, war' (beside μάχη `fight'); on this and on other synonyms Trümpy Fachausdr. 122 ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 78 f. On the variation of initial πτ-: π- s. Schwyzer 325 w. lit., also Trümpy 131 ff., Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 75f., Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 55 f. (cf. also on πόλις); it certainly goes back on a Pre-Greek phenomenon. -- Formally connection is recommended with πελεμίζω `shake, tremble' (Curtius 268 w. older lit.); attempt for a factual argumentation in Kretschmer Glotta 12, 54 ff. ( πόλεμος prop. `exertion, labour' from πελεμίζω `to exert oneself, take trouble[ ?]'; serious objections by Trümpy l.c.); πόλεμος orig. from throwing the lance? Both the noun to be assumed for πελεμίζω and πόλεμος contain a primary μ-suffix and go back on a verbal form cognate with πάλλω. [An idea for which I see no arguments.] -- More on the notion πόλεμος in D. Loenen Polemos. Een studie over oorlog in de griekse oudheid (MAc.Wet.Neth. N. R. 16:3; Amsterdam 1953). -- Pre-Greek origin, then, is obvious (Furnée 317).
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  • 111 σκέλος

    Grammatical information: n.
    Meaning: `thigh, leg' (Π 314).
    Dialectal forms: Myc. kerea₂ (pl.).
    Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. τετρα-σκελής `four-legged' (trag. a. o.).
    Derivatives: 1. Diminut. σκελ-ίσκος m. (Ar.), - ύδριον (Herod., Arr.). 2. σκελέαι f. pl. `breeches' (Critias, Antiph.). 3. σκελίζω (Plu., S. E.), usu. ὑπο- σκέλος (Pl., D. etc.) `to trip someone up, to bring him down, to outsmart' with ( ὑπο-)σκελ-ισμός m. `the bringing down, downfall', - ισμα n. `accident' (LXX); daneben σκέλ[λ]ισμα δρόμημα H. 4. also σκελλός `bandy-legged, διεστραμμένος, ῥαιβός' (sch., H., EM; cf. στρεβλός a. o.; s. also κυλλός). -- Besides 1. with ο-ablaut: σκολιός `crooked, bent, twisted, unjust' (Π 387; from *σκόλος m. after σκαιός a.o.?; cf. σκολοῖς δρεπάνοις H.) with σκολι-ότης f. `curve, injustice' (Hp., LXX, Str. a. o.), - όομαι `to be bent, to curve' (Hp., Thphr.) with - ωσις, - ωμα (late), - αίνομαι `to curve' (Hp.), - άζω `to be bent' (LXX); τὸ σκόλιον `drinking-song' (Pi.; explanation debated: because they were presented in irregular order?). 2. with lengthened grade σκώληξ; s. v. -- On σκαληνός s. σκάλλω; on σκελίς s. σχελις.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [928] * skel- `bend, curve'
    Etymology: With Lat. scelus n. `malice, badness, crime' formally, orig. also semant. identical as *'curvation, deflection' (cf. σκολιός `curved, unright'). The orig. presence of a verb `curve, bend' is demonstrated also by two other primary formations: Germ., OHG scelah, OE sceolh `oblique, curved, squinting', NHG scheel, OWNo. skjalgr `oblique, squinting', PGm. *skél-ha-, -gá- \< IE * skel-ko-; Alb. tshalë `lame' \< IE * skel-no-. Quite uncertain Arm. šeɫ `slanting, oblique', xeɫ `distorted, crippled'. Also κυλλός, κῶλον a. cogm. are adduced as s-less variants; s. vv. w. further lit.; further W.-Hoffmann s. scelus. -- The group * skel- (Pok. 928) seems rather uncertain. Thus it seems no more than a possibility that σκολιός is cognate with σκέλος.
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  • 112 στάμνος

    Grammatical information: m. f.
    Meaning: `big jar, esp. wine-jar' (IA.).
    Derivatives: Several diminutives: σταμν-ίον, - άριον n., - ίσκος m. (com., hell. a. late). Surname Σταμνίας m. (Ar.). Denom, verb σταμν-ίζω, only with κατα- and συν-, `to pour into a jar, to transfuse' (Thphr., Nic. a. o.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Formation like ἐρυμνός (: ἔρυμα), λίμνη (: λιμήν) a. o. (Schwyzer 524 and Chantraine Form. 215 with unfounded doubt (?) regarding the IE etym.). So prob. from a noun *στᾶμα, *σταμήν v. t. `stand, standing place'; prop. "destined to stand, fit for" as opposed to a jug to be carried. Thus στάτος m. (substantivized from στατός) `big jug' (hell. inscr., H.), OHG stanta `jug to be put somewhere', Lith. statìnė `barrel, cask'. A zero grade μ-derivation is also supposed in σταμῖνες (s. v.); comparable formations in other languages are Toch. B stām, A ṣtām `tree' (beside which with the original meaning stäm- `stand' in inf. stam-atsi etc.), OHG stam, gen. stammes `stem', which may stand for PGm. * stamna- (IE * sth₂-mn-o-) (and so would be formally identical with στάμνος), but which may also be explained diff. (WP. 2, 606 f., Pok. 1008). -- Cf. στήμων. -- Alb. LW [loanword] shtâmbë, shtëmbë f. `bottle' (Mann Lang. 17, 23). - Furnée 227, 245 compares στάφος: possible but uncertain. A Pre-Greek word seems more probable to me: a standing thing is not typically a vase.
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  • 113 Length measurement

    1 in
    = 2,54 cm* (centimètres)
    1 ft
    = 30,48 cm
    1 yd
    = 91,44 cm
    1 furlong
    = 201,17 m (mètres)
    1 ml
    = 1,61 km (kilomètres)
    * There are three ways of saying 2,54 cm, and other measurements like it: deux virgule cinquante-quatre centimètres, or (less formally) deux centimètres virgule cinquante-quatre, or deux centimètres cinquante-quatre. For more details on how to say numbers ⇒ Numbers.
    Length
    how long is the rope?
    = de quelle longueur est la corde?
    it’s ten metres long
    = elle fait dix mètres
    a rope about six metres long
    = une corde d’environ six mètres de* long
    A is longer than B
    = A est plus long que B
    B is shorter than A
    = B est plus court que A
    A is as long as B
    = A est aussi long que B
    A is the same length as B
    = A a la même longueur que B
    A and B are the same length
    = A et B ont la même longueur or A et B sont de* la même longueur
    it’s three metres too short
    = il est trop court de trois mètres
    it’s three metres too long
    = il est trop long de trois mètres
    ten metres of rope
    = dix mètres de corde
    sold by the metre
    = vendu au mètre
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a six-foot-long python
    = un python de six pieds de* long
    an avenue four kilometres long
    = une avenue de quatre kilomètres de* long
    * The de is obligatory in these constructions.
    Height
    People
    how tall is he?
    = quelle est sa taille? or combien est-ce qu’il mesure?
    he’s six feet tall
    = il fait un mètre quatre-vingts or il mesure un mètre quatre-vingts
    he’s 1m 50
    = il fait 1,50 m ( say un mètre cinquante)
    he’s about five feet
    = il fait à peu près un mètre cinquante
    A is taller than B
    = A est plus grand que B
    B is smaller than A
    = B est plus petit que A
    A is as tall as B
    = A est aussi grand que B
    A is the same height as B
    = A a la même taille que B
    A and B are the same height
    = A et B ont la même taille or A et B sont de* la même taille
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a six-foot-tall athlete
    = un athlète d’un mètre quatre-vingts
    a footballer over six feet in height
    = un footballeur de plus d’un mètre quatre-vingts
    Things
    how high is the tower?
    = quelle est la hauteur de la tour?
    it’s 50 metres
    = elle fait 50 mètres or elle mesure 50 mètres
    about 25 metres high
    = environ 25 mètres de* haut
    it’s 100 metres high
    = elle fait cent mètres de* haut or elle fait cent mètres de hauteur
    at a height of two metres
    = à une hauteur de deux mètres or à deux mètres de hauteur
    A is higher than B
    = A est plus haut que B
    B is lower than A
    = B est moins haut que A
    A is as high as B
    = A est aussi haut que B
    A is the same height as B
    = A a la même hauteur que B
    A and B are the same height
    = A et B ont la même hauteur or A et B sont de* la même hauteur
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a 100-metre-high tower
    = une tour de 100 mètres de* haut
    a mountain over 4,000 metres in height
    = une montagne de plus de quatre mille mètres
    how high is the plane
    = à quelle hauteur or à quelle altitude est l’avion?
    what height is the plane flying at?
    = à quelle altitude l’avion vole-t-il?
    the plane is flying at 5,000 metres
    = l’avion vole à une altitude de cinq mille mètres or à cinq mille mètres d’altitude*
    * The de is obligatory in these constructions.
    Distance
    what’s the distance from A to B?
    = quelle distance y a-t-il entre A et B?
    how far is it from Paris to Nice?
    = combien y a-t-il de kilomètres de Paris à Nice?
    how far away is the school from the church?
    = à quelle distance l’école est-elle de l’église?
    it’s two kilometres
    = il y a deux kilomètres
    at a distance of five kilometres
    = à une distance de 5 kilomètres or à cinq kilomètres de distance
    C is nearer B than A is
    = C est plus près de B que A
    A is nearer to B than to C
    = A est plus près de B que de C
    A is as far away as B
    = A est aussi loin que B
    A and B are the same distance away
    = A et B sont à la même distance
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a ten-kilometre walk
    = une promenade de dix kilomètres
    Width/breadth
    In the following examples, broad may replace wide and breadth may replace width, but the French remains large and largeur.
    what width is the river?
    = de* quelle largeur est la rivière?
    how wide is it?
    = combien fait-elle de* large?
    about seven metres wide
    = environ sept mètres de* large
    it’s seven metres wide
    = elle fait sept mètres de* large or de* largeur
    A is wider than B
    = A est plus large que B
    B is narrower than A
    = B est plus étroit que A
    A is as wide as B
    = A est aussi large que B
    A is the same width as B
    = A a la même largeur que B
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a ditch two metres wide
    = un fossé de deux mètres de* large
    a piece of cloth two metres in width
    = une pièce de tissu de deux mètres de* largeur
    a river 50 metres wide
    = une rivière de 50 mètres de* largeur
    * The de is obligatory in these constructions.
    Depth
    what depth is the river?
    = de* quelle profondeur est la rivière?
    how deep is it?
    = combien fait-elle de* profondeur?
    it’s four metres deep
    = elle fait quatre mètres de* profondeur
    at a depth of ten metres
    = à dix mètres de* profondeur or à une profondeur de* dix mètres
    A is deeper than B
    = A est plus profond que B
    B is shallower than A
    = B est moins profond que A
    Note that French has no word for shallow:
    A is as deep as B
    = A est aussi profond que B
    A is the same depth as B
    = A a la même profondeur que B
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a well 20 metres deep
    = un puits de vingt mètres de* profondeur
    * The de is obligatory in these constructions.

    Big English-French dictionary > Length measurement

  • 114 Surface area measurements

    Note that French has a comma where English has a decimal point.
    1 sq in = 6,45 cm2 ( centimètres carrés)*
    1 sq ft = 929,03 cm2
    1 sq yd = 0,84 m2 ( mètres carrés)
    1 acre = 40,47 ares = 0,4 ha ( hectares)
    1 sq ml = 2,59 km2 ( kilomètres carrés)
    * There are three ways of saying 6,45 cm2, and other measurements like it:
    six virgule quarante-cinq centimètres carrés, or ( less formally) six centimètres carrés virgule quarante-cinq, or six centimètres carrés quarante-cinq.
    For more details on how to say numbers ⇒ Numbers.
    how big is your garden?
    = quelle est la superficie de votre jardin?
    what’s its area?
    = il a quelle superficie?
    it’s 200 square metres
    = il mesure 200 mètres carrés
    its surface area is 200 square metres
    = il mesure 200 mètres carrés de superficie
    it’s 20 metres by 10 metres
    = il mesure 20 mètres sur 10 mètres or il fait 20 mètres sur 10 mètres
    sold by the square metre
    = vendu au mètre carré
    there are 10,000 square centimetres in a square metre
    = il y a 10000 centimètres carrés dans un mètre carré
    10,000 square centimetres make one square metre
    = 10000 centimètres carrés font un mètre carré
    A is the same area as B
    = A a la même superficie que B
    A and B are the same area
    = A et B ont la même superficie
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a 200-square-metre plot
    = un terrain de 200 mètres carrés

    Big English-French dictionary > Surface area measurements

  • 115 Volume measurement

    For pints, gallons, litres etc. ⇒ Capacity measurement.
    Note that French has a comma where English has a decimal point.
    1 cu in
    = 16,38 cm3
    1 cu ft
    = 0,03 m3
    1 cu yd
    = 0,76 m3
    There are three ways of saying 16,38 cm3, and other measurements like it: seize virgule trente-huit centimètres cubes or (less formally) seize centimètres cubes virgule trente-huit or seize centimètres cubes trente-huit. For more details on how to say numbers ⇒ Numbers.
    what is its volume?
    = quel est son volume?
    its volume is 200 cubic metres
    = ça fait 200 mètres cubes
    it’s 200 cubic metres
    = ça fait 200 mètres cubes
    it’s one metre by two metres by three metres
    = ça mesure un mètre sur deux mètres sur trois mètres
    sold by the cubic metre
    = vendu au mètre cube
    A has a greater volume than B
    = le volume de A est supérieur à celui de B
    B has a smaller volume than A
    = le volume de B est inférieur à celui de A
    Note the use of de in this construction.
    there are a million cubic centimetres in a cubic metre
    = il y a un million de centimètres cubes dans un mètre cube
    a million cubic centimetres make one cubic metre
    = un million de centimètres cubes font un mètre cube
    Note the French construction with de, coming after the noun it describes:
    a 200-cubic-metre tank
    = un réservoir de 200 mètres cubes

    Big English-French dictionary > Volume measurement

  • 116 Shoenberg, Isaac

    [br]
    b. 1 March 1880 Kiev, Ukraine
    d. 25 January 1963 Willesden, London, England
    [br]
    Russian engineer and friend of Vladimir Zworykin; Director of Research at EMI, responsible for creating the team that successfully developed the world's first all-electronic television system.
    [br]
    After his initial engineering education at Kiev Polytechnic, Shoenberg went to London to undertake further studies at the Royal College of Science. In 1905 he returned to Russia and rose to become Chief Engineer of the Russian Wireless Telegraphy Company. He then returned to England, where he was a consultant in charge of the Patent Department and then joint General Manager of the Marconi Wireless Telegraphy Company (see Marconi). In 1929 he joined the Columbia Graphophone Company, but two years later this amalgamated with the Gramophone Company, by then known as His Master's voice (HMV), to form EMI (Electric and Musical Industries), a company in which the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) had a significant shareholding. Appointed Director of the new company's Research Laboratories in 1931, Shoenberg gathered together a team of highly skilled engineers, including Blumlein, Browne, Willans, McGee, Lubszynski, Broadway and White, with the objective of producing an all-electronic television system suitable for public broadcasting. A 150-line system had already been demonstrated using film as the source material; a photoemissive camera tube similar to Zworykin's iconoscope soon followed. With alternate demonstrations of the EMI system and the mechanical system of Baird arranged with the object of selecting a broadcast system for the UK, Shoenberg took the bold decision to aim for a 405-line "high-definition" standard, using interlaced scanning based on an RCA patent and further developed by Blumlein. This was so successful that it was formally adopted as the British standard in 1935 and regular broadcasts, the first in the world, began in 1937. It is a tribute to Shoenberg's vision and the skills of his team that this standard was to remain in use, apart from the war years, until finally superseded in 1985.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1954. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1954.
    Further Reading
    A.D.Blumlein et al., 1938, "The Marconi-EMI television system", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 83:729 (provides a description of the development of the 405-line system).
    For more background information, see Proceedings of the International Conference on the History of Television. From Early Days to the Present, November 1986, Institution of Electrical Engineers Publication No. 271.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Shoenberg, Isaac

  • 117 Türr, Istvan (Stephen, Etienne)

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 10 August 1825 Baja, Hungary
    d. 3 May 1908 Budapest, Hungary
    [br]
    Hungarian army officer and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    He entered the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army in 1842 and, as a lieutenant, fought against the Piedmontese in 1848. In January 1849 he deserted to the Piedmontese and tried to form a Hungarian legion against Austria. Defeated at Novara he fled to London and intrigued with Kossuth and Pulszky against Austria. In 1852 he was Kossuth's agent in Italy and was involved with Mazzini in the Milan rising of 1853. He was expelled from Italy and joined the Turkish army as a volunteer until 1854. The Crimean War saw him as a British agent procuring horses in the Balkans for the British forces, but he was caught by the Austrians and sentenced to death as a deserter. Through English intervention the sentence was commuted to banishment. He was ill until 1859, but then returned to Genoa and offered his services to Garibaldi, becoming his Aide-de-Camp in the invasion of Sicily in 1860. On the unification of Italy he joined the regular Italian army as a general, and from 1870 was Honorary Aide-de-Camp to King Victor Emanuel II.
    From then on he was more interested in peaceful projects. Jointly with Lucien Wyse, he obtained a concession in 1875 from the Columbian government to build a canal across Panama and formed the Société Civile Internationale du Canal Interocéanique du Darien. In 1879 he sold the concession to de Lesseps, and with the money negotiated a concession from King George of Greece for building the Corinth Canal. A French company undertook the work in April 1882, but financial problems led to the collapse of the company in 1889, at the same time as de Lesseps's financial storm. A Greek company then took over and completed the canal in 1893.
    The canal was formally opened on 6 August 1893 by King George on his royal yacht; the king paid tribute to General Turr, who was accompanying him, saying that he had completed the work the Romans had begun. The general's later years were devoted to peace propaganda and he attended every peace conference held during those years.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Türr, Istvan (Stephen, Etienne)

  • 118 φαῦλος

    φαῦλος, η, ον (Trag., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+; pap, LXX; TestSol 8:9; apolog. exc. Ar.) in Gk lit. ranging in mng. fr. ‘easy, light, simple’ to ‘common, bad’.
    ① pert. to being low-grade or morally substandard, base (Soph., X., Pla. et al.; LXX; EpArist 142; Philo; Jos., Vi. 41, C. Ap. 1, 53; SibOr 3, 362 [w. ἄδικος]. πᾶς φ. ἀνόητός ἐστιν Orig., C. Cels. 3, 74, 3) πρᾶγμα Js 3:16. ἔργον 1 Cl 28:1 (cp. Just., D. 14, 3). οἱ φ. those who are base 36:6, i.e. those who do not reflect in their behavior the high status they could enjoy as pers. destined for ‘deathless knowledge’ (see 36:2; cp. Epict. 4, 1, 3; 5; 4, 5, 8; Philo; Jos., Bell. 2, 163 [opp. οἱ ἀγαθοί]; Just., A I, 16, 3; Iren. 4, 37, 2 [Harv. II 286, 1]. Sing.: Did., Gen. 161, 8). μηδὲν ἔχων λέγειν περὶ ἡμῶν φαῦλον if he has nothing bad to say about us Tit 2:8 (cp. Plut., Mor. 717b οὐ φαύλως εἰπεῖν said of one who does not speak flippantly or without sufficient thought). πράσσειν τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον Ro 9:11 (v.l. κακόν 1b [q.v.]. The contrast ἀγ. and φαῦλ. as Pla., Protag. 326e τῶν ἀγαθῶν πατέρων πολλοὶ υἱεῖς φαῦλοι γίγνονται ‘many sons of respected fathers turn out to be worthless’ noting the contrast between socially responsible parents and irresponsible children; Just. A I, 43, 2; A II, 9, 4; T. Kellis 22, 48; cp. Aeschin., Ctesiphon 174 opp. καλός); (τὰ) φαῦλα πράσσειν (Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 22]) J 3:20; 5:29 (Just., A I, 44, 5). κομίσασθαι … πρὸς ἃ ἔπραξεν, εἴτε ἀγαθὸν εἴτε φαῦλον 2 Cor 5:10 may refer to the performance of those under judgment: whether one has led a high-grade or a low-grade life, or more prob. (s. κομίζω 3) to be understood as
    ② pert. to being relatively inferior in quality, ordinary in ref. to the kinds of awards that are offered 2 Cor 5:10. Yet, in this colloquially arranged sentence, the idea of the doing of good or bad (s. 1 above) certainly plays a part. (The phrase τὰ φαῦλα, τὰ ἀγαθά X., Symp. 4, 47 is formally but not conceptually sim. for X. thinks of temporal chastisements by deities, whereas Paul of awards intended for believers.)—DELG. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > φαῦλος

  • 119 ἀποστέλλω

    ἀποστέλλω fut. ἀποστελῶ; 1 aor. ἀπέστειλα; ἀποστείλω Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:10) is perh. not hortat. subj. but pres. ind. as in the Pontic dial. (Thumb 18; s. M-M s.v.) or fut. (see v.l.); pf. ἀπέσταλκα, pass. ἀπέσταλμαι; 2 aor. pass. ἀπεστάλην (Soph., Hdt.+).
    ① to dispatch someone for the achievement of some objective, send away/out (Diod S 34 + 35, 14)
    ⓐ w. only the obj. given Mt 13:41; Mk 11:1; 12:5 al.
    ⓑ more exactly defined
    α. w. indication of the pers. to whom someone is sent: by the dat. (UPZ 61, 20) Mt 22:16; εἴς τινα Mt 15:24; Lk 11:49; Ac 26:17. πρός τινα (Epict. 3, 22, 74; Jos., Ant. 7, 334) Mt 21:34, 37; 23:34, 37; 27:19; Mk 3:31; 12:4, 6; J 1:19 al.
    β. w. indication of the place to which someone is sent, w. εἰς (PCairZen 578, 3): Mt 14:35; 20:2; Mk 8:26; Lk 1:26; 10:1; J 3:17 al. W. ἐν (4 Km 17:25; 2 Ch 7:13) ἐν μέσω λύκων Mt 10:16; Lk 10:3 (cp. Jer 32:27). ἔξω τ. χώρας outside the country Mk 5:10. W. ὧδε here Mk 11:3. ἀ. πρεσβείαν ὀπίσω τινός send an embassy after someone Lk 19:14 (cp. 4 Km 14:19). ἀ. ἔμπροσθέν τινος (cp. Gen 45:5, 7; 46:28) send before someone J 3:28; cp. ἀ. ἄγγελον πρὸ προσώπου σου Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2 (Ex 23:20; cp. Mal 3:1); cp. Lk 9:52; 10:1.
    γ. w. the purpose of the sending indicated by ἵνα (Gen 30:25) Mk 12:2, 13; Lk 20:10; J 1:19; 3:17; 7:32; Hv 5:2 al. By ὅπως (1 Macc 16:18) Ac 9:17. By the inf. (Num 16:12; 31:4) Mt 22:3; Mk 3:14; Lk 1:19; 4:18a (Is 61:1); 9:2; 14:17; J 4:38; Ac 5:21; 1 Cor 1:17; Rv 22:6; B 14:9 (Is 61:1); Hm 12, 6, 1; cp. AcPlCor 2:9 in c below. By ἐπί (or εἰς) w. acc. (Apollon. Paradox. 1; PFlor 126, 8; Sb 174, 5f [III B.C.] ἀ. ἐπὶ τ. θήραν τ. ἐλεφάντων; UPZ 15, 24) ἐπὶ τοῦτο for this purpose Lk 4:43. εἰς διακονίαν to render service Hb 1:14 (cp. Jdth 11:7; Gen 45:5). By the simple acc. τοῦτον ἄρχοντα καὶ λυτρωτὴν ἀπέσταλκεν this man he sent as leader and deliverer Ac 7:35. ἀ. τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἱλασμόν 1J 4:10. ἀ. τ. υἱόν σωτῆρα vs. 14 (cp. ἐκεῖνον … κατάσκοπον … ἀποσταλέντα Just., D. 113, 1).
    δ. in pass. ἀποστέλλεσθαι παρὰ θεοῦ (Vi. Aesopi I c. 31 p. 295, 1 ed. Eberh. ἀπεστάλην παρὰ τ. θεοῦ μου; cp. Sir 15:9; 34:6) J 1:6. πνεύματος ἁγίου ἀπὸ οὐρανοῦ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀποσταλέντος εἰς αὐτὴν (Μαρίαν) AcPlCor 2:5; ἀπὸ τ. θεοῦ (Epict. 3, 22, 23 ἀπὸ τοῦ Διός; Vi. Aesopi G 119 P.: the prophets of Heliopolis say ἡμεῖς ἀπεστάλημεν ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ) Lk 1:26 (v.l. ὑπό); cp. 1 Cl 65:1. ἀπὸ Κορνηλίου πρὸς αὐτόν Ac 10:21 v.l. ἀπὸ Καισαρείας 11:11 (cp. 1 Macc 15:1). ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ 1 Pt 1:12; ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου Hv 5:2.
    ⓒ esp. of the sending out of the disciples by Jesus Mt 10:5; Mk 3:14; 6:7; Lk 9:2; J 4:38; 17:18, as well as God’s sending forth of Jesus (of the divine mission, esp. of prophets, very oft. in LXX; on the Heb. שָׁלִיחַ see LKopf, VetusT 7, ’58, 207–9 and ἀπόστολος 2c.—Philo, Migr. Abr. 22; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 75, 3. The Cynic ἀπὸ τ. Διὸς ἀπέσταλται Epict. 3, 22, 23; cp. 46.—Cornutus 16 p. 30, 19 ὁ Ἑρμῆς ὁ λόγος ὤν, ὸ̔ν ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐξ οὐρανοῦ οἱ θεοί) Mt 15:24; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48; J 3:17, 34; 5:36, 38; 6:29, 57; 7:29; 8:42; 11:42; 17:3 (ἀποπέμπω v.l.), 8, 21, 23, 25; 20:21; Ac 3:20. Σιλωάμ tr. ἀπεσταλμένος J 9:7 (for a prob. mystic sense cp. Philo, Poster. Cai. 73; difft. ViIs 2 [p. 69, 5 Sch.].—The abs. ὀ ἀπεσταλμένος [Diod S 16, 50, 2]=the emissary). John the Baptist ἀπεσταλμένος παρὰ θεοῦ 1:6.—ἀπέστειλε πρώτοις Ἰουδαίοις προφήτας εἰς τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἀποσπασθῆναι sent prophets first to Judaeans so that they might be rescued from their sins AcPlCor 2:9.—Also of the Holy Spirit 1 Pt 1:12 (cp. w. ref. to the breath or wind of God, Jdth 16:14; Ex 15:10).—Of angels Hv 4, 2, 4 (cp. Da 4:13, 23; 2 Macc 11:6; 15:22f; Tob 3:17).
    ② to dispatch a message, send, have someth. done
    ⓐ w. ref. to content of the message τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἀπεστάλη τοῦτο τὸ σωτήριον this salvation has been dispatched to the gentiles Ac 28:28 (cp. the passages fr. Lk and Ac in c end).
    ⓑ When used w. other verbs, ἀ. often functions like our verbal auxiliary ‘have’ and means simply that the action in question has been performed by someone else (Gen 31:4; 41:8, 14; Ex 9:27; 2 Km 11:5 al.; X., Cyr. 3, 1, 6; Plut., Mor. 11c μεταπέμψας ἀνεῖλε τ. Θεόκριτον) ἀποστείλας ἀνεῖλεν he had (them) killed Mt 2:16. ἀ. ἐκράτησεν τ. Ἰωάννην he had John arrested Mk 6:17. ἀ. μετεκαλέσατο he had (him) summoned Ac 7:14. ἐσήμανεν ἀ. διὰ τ. ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ he had it made known by his angel Rv 1:1. Sim. ἀπέστειλαν αἱ ἀδελφαὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγουσαι the sisters had word brought to him J 11:3. ἀ. ἐν ἀφέσει set free Lk 4:18b (Is 58:6).
    ⓒ in related vein w. impers. obj. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 15 Jac.; cp. En 101:3; PsSol 7:4): ἀ. τὸ δρέπανον (one) sends for the sickle=‘sends for the reapers’; a species of synecdoche Mk 4:29 (Field, Notes 26, argues for ‘put forth’=‘put in’ on the basis principally of Jo 3:13, ἐξαποστείλατε δρέπανα, ὅτι παρέστηκεν τρύγητος, a clause formally sim. to the phrase in Mk. The sense linguistically remains the same: reapers must perform the task with a sickle. In the impv. construction of Jo the subject is specified and the action defined as a directive; in Mk the subj. is to be inferred and the directive implied). ἀ. αὐτούς, the owner arranges for dispatch of donkeys Mt 21:3. ἀ. τὸν λόγον send out a message (Ps 106:20; 147:7; cp. PLips 64, 42 τὸ περὶ τούτου ἀποσταλὲν πρόσταγμα) Ac 10:36; 13:26 v.l.; cp. Lk 24:49. Pass. Ac 28:28 (s. a above).
    ⓓ abs. μήπως ἀποστείλῃ ὁ δεσπότης ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς lest the Lord dispatch (his wrath) upon us GJs 7:1 (Ezk 7:7).—See lit. s.v. ἀπόστολος.—B. 710. DELG s.v. στέλλω A. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀποστέλλω

  • 120 ἴδιος

    ἴδιος, ία, ον (Hom.+; s. B-D-F §286; W-S. §22, 17; Rob. 691f; Mlt-Turner 191f.—For the spelling ἵδιος s. on ὀλίγος.)
    ① pert. to belonging or being related to oneself, one’s own
    ⓐ in contrast to what is public property or belongs to another: private, one’s own (exclusively) (opp. κοινός, as Pla., Pol. 7, 535b; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 41 §171; Ath. 25, 4) οὐδὲ εἷς τι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ ἔλεγεν ἴδιον εἶναι nor did anyone claim that anything the person had was private property or nor did anyone claim ownership of private possessions Ac 4:32; cp. D 4:8.
    ⓑ in respect to circumstance or condition belonging to an individual (opp. ἀλλότριος) κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν according to each one’s capability (in contrast to that of others) Mt 25:15. τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἰ. ζητεῖ J 7:18; cp. 5:18, 43. ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν Lk 2:3 v.l. (for ἑαυτοῦ); sim. Mt 9:1 (noting the departure of Jesus to his home territory); cp. Dg 5:2. Christ ἐλευθερώσῃ πᾶσαν σάρκα διὰ τῆς ἰδίας σαρκός AcPlCor 2:6; cp. vs. 16 ἕκαστος τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν Ac 2:8; cp. 1:19 τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ αὐτῶν, without pron. 2:6 (Tat. 26, 1 τὴν ἰ. αὐτῆς … λέξιν); ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει 3:12; cp. 28:30; τἡν ἰ. (δικαιοσύνην) Ro 10:3; cp. 11:24; 14:4f. ἕκαστος τ. ἴ. μισθὸν λήμψεται κατὰ τ. ἴ. κόπον each will receive wages in proportion to each one’s labor 1 Cor 3:8. ἑκάστη τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα her own husband 7:2 (Diog. L. 8, 43 πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα πορεύεσθαι). ἕκαστος ἴδιον ἔχει χάρισμα 7:7. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον προλαμβάνει (s. προλαμβάνω 1c) 1 Cor 11:21 (Eratosth.: 241 Fgm. 16 Jac. of the festival known as Lagynophoria τὰ κομισθέντα αὑτοῖς δειπνοῦσι κατακλιθέντες … κ. ἐξ ἰδίας ἕκαστος λαγύνου παρʼ αὑτῶν φέροντες πίνουσιν ‘they dine on the things brought them … and they each drink from a flagon they have personally brought’. Evaluation: συνοίκια ταῦτα ῥυπαρά• ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὴν σύνοδον γίνεσθαι παμμιγοῦς ὄχλου ‘that’s some crummy banquet; it’s certainly a meeting of a motley crew’); cp. 1 Cor 9:7; 15:38. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴ. φορτίον βαστάσει Gal 6:5.—Tit 1:12; Hb 4:10; 7:27; 9:12; 13:12.—J 4:44 s. 2 and 3b.
    ② pert. to a striking connection or an exclusive relationship, own (with emphasis when expressed orally, or italicized in written form) κοπιῶμεν ταῖς ἰ. χερσίν with our own hands 1 Cor 4:12 (first pers., cp. UPZ 13, 14 [158 B.C.] εἰμὶ μετὰ τ. ἀδελφοῦ ἰδίου=w. my brother; TestJob 34:3 ἀναχωρήσωμεν εἰς τὰς ἰδίας χώρας). ἐν τῷ ἰ. ὀφθαλμῷ in your own eye Lk 6:41; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Pt 3:17 (here the stability of the orthodox is contrasted with loss of direction by those who are misled by error). Ac 1:7 (God’s authority in sharp contrast to the apostles’ interest in determining a schedule of events). ἰ. θέλημα own will and ἰδία καρδία own heart or mind 1 Cor 7:37ab contrast with μὴ ἔχων ἀνάγκην ‘not being under compulsion’; hence ἰ. is not simply equivalent to the possessive gen. in the phrase ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. 1 Cor 6:18, ἰ. heightens the absurdity of sinning against one’s own body. Lk 10:34 (apparently the storyteller suggests that the wealthy Samaritan had more than one animal, but put his own at the service of the injured traveler). ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα 2 Pt 2:22 (cp. ἐπὶ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἔμετον Pr 26:11), with heightening of disgust. Some would put J 4:44 here (s. 1 end). εἰς τὸν ἴδιον ἀγρόν Mt 22:5 (the rude guest prefers the amenities of his own estate). Mk 4:34b (Jesus’ close followers in contrast to a large crowd). Ac 25:19 (emphasizing the esoteric nature of sectarian disputes). Js 1:14 (a contrast, not between types of desire but of sources of temptation: those who succumb have only themselves to blame). διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου through his own blood Ac 20:28 (so NRSV mg.; cp. the phrase SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων commonly associated with the gifts of generous officials, s. 4b. That the ‘blood’ would be associated with Jesus would be quite apparent to Luke’s publics).
    ③ pert. to a person, through substitution for a pronoun, own. Some of the passages cited in 2 may belong here. ἴ. is used for the gen. of αὐτός or the possess. pron., or for the possess. gen. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑαυτῶν (this use found in Hellenistic wr. [Schmidt 369], in Attic [Meisterhans3-Schw. 235] and Magnesian [Thieme 28f] ins; pap [Kuhring—s. ἀνά beg.—14; Mayser II/2, 73f]. S. also Dssm., B 120f [BS 123f], and against him Mlt. 87–91. LXX oft. uses ἴ. without emphasis to render the simple Hebr. personal suffix [Gen 47:18; Dt 15:2; Job 2:11; 7:10, 13; Pr 6:2 al.], but somet. also employs it without any basis for it in the original text [Job 24:12; Pr 9:12; 22:7; 27:15]. Da 1:10, where LXX has ἴ., Theod. uses μου. 1 Esdr 5:8 εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν=2 Esdr 2:1 εἰς πόλιν αὐτοῦ; Mt 9:1 is formally sim., but its position in the narrative suggests placement in 1)
    ⓐ with the second pers. (Jos., Bell. 6, 346 ἰδίαις χερσίν=w. your own hands). Eph 5:22 (cp. vs. 28 τὰς ἑαυτῶν γυναῖκας); 1 Th 4:11; 1 Pt 3:1.
    ⓑ with the third pers. ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι J 4:44 (cp. ἐν τῇ πατρίδι αὐτοῦ: Mt 13:57; Mk 6:4; Lk 4:24, but J 4:44 is expressed in a slightly difft. form and may therefore belong in 1b above); Mt 25:14; 15:20 v.l.; J 1:41 (UPZ 13, s. 2 above: ἀδ. ἴ.); Ac 1:19; 24:24; 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:5, 9; 1 Pt 3:5; MPol 17:3; AcPl Ha 3, 21; 4, 27 (context uncertain); τὸ ἴδιον πλάσμα AcPlCor 2:12, 1; ἴδιον χωρίον Papias (3:3).
    ⓐ associates, relations οἱ ἴδιοι (comrades in battle: Polyaenus, Exc. 14, 20; SIG 709, 19; 22; 2 Macc 12:22; Jos., Bell. 1, 42, Ant. 12, 405; compatriots: ViHab 5 [p. 86, 7 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 177) fellow-Christians Ac 4:23; 24:23 (Just., D. 121, 3). The disciples (e.g., of a philosopher: Epict. 3, 8, 7) J 13:1. Relatives (BGU 37; POxy 932; PFay 110; 111; 112; 116; 122 al.; Vett. Val. 70, 5 ὑπὸ ἰδίων κ. φίλων; Sir 11:34; Just., A II, 7, 2 σὺν τοῖς ἰδίοις … Νῶε and D. 138, 2 Νῶε … μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων) 1 Ti 5:8; J 1:11b (the worshipers of a god are also so called: Herm. Wr. 1, 31).—Sg. τὸν ἴδιον J 15:19 v.l. (s. b below).
    ⓑ home, possessions τὰ ἴδια home (Polyb. 2, 57, 5; 3, 99, 4; Appian, Iber. 23; Peripl. Eryth. 65 εἰς τὰ ἴδια; POxy 4, 9f ἡ ἀνωτέρα ψυχὴ τ. ἴδια γεινώσκει; 487, 18; Esth 5:10; 6:12; 1 Esdr 6:31 [τὰ ἴδια αὐτοῦ=2 Esdr 6:11 ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ]; 3 Macc 6:27, 37; 7:8; Jos., Ant. 8, 405; 416, Bell. 1, 666; 4, 528) J 16:32 (EFascher, ZNW 39, ’41, 171–230); 19:27; Ac 5:18 D; 14:18 v.l.; 21:6; AcPl Ha 8, 5. Many (e.g. Goodsp, Probs. 87f; 94–96; Field, Notes 84; RSV; but not Bultmann 34f; NRSV) prefer this sense for J 1:11a and Lk 18:28; another probability in both these pass. is property, possessions (POxy 489, 4; 490, 3; 491, 3; 492, 4 al.). ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων from his own well-stocked supply (oft. in ins e.g. fr. Magn. and Priene, also SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 [in such ins the focus is on the generosity of public-spirited officals who use their own resources to meet public needs]; Jos., Ant. 12, 158) J 8:44. The sg. can also be used in this way τὸ ἴδιον (SIG 1257, 3; BGU 1118, 31 [22 B.C.]) J 15:19 (v.l. τὸν ἴδιον, s. a above).—τὰ ἴδια one’s own affairs (X., Mem. 3, 4, 12; 2 Macc 9:20; 11:23 v.l., 26, 29) 1 Th 4:11, here πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια=mind your own business.— Jd 6 of one’s proper sphere.
    ⑤ pert. to a particular individual, by oneself, privately, adv. ἰδίᾳ (Aristoph., Thu.; Diod S 20, 21, 5 et al.; ins, pap, 2 Macc 4:34; Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 224, C. Ap. 1, 225; Ath. 8, 1f) 1 Cor 12:11; IMg 7:1.—κατʼ ἰδίαν (Machon, Fgm. 11 vs. 121 [in Athen. 8, 349b]; Polyb. 4, 84, 8; Diod S 1, 21, 6; also ins [SIG 1157, 12 καὶ κατὰ κοινὸν καὶ κατʼ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ al.]; 2 Macc 4:5; 14:21; JosAs 7:1; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 136; Just., D. 5, 2) privately, by oneself (opp. κοινῇ: Jos., Ant. 4, 310) Mt 14:13, 23; 17:1, 19; 20:17; 24:3; Mk 4:34a; 6:31f; 7:33 (Diod S 18, 49, 2 ἕκαστον ἐκλαμβάνων κατʼ ἰδίαν=‘he took each one aside’); 9:2 (w. μόνος added), 28; 13:3; Lk 9:10; 10:23; Ac 23:19; Gal 2:2 (on the separate meeting cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 199 τ. δυνατοὺς κατʼ ἰδίαν κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐν κοινῷ συλλέγων; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 40 §170); ISm 7:2.
    ⑥ pert. to being distinctively characteristic of some entity, belonging to/peculiar to an individual ἕκαστον δένδρον ἐκ τ. ἰδίου καρποῦ γινώσκεται every tree is known by its own fruit Lk 6:44. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα his (own) sheep J 10:3f. εἰς τὸν τόπον τ. ἴδιον to his own place (= the place where he belonged) Ac 1:25; cp. 20:28. The expression τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο Ro 8:32 emphasizes the extraordinary nature of God’s gift: did not spare his very own Son (Paul’s association here with the ref. to pandemic generosity, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πάντων παρέδωκεν αὐτο͂ν, contributes a semantic component to ἰ. in this pass.; for the pandemic theme see e.g. OGI 339, 29f; for donation of one’s own resources, ibid. 104; IGR 739, II, 59–62. For the term ὁ ἴδιος υἱός, but in difft. thematic contexts, see e.g. Diod S 17, 80, 1 of Parmenio; 17, 118, 1 of Antipater. In relating an instance in which a son was not spared Polyaenus 8, 13 has υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, evidently without emphasis, but Exc. 3, 7 inserts ἴδιος υἱός to emphasize the gravity of an officer’s own son violating an order.). 1 Cor 7:4ab. ἕκαστος ἐν. τ. ἰδίῳ τάγματι each one in his (own) turn 15:23 (cp. En 2:1 τ. ἰ. τάξιν). καιροὶ ἴδιοι the proper time (cp. Diod S 1, 50, 7 ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις χρόνοις; likew. 5, 80, 3; Jos., Ant. 11, 171; Ps.-Clemens, Hom. 3, 16; TestSol 6:3 ἐν καιρῷ ἰ.; Just., D. 131, 4 πρὸ τῶν ἰ. καιρῶν; Mel., P. 38, 258ff) 1 Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3; 1 Cl 20:4; cp. 1 Ti 3:4f, 12; 4:2; 5:4. ἴδιαι λειτουργίαι … ἴδιος ὁ τόπος … ἴδιαι διακονίαι in each case proper: ministrations, … place, … services 1 Cl 40:5.—In ἰδία ἐπίλυσις 2 Pt 1:20 one’s own private interpretation is contrasted with the meaning intended by the author himself or with the interpretation of another person who is authorized or competent (s. ἐπίλυσις and WWeeda, NThSt 2, 1919, 129–35).—All these pass. are close to mng. 3; it is esp. difficult to fix the boundaries here.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

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