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  • 21 schon

    Adv.
    1. mit Zeitangaben: already; schon damals even then; schon früher before; (vor langer Zeit) a long time ago; schon immer always, all along; schon oft often (enough); schon wieder again; schon wieder! not again!; schon nach fünf Minuten after only five minutes; nach fünf Minuten war er schon fort etc. five minutes later he’d already gone etc.; schon von Anfang an right from the start, from the word go umg.; es ist schon 12 Uhr it’s twelve o’clock already; schon am nächsten Tag the very next day; schon um 6 Uhr waren sie auf they were already up at 6 o’clock; schon im 16. Jahrhundert as early ( oder as far back) as the 16th century; schon im 16. Jahrhundert gab es die Krankheit the disease was already around in the 16th century; das ist schon lange her that was long ago ( oder way back); das war schon vor zwanzig Jahren that was twenty (whole) years ago; wie lange sind Sie schon hier? how long have you been here?
    2. (bereits) already; (schon einmal, zuvor) before; (bis jetzt) so far; in Fragen: yet; (jemals) ever; ich habe schon eins umg. I’ve already got one; hast du schon einmal...? have you ever...?; sind Sie schon ( einmal) in Spanien gewesen? have you ever been to Spain?; ich war schon ein paar Mal / oft dort I’ve been there a couple of times / frequently; kennen Sie schon Herrn X? have you met Mr ( oder Mr.) X?, do you know Mr ( oder Mr.) X?; wir kennen uns schon we’ve met, we do know one another; ich habe ihn schon ( einmal) gesehen I’ve seen him before somewhere; danke, ich habe schon zu trinken etc.: no thanks, I’m fine; da ist er ja schon wieder he’s (iro. look who’s) back again; das kenne ich schon I know that, I’ve seen that before; bei Entschuldigungen: I’ve heard that one before; das kennen wir schon we know all about that, that’s an old one; ich habe schon bessere Weine getrunken I’ve tasted better wines in my time; hast du schon gehört? have you heard?; hast du schon mit ihm gesprochen? have you talked to him yet?; ist er schon da? has he come yet?, is he here yet?; (früher als erwartet) is he here already?; was, ( du bist) schon zurück? what, back already?; werden Sie schon bedient? are you being served?; ich bekomme schon it’s OK, I’m being looked after; er wollte schon gehen he was about ( oder all set) to go; warum willst du schon gehen? why are you leaving so early?
    3. zur Betonung (sogar, selbst) even; schon ein Milligramm des Gifts kann tödlich sein just ( oder even) one milligram(me) of the poison can kill you; ein Anruf hätte schon genügt (just) a phone call would have been enough; schon ein Unentschieden wäre ein Erfolg even a draw would be a success; schon für 10 Euro for only 10 euros; Herrenhemden schon ab 5 Euro men’s shirts from as little as 5 euros; ich komme (ja) schon! (I’m) coming!; da sind wir (ja) schon! here we are; schon war ich sauer umg. I was getting really annoyed; was gibt es denn ( nun) schon wieder? what is it now ( oder this time)?; ich verstehe schon I see
    4. (allein) schon seine Stimme just to hear his voice, his voice alone; schon der Name the mere (mention of the oder his etc.) name, just to hear the ( oder his etc.) name; schon der Anblick just to see it; schon der Gedanke the very idea, the mere thought (of it); schon deswegen if only for that (reason); schon wegen if only because of; der Kinder etc.: if only for the sake of; schon weil if only because; schon sie zu sehen (even) just to see her
    5. versichernd, verstärkend: sie wird’s schon schaffen she’ll make it all right; beruhigend: auch don’t worry, she’ll make it; er kommt schon noch he’ll come eventually; die Zinsen steigen schon noch the interest rates are bound to go up; the interest rates will go up, you’ll see; ich mach’s schon leave it to me; es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right, I’ll etc. manage (somehow); das ist schon möglich that could be; betonter: that’s quite possible; das lässt sich schon machen mit Vorbehalt: we etc. might be able to do that, it’s doable; (es ist kein Problem) that’s no problem, no problem umg.; wir können schon mit ihm reden (sind bereit) we don’t mind talking to him; ich kann mir schon denken, was... I can (just) imagine what...; er ist schon eingebildet he’s certainly bigheaded; das war schon Glückssache that really was a stroke of luck; das ist schon eine große Frechheit! that really is a bit much; schon gut! it’s all right, never mind; (das reicht) that’ll do
    6. umg., auffordernd, ermunternd: mach schon! get a move on, will you?; komm schon! come on, then; geh schon! go on, then; nun sag schon, wie’s war come on, tell us ( oder me) what it was like; gib’s schon zu! come on, admit it!
    7. einräumend oder bedingend: schon, aber... yes, but...; ich verstehe / möchte schon, aber... I can see that / I’d like to, but...; ich kenne sie schon, aber... I do know her, but...; sie müsste sich schon etwas mehr anstrengen she’d have to make more of an effort, of course; das ist schon wahr, aber... that’s (certainly) ( oder may be) true, but...; wenn du schon ( mal) da bist since you’re here
    8. (ohnehin) es ist so schon teuer genug it’s expensive enough as it is; schon gar nicht least of all; morgen schon gar nicht least of all tomorrow
    9. umg., rhetorisch: na wenn schon! so what; iro. so?; was macht das schon? what does it matter?; was heißt das schon? so?, that doesn’t mean a thing; wem nützt das schon? who is that supposed to help?; wer braucht / kauft so was schon? who on earth needs / buys something like that?; was verstehst du schon davon? what do you know about it?; wer könnte da schon nein sagen? who could possibly say no (to that)?; wer ist da? - na, wer schon? who’s there? - who do you think?
    10. umg.: wenn schon, denn schon (wenn man sich auf etw. einlässt) in for a penny (Am. dime), in for a pound (Am. dollar); (wenn man etw. unternimmt) anything worth doing, is worth doing well
    * * *
    ever; already; yet; by now
    * * *
    [ʃøːn]
    1. adj
    1) (= hübsch anzusehen) beautiful, lovely; Mann handsome

    na, schö́nes Kind (inf) — well then, beautiful (inf)

    See:
    → Auge
    2) (= nett, angenehm) good; Erlebnis, Stimme, Musik, Wetter good, lovely; Gelegenheit great, splendid

    die schö́nen Künste — the fine arts

    die schö́ne Literatur — belles-lettres sing

    das ist ein schö́ner Tod — that's a good way to die

    eines schö́nen Tages — one fine day

    (wieder) in schö́nster Ordnung (nach Krach etc) — back to normal (again)

    in schö́nster Eintracht or Harmonie — in perfect harmony

    das Schöne beim Skilaufen ist... — the nice thing about skiing is...

    das Schönste daran ist... — the beauty of it is..., the nicest or best thing about it is...

    schö́ne Ferien!, schö́nen Urlaub! — have a good or nice holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)

    schö́nes Wochenende — have a good or nice weekend

    schö́nen guten Tag — a very good morning/afternoon/evening to you

    war es schö́n im Urlaub? — did you have a nice or good holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)?

    war es schö́n bei Tante Veronika? — did you have a nice or good time at Aunt Veronika's?

    schö́n, dass du gekommen bist — nice of you to come

    es ist schö́n, dass du wieder da bist — it's good to have you back

    schö́ner, heißer Kaffee — nice hot coffee

    ein schö́ner frischer Wind — a nice fresh wind

    3) (iro) Unordnung fine, nice, lovely; Überraschung, Wetter lovely; Unsinn, Frechheit absolute

    du bist mir ein schö́ner Freund/Vater/Held etc — a fine friend/father/hero etc you are, you're some friend/father/hero etc

    du machst or das sind mir ja schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — here's or this is a pretty state of things, here's a pretty kettle of fish (inf)

    von dir hört man schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — I've been hearing some nice or fine things about you

    das wäre ja noch schö́ner (inf) — that's (just) too much!

    es wird immer schö́ner (inf) — things are going from bad to worse

    See:
    4) (inf = gut) nice

    das war nicht schö́n von dir (inf) — that wasn't very nice of you

    zu schö́n, um wahr zu sein (inf) — too good to be true

    schö́n, schö́n, (also) schö́n, sehr schö́n, na schö́n — fine, okay, all right

    schö́n und gut, aber... — (that's) all well and good but..., that's all very well but...

    5) (= beträchtlich, groß) Erfolg great; Strecke, Stück Arbeit, Alter good

    ein schö́nes Stück weiterkommen — to make good progress

    eine ganz schö́ne Leistung — quite an achievement

    eine ganz schö́ne Arbeit — quite a lot of work

    eine ganz schö́ne Menge — quite a lot

    das hat eine schö́ne Stange Geld gekostet (inf) — that cost a pretty penny

    2. adv
    1)

    (= hübsch) sich schö́n anziehen — to get dressed up

    schö́n machen (Kind) — to dress up; (Wohnung, Straßen) to decorate

    sich schö́n machen — to get dressed up, to dress (oneself) up

    2) (bei Verben) (= gut) well; sich waschen, verarbeiten lassen easily; scheinen brightly; schreiben beautifully; (= richtig, genau) ansehen, durchlesen etc carefully

    es schö́n haben — to be well off; (im Urlaub etc) to have a good time (of it)

    etw am schö́nsten machen — to do sth best

    See:
    → danke, bitte
    3)

    (= angenehm) schö́n weich/warm/stark etc — nice and soft/warm/strong etc

    4)

    (bei Wünschen) schlaf schö́n — sleep well

    amüsiere dich schö́n — have a nice or good time

    erhole dich schö́n — have a good rest

    See:
    5) (inf = brav, lieb) nicely

    iss mal schö́n deinen Teller leer — eat it all up nicely (now), be a good girl/boy and eat it all up

    sag schö́n "Guten Tag" — say "hello" nicely

    sei schö́n still/ordentlich etc (als Aufforderung) — be nice and quiet/tidy etc

    sei schö́n brav — be a good boy/girl

    fahr schö́n langsam — drive nice and slowly

    See:
    6) (inf = sehr, ziemlich) really

    schö́n wehtun — to hurt oneself a lot

    sich schö́n täuschen — to make a big mistake

    sich schö́n ärgern — to be very angry

    jdn schö́n erschrecken — to give sb quite a or a real fright

    ganz schö́n teuer/kalt — pretty expensive/cold

    (ganz) schö́n weit weg — a long or good way off, quite a distance away

    ganz schö́n lange — quite a while

    (ganz) schö́n viel Geld kosten — to cost a pretty penny

    * * *
    1) (before a particular time; previously: I had already gone when Tom arrived; I don't want that book - I've read it already.) already
    2) (before the expected time: Are you leaving already?; He hasn't gone already, has he?) already
    3) yet
    * * *
    [ʃo:n]
    I. adv
    sind wir \schon da? are we there yet?
    hast du \schon gehört? have you heard?
    sie kommen \schon heute they're coming today
    du willst \schon gehen? you want to leave now [or already]?
    nach fünf Minuten war ich \schon fertig I was finished after only five minutes, I was already finished after five minutes
    \schon bald darauf very soon after
    ▪ es ist \schon...:
    es ist \schon spät it is already late [or late already
    nur eine Minute, und \schon bin ich weg just one minute, and then I'm gone
    kaum leg ich mich hin, \schon klingelt das Telefon wieder I hardly have time to lie down before the telephone rings yet again form
    kaum verließ sie das Zimmer, \schon rauchte er she had hardly left the room when he lit up
    ihr könnt [ja] \schon [mal] anfangen you can start now
    was, \schon 5 Uhr? what, 5 o'clock already?
    er wiegt \schon 200 kg! he now weighs 200 kg!
    eine kleine Menge kann \schon Wunder wirken just [or even] a small amount can work wonders
    \schon ein Teilerfolg würde sich lohnen even a partial success would be worth it
    CD-Rohlinge gibt es \schon für ein paar Cent blank CDs can be had for as little as a few cents
    \schon 8-Jährige surfen im Internet children as young as eight are surfing the internet
    \schon in den Siebzigern gab es Mikrocomputer there were microcomputers as early as [or back in] the seventies
    \schon Ovid schrieb darüber/über diese Idee that/that idea is as old as Ovid
    \schon als Kind wollte ich Schauspieler werden since I was a child I've always wanted to be an actor
    \schon damals/gestern/jetzt even at that time/even yesterday/even now
    \schon früh early on
    \schon immer always
    sie war \schon immer schwierig she always was difficult
    ich sagte es ja \schon immer I've always said so
    \schon seit Jahren for years [now]
    \schon lange/länger for a long time [now]
    \schon längst (die ganze Zeit) for ages; (vor langer Zeit) ages ago
    \schon oft several times [already]
    das kenn ich \schon I know that already
    ich wollte vorher \schon fragen I wanted to ask anyway
    \schon [ein]mal ever
    hast du \schon mal Austern gegessen? have you ever eaten oysters?
    wie \schon gesagt as was/has been said already [or beforehand]
    wie \schon so oft as was/has been often the case [before]
    warum sich beklagen? es geht uns \schon so schlecht why complain? we're badly off as it is
    \schon darum/deshalb/aus dem Grunde for that reason alone
    \schon die Tatsache, dass... the fact alone that..., the very fact that...
    \schon Grund genug sein to be already reason enough; s.a. allein
    II. part
    das ist \schon eine Schande! that really is a disgrace!
    es ist \schon wahr it's true all right
    ich sehe \schon,... I can see,...
    ich kann mir \schon denken, was du willst I can well imagine what you want
    das will \schon was heißen those are promising words
    du wirst \schon sehen! you'll see!
    es ist \schon angenehm, nichts zu tun it really is pleasant doing nothing
    das will ich nicht, und \schon gar nicht von dir I don't want it, and especially not from you
    \schon wieder [once] again
    nicht das/sie \schon wieder! not that/her again!
    2. (fam: endlich)
    jetzt komm \schon! hurry up!
    hör \schon auf damit! will you stop that!
    sag doch \schon! out with it!
    geh \schon! go on!
    gib \schon her! come on, give it here!
    mach \schon! hurry up!
    wenn du \schon nicht bleibst, [dann] iss eine Kleinigkeit if you really can't stay, then have a bite to eat
    wenn ich euch \schon fahre, dann [aber] vor Mitternacht if I do drive you, then before midnight
    4. (irgendwie) all right
    danke, es geht \schon thanks, I can manage
    es wird \schon klappen it will work out all right
    5. (irgendwann) in the end, one day
    es wird \schon noch [mal] klappen it will work out in the end [or one day
    ich glaube \schon I think so
    so was kann \schon mal vorkommen such things can happen
    Lust hätte ich \schon, nur keine Zeit I do feel like it, I simply don't have time
    das stimmt \schon that's true enough
    das ist \schon möglich/wahr that's possible/true, I suppose
    \schon möglich, aber [o doch] [o nur] nicht sehr wahrscheinlich that's possible, but not very probable
    [ja] \schon[, aber...] [well] yes [or sure] [, but...]
    findest du sie attraktiv? — ja, \schon do you think she's attractive? — yes, she's okay
    \schon gut! okay! fam
    und [o na] wenn \schon! (fam) so what? fam
    wir durften nicht draußen spielen, die anderen [aber] \schon we weren't allowed to play outside, but the others were
    auf dieser Straße kommen Sie nicht nach Köln, auf der \schon you won't get to Cologne on this road, but on that one
    8. (usu pej: ausgerechnet)
    was ist \schon Reichtum? what's wealth of all things?
    was hast du \schon zu sagen? what have you of all people got to say?
    was sind \schon zehn Jahre? what do ten years matter?
    was macht das \schon? what does it matter?
    was nützt das \schon? what possible use is that?
    wen interessiert das \schon? who's possibly interested?
    wenn ich das \schon rieche/sehe! the mere smell/sight of that!
    wenn ich das \schon höre! just hearing about it!; s.a. ja, möglich
    wie war \schon Ihr Name? what was your name again?
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    schon adv
    1. mit Zeitangaben: already;
    schon damals even then;
    schon früher before; (vor langer Zeit) a long time ago;
    schon immer always, all along;
    schon oft often (enough);
    schon wieder again;
    schon wieder! not again!;
    schon nach fünf Minuten after only five minutes;
    nach fünf Minuten war er schon fort etc five minutes later he’d already gone etc;
    schon von Anfang an right from the start, from the word go umg;
    es ist schon 12 Uhr it’s twelve o’clock already;
    schon am nächsten Tag the very next day;
    schon um 6 Uhr waren sie auf they were already up at 6 o’clock;
    schon im 16. Jahrhundert as early ( oder as far back) as the 16th century;
    schon im 16. Jahrhundert gab es die Krankheit the disease was already around in the 16th century;
    das ist schon lange her that was long ago ( oder way back);
    das war schon vor zwanzig Jahren that was twenty (whole) years ago;
    wie lange sind Sie schon hier? how long have you been here?
    2. (bereits) already; (schon einmal, zuvor) before; (bis jetzt) so far; in Fragen: yet; (jemals) ever;
    ich habe schon eins umg I’ve already got one;
    hast du schon einmal …? have you ever …?;
    sind Sie schon (einmal) in Spanien gewesen? have you ever been to Spain?;
    ich war schon ein paar Mal/oft dort I’ve been there a couple of times/frequently;
    kennen Sie schon Herrn X? have you met Mr ( oder Mr.) X?, do you know Mr ( oder Mr.) X?;
    wir kennen uns schon we’ve met, we do know one another;
    ich habe ihn schon (einmal) gesehen I’ve seen him before somewhere;
    danke, ich habe schon zu trinken etc: no thanks, I’m fine;
    da ist er ja schon wieder he’s (iron look who’s) back again;
    das kenne ich schon I know that, I’ve seen that before; bei Entschuldigungen: I’ve heard that one before;
    das kennen wir schon we know all about that, that’s an old one;
    ich habe schon bessere Weine getrunken I’ve tasted better wines in my time;
    hast du schon gehört? have you heard?;
    hast du schon mit ihm gesprochen? have you talked to him yet?;
    ist er schon da? has he come yet?, is he here yet?; (früher als erwartet) is he here already?;
    was, (du bist) schon zurück? what, back already?;
    werden Sie schon bedient? are you being served?;
    ich bekomme schon it’s OK, I’m being looked after;
    er wollte schon gehen he was about ( oder all set) to go;
    warum willst du schon gehen? why are you leaving so early?
    3. zur Betonung (sogar, selbst) even;
    schon ein Milligramm des Gifts kann tödlich sein just ( oder even) one milligram(me) of the poison can kill you;
    ein Anruf hätte schon genügt (just) a phone call would have been enough;
    schon ein Unentschieden wäre ein Erfolg even a draw would be a success;
    schon für 10 Euro for only 10 euros;
    Herrenhemden schon ab 5 Euro men’s shirts from as little as 5 euros;
    ich komme (ja) schon! (I’m) coming!;
    da sind wir (ja) schon! here we are;
    schon war ich sauer umg I was getting really annoyed;
    was gibt es denn (nun) schon wieder? what is it now ( oder this time)?;
    schon seine Stimme just to hear his voice, his voice alone;
    schon der Name the mere (mention of the oder his etc) name, just to hear the ( oder his etc) name;
    schon der Anblick just to see it;
    schon der Gedanke the very idea, the mere thought (of it);
    schon deswegen if only for that (reason);
    schon wegen if only because of; der Kinder etc: if only for the sake of;
    schon weil if only because;
    schon sie zu sehen (even) just to see her
    5. versichernd, verstärkend:
    sie wird’s schon schaffen she’ll make it all right; beruhigend: auch don’t worry, she’ll make it;
    er kommt schon noch he’ll come eventually;
    die Zinsen steigen schon noch the interest rates are bound to go up; the interest rates will go up, you’ll see;
    ich mach’s schon leave it to me;
    es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right, I’ll etc manage (somehow);
    das ist schon möglich that could be; betonter: that’s quite possible;
    das lässt sich schon machen mit Vorbehalt: we etc might be able to do that, it’s doable; (es ist kein Problem) that’s no problem, no problem umg;
    wir können schon mit ihm reden (sind bereit) we don’t mind talking to him;
    ich kann mir schon denken, was … I can (just) imagine what …;
    er ist schon eingebildet he’s certainly bigheaded;
    das war schon Glückssache that really was a stroke of luck;
    das ist schon eine große Frechheit! that really is a bit much;
    schon gut! it’s all right, never mind; (das reicht) that’ll do
    6. umg, auffordernd, ermunternd:
    mach schon! get a move on, will you?;
    komm schon! come on, then;
    geh schon! go on, then;
    nun sag schon, wie’s war come on, tell us ( oder me) what it was like;
    gib’s schon zu! come on, admit it!
    schon, aber … yes, but …;
    ich verstehe/möchte schon, aber … I can see that/I’d like to, but …;
    ich kenne sie schon, aber … I do know her, but …;
    sie müsste sich schon etwas mehr anstrengen she’d have to make more of an effort, of course;
    das ist schon wahr, aber … that’s (certainly) ( oder may be) true, but …;
    wenn du schon (mal) da bist since you’re here
    es ist so schon teuer genug it’s expensive enough as it is;
    schon gar nicht least of all;
    morgen schon gar nicht least of all tomorrow
    9. umg, rhetorisch:
    na wenn schon! so what; iron so?;
    was macht das schon? what does it matter?;
    was heißt das schon? so?, that doesn’t mean a thing;
    wem nützt das schon? who is that supposed to help?;
    wer braucht/kauft so was schon? who on earth needs/buys something like that?;
    was verstehst du schon davon? what do you know about it?;
    wer könnte da schon Nein sagen? who could possibly say no (to that)?;
    wer ist da? - na, wer schon? who’s there? - who do you think?
    10. umg:
    wenn schon, denn schon (wenn man sich auf etwas einlässt) in for a penny (US dime), in for a pound (US dollar); (wenn man etwas unternimmt) anything worth doing, is worth doing well
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    adv.
    already adv.
    yet adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schon

  • 22 schön

    Adv.
    1. mit Zeitangaben: already; schon damals even then; schon früher before; (vor langer Zeit) a long time ago; schon immer always, all along; schon oft often (enough); schon wieder again; schon wieder! not again!; schon nach fünf Minuten after only five minutes; nach fünf Minuten war er schon fort etc. five minutes later he’d already gone etc.; schon von Anfang an right from the start, from the word go umg.; es ist schon 12 Uhr it’s twelve o’clock already; schon am nächsten Tag the very next day; schon um 6 Uhr waren sie auf they were already up at 6 o’clock; schon im 16. Jahrhundert as early ( oder as far back) as the 16th century; schon im 16. Jahrhundert gab es die Krankheit the disease was already around in the 16th century; das ist schon lange her that was long ago ( oder way back); das war schon vor zwanzig Jahren that was twenty (whole) years ago; wie lange sind Sie schon hier? how long have you been here?
    2. (bereits) already; (schon einmal, zuvor) before; (bis jetzt) so far; in Fragen: yet; (jemals) ever; ich habe schon eins umg. I’ve already got one; hast du schon einmal...? have you ever...?; sind Sie schon ( einmal) in Spanien gewesen? have you ever been to Spain?; ich war schon ein paar Mal / oft dort I’ve been there a couple of times / frequently; kennen Sie schon Herrn X? have you met Mr ( oder Mr.) X?, do you know Mr ( oder Mr.) X?; wir kennen uns schon we’ve met, we do know one another; ich habe ihn schon ( einmal) gesehen I’ve seen him before somewhere; danke, ich habe schon zu trinken etc.: no thanks, I’m fine; da ist er ja schon wieder he’s (iro. look who’s) back again; das kenne ich schon I know that, I’ve seen that before; bei Entschuldigungen: I’ve heard that one before; das kennen wir schon we know all about that, that’s an old one; ich habe schon bessere Weine getrunken I’ve tasted better wines in my time; hast du schon gehört? have you heard?; hast du schon mit ihm gesprochen? have you talked to him yet?; ist er schon da? has he come yet?, is he here yet?; (früher als erwartet) is he here already?; was, ( du bist) schon zurück? what, back already?; werden Sie schon bedient? are you being served?; ich bekomme schon it’s OK, I’m being looked after; er wollte schon gehen he was about ( oder all set) to go; warum willst du schon gehen? why are you leaving so early?
    3. zur Betonung (sogar, selbst) even; schon ein Milligramm des Gifts kann tödlich sein just ( oder even) one milligram(me) of the poison can kill you; ein Anruf hätte schon genügt (just) a phone call would have been enough; schon ein Unentschieden wäre ein Erfolg even a draw would be a success; schon für 10 Euro for only 10 euros; Herrenhemden schon ab 5 Euro men’s shirts from as little as 5 euros; ich komme (ja) schon! (I’m) coming!; da sind wir (ja) schon! here we are; schon war ich sauer umg. I was getting really annoyed; was gibt es denn ( nun) schon wieder? what is it now ( oder this time)?; ich verstehe schon I see
    4. (allein) schon seine Stimme just to hear his voice, his voice alone; schon der Name the mere (mention of the oder his etc.) name, just to hear the ( oder his etc.) name; schon der Anblick just to see it; schon der Gedanke the very idea, the mere thought (of it); schon deswegen if only for that (reason); schon wegen if only because of; der Kinder etc.: if only for the sake of; schon weil if only because; schon sie zu sehen (even) just to see her
    5. versichernd, verstärkend: sie wird’s schon schaffen she’ll make it all right; beruhigend: auch don’t worry, she’ll make it; er kommt schon noch he’ll come eventually; die Zinsen steigen schon noch the interest rates are bound to go up; the interest rates will go up, you’ll see; ich mach’s schon leave it to me; es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right, I’ll etc. manage (somehow); das ist schon möglich that could be; betonter: that’s quite possible; das lässt sich schon machen mit Vorbehalt: we etc. might be able to do that, it’s doable; (es ist kein Problem) that’s no problem, no problem umg.; wir können schon mit ihm reden (sind bereit) we don’t mind talking to him; ich kann mir schon denken, was... I can (just) imagine what...; er ist schon eingebildet he’s certainly bigheaded; das war schon Glückssache that really was a stroke of luck; das ist schon eine große Frechheit! that really is a bit much; schon gut! it’s all right, never mind; (das reicht) that’ll do
    6. umg., auffordernd, ermunternd: mach schon! get a move on, will you?; komm schon! come on, then; geh schon! go on, then; nun sag schon, wie’s war come on, tell us ( oder me) what it was like; gib’s schon zu! come on, admit it!
    7. einräumend oder bedingend: schon, aber... yes, but...; ich verstehe / möchte schon, aber... I can see that / I’d like to, but...; ich kenne sie schon, aber... I do know her, but...; sie müsste sich schon etwas mehr anstrengen she’d have to make more of an effort, of course; das ist schon wahr, aber... that’s (certainly) ( oder may be) true, but...; wenn du schon ( mal) da bist since you’re here
    8. (ohnehin) es ist so schon teuer genug it’s expensive enough as it is; schon gar nicht least of all; morgen schon gar nicht least of all tomorrow
    9. umg., rhetorisch: na wenn schon! so what; iro. so?; was macht das schon? what does it matter?; was heißt das schon? so?, that doesn’t mean a thing; wem nützt das schon? who is that supposed to help?; wer braucht / kauft so was schon? who on earth needs / buys something like that?; was verstehst du schon davon? what do you know about it?; wer könnte da schon nein sagen? who could possibly say no (to that)?; wer ist da? - na, wer schon? who’s there? - who do you think?
    10. umg.: wenn schon, denn schon (wenn man sich auf etw. einlässt) in for a penny (Am. dime), in for a pound (Am. dollar); (wenn man etw. unternimmt) anything worth doing, is worth doing well
    * * *
    ever; already; yet; by now
    * * *
    [ʃøːn]
    1. adj
    1) (= hübsch anzusehen) beautiful, lovely; Mann handsome

    na, schö́nes Kind (inf) — well then, beautiful (inf)

    See:
    → Auge
    2) (= nett, angenehm) good; Erlebnis, Stimme, Musik, Wetter good, lovely; Gelegenheit great, splendid

    die schö́nen Künste — the fine arts

    die schö́ne Literatur — belles-lettres sing

    das ist ein schö́ner Tod — that's a good way to die

    eines schö́nen Tages — one fine day

    (wieder) in schö́nster Ordnung (nach Krach etc) — back to normal (again)

    in schö́nster Eintracht or Harmonie — in perfect harmony

    das Schöne beim Skilaufen ist... — the nice thing about skiing is...

    das Schönste daran ist... — the beauty of it is..., the nicest or best thing about it is...

    schö́ne Ferien!, schö́nen Urlaub! — have a good or nice holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)

    schö́nes Wochenende — have a good or nice weekend

    schö́nen guten Tag — a very good morning/afternoon/evening to you

    war es schö́n im Urlaub? — did you have a nice or good holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)?

    war es schö́n bei Tante Veronika? — did you have a nice or good time at Aunt Veronika's?

    schö́n, dass du gekommen bist — nice of you to come

    es ist schö́n, dass du wieder da bist — it's good to have you back

    schö́ner, heißer Kaffee — nice hot coffee

    ein schö́ner frischer Wind — a nice fresh wind

    3) (iro) Unordnung fine, nice, lovely; Überraschung, Wetter lovely; Unsinn, Frechheit absolute

    du bist mir ein schö́ner Freund/Vater/Held etc — a fine friend/father/hero etc you are, you're some friend/father/hero etc

    du machst or das sind mir ja schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — here's or this is a pretty state of things, here's a pretty kettle of fish (inf)

    von dir hört man schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — I've been hearing some nice or fine things about you

    das wäre ja noch schö́ner (inf) — that's (just) too much!

    es wird immer schö́ner (inf) — things are going from bad to worse

    See:
    4) (inf = gut) nice

    das war nicht schö́n von dir (inf) — that wasn't very nice of you

    zu schö́n, um wahr zu sein (inf) — too good to be true

    schö́n, schö́n, (also) schö́n, sehr schö́n, na schö́n — fine, okay, all right

    schö́n und gut, aber... — (that's) all well and good but..., that's all very well but...

    5) (= beträchtlich, groß) Erfolg great; Strecke, Stück Arbeit, Alter good

    ein schö́nes Stück weiterkommen — to make good progress

    eine ganz schö́ne Leistung — quite an achievement

    eine ganz schö́ne Arbeit — quite a lot of work

    eine ganz schö́ne Menge — quite a lot

    das hat eine schö́ne Stange Geld gekostet (inf) — that cost a pretty penny

    2. adv
    1)

    (= hübsch) sich schö́n anziehen — to get dressed up

    schö́n machen (Kind) — to dress up; (Wohnung, Straßen) to decorate

    sich schö́n machen — to get dressed up, to dress (oneself) up

    2) (bei Verben) (= gut) well; sich waschen, verarbeiten lassen easily; scheinen brightly; schreiben beautifully; (= richtig, genau) ansehen, durchlesen etc carefully

    es schö́n haben — to be well off; (im Urlaub etc) to have a good time (of it)

    etw am schö́nsten machen — to do sth best

    See:
    → danke, bitte
    3)

    (= angenehm) schö́n weich/warm/stark etc — nice and soft/warm/strong etc

    4)

    (bei Wünschen) schlaf schö́n — sleep well

    amüsiere dich schö́n — have a nice or good time

    erhole dich schö́n — have a good rest

    See:
    5) (inf = brav, lieb) nicely

    iss mal schö́n deinen Teller leer — eat it all up nicely (now), be a good girl/boy and eat it all up

    sag schö́n "Guten Tag" — say "hello" nicely

    sei schö́n still/ordentlich etc (als Aufforderung) — be nice and quiet/tidy etc

    sei schö́n brav — be a good boy/girl

    fahr schö́n langsam — drive nice and slowly

    See:
    6) (inf = sehr, ziemlich) really

    schö́n wehtun — to hurt oneself a lot

    sich schö́n täuschen — to make a big mistake

    sich schö́n ärgern — to be very angry

    jdn schö́n erschrecken — to give sb quite a or a real fright

    ganz schö́n teuer/kalt — pretty expensive/cold

    (ganz) schö́n weit weg — a long or good way off, quite a distance away

    ganz schö́n lange — quite a while

    (ganz) schö́n viel Geld kosten — to cost a pretty penny

    * * *
    1) (before a particular time; previously: I had already gone when Tom arrived; I don't want that book - I've read it already.) already
    2) (before the expected time: Are you leaving already?; He hasn't gone already, has he?) already
    3) yet
    * * *
    [ʃo:n]
    I. adv
    sind wir \schon da? are we there yet?
    hast du \schon gehört? have you heard?
    sie kommen \schon heute they're coming today
    du willst \schon gehen? you want to leave now [or already]?
    nach fünf Minuten war ich \schon fertig I was finished after only five minutes, I was already finished after five minutes
    \schon bald darauf very soon after
    ▪ es ist \schon...:
    es ist \schon spät it is already late [or late already
    nur eine Minute, und \schon bin ich weg just one minute, and then I'm gone
    kaum leg ich mich hin, \schon klingelt das Telefon wieder I hardly have time to lie down before the telephone rings yet again form
    kaum verließ sie das Zimmer, \schon rauchte er she had hardly left the room when he lit up
    ihr könnt [ja] \schon [mal] anfangen you can start now
    was, \schon 5 Uhr? what, 5 o'clock already?
    er wiegt \schon 200 kg! he now weighs 200 kg!
    eine kleine Menge kann \schon Wunder wirken just [or even] a small amount can work wonders
    \schon ein Teilerfolg würde sich lohnen even a partial success would be worth it
    CD-Rohlinge gibt es \schon für ein paar Cent blank CDs can be had for as little as a few cents
    \schon 8-Jährige surfen im Internet children as young as eight are surfing the internet
    \schon in den Siebzigern gab es Mikrocomputer there were microcomputers as early as [or back in] the seventies
    \schon Ovid schrieb darüber/über diese Idee that/that idea is as old as Ovid
    \schon als Kind wollte ich Schauspieler werden since I was a child I've always wanted to be an actor
    \schon damals/gestern/jetzt even at that time/even yesterday/even now
    \schon früh early on
    \schon immer always
    sie war \schon immer schwierig she always was difficult
    ich sagte es ja \schon immer I've always said so
    \schon seit Jahren for years [now]
    \schon lange/länger for a long time [now]
    \schon längst (die ganze Zeit) for ages; (vor langer Zeit) ages ago
    \schon oft several times [already]
    das kenn ich \schon I know that already
    ich wollte vorher \schon fragen I wanted to ask anyway
    \schon [ein]mal ever
    hast du \schon mal Austern gegessen? have you ever eaten oysters?
    wie \schon gesagt as was/has been said already [or beforehand]
    wie \schon so oft as was/has been often the case [before]
    warum sich beklagen? es geht uns \schon so schlecht why complain? we're badly off as it is
    \schon darum/deshalb/aus dem Grunde for that reason alone
    \schon die Tatsache, dass... the fact alone that..., the very fact that...
    \schon Grund genug sein to be already reason enough; s.a. allein
    II. part
    das ist \schon eine Schande! that really is a disgrace!
    es ist \schon wahr it's true all right
    ich sehe \schon,... I can see,...
    ich kann mir \schon denken, was du willst I can well imagine what you want
    das will \schon was heißen those are promising words
    du wirst \schon sehen! you'll see!
    es ist \schon angenehm, nichts zu tun it really is pleasant doing nothing
    das will ich nicht, und \schon gar nicht von dir I don't want it, and especially not from you
    \schon wieder [once] again
    nicht das/sie \schon wieder! not that/her again!
    2. (fam: endlich)
    jetzt komm \schon! hurry up!
    hör \schon auf damit! will you stop that!
    sag doch \schon! out with it!
    geh \schon! go on!
    gib \schon her! come on, give it here!
    mach \schon! hurry up!
    wenn du \schon nicht bleibst, [dann] iss eine Kleinigkeit if you really can't stay, then have a bite to eat
    wenn ich euch \schon fahre, dann [aber] vor Mitternacht if I do drive you, then before midnight
    4. (irgendwie) all right
    danke, es geht \schon thanks, I can manage
    es wird \schon klappen it will work out all right
    5. (irgendwann) in the end, one day
    es wird \schon noch [mal] klappen it will work out in the end [or one day
    ich glaube \schon I think so
    so was kann \schon mal vorkommen such things can happen
    Lust hätte ich \schon, nur keine Zeit I do feel like it, I simply don't have time
    das stimmt \schon that's true enough
    das ist \schon möglich/wahr that's possible/true, I suppose
    \schon möglich, aber [o doch] [o nur] nicht sehr wahrscheinlich that's possible, but not very probable
    [ja] \schon[, aber...] [well] yes [or sure] [, but...]
    findest du sie attraktiv? — ja, \schon do you think she's attractive? — yes, she's okay
    \schon gut! okay! fam
    und [o na] wenn \schon! (fam) so what? fam
    wir durften nicht draußen spielen, die anderen [aber] \schon we weren't allowed to play outside, but the others were
    auf dieser Straße kommen Sie nicht nach Köln, auf der \schon you won't get to Cologne on this road, but on that one
    8. (usu pej: ausgerechnet)
    was ist \schon Reichtum? what's wealth of all things?
    was hast du \schon zu sagen? what have you of all people got to say?
    was sind \schon zehn Jahre? what do ten years matter?
    was macht das \schon? what does it matter?
    was nützt das \schon? what possible use is that?
    wen interessiert das \schon? who's possibly interested?
    wenn ich das \schon rieche/sehe! the mere smell/sight of that!
    wenn ich das \schon höre! just hearing about it!; s.a. ja, möglich
    wie war \schon Ihr Name? what was your name again?
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. (attraktiv) nice; (ausgesprochen schön) beautiful; Frau: auch attractive; Mann: handsome, good-looking; Kind: lovely; Tier: beautiful;
    schöne Schrift nice handwriting;
    schöne Stimme attractive voice; Singstimme: beautiful voice;
    er ist kein schöner Mann, aber … he’s not good-looking (hum he’s no Adonis), but …;
    eine hinreißend schöne Frau a stunningly beautiful woman;
    sich schön machen dress up, make o.s. smart (US neat); (sich schminken) put one’s make-up ( oder face umg) on;
    sich für jemanden schön machen try to look one’s best for sb;
    sei schön und halt den Mund! umg be a wonderful friend ( oder do me a favo[u]r) and keep your mouth shut
    2.
    die schönen Künste the fine arts;
    schöne Literatur belles-lettres pl, belletristic literature
    3. (gut) good; (nett) nice; (erlesen) fine, choice;
    ein schöner Erfolg a great success;
    schönes Wetter good ( oder fine) weather;
    ein schönes Beispiel der Barockdichtung a fine example of Baroque poetry;
    schönen Dank! many thanks; abweisend: no thank you, thanks but no thanks umg;
    schön! als Zustimmung: all right, fine; umg okay;
    na schön! (also gut) all right then;
    zu schön, um wahr zu sein too good to be true;
    das ist alles schön und gut, aber … that’s all very well, but …;
    das Schöne daran the great thing about it;
    das Schönste kommt noch besonders iron you haven’t heard the best part yet, it gets better; → anrichten
    4. (angenehm) nice, pleasant;
    schöner heißer Tee umg nice hot (cup of) tea;
    ein paar schöne Stunden a few pleasant ( stärker: happy) hours;
    es war sehr schön auf dem Fest it was great ( oder very nice);
    das war ein schöner Tag that was a lovely day;
    schönen Tag noch! besonders US have a nice day;
    schönes Wochenende! have a nice weekend;
    war es schön im Urlaub? did you have a nice holiday?;
    das ist schön von ihm that’s (very) kind ( oder nice) of him;
    schöner Tod easy death;
    schön wär’s! wouldn’t that be nice; (ist unwahrscheinlich) what a hope!, that’ll be the day!;
    er macht nur schöne Worte it’s all fine words with him
    5. umg (beträchtlich) considerable;
    eine schöne Strecke laufen walk quite a way ( oder distance);
    eine ganz schöne Entfernung quite a considerable distance;
    ein schönes Stück vorankommen make a fair bit of progress;
    ein schönes Stück Arbeit a pretty big job;
    eine schöne Summe a tidy sum;
    ein ganz schönes Alter a fine old age;
    das ist ja eine schöne Enttäuschung that’s a big disappointment
    6. umg, iron:
    das sind mir schöne Sachen that’s a fine kettle of fish;
    du bist mir ein schöner Freund a fine friend you are;
    das wäre ja noch schöner! that’d be the last straw, that’s the last thing we want; → Aussicht, Bescherung etc
    7.
    eines schönen Tages one day; zukünftig: one of these days
    B. adv
    1. nicely, beautifully etc; → A
    2. umg (sehr) really, pretty;
    schön warm nice and warm;
    der Kaffee ist schön/ganz schön heiß the coffee is nice and hot/really hot;
    ganz schön kalt auch damned cold;
    sei schön brav! be a good boy ( oder girl) now;
    bleib schön ruhig zum Kind: you be quiet now; (keine Aufregung) just keep calm now;
    es ist ganz schön schwer that’s some weight; (schwierig) it’s pretty difficult;
    du hast mich ganz schön erschreckt you gave me quite a scare;
    da wärst du schön dumm you’d be a right (US complete) fool
    3.
    du hast es schön! lucky you!
    4. umg, iron:
    jetzt steh ich schön da I look a right (US complete) fool now;
    da ist er aber schön angekommen he got more than he had bargained for;
    es kommt noch schöner it gets even better, you haven’t heard the best part yet
    5.
    wie man so schön sagt umg as they say;
    wie es so schön heißt umg as the saying goes; → schönmachen, schöntun
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    adv.
    already adv.
    yet adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schön

  • 23 word

    wə:d
    1. noun
    1) (the smallest unit of language (whether written, spoken or read).) palabra
    2) (a (brief) conversation: I'd like a (quick) word with you in my office.) palabra
    3) (news: When you get there, send word that you've arrived safely.) noticia
    4) (a solemn promise: He gave her his word that it would never happen again.) palabra

    2. verb
    (to express in written or spoken language: How are you going to word the letter so that it doesn't seem rude?) expresar
    - word processor
    - word processing
    - word-perfect
    - by word of mouth
    - get a word in edgeways
    - in a word
    - keep
    - break one's word
    - take someone at his word
    - take at his word
    - take someone's word for it
    - word for word
    word n palabra
    what's does this word mean? ¿qué significa esta palabra?
    he promised, he gave me his word me lo prometió, me dio su palabra
    I'll have a word with him about it hablaré con él / se lo comentaré
    tr[wɜːd]
    1 (gen) palabra
    he didn't say a word no dijo ni pío, no dijo ni una palabra
    don't breathe a word of this no digas nada de esto, ni palabra de esto
    2 (message, news) noticia
    word came that... llegó noticia (de) que...
    3 (promise) palabra
    5 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL palabra, vocablo, voz nombre femenino
    2 the Word SMALLRELIGION/SMALL el Verbo
    1 (discussion, talk) palabras nombre femenino plural
    1 expresar, formular, redactar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    from the word go desde el principio
    in a word en una palabra
    in other words o sea, es decir, en otras palabras
    mark my words fíjate en lo que te digo
    not in so many words no exactamente, no directamente, no con esas palabras
    not to have a good word to say for somebody/something no decir absolutamente nada en favor de alguien/algo
    to be as good as one's word cumplir su palabra
    to be the last word in something ser el último grito en algo
    to break/go back on one's word faltar a la palabra
    to have a word with somebody hablar con alguien
    to have somebody's word for it that... tener la palabra de alguien que...
    to have the last word decir la última palabra
    to have words with somebody discutir con alguien, tener unas palabras con alguien
    to keep one's word cumplir su palabra
    not to mince one's words no tener pelos en la lengua
    to put in/say a good word for somebody (intercede) interceder por alguien 2 (recommend) recomendar a alguien
    to put something into words expresar algo con palabras
    to put words in somebody's mouth poner palabras en boca de alguien
    to take somebody at their word cogerle la palabra a alguien/algo
    to take somebody's word for it aceptar lo que alguien le dice, creer a alguien, confiar en la palabra de alguien
    to take the words out of somebody's mouth quitarle la palabra de la boca a alguien
    too... for words de lo más... que hay, indescriptiblemente...
    upon my word! ¡caramba!
    without a word sin decir palabra, sin chistar
    word for word palabra por palabra
    words fail me no sé qué decir, no tengo palabras
    a word of advice un consejo
    a word of warning una advertencia
    word of honour palabra de honor
    word processing procesamiento de textos, tratamiento de textos
    word processor procesador nombre masculino de textos
    word ['wərd] vt
    : expresar, formular, redactar
    word n
    1) : palabra f, vocablo m, voz f
    word for word: palabra por palabra
    in one's own words: en sus propias palabras
    words fail me: me quedo sin habla
    2) remark: palabra f
    by word of mouth: de palabra
    to have a word with: hablar (dos palabras) con
    3) command: orden f
    to give the word: dar la orden
    just say the word: no tienes que decirlo
    4) message, news: noticias fpl
    is there any word from her?: ¿hay noticias de ella?
    to send word: mandar un recado
    5) promise: palabra f
    to keep one's word: cumplir uno su palabra
    6) words npl
    quarrel: palabra f, riña f
    to have words with: tener unas palabras con, reñir con
    7) words npl
    text: letra f (de una canción, etc.)
    v.
    • expresar v.
    • redactar v.
    n.
    • dicción s.f.
    • noticias s.f.pl.
    • orden s.m.
    • palabra s.f.
    • palabras mayores s.m.
    • verbo s.m.
    • vocablo s.m.
    • voz s.f.

    I wɜːrd, wɜːd
    1) c (term, expression) palabra f, vocablo m (frml), voz f (frml)

    `greenhouse' is written as one word — `greenhouse' se escribe todo junto

    it's a long o big word — es una palabra difícil

    bad o naughty o rude word — palabrota f, mala palabra f (esp AmL), garabato m (Chi)

    what's the German word for `dog'? — ¿cómo se dice `perro' en alemán?

    what's another word for `holiday'? — dame un sinónimo de `holiday'

    he was... what's the word?... excommunicated — lo... ¿cómo se dice?... lo excomulgaron

    he didn't say so in so many words, but that's what he meant — no lo dijo así or con esas palabras, pero eso es lo que quiso decir

    I have serious doubts about it - in other words you don't trust me — tengo mis serias dudas al respecto - lo que me estás diciendo es que no me tienes confianza

    to have a way with words — tener* mucha labia or facilidad de palabra

    to be lost for words — no encontrar* palabras, no saber* qué decir

    2) c ( thing said) palabra f

    famous last words! — (set phrase)

    nothing can possibly go wrong -famous last words! — nada puede salir mal -sí, créetelo! (iró)

    without a word of a lie — (BrE) palabra (de honor)!

    by word of mouth: the news spread by word of mouth la noticia se fue transmitiendo or propagando de boca en boca; people got to know about it by word of mouth la gente se enteró porque se corrió la voz; from the word go desde el primer momento or desde el principio, desde el vamos (CS); the last word: to have the last word tener* or decir* la última palabra; the last word in computers la última palabra en computadoras; to eat one's words: I was forced to eat my words me tuve que tragar lo que había dicho; to get a word in edgewise o (BrE) edgeways meter baza, meter la cuchara (fam); to hang on somebody's every word sorber las palabras de alguien; to have a word with somebody about something hablar con alguien de or sobre algo; to have a word in somebody's ear about something (BrE) hablar en privado con alguien de or sobre algo; to have words with somebody tener* unas palabras con alguien; to put in a (good) word for somebody recomendar* a alguien; ( for somebody in trouble) interceder por alguien; to put words into somebody's mouth atribuirle* a alguien algo que no dijo; to take the words out of somebody's mouth quitarle la(s) palabra(s) de la boca a alguien; to waste words gastar saliva; to weigh one's words medir* sus (or mis etc) palabras; there's many a true word spoken in jest! — lo dices en broma, pero...; mince I

    3) ( assurance) (no pl) palabra f

    to keep/give one's word — cumplir/dar* su (or mi etc) palabra

    to break one's word, to go back on one's word faltar a su (or mi etc) palabra; we only have his word for it no tenemos pruebas de ello, solo su palabra; you can take my word for it te lo aseguro; a man of his word un hombre de palabra; to be as good as one's word: he was there all right, as good as his word allí estaba, tal como lo había prometido; to take somebody at her/his word — tomarle la palabra a alguien

    4)
    a) u (news, message)

    she left word with her secretary that... — dejó recado con la secretaria de que..., le dejó dicho a la secretaria que... (CS)

    word has it that... — corre la noticia or el rumor or la voz de que..., dicen que..., se dice que...

    to put the word out o about that... — hacer* correr la voz de que...

    to give the word (to + inf) — dar* la orden (de + inf)

    5) words pl
    a) ( lyrics) letra f
    b) ( Theat)
    6) c ( Comput) palabra f
    7)
    a) ( Bib)
    b) ( Relig)

    the word — el evangelio, la palabra de Dios


    II
    transitive verb \<\<document/letter\>\> redactar; \<\<question\>\> formular
    [wɜːd]
    1. N
    1) (gen) palabra f; (=remark) palabra f; (Ling) voz f, vocablo m

    the words — (=lyrics) la letra

    • I won't hear a word against him — no permito que se le critique

    • a big word * — una palabra difícil

    • in word and deed — de palabra y hecho

    • words fail me — no me lo puedo creer

    • a man of few words — un hombre nada locuaz

    • I can't find (the) words to tell you... — no encuentro palabras para decirte...

    • fine words — palabras elocuentes (pero quizá poco sinceras)

    • word for word — palabra por palabra

    what's the word for "shop" in Spanish? — ¿cómo se dice "shop" en español?

    silly isn't the word for it — ¡llamarle estúpido es poco!

    • I can't get a word out of him — no logro sacarle una palabra

    • in a word — en pocas palabras, en una palabra

    in other words — en otros términos, es decir, esto es

    in the words of Calderón — con palabras de Calderón, como dice Calderón

    she didn't say so in so many words — no lo dijo exactamente así, no lo dijo así concretamente

    • to have the last word in an argument — decir la última palabra en una discusión

    • to measure one's words — medir las palabras

    • by word of mouth — verbalmente, de palabra

    • a word of advice — un consejo

    • I can't put my feelings into words — no tengo palabras para expresar lo que siento

    to put in a (good) word for sb — avalar a algn, interceder por algn

    • don't say a word about it — no digas nada de eso

    nobody had a good word to say about him — nadie quería defenderle, nadie habló en su favor

    I now call on Mr Allison to say a few words — ahora le cedo la palabra al Sr. Allison, ahora le invito al Sr. Allison a hacer uso de la palabra

    • to weigh one's words — medir las palabras

    • with these words, he sat down — y tras pronunciar estas palabras se sentó

    • without a word — sin decir palabra or ni pío

    - a word to the wise
    breathe 1., 2), eat 1., edgeways, mince
    2) (=talk)

    to have a word with sb — hablar (dos palabras) con algn, tener unas palabras con algn

    I'll have a word with him about it — lo hablaré con él, se lo mencionaré

    could I have a (short) word with you? — ¿puedo hablar un momento contigo?

    to have a word in sb's ear — (Brit) decir algo a algn en confianza

    3) (=angry words)

    • to have words with sb — reñir or (esp LAm) pelear(se) con algn

    • words passed between them — cambiaron algunas palabras injuriosas

    4) (no pl) (=message) recado m; (=news) noticia f, aviso m

    • to bring word of sth to sb — informar a algn de algo

    • word came that... — llegó noticia de que..., se supo que...

    • if word gets out that... — si sale a la luz que..., si llega a saberse que...

    • the word is going round that... — se dice que..., corre la voz de que...

    • word has it that..., the word is that... — se dice que...

    • to leave word (with/for sb) that... — dejar recado (con/para algn) de que..., dejar dicho (con/para algn) que...

    • there's still no word from John — todavía no sabemos nada de John

    • pass the word that it's time to go — diles que es hora de marcharnos

    • to send word — mandar recado

    • to spread the word — propagar la noticia

    5) (no pl) (=promise, assurance) palabra f (de honor)

    • it's his word against mine — es su palabra contra la mía

    • to take sb at his word — aceptar lo que algn dice

    • to break one's word — faltar a or no cumplir la palabra

    • to give sb one's word (that...) — dar la palabra a algn (de que...)

    • to go back on one's word — faltar a la palabra

    • you have my word — tienes mi palabra

    we only have or we've only got her word for it — todo lo que sabemos es lo que ella dice

    • to hold or keep sb to his word — hacer que algn cumpla su palabra

    • word of honour — palabra f, palabra f de honor

    • to keep one's word — cumplir (lo prometido)

    • (upon) my word! — ¡caramba!

    • he's a man of his word — es hombre de palabra

    • I take your word for it — te creo, ¡basta con que me lo digas! *

    - his word is
    - be as good as one's word
    6) (no pl) (=command) orden f

    word of command — voz f de mando

    7) (Rel) verbo m, palabra f
    2.
    VT [+ letter etc] redactar

    how shall we word it? — ¿cómo lo expresamos?

    3.
    CPD

    word association N — (Psych) asociación f de palabras

    word class N — categoría f gramatical (de las palabras)

    word count N — recuento m de vocabulario

    word formation N — formación f de palabras

    word game N — juego m de formación de palabras

    word list N — lista f de palabras, vocabulario m

    word order N — orden m de palabras

    word processing N — procesamiento m de textos

    word processor N — procesador m de textos

    * * *

    I [wɜːrd, wɜːd]
    1) c (term, expression) palabra f, vocablo m (frml), voz f (frml)

    `greenhouse' is written as one word — `greenhouse' se escribe todo junto

    it's a long o big word — es una palabra difícil

    bad o naughty o rude word — palabrota f, mala palabra f (esp AmL), garabato m (Chi)

    what's the German word for `dog'? — ¿cómo se dice `perro' en alemán?

    what's another word for `holiday'? — dame un sinónimo de `holiday'

    he was... what's the word?... excommunicated — lo... ¿cómo se dice?... lo excomulgaron

    he didn't say so in so many words, but that's what he meant — no lo dijo así or con esas palabras, pero eso es lo que quiso decir

    I have serious doubts about it - in other words you don't trust me — tengo mis serias dudas al respecto - lo que me estás diciendo es que no me tienes confianza

    to have a way with words — tener* mucha labia or facilidad de palabra

    to be lost for words — no encontrar* palabras, no saber* qué decir

    2) c ( thing said) palabra f

    famous last words! — (set phrase)

    nothing can possibly go wrong -famous last words! — nada puede salir mal -sí, créetelo! (iró)

    without a word of a lie — (BrE) palabra (de honor)!

    by word of mouth: the news spread by word of mouth la noticia se fue transmitiendo or propagando de boca en boca; people got to know about it by word of mouth la gente se enteró porque se corrió la voz; from the word go desde el primer momento or desde el principio, desde el vamos (CS); the last word: to have the last word tener* or decir* la última palabra; the last word in computers la última palabra en computadoras; to eat one's words: I was forced to eat my words me tuve que tragar lo que había dicho; to get a word in edgewise o (BrE) edgeways meter baza, meter la cuchara (fam); to hang on somebody's every word sorber las palabras de alguien; to have a word with somebody about something hablar con alguien de or sobre algo; to have a word in somebody's ear about something (BrE) hablar en privado con alguien de or sobre algo; to have words with somebody tener* unas palabras con alguien; to put in a (good) word for somebody recomendar* a alguien; ( for somebody in trouble) interceder por alguien; to put words into somebody's mouth atribuirle* a alguien algo que no dijo; to take the words out of somebody's mouth quitarle la(s) palabra(s) de la boca a alguien; to waste words gastar saliva; to weigh one's words medir* sus (or mis etc) palabras; there's many a true word spoken in jest! — lo dices en broma, pero...; mince I

    3) ( assurance) (no pl) palabra f

    to keep/give one's word — cumplir/dar* su (or mi etc) palabra

    to break one's word, to go back on one's word faltar a su (or mi etc) palabra; we only have his word for it no tenemos pruebas de ello, solo su palabra; you can take my word for it te lo aseguro; a man of his word un hombre de palabra; to be as good as one's word: he was there all right, as good as his word allí estaba, tal como lo había prometido; to take somebody at her/his word — tomarle la palabra a alguien

    4)
    a) u (news, message)

    she left word with her secretary that... — dejó recado con la secretaria de que..., le dejó dicho a la secretaria que... (CS)

    word has it that... — corre la noticia or el rumor or la voz de que..., dicen que..., se dice que...

    to put the word out o about that... — hacer* correr la voz de que...

    to give the word (to + inf) — dar* la orden (de + inf)

    5) words pl
    a) ( lyrics) letra f
    b) ( Theat)
    6) c ( Comput) palabra f
    7)
    a) ( Bib)
    b) ( Relig)

    the word — el evangelio, la palabra de Dios


    II
    transitive verb \<\<document/letter\>\> redactar; \<\<question\>\> formular

    English-spanish dictionary > word

  • 24 мога

    1. (в състояние съм) can, be able (to), be in a position (to)
    не мога да го понасям I can't stand him
    ще направя каквото мога I'll do what I can, I'll do my best
    правя каквото мога (при дадени лоши условия) make the best of it, make the best of a bad bargain/job
    както мога as best I can
    доколкото мога as far as I am able, to the utmost of my capacity, as best I can
    не мога да не I cannot but, I can't help (c ger.)
    не мога да не му вярвам I cannot but believe him, I can't help believing him
    не мога да не се смея I can't help laughing, I can't keep from laughing
    не може да не се признае there is no denying it, there is no getting round that
    не можеш да го спреш there's no stopping him
    не мога вече да раждам be past child bearing
    мога ли да вляза? can/may I come in?
    така не може that won't do, that will never do; that won't pass
    отриц, need not, needn't
    може и да е така that may (well) be the case
    може и да е вярно it may well be true
    не може да бъде that's impossible, not really
    that beats the Dutch! well, I'm a Dutchman! може и да не дойде may be/perhaps he won't come
    4. (съмнение) can, may
    5. (съгласие) I don't mind
    искате ли още една чаша?-може will you have another glass? I don't mind if I do
    мога би perhaps, probably, possibly, ам. maybe
    * * *
    мо̀га,
    гл., мин. св. деят. прич. можа̀л и могъ̀л 1. (в състояние съм) can, be able (to), be in a position (to); доколкото \мога as far as I am able, to the utmost of my capacity, as best I can; не \мога вече да раждам be past child bearing; не \мога да го понасям/гледам I hate the very sight of him; не \мога да не I cannot but, I can’t help (c ger.); не \мога да не го спомена I cannot for(e)go mentioning it; не \мога да не му вярвам I cannot but believe him, I can’t help believing him; не може да не се признае there is no denying it, there is no getting round that; не можеше да се каже какво ще се случи there was no saying what might happen; правя каквото \мога ( при дадени лоши условия) make the best of it, make the best of a bad bargain/job;
    2. ( позволение) can, may; можете да вземете която книга искате от моите you are welcome to any of my books; отриц. need not, needn’t; не може ( забрана) must not; така не може that won’t do, that will never do; that won’t pass;
    3. ( вероятност) may; може и да е така that may (well) be the case; не може да бъде that’s impossible, not really; that beats the Dutch! well, I’m a Dutchman! не може да не be bound to; той не може да не дойде he’s bound to come;
    4. ( съмнение) can, may; кой може да бъде? who can it be?;
    5. ( съгласие) I don’t mind; искате ли още една чаша? ­ може will you have another glass? I don’t mind if I do.
    * * *
    can: I can't stand him. - Не мога да го понасям.; may; be able: I'm able to do that. - Мога да го направя.
    * * *
    1. (в състояние съм) can, be able (to), be in a position (to) 2. (вероятност) may 3. (позволение) can, may 4. (съгласие) I don't mind 5. (съмнение) can, may 6. that beats the Dutch! well, I'm a Dutchman! може и да не дойде may be/perhaps he won't come 7. МОГА би perhaps, probably, possibly, ам. maybe 8. МОГА ли да вляза? can/may I come in? 9. доколкото МОГА as far as I am able, to the utmost of my capacity, as best I can 10. искате ли още една чаша? - може will you have another glass?I don't mind if I do 11. както МОГА as best I can 12. както може би знаете as you may know 13. кой може да бъде? who can it be? 14. може и да е вярно it may well be true 15. може и да е така that may (well) be the case 16. можете да вземете която книга искате от моите you are welcome to any of my books 17. можеш да не отиваш you needn't go 18. можеш ли да караш кола? can/do you drive? 19. не МОГА вече да раждам be past child bearing 20. не МОГА да го понасям I can't stand him 21. не МОГА да не I cannot but, I can't help (c ger.) 22. не МОГА да не му вярвам I cannot but believe him, I can't help believing him 23. не МОГА да не се смея I can't help laughing, I can't keep from laughing 24. не може (забрана) must not 25. не може да бъде that's impossible, not really 26. не може да му се угоди there's no pleasing him 27. не може да не be bound to 28. не може да не се признае there is no denying it, there is no getting round that 29. не можеш да го спреш there's no stopping him 30. не можеше да се каже какво ще се случи there was no saying what might happen 31. отриц, need not, needn't 32. правя каквото МОГА (при дадени лоши условия) make the best of it, make the best of a bad bargain/ job 33. само умен човек може да направи това it takes a clever man to do that 34. така не може that won't do, that will never do;that won't pass 35. той може да се върне всеки момент he may come/be back any moment 36. той не може да не дойде he's bound to come 37. тук не можете да пушите you must not smoke here 38. ще направя каквото МОГА I'll do what I can, I'll do my best

    Български-английски речник > мога

  • 25 just

    I [dʒʌst]
    1) (fair) [criticism, action, decision] giusto; [anger, complaint, demand] giustificato; [ person] giusto, equo, imparziale, onesto; [ comment] giusto, imparziale; [suspicion, claim] fondato; [ reward] giusto, meritato, adeguato
    2) (exact) [account, calculation] giusto, esatto, corretto
    3) dir. [ claim] fondato; [ title] valido; [ request] legittimo
    II [dʒʌst]
    2) (immediately) subito, appena

    just over, under 20 kg — un po' più, meno di 20 kg

    4) (only, merely) solo
    5) (purposely) proprio, per l'appunto, giusto
    7) (simply) solo, soltanto, semplicemente, solamente

    just a moment — (please wait) solo un attimo o momento; (when interrupting, disagreeing) un momento

    8) (exactly, precisely) esattamente, proprio, precisamente
    9) (possibly, conceivably)
    11) (positively, totally)

    just think, you could have been hurt! — pensa, ti saresti potuto fare male!

    "that film was dreadful" - "wasn't it just!" — "il film era terribile!" - "davvero!"

    just as big, well as... — grande, bene esattamente come

    17) just about appena appena, quasi

    just about cooked, finished — quasi cotto, finito

    18) just now (a short time ago) appena; (at the moment) proprio adesso, in questo momento
    19) just as proprio quando, nel momento in cui, mentre
    ••

    take your raincoat just in case it rains — prendi il tuo impermeabile, in caso piova o caso mai piovesse

    * * *
    I adjective
    1) (right and fair: not favouring one more than another: a fair and just decision.)
    2) (reasonable; based on one's rights: He certainly has a just claim to the money.)
    3) (deserved: He got his just reward when he crashed the stolen car and broke his leg.)
    •
    - justness II adverb
    1) ((often with as) exactly or precisely: This penknife is just what I needed; He was behaving just as if nothing had happened; The house was just as I'd remembered it.)
    2) ((with as) quite: This dress is just as nice as that one.)
    3) (very lately or recently: He has just gone out of the house.)
    4) (on the point of; in the process of: She is just coming through the door.)
    5) (at the particular moment: The telephone rang just as I was leaving.)
    6) ((often with only) barely: We have only just enough milk to last till Friday; I just managed to escape; You came just in time.)
    7) (only; merely: They waited for six hours just to get a glimpse of the Queen; `Where are you going?' `Just to the post office'; Could you wait just a minute?)
    8) (used for emphasis, eg with commands: Just look at that mess!; That just isn't true!; I just don't know what to do.)
    9) (absolutely: The weather is just marvellous.)
    •
    - just now
    - just then
    * * *
    I [dʒʌst] adj
    (fair) giusto (-a)
    II [dʒʌst] adv
    1) (exactly) proprio, esattamente

    just here/there — proprio qui/là

    just behind/in front of/near — proprio dietro a/davanti a/vicino a

    just when it was going well... — proprio quando tutto andava a gonfie vele...

    just then or just at that moment — proprio in quel momento

    it costs just (on) £20 — costa 20 sterline tonde tonde

    that's just it!; that's just the point! — precisamente!, proprio così!, per l'appunto!

    that's just (like) him, always late — è proprio da lui arrivare sempre in ritardo

    just as I thought/expected — proprio come pensavo/mi aspettavo

    2) (recently, soon) appena, or ora

    he's just done it/left — lo ha appena fatto/è appena partito

    3) (only) soltanto, solo

    just yesterday/this morning — soltanto ieri/stamattina

    just a minute!; just one moment! — un attimo!

    4) (simply) semplicemente, soltanto

    I just thought that... — pensavo solo che...

    I just wanted to say that... — volevo solo dire che...

    5) (slightly) poco

    just over/under 2 kilos — un po' più/meno di 2 chili

    it's just to the left/right — è subito a sinistra/destra

    6) (barely) appena, (almost not) per un pelo

    just in time — giusto or appena in tempo

    just enough money for sth/to do sth — soldi appena sufficienti per qc/per fare qc

    he (only) just caught/missed it; he caught/missed it, but only just — l'ha preso/perso proprio per un pelo

    7)

    (in comparison) it's just as good — è altrettanto buono

    it's just as good as... — è buono quanto...

    9) (emphatic) veramente, proprio

    so you regret buying it? — don't I just! — ti sei pentito di averlo comprato? — eccome!

    10)

    (phrases) I've had just about enough of this noise! fam — ne ho proprio avuto abbastanza di questo rumore!

    take an umbrella just in case — prendi un'ombrello, che non si sa mai

    just the same, I'd rather... — ciononostante, preferirei...

    * * *
    I [dʒʌst]
    1) (fair) [criticism, action, decision] giusto; [anger, complaint, demand] giustificato; [ person] giusto, equo, imparziale, onesto; [ comment] giusto, imparziale; [suspicion, claim] fondato; [ reward] giusto, meritato, adeguato
    2) (exact) [account, calculation] giusto, esatto, corretto
    3) dir. [ claim] fondato; [ title] valido; [ request] legittimo
    II [dʒʌst]
    2) (immediately) subito, appena

    just over, under 20 kg — un po' più, meno di 20 kg

    4) (only, merely) solo
    5) (purposely) proprio, per l'appunto, giusto
    7) (simply) solo, soltanto, semplicemente, solamente

    just a moment — (please wait) solo un attimo o momento; (when interrupting, disagreeing) un momento

    8) (exactly, precisely) esattamente, proprio, precisamente
    9) (possibly, conceivably)
    11) (positively, totally)

    just think, you could have been hurt! — pensa, ti saresti potuto fare male!

    "that film was dreadful" - "wasn't it just!" — "il film era terribile!" - "davvero!"

    just as big, well as... — grande, bene esattamente come

    17) just about appena appena, quasi

    just about cooked, finished — quasi cotto, finito

    18) just now (a short time ago) appena; (at the moment) proprio adesso, in questo momento
    19) just as proprio quando, nel momento in cui, mentre
    ••

    take your raincoat just in case it rains — prendi il tuo impermeabile, in caso piova o caso mai piovesse

    English-Italian dictionary > just

  • 26 Herz

    n; -ens, -en
    1. ANAT., als Organ: heart; künstliches Herz artificial heart; Operation am offenen Herzen open-heart surgery; er hat’s am Herzen umg. he has heart trouble ( oder a heart condition)
    2. poet. (Brust) breast; jemanden ans Herz drücken clasp s.o. to one’s breast; komm an mein Herz come to my arms
    3. bes. geh. (Gemüt) heart; (Seele) auch soul; (Mut) auch courage; ein gutes / hartes / weiches Herz haben be good- / hard- / soft-hearted; kein Herz haben be heartless; ein Herz aus Stein a heart of stone; das Herz eines Hasen / Löwen haben be as timid as a mouse / have the heart of a lion; es tut dem Herzen wohl it does you good; etw. fürs Herz s.th. to warm the heart; jemandem das Herz schwer machen sadden s.o.’s heart
    4. Person: soul; Kosewort: mein Herz my love, my dear; einsame Herzen lonely hearts; Herzchen
    5. fig. von Salat, Stadt etc.: heart, core, cent|re (Am. -er)
    6. KATH.: Herz Jesu Sacred Heart
    7. BOT.: Tränendes Herz bleeding heart, dicentra
    8. Redewendungen: ein Kind unter dem Herzen tragen poet. be with child; jemandem stockt das Herz vor Schreck geh. s.o.’s heart skips a beat (in fright); mir schlug das Herz bis zum Hals my heart was in my mouth; sein Herz schlug höher his heart leapt; er / es lässt die Herzen höher schlagen he makes the ladies swoon ( oder go weak in the knees) / it makes your heart swell; mir blutet das Herz oder dreht sich das Herz im Leibe herum my heart bleeds ( für ihn for him; bei dem Anblick at the sight); es bricht oder zerreißt mir das Herz geh. it breaks my heart; mir rutschte oder fiel das Herz in die Hose umg. my heart sank; jemandem sein Herz ausschütten pour one’s heart out to s.o.; alles, was das Herz begehrt everything your heart desires, everything you could possibly wish for; sagen, was sein Herz bewegt unburden one’s heart; jemandes Herz brechen / gewinnen / stehlen break / win / steal s.o.’s heart; sich (Dat) ein Herz fassen pluck (umg. screw) up some courage; mein Herz gehört ihr / der Malerei geh. my heart belongs to her / painting is my true love; seinem Herzen einen Stoß geben go for it; ein Herz und eine Seele sein be inseparable; sein Herz an etw. (Akk) hängen set one’s heart on s.th.; sein ganzes Herz hängt daran it means the world to him; es liegt mir am Herzen it means a lot to me (zu + Inf. to be able to + Inf.); es liegt mir am Herzen zu (+ Inf.) auch I’m (very) anxious to (+ Inf.) jemandem etw. ( besonders) ans Herz legen (nahe legen) urge s.o. to do s.th.; (anvertrauen) entrust s.o. with the task of doing s.th.; sein Herz ( an jemanden) verlieren lose one’s heart (to s.o.); er / es ist mir ans Herz gewachsen I have grown fond of him / it; auf Herz und Nieren prüfen umg. (Person) grill s.o.; (Sache) put s.th. through its paces; etw. auf dem Herzen haben have s.th. on one’s mind; sein Herz auf der Zunge tragen geh. wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve; aus tiefstem Herzen geh. from the bottom of one’s heart; ein Herz für Kinder / Tiere etc. a place in one’s heart for children / animals etc.; sein Herz für... entdecken discover a fondness ( oder liking) for...; jemanden in sein oder ins Herz schließen grow very fond of s.o., become very attached to s.o.; jemandem nicht ins Herz sehen können not be able to look into s.o.’s heart; da lacht mir das Herz im Leibe! it makes my heart leap for joy!; mit ganzem / halben Herzen dabei sein etc.: heart and soul, wholeheartedly / halfheartedly; er ist mit ganzem Herzen bei der Arbeit his heart’s in his work; ein Mann etc. nach meinem Herzen after my own heart; ich kann es nicht übers Herz bringen I can’t bring myself to do it, I haven’t got the heart (to do it); mir wurde warm ums Herz I felt all warm inside; es war ihr leicht / schwer ums Herz she felt relieved / heavy-hearted; er weiß, wie mir ums Herz ist he knows how I feel; von Herzen sincerely; von Herzen froh heartily pleased; von Herzen gern gladly, with great pleasure; es kommt von Herzen it comes from the heart; von Herzen kommend sincere, heartfelt; von ganzem Herzen with all one’s heart; ich bedanke mich von ganzem Herzen I’m deeply grateful (to you); jemandem zu Herzen gehen move s.o.; sich (Dat) etw. zu Herzen nehmen take s.th. to heart; wes das Herz voll ist, dem gehet der Mund über Sprichw. when you’re excited about something, you simply can’t help talking about it; Fleck 3, gebrochen II, Hand1 3, leicht I 3, Mördergrube, schwer I 2, Stein 1
    —
    n; -, -
    1. nur Sg.; Kartenfarbe: hearts Pl.
    2. Einzelkarte: heart
    * * *
    das Herz
    heart
    * * *
    Hẹrz
    * * *
    das
    1) (the innermost part: in the bosom of his family.) bosom
    2) ((sometimes treated as noun singular) one of the four card suits: the two of hearts.) hearts
    3) (the organ which pumps blood through the body: How fast does a person's heart beat?; ( also adjective) heart disease; a heart specialist.) heart
    4) (the part of the body where one's feelings, especially of love, conscience etc are imagined to arise: She has a kind heart; You know in your heart that you ought to go; She has no heart (= She is not kind).) heart
    5) (a symbol supposed to represent the shape of the heart; a white dress with little pink hearts on it; heart-shaped.) heart
    6) (one of the playing-cards of the suit hearts, which have red symbols of this shape on them.) heart
    * * *
    <-ens, -en>
    [hɛrts]
    nt
    1. ANAT heart
    ihr \Herz hämmerte [o pochte] her heart was pounding
    sein \Herz versagte his heart failed
    gesundes/schwaches \Herz healthy/weak heart
    es am [o mit dem] \Herz[en] haben (fam) to have heart problems
    künstliches \Herz MED artificial heart
    eine Operation [o Chirurgie] am offenen \Herz[en] open-heart surgery
    am offenen \Herzen operiert werden to undergo open-heart surgery
    ein \Herz verpflanzen to transplant a heart
    2. (Gemüt, Gefühl) heart
    du regelst immer alles nur mit dem Verstand, wo bleibt das [o dein] \Herz? you always listen to the voice of reason, can't you ever let your heart rule [or can't you follow your heart]?
    zeig' mehr Verständnis, mehr \Herz! show more understanding, more sensitivity!
    mit ganzem \Herzen wholeheartedly
    sie ist immer mit ganzem \Herzen bei ihren Projekten she always puts her heart and soul into her projects
    etw mit ganzem \Herzen bejahen/unterstützen to approve of/support sth wholeheartedly
    von ganzem \Herzen sincerely
    von \Herzen gern with pleasure
    ja, von \Herzen gern! yes, I'd love to!
    jdn von \Herzen gernhaben to love sb dearly
    etw von \Herzen gern tun to love doing sth
    ein gutes \Herz haben to have a good heart, to be good-hearted
    ein \Herz für jdn/Tiere haben to have a love of sb/animals
    er hat ein \Herz für Kinder he loves children
    kein \Herz haben to have no heart
    hast du denn kein \Herz? haven't you got [or don't you have] a heart?
    auf sein \Herz hören to listen to [the voice of] one's heart
    ohne \Herz without feeling
    3. (fig: innerer Teil) heart
    das \Herz einer Artischocke/eines Salats the heart [or core] of an artichoke/a lettuce
    im \Herzen Europas in the heart of Europe
    4. (Schatz)
    mein \Herz my dear [or love
    5. (Herzform) heart
    ein \Herz aus Gold a heart of gold
    ein \Herz aus Schokolade a chocolate heart
    6. kein pl (Speise) heart no pl
    zwei Kilo \Herz [vom Ochsen] bitte! two kilos of [ox] heart, please!
    7. kein pl KARTEN (Farbe) hearts pl
    ich habe \Herz ausgespielt, du musst auch \Herz bedienen! I led with hearts, [so] you have to follow suit [with hearts]!
    8. inv (Spielkarte) heart
    ich habe drei \Herz I have three hearts
    9. BOT
    Tränendes \Herz bleeding heart
    10. REL heart
    das Herz Jesu the Sacred Heart
    11.
    ▶ jdm sein \Herz ausschütten to pour out one's heart to sb
    ▶ jdm wird bang ums \Herz sb's heart sinks
    ▶ alles, was das \Herz begehrt everything the heart desires [or could wish for]
    ▶ die \Herzen bewegen to move the hearts
    was bewegt dein Herz? what's on your mind?
    ▶ jdm blutet das \Herz, jds \Herz blutet sb's heart bleeds
    ▶ blutenden \Herzens with a heavy heart
    ▶ jdm das \Herz brechen (geh) to break sb's heart
    ▶ es nicht übers \Herz bringen [o nicht das \Herz haben], etw zu tun to not have the heart to do sth
    ich bring es nicht übers \Herz, ihr die Wahrheit zu sagen I don't have the heart [or I cannot bring myself] to tell her the truth
    ▶ jdm dreht sich das \Herz im Leib um [o jdm tut das \Herz im Leibe weh] (geh) sb's heart turns over
    ▶ jdn an sein \Herz drücken to clasp sb to one's breast
    ▶ sein \Herz für etw/jdn entdecken (geh) to start liking sth/sb
    ▶ jdm/sich sein \Herz erleichtern to get something off sb's/one's chest fam
    ▶ jds \Herz erobern/gewinnen (geh) to conquer/win sb's heart
    ▶ jds \Herz erweichen to soften up sb sep
    ▶ jdm fällt ein Stein vom \Herz to be extremely relieved, to be a weight off sb's mind
    ▶ sich dat ein \Herz fassen [o nehmen] to pluck up courage [or take one's courage in both hands]
    ▶ jdm fliegen die \Herzen [nur so] zu (fam) sb is popular wherever he/she goes
    ▶ seinem \Herzen folgen to follow one's heart
    ▶ an/mit gebrochenem \Herzen of/with a broken heart
    ▶ jdm bis ins \Herz [o jdm zu \Herzen] gehen to make sb's heart bleed
    ▶ jds \Herz gehört jdm (geh) sb's heart belongs to sb
    ▶ jds \Herz gehört etw dat (geh) sth loves sth
    ▶ ein \Herz aus Gold haben to have a heart of gold
    ▶ im Grunde seines \Herzens in his heart of hearts
    ▶ etw auf dem \Herzen haben to have sth on one's mind
    ▶ Hand aufs \Herz honestly, with all one's heart
    ▶ sein \Herz an jdn/etw hängen (geh) to devote oneself to sb/sth
    häng dein \Herz nicht an ihn, er spielt doch nur mit den Gefühlen der Frauen! don't give your heart to him, he only plays with women's feelings!
    ▶ jds \Herz hängt an etw dat sb is attached to sth
    jds \Herz hängt an Geld sb is preoccupied with money
    ▶ ein hartes \Herz haben to have a hard heart, to be hard-hearted
    ▶ jds \Herz höherschlagen lassen to make sb's heart beat faster
    ▶ von \Herzen kommen to come from the heart
    ▶ jdm lacht das \Herz im Leibe (geh) sb's heart jumps for joy
    ▶ jdm etw ans \Herz legen to entrust sb with sth
    ▶ jdm ans \Herz legen, etw zu tun to strongly recommend sb to do sth
    ▶ leichten \Herzens with a light heart, light-heartedly
    ▶ jdm ist [ganz] leicht ums \Herz sb feels [all] light-hearted
    ▶ jdm wird leicht ums \Herz sb has a load lifted from their mind
    ▶ jdm liegt etw am \Herzen sth concerns [or troubles] sb
    ▶ seinem \Herzen Luft machen (fam) to give vent to one's feelings
    ▶ aus seinem \Herzen keine Mördergrube machen to speak frankly
    ▶ sich dat etw zu \Herzen nehmen to take sth to heart
    ▶ jdn/etw auf \Herz und Nieren prüfen (fam) to examine sb/sth thoroughly
    ▶ jdm sein \Herz öffnen (geh) to open one's heart to sb
    ▶ das \Herz auf dem [o am] rechten Fleck haben to have one's heart in the right place fig
    ▶ sich dat etw vom \Herzen reden (geh) to get sth off one's chest fam
    ▶ jdm rutscht [o fällt] das \Herz in die Hose (fam) sb's heart sinks into their boots BRIT fam
    ▶ jdm sein \Herz schenken (liter) to give sb one's heart
    ▶ jdm schlägt das \Herz bis zum Hals sb's heart is in their mouth
    ▶ jdn in sein \Herz schließen to take sb to one's heart
    ▶ schweren \Herzens with a heavy heart
    ▶ jdm ist das \Herz schwer [o ist [es] schwer ums \Herz] sb has a heavy heart [or is heavy-hearted]
    ▶ jdm wird das \Herz schwer [o wird [es] schwer ums \Herz] sb's heart grows heavy
    ▶ jdm das \Herz schwer machen to sadden sb's heart
    ▶ ein \Herz und eine Seele sein to be the best of friends
    ▶ jdm aus dem \Herzen sprechen to say just what sb was thinking
    ▶ sein \Herz sprechen lassen to listen to one's heart
    ▶ ein \Herz aus Stein haben to have a heart of stone
    ▶ etw gibt jdm einen Stich ins \Herz sth cuts sb to the quick
    ▶ jdm stockt das \Herz sb's heart stands still [or misses a beat]
    ▶ seinem \Herzen einen Stoß geben to [suddenly] pluck up courage
    ▶ alle \Herzen [o die \Herzen aller] im Sturm erobern to capture everybody's heart
    ▶ aus tiefstem/vollem \Herzen (geh) with all one's heart
    ▶ traurigen \Herzens with a heavy heart
    ▶ jdn ins \Herz treffen to hurt sb deeply
    ▶ sein \Herz an jdn verlieren to fall in love with sb
    ▶ jd wächst jdm ans \Herz sb grows fond of [or becomes attached to] sb
    ▶ ein warmes \Herz haben to be kind-hearted [or warm-hearted]
    ▶ ein weiches \Herz haben to have a soft heart
    ▶ jdm das \Herz zerreißen (geh) to break sb's heart
    ▶ jds \Herz will vor Freude zerspringen sb's heart nearly bursts with joy
    ▶ das \Herz auf der Zunge tragen (geh) to speak one's mind
    * * *
    das; Herzens, Herzen
    1) (auch): (herzförmiger Gegenstand, zentraler Teil) heart

    sie hat es am Herzen — (ugs.) she has a bad heart; (fig.)

    komm an mein Herz, Geliebter — come into my arms, my darling

    mir blutet das Herz — (auch iron.) my heart bleeds

    ihm rutschte od. fiel das Herz in die Hose[n] — (ugs., oft scherzh.) his heart sank into his boots

    jemandem das Herz brechen — (geh.) break somebody's heart

    jemanden/etwas auf Herz und Nieren prüfen — (ugs.) grill somebody/go over something with a fine tooth-comb

    2) (meist geh.): (Gemüt) heart

    die Herzen bewegen/rühren — touch people's hearts

    jemandes Herz hängt an etwas — (Dat.) (jemand möchte etwas sehr gern[e] behalten) somebody is attached to something; (jemand möchte etwas sehr gerne haben) somebody's heart is set on something

    ihm war/wurde das Herz schwer — his heart was/grew heavy

    alles, was das Herz begehrt — everything one's heart desires

    sich (Dat.) ein Herz fassen — pluck up one's courage; take one's courage in both hands

    sein Herz für etwas entdecken — (geh.) discover a passion for something

    ein Herz für Kinder/die Kunst haben — have a love of children/art

    jemandem sein Herz ausschütten — pour out one's heart to somebody

    seinem Herzen einen Stoß geben — [suddenly] pluck up courage

    seinem Herzen Luft machen — (ugs.) give vent to one's feelings

    leichten Herzens — easily; happily

    jemand/etwas liegt jemandem am Herzen — somebody has the interests of somebody/something at heart

    jemand/etwas ist jemandem ans Herz gewachsen — somebody has grown very fond of somebody/something

    jemanden ins od. in sein Herz schließen — take to somebody

    mit halbem Herzen — (geh.) half-heartedly

    es nicht übers Herz bringen, etwas zu tun — not have the heart to do something

    von Herzen gern — [most] gladly

    von ganzem Herzen — (aufrichtig) with all one's heart; (aus voller Überzeugung) whole-heartedly

    sich (Dat.) etwas zu Herzen nehmen — take something to heart

    mit ganzem Herzen — (geh.) whole-heartedly

    jemandem aus dem Herzen sprechen — express just what somebody is/was thinking; s. auch Luft 3); Stein 2); Stich 5)

    3) (Kartenspiel) hearts pl.; (Karte) heart; s. auch Pik II
    4) (Kosewort)
    * * *
    Herz1 n; -ens, -en
    1. ANAT, als Organ: heart;
    künstliches Herz artificial heart;
    Operation am offenen Herzen open-heart surgery;
    er hat’s am Herzen umg he has heart trouble ( oder a heart condition)
    2. poet (Brust) breast;
    jemanden ans Herz drücken clasp sb to one’s breast;
    komm an mein Herz come to my arms
    3. besonders geh (Gemüt) heart; (Seele) auch soul; (Mut) auch courage;
    ein gutes/hartes/weiches Herz haben be good-/hard-/soft-hearted;
    kein Herz haben be heartless;
    ein Herz aus Stein a heart of stone;
    das Herz eines Hasen/Löwen haben be as timid as a mouse/have the heart of a lion;
    es tut dem Herzen wohl it does you good;
    etwas fürs Herz sth to warm the heart;
    jemandem das Herz schwer machen sadden sb’s heart
    4. Person: soul; Kosewort:
    mein Herz my love, my dear;
    einsame Herzen lonely hearts; → Herzchen
    5. fig von Salat, Stadt etc: heart, core, centre (US -er)
    6. KATH:
    Herz Jesu Sacred Heart
    7. BOT:
    Tränendes Herz bleeding heart, dicentra
    jemandem stockt das Herz vor Schreck geh sb’s heart skips a beat (in fright);
    mir schlug das Herz bis zum Hals my heart was in my mouth;
    sein Herz schlug höher his heart leapt;
    er/es lässt die Herzen höher schlagen he makes the ladies swoon ( oder go weak in the knees)/it makes your heart swell;
    für ihn for him;
    bei dem Anblick at the sight);
    zerreißt mir das Herz geh it breaks my heart;
    fiel das Herz in die Hose umg my heart sank;
    jemandem sein Herz ausschütten pour one’s heart out to sb;
    alles, was das Herz begehrt everything your heart desires, everything you could possibly wish for;
    sagen, was sein Herz bewegt unburden one’s heart;
    jemandes Herz brechen/gewinnen/stehlen break/win/steal sb’s heart;
    sich (dat)
    ein Herz fassen pluck (umg screw) up some courage;
    mein Herz gehört ihr/der Malerei geh my heart belongs to her/painting is my true love;
    hängen set one’s heart on sth;
    sein ganzes Herz hängt daran it means the world to him;
    es liegt mir am Herzen it means a lot to me (
    zu +inf to be able to +inf);
    es liegt mir am Herzen zu (+inf) auch I’m (very) anxious to (+inf)
    jemandem etwas (besonders) ans Herz legen (nahe legen) urge sb to do sth; (anvertrauen) entrust sb with the task of doing sth;
    sein Herz (an jemanden) verlieren lose one’s heart (to sb);
    er/es ist mir ans Herz gewachsen I have grown fond of him/it;
    auf Herz und Nieren prüfen umg (Person) grill sb; (Sache) put sth through its paces;
    etwas auf dem Herzen haben have sth on one’s mind;
    sein Herz auf der Zunge tragen geh wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve;
    aus tiefstem Herzen geh from the bottom of one’s heart;
    ein Herz für Kinder/Tiere etc a place in one’s heart for children/animals etc;
    sein Herz für … entdecken discover a fondness ( oder liking) for …;
    ins Herz schließen grow very fond of sb, become very attached to sb;
    jemandem nicht ins Herz sehen können not be able to look into sb’s heart;
    da lacht mir das Herz im Leibe! it makes my heart leap for joy!;
    mit ganzem/halben Herzen dabei sein etc: heart and soul, wholeheartedly/halfheartedly;
    er ist mit ganzem Herzen bei der Arbeit his heart’s in his work;
    ein Mann etc
    nach meinem Herzen after my own heart;
    ich kann es nicht übers Herz bringen I can’t bring myself to do it, I haven’t got the heart (to do it);
    mir wurde warm ums Herz I felt all warm inside;
    es war ihr leicht/schwer ums Herz she felt relieved/heavy-hearted;
    er weiß, wie mir ums Herz ist he knows how I feel;
    von Herzen sincerely;
    von Herzen froh heartily pleased;
    von Herzen gern gladly, with great pleasure;
    es kommt von Herzen it comes from the heart;
    von Herzen kommend sincere, heartfelt;
    von ganzem Herzen with all one’s heart;
    ich bedanke mich von ganzem Herzen I’m deeply grateful (to you);
    sich (dat)
    etwas zu Herzen nehmen take sth to heart;
    wes das Herz voll ist, dem gehet der Mund über sprichw when you’re excited about something, you simply can’t help talking about it; → Fleck 3, gebrochen B, Hand1 3, leicht A 3, Mördergrube, schwer A 2, Stein 1
    Herz2 n; -, -
    1. nur sg; Kartenfarbe: hearts pl
    2. Einzelkarte: heart
    Herz… im subst … of hearts;
    Herzzwei two of hearts;
    Herzdrei three of hearts
    * * *
    das; Herzens, Herzen
    1) (auch): (herzförmiger Gegenstand, zentraler Teil) heart

    sie hat es am Herzen — (ugs.) she has a bad heart; (fig.)

    komm an mein Herz, Geliebter — come into my arms, my darling

    mir blutet das Herz — (auch iron.) my heart bleeds

    ihm rutschte od. fiel das Herz in die Hose[n] — (ugs., oft scherzh.) his heart sank into his boots

    jemandem das Herz brechen — (geh.) break somebody's heart

    jemanden/etwas auf Herz und Nieren prüfen — (ugs.) grill somebody/go over something with a fine tooth-comb

    2) (meist geh.): (Gemüt) heart

    die Herzen bewegen/rühren — touch people's hearts

    jemandes Herz hängt an etwas — (Dat.) (jemand möchte etwas sehr gerne behalten) somebody is attached to something; (jemand möchte etwas sehr gerne haben) somebody's heart is set on something

    ihm war/wurde das Herz schwer — his heart was/grew heavy

    alles, was das Herz begehrt — everything one's heart desires

    sich (Dat.) ein Herz fassen — pluck up one's courage; take one's courage in both hands

    sein Herz für etwas entdecken — (geh.) discover a passion for something

    ein Herz für Kinder/die Kunst haben — have a love of children/art

    seinem Herzen einen Stoß geben — [suddenly] pluck up courage

    seinem Herzen Luft machen — (ugs.) give vent to one's feelings

    leichten Herzens — easily; happily

    jemand/etwas liegt jemandem am Herzen — somebody has the interests of somebody/something at heart

    jemand/etwas ist jemandem ans Herz gewachsen — somebody has grown very fond of somebody/something

    jemanden ins od. in sein Herz schließen — take to somebody

    mit halbem Herzen — (geh.) half-heartedly

    es nicht übers Herz bringen, etwas zu tun — not have the heart to do something

    von Herzen gern — [most] gladly

    von ganzem Herzen — (aufrichtig) with all one's heart; (aus voller Überzeugung) whole-heartedly

    sich (Dat.) etwas zu Herzen nehmen — take something to heart

    mit ganzem Herzen — (geh.) whole-heartedly

    jemandem aus dem Herzen sprechen — express just what somebody is/was thinking; s. auch Luft 3); Stein 2); Stich 5)

    3) (Kartenspiel) hearts pl.; (Karte) heart; s. auch Pik II
    4) (Kosewort)
    * * *
    -en n.
    heart n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Herz

  • 27 غير

    غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب)‏ \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول)‏ \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل)‏ \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان)‏ \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب)‏ \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز)‏ \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف)‏ \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غير

  • 28 claro

    adj.
    1 obvious, apparent, clear, crisp.
    2 clear, bright, clear-cut, articulate.
    3 definite, distinct.
    intj.
    sure, sure enough, of course.
    m.
    1 clearing, glade, clear space, clear.
    2 gap.
    3 Claro.
    * * *
    1 (gen) clear
    2 (iluminado) bright, well-lit
    3 (color) light
    4 (salsa etc) thin; (café, chocolate, etc) weak
    5 (evidente) clear
    1 clearly
    1 (gen) gap, space; (de bosque) clearing
    2 (en el pelo) bald patch
    ► interjección ¡claro!
    1 of course!
    ■ ¡claro que no puedes! of course you can't!
    \
    a las claras openly
    dejar algo claro to make something clear
    estar claro to be clear
    ¡lo llevas claro! / ¡lo tienes claro! familiar you've got it coming to you!
    más claro,-a que el agua familiar as clear as daylight
    poner en claro to make plain, clear up
    sacar en claro to get out
    claro de luna moonlight
    mente clara figurado clear mind
    ————————
    1 (gen) gap, space; (de bosque) clearing
    2 (en el pelo) bald patch
    * * *
    1. (f. - clara)
    adj.
    4) fair, light
    5) weak, thin
    2. adv.
    2) sure
    3. noun m.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=no oscuro) [piel] fair; [color] light, pale

    un vestido verde claro — a light o pale green dress

    2) (=evidente)
    a) [con sustantivos] [ejemplo, prueba, ventaja] clear; [inconveniente] obvious; [desastre] total, absolute

    España ganó por un claro 15-6 — Spain won a decisive 15-6 victory, Spain were clear winners by 15-6

    ... aseguró, en clara referencia a sus superiores —... he asserted, clearly referring o in an obvious reference to his superiors

    b) [con verbos]

    • dejar algo claro — to make sth clear

    dejar las cosas claras o en claro — to get things clear, get things straight *

    • estar claro — to be clear

    ¿está claro? — is that clear?

    estar claro que — to be clear that, be obvious that

    está claro que así no vamos a ninguna parte — it's clear o obvious that we'll get nowhere like this

    • quedar claro — to be clear

    si te lees la bibliografía, te quedará todo más claro — if you read the books on the reading list, it'll all be clearer to you o you'll have a better idea of things

    • tener algo claro — to be sure of sth, be clear about sth

    ni siquiera tengo claro lo que me espera mañana — I'm not even sure o clear what's in store for me tomorrow

    no lo tengo nada claro — I'm not at all sure, I don't really know

    c)

    a las claras —

    las cuentas claras —

    llevarlo Esp o tenerlo claro iró —

    sacar algo en claro (de algo) —

    solo hemos sacado en claro que no pretende dimitir — all that we can safely o definitely say is that he has no intention of resigning

    lo único que la policía consiguió sacar en claro durante el interrogatorio — the only definite thing the police got from the interview

    ver algo claro —

    3) (=poco espeso) [té, café] weak; [caldo] thin
    4) (=luminoso) [día, mañana] bright; [habitación, casa] light, bright
    5) (=transparente) [agua] clear; [tejido] transparent
    6) (=nítido) [sonido, voz] clear; [imagen] sharp, clear
    7) (=escaso) [pelo] thin; [bosque] light, sparse
    8) (=preciso) [idea] clear

    una mente clara — (lit) a clear mind; (fig) a clear thinker

    9) (=sincero) frank
    2. ADV
    1) (=con precisión) [oír, ver, hablar] clearly
    2) (=sinceramente) frankly

    • hablar claro — to speak frankly, be frank

    3) [tras invitaciones, peticiones] sure

    -¿puedo usar tu coche mañana? -¡claro! — "can I use your car tomorrow?" - "sure!"

    -¿queréis venir a cenar? -¡claro! — "would you like to come to dinner?" - "sure!"

    4) [uso enfático]

    ¡claro! por eso estaba ayer tan rara — of course! that's why she was acting so funny yesterday

    a menos que, claro está, él también la conozca — unless of course he knows her too

    -¿por qué no te disfrazas tú? -¡claro, para que os riáis de mí todos! — "why don't you dress up?" - "oh sure, so you can all laugh at me!"

    • claro que, claro que nadie se imaginaba lo que vendría después — of course nobody could imagine what would happen afterwards

    ¡claro que no! — of course not!

    ¡claro que sí! — yes, of course!

    3. SM
    1) (Meteo) bright spell, sunny interval
    2) [de tiempo] lull
    3) (=espacio despejado) [entre personas] space; [entre árboles] clearing; [de pelo] bald patch
    4) [en un texto] gap, space; [en discurso] pause
    5) (Arquit) (=claraboya) skylight; (=abertura) window (opening)
    6) Caribe (Culin) guava jelly
    7) Caribe (=bebida) sugar-cane brandy
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo
    1) ( luminoso) <cielo/habitación> bright
    2) ( pálido) <color/verde/azul> light, pale; < piel> fair

    tiene los ojos claros — she has blue/green/gray eyes

    3) <salsa/sopa> thin
    4) <agua/sonido> clear; <ideas/explicación/instrucciones> clear; <situación/postura> clear

    que quede bien claro que... — I want it to be quite clear that...

    ¿está claro? — is that clear?

    quiero dejar (en) claro que... — I want to make it very o quite clear that...

    a las claras: díselo a las claras tell her straight; llevarlo claro (Esp fam) to be in for a shock; sacar algo en claro de algo — to make sense of something

    5) ( evidente) clear, obvious

    está claro que... — it is clear o obvious that...

    a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo — unless, of course, he's lying

    II
    1) < ver> clearly

    voy a hablarte claro — I'm not going to beat around o about the bush

    me lo dijo muy claro — he made it very o quite clear (to me)

    claro que no! — no, of course not!

    claro que sí! — of course, absolutely!

    b) ( como enlace) mind you

    nadie le creyó, claro no es de extrañar — nobody believed him. Mind you, it's not surprising

    claro, así cualquiera puede — well, of course anyone can do it like that

    díselo - claro, para que me regañe ¿no? — (iró) tell him - oh sure, and have him tell me off, right? (iro)

    III
    1) ( en bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patch
    2) (Meteo) sunny spell o period o interval
    * * *
    = apparent, clear [clearer -comp., clearest -sup.], clear-cut, crisp [crisper -comp., crispest -sup.], definite, distinct, light, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.], plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], straightforward, tidy, distinctive, designated, uncloudy, unclouded, unclouded, cloudless, forthright, uncompromising, unqualified, cut and dried [cut and dry], patent.
    Ex. Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.
    Ex. In practice the distinction between one term and the next is not very clear.
    Ex. The hierarchical relationship is relatively clear-cut, and rather precise guideliness can be formulated to ensure that the BT/NT relationship is consistently applied.
    Ex. A crisp, even impression became the norm, along with the use of respectable paper and ink.
    Ex. I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.
    Ex. Against this proliferation of hosts there is a distinct awareness amongst users of the need for the rationalisation.
    Ex. To match the small amount of existing furniture which was reused, internal joinery and furniture is in a light coloured timber.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex. To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex. This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.
    Ex. A patron may submit a beautifully legible request for a book with a distinctive author and title, accompanied by a reference to the journal article from which the citation was gleaned.
    Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex. In that case, the peak of solar energy could be at an uncloudy moment in the morning or afternoon, even though the sun wasn't highest in the sky at that moment.
    Ex. As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.
    Ex. As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.
    Ex. This is the first cloudless image of the Earth from space.
    Ex. We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex. Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.
    Ex. One of them snipped Ben Kline's life short, and Marla's determined to get to the root of a case that's anything but cut and dried.
    Ex. It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    ----
    * cantarlas claras = call + a spade a spade.
    * con una meta clara = focused [focussed].
    * con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].
    * cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * dejar claro = make + it + clear, send + a clear signal that.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de modo claro = transparently.
    * en + Lengua + claro = in plain + Lengua.
    * en términos claros = in simple terms.
    * estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.
    * hablar claro = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * nada claro = unclear, uncleared.
    * no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.
    * no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * pasta de clara de huevo = glair.
    * poco claro = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], indistinct, obscure, unclear, untidy, hazy, inconclusive, slurred, clouded, undistinguished, uncleared, indistinctive.
    * poner en claro = clear up.
    * ser algo muy claro = be a dead giveaway.
    * sin una meta clara = unfocused [unfocussed].
    * sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].
    * tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener claro = be clear in your mind.
    * violeta claro = periwinkle.
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo
    1) ( luminoso) <cielo/habitación> bright
    2) ( pálido) <color/verde/azul> light, pale; < piel> fair

    tiene los ojos claros — she has blue/green/gray eyes

    3) <salsa/sopa> thin
    4) <agua/sonido> clear; <ideas/explicación/instrucciones> clear; <situación/postura> clear

    que quede bien claro que... — I want it to be quite clear that...

    ¿está claro? — is that clear?

    quiero dejar (en) claro que... — I want to make it very o quite clear that...

    a las claras: díselo a las claras tell her straight; llevarlo claro (Esp fam) to be in for a shock; sacar algo en claro de algo — to make sense of something

    5) ( evidente) clear, obvious

    está claro que... — it is clear o obvious that...

    a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo — unless, of course, he's lying

    II
    1) < ver> clearly

    voy a hablarte claro — I'm not going to beat around o about the bush

    me lo dijo muy claro — he made it very o quite clear (to me)

    claro que no! — no, of course not!

    claro que sí! — of course, absolutely!

    b) ( como enlace) mind you

    nadie le creyó, claro no es de extrañar — nobody believed him. Mind you, it's not surprising

    claro, así cualquiera puede — well, of course anyone can do it like that

    díselo - claro, para que me regañe ¿no? — (iró) tell him - oh sure, and have him tell me off, right? (iro)

    III
    1) ( en bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patch
    2) (Meteo) sunny spell o period o interval
    * * *
    = apparent, clear [clearer -comp., clearest -sup.], clear-cut, crisp [crisper -comp., crispest -sup.], definite, distinct, light, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.], plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], straightforward, tidy, distinctive, designated, uncloudy, unclouded, unclouded, cloudless, forthright, uncompromising, unqualified, cut and dried [cut and dry], patent.

    Ex: Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.

    Ex: In practice the distinction between one term and the next is not very clear.
    Ex: The hierarchical relationship is relatively clear-cut, and rather precise guideliness can be formulated to ensure that the BT/NT relationship is consistently applied.
    Ex: A crisp, even impression became the norm, along with the use of respectable paper and ink.
    Ex: I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.
    Ex: Against this proliferation of hosts there is a distinct awareness amongst users of the need for the rationalisation.
    Ex: To match the small amount of existing furniture which was reused, internal joinery and furniture is in a light coloured timber.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    Ex: To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.
    Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
    Ex: This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.
    Ex: A patron may submit a beautifully legible request for a book with a distinctive author and title, accompanied by a reference to the journal article from which the citation was gleaned.
    Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.
    Ex: In that case, the peak of solar energy could be at an uncloudy moment in the morning or afternoon, even though the sun wasn't highest in the sky at that moment.
    Ex: As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.
    Ex: As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.
    Ex: This is the first cloudless image of the Earth from space.
    Ex: We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.
    Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.
    Ex: Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.
    Ex: One of them snipped Ben Kline's life short, and Marla's determined to get to the root of a case that's anything but cut and dried.
    Ex: It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.
    * cantarlas claras = call + a spade a spade.
    * con una meta clara = focused [focussed].
    * con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].
    * cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * dejar claro = make + it + clear, send + a clear signal that.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de modo claro = transparently.
    * en + Lengua + claro = in plain + Lengua.
    * en términos claros = in simple terms.
    * estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.
    * hablar claro = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * nada claro = unclear, uncleared.
    * no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.
    * no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * pasta de clara de huevo = glair.
    * poco claro = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], indistinct, obscure, unclear, untidy, hazy, inconclusive, slurred, clouded, undistinguished, uncleared, indistinctive.
    * poner en claro = clear up.
    * ser algo muy claro = be a dead giveaway.
    * sin una meta clara = unfocused [unfocussed].
    * sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].
    * tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.
    * tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener claro = be clear in your mind.
    * violeta claro = periwinkle.

    * * *
    claro1 -ra
    A (luminoso) ‹cielo› bright; ‹habitación› bright, light
    el día amaneció claro the day dawned bright and clear
    B (pálido) ‹color/verde/azul› light, pale; ‹piel› fair, white
    tiene los ojos claros she has blue/green/gray eyes
    el típico sueco rubio y de ojos claros the typical blue-eyed, blond Swede
    C ‹salsa/sopa› thin; ‹café/té› weak
    D ‹agua/sonido› clear
    habló con voz clara she spoke in a clear voice
    E ‹ideas/explicación/instrucciones› clear; ‹situación/postura› clear
    consiguieron una clara ventaja they gained a clear advantage
    tiene muy claro lo que quiere en la vida she is very clear o sure about what she wants out of life, she knows exactly what she wants out of life
    que quede bien claro que … I want it to be quite clear that …
    lo harás como yo te diga, ¿está claro? you'll do it the way I say, is that clear o do I make myself clear?
    quiero dejar (en) claro que … or que quede bien (en) claro que … I want to make it very o quite clear that …, let it be very o quite clear that …
    a las claras: no me lo dijo a las claras she didn't tell me in so many words o straight out o ( AmE) right off
    no seas cobarde y díselo a las claras don't be a coward, tell her straight
    llevarlo claro ( Esp fam) (estar equivocado) to be in for a shock o a disappointment; (enfrentarse a algo difícil) to have one's work cut out ( colloq)
    pasar la noche en claro to lie o be awake all night
    sacar algo en claro de algo to make sense of sth
    ¿tú sacaste algo en claro de lo que dijo? did you manage to make any sense of what he said?
    F (evidente) clear, obvious
    hay pruebas claras de que miente there is clear evidence that he is lying
    está claro que ella es la culpable it is clear o obvious that she is the culprit, she is clearly o obviously the culprit
    … a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo … unless, of course, he's lying
    A ‹hablar/ver›
    voy a hablarte claro I'm not going to beat around o about the bush, I'm going to give it to you straight ( colloq)
    ahora lo veo claro I see it all clearly now, now I get it! ( colloq)
    me lo dijo muy claro he made it very o quite clear (to me)
    claro y raspado ( Ven fam); straight
    me lo dijo todo claro y raspado he told me straight, he didn't beat around o about the bush
    B ( indep)
    ¡claro que lo sabe! of course she knows!
    ¿te gustaría verlo? — ¡claro! would you like to see it? — yes, I'd love to o ( colloq) sure!
    ¿lo hizo? — ¡claro que no! did he do it? — no, of course not! o no, of course he didn't!
    2 (como enlace) mind you
    nadie le creyó, claro que conociéndolo no es de extrañar nobody believed him. Mind you, knowing him it's not surprising
    lo ayudó la madre — claro, así cualquiera his mother helped him — well, of course anyone can do it like that
    anda, díselo tú — claro, para que me eche a mí la bronca ¿no? ( iró); go on, you tell him — oh sure o oh fine o I see, so that way it's me he gets mad at, right? ( iro)
    A (en un bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patch
    había algunos claros en las gradas there were a few empty spaces in the stand
    B ( Meteo) sunny spell o period o interval
    Compuesto:
    moonlight
    * * *

     

    claro 1
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    a) ( luminoso) ‹cielo/habitación› bright

    b) ( pálido) ‹color/verde/azul› light, pale;

    ‹ piel› fair;
    ◊ tiene los ojos claros she has blue/green/gray eyes

    c) ‹salsa/sopa› thin

    d) ‹agua/sonido› clear;

    ‹ideas/explicación/instrucciones› clear;
    ‹situación/postura› clear;

    ¿está claro? is that clear?;
    quiero dejar (en) claro que … I want to make it clear that …;
    sacar algo en claro de algo to make sense of sth

    ◊ está claro que … it is clear o obvious that …;

    a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo unless, of course, he's lying
    claro 2 adverbio
    1 ‹ ver› clearly;
    ◊ voy a hablarte claro I'm not going to beat around o about the bush;

    me lo dijo muy claro he made it very quite clear (to me)
    2 ( indep) ( en exclamaciones de asentimiento) of course
    ■ sustantivo masculino

    (en pelo, barba) bald patch
    b) (Meteo) sunny spell o period

    claro,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (despejado, evidente) clear: tengo muy claro que no va a volver, I'm quite sure she won't come back
    un asunto poco claro, a shady deal
    2 (poco espeso) thin
    3 (color) light
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un bosque) clearing
    2 (entre las nubes) break in the clouds
    3 claro de luna, moonlight
    III adverbio clearly: deberías hablar claro, you must speak clearly
    IV exclamación of course!
    ¡claro que puedo!, of course I can!
    ♦ Locuciones: a las claras, clearly
    dejar algo claro, to make something clear
    lo lleva claro si piensa que voy a tolerarlo, she can be quite sure that i?m not going to put up with it
    sacar algo en claro, to draw a conclusion: después de tanta discusión, no sacamos nada en claro, we were back to square one after hours of discussion
    ' claro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    clara
    - escarceo
    - estar
    - hombre
    - nebulosa
    - nebuloso
    - nítida
    - nítido
    - notoria
    - notorio
    - patente
    - poca
    - poco
    - precisa
    - preciso
    - pues
    - rondar
    - sacar
    - salvaje
    - agua
    - celeste
    - color
    - constar
    - hablar
    - lavado
    - neto
    - oscuro
    - palpable
    - que
    - quedar
    - visto
    English:
    ale
    - apparent
    - articulate
    - break
    - broad
    - clean-cut
    - clear
    - clear-cut
    - clearing
    - confusing
    - crystal-clear
    - decided
    - distinct
    - enough
    - fuzzy
    - good
    - ice-blue
    - indistinct
    - let
    - light
    - lucid
    - mousy
    - mud
    - neat
    - obscure
    - outset
    - pale
    - plain
    - precise
    - sharp
    - speak out
    - spell out
    - straight
    - surely
    - tenuous
    - then
    - thin
    - transparently
    - unclear
    - unequivocal
    - why
    - blur
    - by
    - certainly
    - clearly
    - course
    - crystal
    - flash
    - increasingly
    - more
    * * *
    claro, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [luminoso] bright;
    una habitación clara a bright o light room
    2. [color] light;
    verde claro light green
    3. [sonido] clear;
    hablaba con una voz clara she spoke in a clear voice
    4. [sin nubes] clear;
    un día/cielo claro a clear day/sky
    5. [diluido] [té, café] weak;
    [salsa, sopa] thin;
    no me gusta el chocolate claro I don't like my hot chocolate thin
    6. [poco tupido] thin, sparse
    7. [persona, explicación, ideas, libro] clear;
    hablaba con un lenguaje claro she spoke in clear terms;
    dejar algo claro to make sth clear;
    poner algo en claro to get sth clear, to clear sth up;
    que quede (bien) claro que no fue idea mía I want to make it (quite) clear that it wasn't my idea;
    sacar algo en claro (de) to make sth out (from);
    después de escuchar su explicación no saqué nada en claro after listening to her explanation, I was none the wiser;
    tengo claro que no puedo contar con él one thing I'm quite sure about is that I can't rely on him, one thing's for sure, I can't rely on him;
    verlo claro [estar seguro] to be sure;
    pasar una noche en claro to have a sleepless night;
    Esp Fam
    llevarlo o [m5]tenerlo claro: ¡lo lleva o [m5] tiene claro si piensa que le vamos a ayudar! if he thinks we're going to help him, he can think again!;
    si no vienen ellos, lo tenemos claro if they don't come, we've had it
    8. [obvio, evidente] clear;
    el resultado fue claro the result was clear;
    ¿está claro? is that clear?;
    está claro que van a ganar it's clear they're going to win;
    está claro que te quieren engañar it's obvious that they are trying to deceive you, they are obviously trying to deceive you;
    está claro o [m5]claro está que si no quieres, no estás obligado a participar of course o obviously, you're not obliged to participate if you don't want to;
    a no ser, claro, que tengas una idea mejor unless, of course, you have a better idea;
    está más claro que el agua it's perfectly o crystal clear;
    allí no vuelvo, eso está más claro que el agua I'm not going there again, that's for certain
    ♦ nm
    1. [en bosque] clearing;
    [en multitud] space, gap;
    vi un claro en la fila I saw a gap in the row
    2. [en cielo nublado] break in the clouds;
    se esperan nubes y claros it will be cloudy with some bright spells;
    en cuanto haya un claro salimos we'll go out as soon as it brightens up
    3. [calvicie, calva] bald patch
    4. [en pintura] highlight
    5. Arquit skylight
    6. claro de luna moonlight
    ♦ adv
    clearly;
    hablar claro to speak clearly;
    dilo claro, ¿te interesa o no? tell me straight, are you interested or not?;
    ¡claro! of course!;
    ¡claro que sí!, ¡pues claro! of course!;
    ¡claro que no! of course not!;
    ¡claro que me gusta! of course I like it!;
    Irónico
    ¿me ayudarás? – claro, no pensaba en otra cosa will you help me? – oh sure, I wouldn't dream of doing anything else;
    Irónico
    ve tú primero – claro, así si hay algún agujero me caigo yo you go first – oh great o thanks a lot, that way if there's a hole I'll be the one to fall into it;
    claro, con un jugador más ya se puede of course, with an extra player it's hardly surprising;
    la obra no tuvo éxito, claro que conociendo al director no me sorprende the play wasn't a success, but then again that's hardly surprising knowing the director
    ♦ a las claras loc adv
    clearly
    * * *
    I adj
    clear;
    poner en claro make clear;
    dejar claro make plain;
    quedar claro be clear;
    tener algo claro be sure o clear about sth;
    pasar la noche en claro lie awake all night, not sleep a wink;
    a las claras clearly
    2 color light
    3 ( luminoso) bright
    4 salsa thin
    II adv
    :
    hablar claro speak plainly;
    ¡claro! of course!;
    claro está of course
    III m
    1 METEO clear spell
    2 en bosque clearing
    * * *
    claro adv
    1) : clearly
    habla más claro: speak more clearly
    2) : of course, surely
    ¡claro!, ¡claro que sí!: absolutely!, of course!
    claro que entendió: of course she understood
    claro, -ra adj
    1) : bright, clear
    2) : pale, fair, light
    3) : clear, evident
    claro nm
    1) : clearing
    2)
    claro de luna : moonlight
    * * *
    claro1 adj
    1. (en general) clear
    2. (luminoso) bright
    3. (color) light
    claro2 adv clearly
    claro3 interj of course
    claro4 n (en meteorología) sunny interval

    Spanish-English dictionary > claro

  • 29 SO

    1.
    [səʊ]adverb
    1) (by that amount) so

    as winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es

    as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus

    so... as — so... wie

    there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...

    not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.

    so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk

    so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit

    and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]

    so long! — bis dann od. nachher! (ugs.)

    so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele

    so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel

    the villages are all so much alike — die Dörfer gleichen sich alle so sehr

    so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht

    so much the better — um so besser

    not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]

    not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal

    2) (in that manner) so

    this being so — da dem so ist (geh.)

    it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da

    3) (to such a degree) so

    this answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...

    so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...

    4) (with the intent)

    so as to — um... zu

    so [that] — damit

    5) (emphatically) so

    I'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!

    so kind of you! — wirklich nett von Ihnen!

    so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!

    6) (indeed)

    It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!

    you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch

    is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?

    and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch

    it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich

    so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch

    8) (thus) so

    and so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...

    not so! — nein, nein!

    9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)

    he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...

    I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon

    I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus

    I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt

    he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt

    it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern

    there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da

    very much so — in der Tat; allerdings

    2. conjunction
    (therefore) daher

    so 'there you are! — da bist du also!

    so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)

    so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)

    so you see... — du siehst also...

    so? — na und?

    * * *
    [səu] 1. adverb
    1) ((used in several types of sentence to express degree) to this extent, or to such an extent: `The snake was about so long,' he said, holding his hands about a metre apart; Don't get so worried!; She was so pleased with his progress in school that she bought him a new bicycle; They couldn't all get into the room, there were so many of them; He departed without so much as (= without even) a goodbye; You've been so (= very) kind to me!; Thank you so much!) so
    2) ((used to express manner) in this/that way: As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them; He likes everything to be (arranged) just so (= in one particular and precise way); It so happens that I have to go to an important meeting tonight.) so
    3) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) das, so, so... daß
    4) (in the same way; also: `I hope we'll meet again.' `So do I.'; She has a lot of money and so has her husband.) auch
    5) ((used to express agreement or confirmation) indeed: `You said you were going shopping today.' `So I did, but I've changed my mind.'; `You'll need this book tomorrow, won't you?' `So I will.') tatsächlich
    2. conjunction
    ((and) therefore: John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor; `So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'; And so they got married and lived happily ever after.) also
    - academic.ru/68560/so-called">so-called
    - so-so
    - and so on/forth
    - or so
    - so as to
    - so far
    - so good
    - so that
    - so to say/speak
    * * *
    so
    [səʊ, AM soʊ]
    I. adv inv
    1. (to an indicated degree) so
    I'm \so tired [that] I could sleep in this chair ich bin so müde, dass ich hier im Sessel einschlafen könnte
    he's quite nice, more \so than I was led to believe er ist ganz nett, viel netter als ich angenommen hatte
    he's not \so stupid as he looks er ist gar nicht so dumm, wie er aussieht
    look, the gap was about \so wide schau mal, die Lücke war ungefähr so groß
    the table that I liked best was about \so wide der Tisch, der mir am besten gefallen hat, war ungefähr so breit
    2. (to a great degree)
    what are you looking \so pleased about? was freut dich denn so [sehr]?
    your hair is \so soft dein Haar ist so [unglaublich] weich
    she's \so beautiful sie ist so [wunder]schön
    I am \so cold mir ist so kalt
    I am \so [very] hungry/thirsty ich bin [ja] so hungrig/durstig!, hab ich einen Durst/einen Riesenhunger! fam
    she's ever \so kind and nice sie ist ja so freundlich und nett!
    \so fair a face he could not recall ( liter or old) niemals zuvor hatte er ein so liebreizendes Gesicht gesehen liter
    what's \so wrong with that? was ist denn daran so falsch?
    is that why you hate him \so? ist das der Grund, warum du ihn so sehr hasst?
    and I love you \so und ich liebe dich so sehr
    you worry \so [much] du machst dir so viele Sorgen
    we've \so planned our holiday that the kids will have a lot of fun wir haben unsere Ferien so geplant, dass die Kinder viel Spaß haben werden
    gently fold in the eggs like \so rühren Sie die Eier auf diese Weise vorsichtig unter
    4. (perfect)
    [to be] just \so genau richtig [sein]
    I want everything just \so ich will, dass alles perfekt ist
    if you don't do things just \so, he comes along and yells at you wenn du nicht alles absolut richtig machst, kommt er und schreit dich an
    5. (also, likewise) auch
    I'm hungry as can be and \so are the kids ich habe einen Riesenhunger und die Kinder auch fam
    I've got an enormous amount of work to do — \so have I ich habe jede Menge Arbeit — ich auch
    I'm allergic to nuts — \so is my brother ich bin gegen Nüsse allergisch — mein Bruder auch
    I hope they stay together — I hope \so, too ich hoffe, sie bleiben zusammen — das hoffe ich auch
    I [very much] hope \so! das hoffe ich doch sehr!
    6. (yes) ja
    should we get going now? — I should say \so sollen wir jetzt anfangen? — ja, ich finde schon
    can I watch television? — I suppose \so darf ich fernsehen? — na gut, meinetwegen [o von mir aus]
    is this that the correct answer? — I suppose \so ist das die richtige Antwort? — ich glaube schon [o ja]
    I'm afraid \so ich fürchte ja
    7. AM ( fam: contradicting) doch
    haha, you don't have a bike — I do \so haha, du hast ja gar kein Fahrrad — hab' ich wohl!
    8. (that) das
    \so they say so sagt man
    \so I believe [das] glaube ich jedenfalls
    I'm sorry I'm late — \so you should be es tut mir leid, dass ich mich verspätet habe — das will ich auch schwer hoffen
    ... or \so they say/I've heard... so heißt es jedenfalls/das habe ich zumindest gehört
    Carla's coming over this summer or \so I've heard Carla kommt diesen Sommer, [das] habe ich jedenfalls gehört
    well then, \so be it also gut
    I told you \so ich habe es dir ja [o doch] gesagt
    he looks like James Dean — \so he does er sieht aus wie James Dean — stimmt!
    9. (as stated) so; (true) wahr
    is that \so? ist das wahr?, stimmt das?
    \so it is das stimmt
    if \so... wenn das so ist...
    that being \so,... angesichts dieser Tatsache...
    to be quite \so wirklich stimmen
    10. (this way, like that) so
    I'm sure it's better \so ich bin sicher, so ist es besser
    and \so it was und so kam es dann auch
    and \so it was that... und so kam es, dass...
    it \so happened that I was in the area ich war zufällig [gerade] in der Nähe
    and \so forth [or on] und so weiter
    \so to say [or speak] sozusagen
    11.
    ▶ \so far \so good so weit, so gut
    ▶ \so long bis dann [o später]
    ▶ \so much for that so viel zum Thema
    ▶ \so what? na und? fam, na wenn schon? fam
    II. conj
    1. (therefore) deshalb, daher
    I couldn't find you \so I left ich konnte dich nicht finden, also bin ich gegangen
    my landlord kicked me out and \so I was forced to seek yet another apartment mein Vermieter hat mich rausgeworfen, weshalb ich mir schon wieder eine neue Wohnung suchen musste
    2. ( fam: whereupon)
    he said he wanted to come along, \so I told him that... er sagte, er wolle mitfahren, worauf ich ihm mitteilte, dass...
    \so we leave on the Thursday wir fahren also an diesem Donnerstag
    \so that's what he does when I'm not around das macht er also, wenn ich nicht da bin
    \so where have you been? wo warst du denn die ganze Zeit?
    \so what's the problem? wo liegt denn das Problem?
    \so that's that for now das wär's dann fürs Erste fam
    4. (in order to) damit
    be quiet \so she can concentrate sei still, damit sie sich konzentrieren kann
    5.
    ▶ \so long as... (if) sofern; (for the time) solange
    I'll join the army \so long as you do too ich gehe zum Militär, sofern du auch gehst
    \so long as he doesn't go too far,... solange er nicht zu weit geht,...
    ▶ \so there! ( hum) ätsch! Kindersprache
    mine's bigger than yours, \so there! ( hum) ätsch, meiner ist größer als deiner! Kindersprache
    III. adj (sl) typisch fam
    that's \so 70's das ist typisch 70er fam
    * * *
    abbr S
    * * *
    SO abk Br Stationery Office (Amt, das Publikationen der Regierungsstellen herausgibt und für die Verteilung von Büroartikeln an Ministerien und Ämter zuständig ist)
    * * *
    1.
    [səʊ]adverb

    as winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es

    as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus

    so... as — so... wie

    there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...

    not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.

    so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk

    so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit

    and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]

    so long! — bis dann od. nachher! (ugs.)

    so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele

    so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel

    so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht

    not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]

    not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal

    it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da

    this answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...

    so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...

    so as to — um... zu

    so [that] — damit

    I'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!

    so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!

    It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!

    you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch

    is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?

    and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch

    it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich

    so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch

    8) (thus) so

    and so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...

    not so! — nein, nein!

    9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)

    he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...

    I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon

    I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus

    I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt

    he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt

    it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern

    there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da

    very much so — in der Tat; allerdings

    2. conjunction

    so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)

    so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)

    so you see... — du siehst also...

    * * *
    adv.
    also adv.
    daher adv.
    demnach adv.
    so adv.

    English-german dictionary > SO

  • 30 so

    1.
    [səʊ]adverb
    1) (by that amount) so

    as winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es

    as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus

    so... as — so... wie

    there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...

    not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.

    so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk

    so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit

    and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]

    so long! — bis dann od. nachher! (ugs.)

    so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele

    so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel

    the villages are all so much alike — die Dörfer gleichen sich alle so sehr

    so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht

    so much the better — um so besser

    not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]

    not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal

    2) (in that manner) so

    this being so — da dem so ist (geh.)

    it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da

    3) (to such a degree) so

    this answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...

    so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...

    4) (with the intent)

    so as to — um... zu

    so [that] — damit

    5) (emphatically) so

    I'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!

    so kind of you! — wirklich nett von Ihnen!

    so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!

    6) (indeed)

    It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!

    you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch

    is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?

    and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch

    it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich

    so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch

    8) (thus) so

    and so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...

    not so! — nein, nein!

    9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)

    he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...

    I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon

    I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus

    I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt

    he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt

    it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern

    there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da

    very much so — in der Tat; allerdings

    2. conjunction
    (therefore) daher

    so 'there you are! — da bist du also!

    so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)

    so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)

    so you see... — du siehst also...

    so? — na und?

    * * *
    [səu] 1. adverb
    1) ((used in several types of sentence to express degree) to this extent, or to such an extent: `The snake was about so long,' he said, holding his hands about a metre apart; Don't get so worried!; She was so pleased with his progress in school that she bought him a new bicycle; They couldn't all get into the room, there were so many of them; He departed without so much as (= without even) a goodbye; You've been so (= very) kind to me!; Thank you so much!) so
    2) ((used to express manner) in this/that way: As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them; He likes everything to be (arranged) just so (= in one particular and precise way); It so happens that I have to go to an important meeting tonight.) so
    3) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) das, so, so... daß
    4) (in the same way; also: `I hope we'll meet again.' `So do I.'; She has a lot of money and so has her husband.) auch
    5) ((used to express agreement or confirmation) indeed: `You said you were going shopping today.' `So I did, but I've changed my mind.'; `You'll need this book tomorrow, won't you?' `So I will.') tatsächlich
    2. conjunction
    ((and) therefore: John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor; `So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'; And so they got married and lived happily ever after.) also
    - academic.ru/68560/so-called">so-called
    - so-so
    - and so on/forth
    - or so
    - so as to
    - so far
    - so good
    - so that
    - so to say/speak
    * * *
    so
    [səʊ, AM soʊ]
    I. adv inv
    1. (to an indicated degree) so
    I'm \so tired [that] I could sleep in this chair ich bin so müde, dass ich hier im Sessel einschlafen könnte
    he's quite nice, more \so than I was led to believe er ist ganz nett, viel netter als ich angenommen hatte
    he's not \so stupid as he looks er ist gar nicht so dumm, wie er aussieht
    look, the gap was about \so wide schau mal, die Lücke war ungefähr so groß
    the table that I liked best was about \so wide der Tisch, der mir am besten gefallen hat, war ungefähr so breit
    2. (to a great degree)
    what are you looking \so pleased about? was freut dich denn so [sehr]?
    your hair is \so soft dein Haar ist so [unglaublich] weich
    she's \so beautiful sie ist so [wunder]schön
    I am \so cold mir ist so kalt
    I am \so [very] hungry/thirsty ich bin [ja] so hungrig/durstig!, hab ich einen Durst/einen Riesenhunger! fam
    she's ever \so kind and nice sie ist ja so freundlich und nett!
    \so fair a face he could not recall ( liter or old) niemals zuvor hatte er ein so liebreizendes Gesicht gesehen liter
    what's \so wrong with that? was ist denn daran so falsch?
    is that why you hate him \so? ist das der Grund, warum du ihn so sehr hasst?
    and I love you \so und ich liebe dich so sehr
    you worry \so [much] du machst dir so viele Sorgen
    we've \so planned our holiday that the kids will have a lot of fun wir haben unsere Ferien so geplant, dass die Kinder viel Spaß haben werden
    gently fold in the eggs like \so rühren Sie die Eier auf diese Weise vorsichtig unter
    4. (perfect)
    [to be] just \so genau richtig [sein]
    I want everything just \so ich will, dass alles perfekt ist
    if you don't do things just \so, he comes along and yells at you wenn du nicht alles absolut richtig machst, kommt er und schreit dich an
    5. (also, likewise) auch
    I'm hungry as can be and \so are the kids ich habe einen Riesenhunger und die Kinder auch fam
    I've got an enormous amount of work to do — \so have I ich habe jede Menge Arbeit — ich auch
    I'm allergic to nuts — \so is my brother ich bin gegen Nüsse allergisch — mein Bruder auch
    I hope they stay together — I hope \so, too ich hoffe, sie bleiben zusammen — das hoffe ich auch
    I [very much] hope \so! das hoffe ich doch sehr!
    6. (yes) ja
    should we get going now? — I should say \so sollen wir jetzt anfangen? — ja, ich finde schon
    can I watch television? — I suppose \so darf ich fernsehen? — na gut, meinetwegen [o von mir aus]
    is this that the correct answer? — I suppose \so ist das die richtige Antwort? — ich glaube schon [o ja]
    I'm afraid \so ich fürchte ja
    7. AM ( fam: contradicting) doch
    haha, you don't have a bike — I do \so haha, du hast ja gar kein Fahrrad — hab' ich wohl!
    8. (that) das
    \so they say so sagt man
    \so I believe [das] glaube ich jedenfalls
    I'm sorry I'm late — \so you should be es tut mir leid, dass ich mich verspätet habe — das will ich auch schwer hoffen
    ... or \so they say/I've heard... so heißt es jedenfalls/das habe ich zumindest gehört
    Carla's coming over this summer or \so I've heard Carla kommt diesen Sommer, [das] habe ich jedenfalls gehört
    well then, \so be it also gut
    I told you \so ich habe es dir ja [o doch] gesagt
    he looks like James Dean — \so he does er sieht aus wie James Dean — stimmt!
    9. (as stated) so; (true) wahr
    is that \so? ist das wahr?, stimmt das?
    \so it is das stimmt
    if \so... wenn das so ist...
    that being \so,... angesichts dieser Tatsache...
    to be quite \so wirklich stimmen
    10. (this way, like that) so
    I'm sure it's better \so ich bin sicher, so ist es besser
    and \so it was und so kam es dann auch
    and \so it was that... und so kam es, dass...
    it \so happened that I was in the area ich war zufällig [gerade] in der Nähe
    and \so forth [or on] und so weiter
    \so to say [or speak] sozusagen
    11.
    ▶ \so far \so good so weit, so gut
    ▶ \so long bis dann [o später]
    ▶ \so much for that so viel zum Thema
    ▶ \so what? na und? fam, na wenn schon? fam
    II. conj
    1. (therefore) deshalb, daher
    I couldn't find you \so I left ich konnte dich nicht finden, also bin ich gegangen
    my landlord kicked me out and \so I was forced to seek yet another apartment mein Vermieter hat mich rausgeworfen, weshalb ich mir schon wieder eine neue Wohnung suchen musste
    2. ( fam: whereupon)
    he said he wanted to come along, \so I told him that... er sagte, er wolle mitfahren, worauf ich ihm mitteilte, dass...
    \so we leave on the Thursday wir fahren also an diesem Donnerstag
    \so that's what he does when I'm not around das macht er also, wenn ich nicht da bin
    \so where have you been? wo warst du denn die ganze Zeit?
    \so what's the problem? wo liegt denn das Problem?
    \so that's that for now das wär's dann fürs Erste fam
    4. (in order to) damit
    be quiet \so she can concentrate sei still, damit sie sich konzentrieren kann
    5.
    ▶ \so long as... (if) sofern; (for the time) solange
    I'll join the army \so long as you do too ich gehe zum Militär, sofern du auch gehst
    \so long as he doesn't go too far,... solange er nicht zu weit geht,...
    ▶ \so there! ( hum) ätsch! Kindersprache
    mine's bigger than yours, \so there! ( hum) ätsch, meiner ist größer als deiner! Kindersprache
    III. adj (sl) typisch fam
    that's \so 70's das ist typisch 70er fam
    * * *
    abbr S
    * * *
    so1 [səʊ]
    A adv
    1. (meist vor adj und adv) so, dermaßen:
    so great a man ein so großer Mann;
    not so … as nicht so … wie; → much Bes Redew
    2. (meist exklamatorisch) so (sehr), ja so (überaus):
    I am so glad ich freue mich (ja) so;
    you are so right ganz richtig
    3. so (…, dass):
    4. so, in dieser Weise:
    so it is (genau) so ist es, stimmt;
    is that so? wirklich?;
    so as to sodass, um zu;
    so that sodass;
    or so etwa, oder so;
    in an hour or so so in einer Stunde;
    why so? warum?, wieso?;
    how so? wie (kommt) das?;
    so saying mit oder bei diesen Worten;
    so Churchill so (sprach) Churchill; → even1 5, if1 A 1
    a) es, das:
    I hope so ich hoffe es;
    I have never said so das habe ich nie behauptet;
    I think so ich glaube oder denke schon;
    I should think so ich denke doch!, das will ich meinen!;
    what makes you think so? wie kommst du denn da drauf?;
    I told you so ich habe es dir ja (gleich) gesagt
    b) auch:
    you are tired and so am I du bist müde und ich (bin es) auch;
    I am stupid - so you are allerdings(, das bist du)!
    6. also:
    so you came after all du bist also doch (noch) gekommen;
    so what? umg na und?, na wenn schon?
    B konj daher, folglich, deshalb, also, und so, so … denn:
    he was ill, so they were quiet er war krank, deshalb waren sie ruhig;
    it was necessary, so we did it es war nötig, und so taten wir es (denn)
    so2 [səʊ] → sol2
    * * *
    1.
    [səʊ]adverb

    as winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es

    as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus

    so... as — so... wie

    there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...

    not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.

    so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk

    so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit

    and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]

    so long! — bis dann od. nachher! (ugs.)

    so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele

    so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel

    so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht

    not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]

    not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal

    it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da

    this answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...

    so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...

    so as to — um... zu

    so [that] — damit

    I'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!

    so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!

    It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!

    you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch

    is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?

    and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch

    it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich

    so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch

    8) (thus) so

    and so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...

    not so! — nein, nein!

    9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)

    he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...

    I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon

    I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus

    I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt

    he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt

    it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern

    there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da

    very much so — in der Tat; allerdings

    2. conjunction

    so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)

    so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)

    so you see... — du siehst also...

    * * *
    adv.
    also adv.
    daher adv.
    demnach adv.
    so adv.

    English-german dictionary > so

  • 31 etwa

    Adv.
    1. (in) etwa (ungefähr) about, approximately, around umg.; nachgestellt: or so, or thereabouts; in etwa fertig etc.: more or less; wann etwa? approximately when?; (um wie viel Uhr?) auch around what time? umg.; wie viel etwa? about how much?; wie macht man das? - etwa so oder so etwa something like this
    2. (zum Beispiel) for instance, for example, (let’s) say; denken sie etwa an... think, for example, of...; viele Vögel, wie oder so etwa die Amsel,... many birds, like ( oder such as) the blackbird for instance
    3. (vielleicht) by any chance, possibly; war sie etwa da? was she there by any chance?; glaubst du das etwa? do you really believe that?, you don’t believe that, do you?; ist das etwa besser? zweifelnd: is that any better?; ist das etwa nichts? herausfordernd: isn’t that something?, what do you think of that then?; das stimmt doch, oder etwa nicht? surely that’s right - or is it? ( oder - or do you think not?)
    4. nicht etwa verstärkend: surely; not that; du warst doch nicht etwa da? you weren’t there, were you?, don’t tell me you were there; nicht etwa, dass es etwas ausmachen würde, aber... not that it matters, but...; du glaubst doch nicht etwa...? surely you don’t think...?
    5. gegenüberstellend: sie ist nicht etwa faul, ( sondern) nur langsam she’s not lazy, just slow; es war nicht etwa gestern, sondern vorgestern it wasn’t yesterday but the day before
    * * *
    approximately; about; around; roundabout; peradventure
    * * *
    ẹt|wa ['ɛtva]
    adv
    1) (= ungefähr, annähernd) about, approximately

    so etwa, etwa so — roughly or more or less like this

    wann etwa...? — about or approximately or roughly when...?

    2) (= zum Beispiel) for instance

    wenn man etwa behauptet, dass... — for instance if one maintains that...

    3)

    (entrüstet, erstaunt) hast du etwa schon wieder kein Geld dabei? — don't tell me or you don't mean to say you haven't got any money again!

    soll das etwa heißen, dass...? — is that supposed to mean...?

    4)

    (zur Bestätigung) Sie kommen doch, oder etwa nicht? — you are coming, aren't you?

    das haben Sie wohl nicht mit Absicht gesagt, oder etwa doch? — surely you didn't say that on purpose, you didn't say that on purpose - or did you?

    sind Sie etwa nicht einverstanden? — do you mean to say that you don't agree?

    ist das etwa wahr? — (surely) it's not true!, (surely) it can't be true!

    5)

    (in Gegenüberstellung, einschränkend) nicht etwa, dass... — (it's) not that...

    er ist nicht etwa dumm, sondern nur faul — it's not that he's stupid, he's simply lazy

    * * *
    * * *
    et·wa
    [ˈɛtva]
    I. adv
    1. (ungefähr, annähernd) about
    in \etwa more or less
    so \etwa [o \etwa so] roughly [or more or less] like this
    so \etwa könnte es passiert sein it could have happened roughly like this
    2. (zum Beispiel) for instance
    wie \etwa mein Bruder like my brother for instance
    II. part
    ist das \etwa alles, was Sie haben? are you trying to tell me [or do you mean to say] that's all you've got?
    soll das \etwa heißen, dass...? is that supposed to mean [that]...?
    willst du \etwa schon gehen? [surely] you don't want to go already!
    das haben Sie wohl nicht mit Absicht gesagt, oder \etwa doch? you didn't say that on purpose — or did you?
    bleibst du nun hier oder kommst du \etwa doch mit? do you want to stay here, or are you coming after all?
    2. (Verstärkung der Verneinung)
    ist das \etwa nicht wahr? do you mean to say it's not true?
    * * *
    1.
    1) (ungefähr) about; approximately

    etwa so groß wie... — about as large as...

    in etwa — to some or a certain extent or degree

    2) (beispielsweise) for example; for instance

    vergleicht man etwa... — for example, if one compares...

    wie etwa... — as, for example...

    2.
    Partizip (womöglich)

    hast du das etwa vergessen? — you haven't forgotten that, have you?

    störe ich etwa? — am I disturbing you at all?

    * * *
    etwa adv
    1.
    (in) etwa (ungefähr) about, approximately, around umg; nachgestellt: or so, or thereabouts;
    in etwa fertig etc: more or less;
    wann etwa? approximately when?; (um wie viel Uhr?) auch around what time? umg;
    wie viel etwa? about how much?;
    wie macht man das? -
    so etwa something like this
    2. (zum Beispiel) for instance, for example, (let’s) say;
    denken sie etwa an … think, for example, of …;
    viele Vögel, wie oder
    so etwa die Amsel, … many birds, like ( oder such as) the blackbird for instance
    3. (vielleicht) by any chance, possibly;
    war sie etwa da? was she there by any chance?;
    glaubst du das etwa? do you really believe that?, you don’t believe that, do you?;
    ist das etwa besser? zweifelnd: is that any better?;
    ist das etwa nichts? herausfordernd: isn’t that something?, what do you think of that then?;
    das stimmt doch, oder etwa nicht? surely that’s right - or is it? ( oder - or do you think not?)
    4.
    nicht etwa verstärkend: surely; not that;
    du warst doch nicht etwa da? you weren’t there, were you?, don’t tell me you were there;
    nicht etwa, dass es etwas ausmachen würde, aber … not that it matters, but …;
    du glaubst doch nicht etwa …? surely you don’t think …?
    sie ist nicht etwa faul, (sondern) nur langsam she’s not lazy, just slow;
    es war nicht etwa gestern, sondern vorgestern it wasn’t yesterday but the day before
    * * *
    1.
    1) (ungefähr) about; approximately

    etwa so groß wie... — about as large as...

    in etwa — to some or a certain extent or degree

    2) (beispielsweise) for example; for instance

    vergleicht man etwa... — for example, if one compares...

    wie etwa... — as, for example...

    2.
    Partizip (womöglich)

    hast du das etwa vergessen? — you haven't forgotten that, have you?

    * * *
    adj.
    about adj. adv.
    approximately adv.
    perhaps adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > etwa

  • 32 mantener

    v.
    1 to keep.
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition
    mantener una promesa to keep a promise
    mantener la calma to stay calm
    Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.
    Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.
    2 to support (with scaffold, columns).
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3 to support.
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    4 to have (relationships, conversations).
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent
    mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her
    6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.
    Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.
    Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.
    María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.
    Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.
    7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.
    Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (conservar) to keep
    ■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"
    2 (tener) to keep
    ■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"
    3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold
    4 (sustentar) to support, maintain
    5 (afirmación etc) to maintain
    ■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true
    6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep
    1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand
    2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep
    3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself
    4 (alimentarse) to eat, live
    ■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit
    \
    mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret
    mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved
    mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit
    mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing
    mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns
    mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive
    * * *
    verb
    3) hold
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support
    2) (=preservar)
    a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

    "manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

    b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

    • mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

    • mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

    • mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

    raya I, 1)
    3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

    me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

    • al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

    • mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

    • mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

    • mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

    • mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

    calma, distancia
    4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

    ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

    5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

    ¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?

    correspondencia 2)
    6) (=afirmar) to maintain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.
    Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    ----
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

    Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

    * * *
    vt
    A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain
    cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog
    ¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!
    B
    1 (conservar, preservar) to keep
    mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure
    mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order
    para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace
    mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position
    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance
    lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose
    los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power
    todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children
    [ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy
    [ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open
    no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well
    sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive
    C
    1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain
    durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva
    2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep
    D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent
    A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself
    B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit
    lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing
    se mantiene al día she keeps up to date
    siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance
    se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends
    se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute
    C
    (alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food
    se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills
    * * *

     

    mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
    1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
    ‹ amante› to keep
    2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;

    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
    mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
    para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    3

    ‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
    ‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
    ‹ relaciones› to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

    4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;

    la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
    mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
    3 ( alimentarse):

    mantener verbo transitivo
    1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
    mantén la calma, keep calm
    2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
    (una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
    3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
    4 (peso) to support, hold up
    ' mantener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    callarse
    - conchabarse
    - conservar
    - conservarse
    - continuismo
    - escribirse
    - ir
    - hilo
    - línea
    - raya
    - sustentar
    - tener
    - tipo
    - ahuyentar
    - alerta
    - calma
    - correspondencia
    - corriente
    - disciplina
    - flote
    - guardar
    - llevar
    - mantiene
    - mantuve
    - orden
    - preservar
    - sujetar
    English:
    balance
    - bay
    - buoy
    - captive
    - carry on
    - cherish
    - cool
    - fire
    - hold
    - hold off
    - house
    - hygiene
    - image
    - keep
    - keep away
    - keep down
    - keep up
    - maintain
    - order
    - preserve
    - provide for
    - retain
    - secrecy
    - stall
    - support
    - suspense
    - sustain
    - swear
    - track
    - unionist
    - uphold
    - weight-watching
    - white elephant
    - carry
    - clear
    - conduct
    - correspond
    - credit
    - door
    - go
    - head
    - inform
    - occupy
    - peace
    - police
    - provide
    - segregate
    - stand
    - stick
    - struggle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [económicamente] to support;
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    2. [sostener] to keep;
    un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3. [conservar] to keep;
    [ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
    mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;
    mantener la calma to stay calm;
    mantener el orden to keep order;
    mantener la línea to keep one's figure;
    mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;
    mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;
    manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;
    manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;
    es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut
    4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
    [negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
    mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;
    mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb
    5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
    [candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;
    mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up
    2 ( preservar) keep
    4 económicamente support
    5 ( afirmar) maintain
    * * *
    mantener {80} vt
    1) sustentar: to support, to feed
    mantener uno su familia: to support one's family
    2) conservar: to keep, to preserve
    3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain
    mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence
    4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm
    * * *
    1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]
    2. (económicamente) to support
    3. (afirmar) to maintain
    4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

    Spanish-English dictionary > mantener

  • 33 dudar

    v.
    1 to doubt.
    ¿vas a venir? — lo dudo are you going to come? — I doubt it o I don't think so
    lo dudo mucho I very much doubt it
    yo no lo hice — no lo dudo, pero… I didn't do it — I'm sure you didn't, but…
    dudo que venga I doubt (whether) he'll come
    Ricardo duda Richard doubts.
    2 to hesitate.
    dudar entre hacer una cosa u otra to be unsure whether to do one thing or another
    no dudes en venir a preguntarme don't hesitate to come and ask me
    María duda Mary hesitates.
    * * *
    1 to doubt, have doubts
    2 (titubear) to hesitate
    1 to doubt
    \
    dudar de alguien to doubt somebody, mistrust somebody
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=no estar seguro de) to doubt

    espero que venga, aunque lo dudo mucho — I hope she'll come, although I doubt very much (if) she will

    -yo te ayudaré -no lo dudo, pero... — "I'll help you" - "I'm sure you will, but..."

    es lo mejor para ti, no lo dudes — it's the best thing for you, believe me

    • a no dudarlo — undoubtedly

    • dudar que, dudo que sea verdad — I doubt (whether o if) it's true

    • dudar si, dudaba si había echado la carta — I wasn't sure if I had posted the letter

    2) (=vacilar sobre)

    lo dudé mucho y al final me decidí por el azul — I thought about it o dithered * a lot but in the end I decided on the blue one

    si yo fuera tú, no lo dudaría — if I were you, I wouldn't hesitate

    2. VI
    1) (=desconfiar) to doubt, have doubts

    • dudar de algo — to question sth, doubt sth

    2) (=vacilar)

    no sé qué hacer, estoy dudando — I don't know what to do, I'm in two minds o I'm undecided

    • dudar en hacer algo — to hesitate to do sth

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to doubt

    dudo que te haya dicho la verdad — I doubt if o whether he's told you the truth

    es el mejor, no lo dudes — it's the best one, take it from me

    yo hice todo lo que pude - no lo dudo, pero... — I did everything I could - I'm sure you did, but...

    2.
    dudar vi

    cómpralo, no sigas dudando — go ahead and buy it, stop dithering

    dudar en + inf — to hesitate to + inf

    dudar de algo/alguien — to doubt something/somebody

    * * *
    = be hesitant (to), doubt, have + second thoughts, hesitate, waver, express + reservations, have + reservations (about), dither, hang back, be suspicious, voice + reservations, teeter + on the edge of, think + twice.
    Ex. I remember being hesitant to buy a CD player because I was attached to my extensive collection of LPs collected over a lifetime.
    Ex. He explained that while there was considerable turnover he doubted 18 assistants would be needed in the year, perhaps three or four at best.
    Ex. We can then have second thoughts, and possibly arrive at a more suitable form of truncation.
    Ex. Good luck and don't hesitate to ask me or anyone on the management team for advice or assistance!.
    Ex. The first decision in establishing headings for the works of corporate bodies is the one over which code makers have wavered.
    Ex. While reservations have been expressed about the festival, its value in enhancing and enriching the cultural life of this part of the country is evident.
    Ex. Librarians who have reservations about the spread of electronically based services are not Luddites.
    Ex. The Executive Board has been dithering over the control of the search for the next executive director = La Junta Directiva ha estado dudando si controlar o no la elección del siguiente director ejecutivo.
    Ex. This article explores the implications of these threats, maintaining that publishers cannot afford to hang back, but must innovate or atrophy.
    Ex. Collection development librarians are often met with distrust from faculty colleagues who are often suspicious of their ability to select books.
    Ex. The author voices reservations about the latest amendments to the Library Act.
    Ex. We would like to encourage other institutions who have been teetering on the edge of implementation to get on their running shoes and go for it.
    Ex. I would urge you most sincerely and strongly to think twice or three times before putting your shelflist into an undeveloped system.
    ----
    * dudar entre... y/o... = hover between... and/or....
    * hacer dudar = make + Nombre + doubt, misgive.
    * no lo dudes = take it from me.
    * sin dudar = without a doubt.
    * sin dudarlo = without hesitation.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to doubt

    dudo que te haya dicho la verdad — I doubt if o whether he's told you the truth

    es el mejor, no lo dudes — it's the best one, take it from me

    yo hice todo lo que pude - no lo dudo, pero... — I did everything I could - I'm sure you did, but...

    2.
    dudar vi

    cómpralo, no sigas dudando — go ahead and buy it, stop dithering

    dudar en + inf — to hesitate to + inf

    dudar de algo/alguien — to doubt something/somebody

    * * *
    = be hesitant (to), doubt, have + second thoughts, hesitate, waver, express + reservations, have + reservations (about), dither, hang back, be suspicious, voice + reservations, teeter + on the edge of, think + twice.

    Ex: I remember being hesitant to buy a CD player because I was attached to my extensive collection of LPs collected over a lifetime.

    Ex: He explained that while there was considerable turnover he doubted 18 assistants would be needed in the year, perhaps three or four at best.
    Ex: We can then have second thoughts, and possibly arrive at a more suitable form of truncation.
    Ex: Good luck and don't hesitate to ask me or anyone on the management team for advice or assistance!.
    Ex: The first decision in establishing headings for the works of corporate bodies is the one over which code makers have wavered.
    Ex: While reservations have been expressed about the festival, its value in enhancing and enriching the cultural life of this part of the country is evident.
    Ex: Librarians who have reservations about the spread of electronically based services are not Luddites.
    Ex: The Executive Board has been dithering over the control of the search for the next executive director = La Junta Directiva ha estado dudando si controlar o no la elección del siguiente director ejecutivo.
    Ex: This article explores the implications of these threats, maintaining that publishers cannot afford to hang back, but must innovate or atrophy.
    Ex: Collection development librarians are often met with distrust from faculty colleagues who are often suspicious of their ability to select books.
    Ex: The author voices reservations about the latest amendments to the Library Act.
    Ex: We would like to encourage other institutions who have been teetering on the edge of implementation to get on their running shoes and go for it.
    Ex: I would urge you most sincerely and strongly to think twice or three times before putting your shelflist into an undeveloped system.
    * dudar entre... y/o... = hover between... and/or....
    * hacer dudar = make + Nombre + doubt, misgive.
    * no lo dudes = take it from me.
    * sin dudar = without a doubt.
    * sin dudarlo = without hesitation.

    * * *
    dudar [A1 ]
    vt
    to doubt
    lo dudo mucho I doubt it very much
    es lo que te conviene, no lo dudes it's what's right for you, take it from me
    yo hice todo lo que pude — no lo dudo, pero … I did everything I could — I'm sure you did, but …
    dudar QUE + SUBJ:
    nunca dudé que fuera inocente I never doubted his innocence o that he was innocent
    dudo que llegue a tiempo I doubt that o if o whether I'll get there in time, I don't think I'll get there in time
    dudo que te haya dicho la verdad I doubt if o whether he's told you the truth
    ■ dudar
    vi
    vamos, cómpralo, no sigas dudando go ahead and buy it, stop hesitating o dithering
    está dudando entre comprar y alquilar she can't make up her mind o she is in two minds whether to buy or rent
    dudar EN + INF to hesitate to + INF
    no dudes en llamarme don't hesitate to call me
    dudar DE algo/algn to doubt sth/sb
    ¿dudas de su honradez? do you doubt his honesty?
    no dudo de su capacidad para desempeñar el cargo I don't doubt o I'm not questioning his ability to do the job
    ¿cómo pude dudar de ti? how could I have doubted you?
    * * *

     

    dudar ( conjugate dudar) verbo transitivo
    to doubt;
    ◊ dudo que lo haya terminado I doubt if o whether he's finished it

    verbo intransitivo: duda entre comprar y alquilar she can't make up her mind whether to buy or rent;
    dudar en hacer algo to hesitate to do sth;
    dudar de algo/algn to doubt sth/sb
    dudar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to doubt: no dudes de él, don't distrust him
    2 (estar indeciso) to hesitate [en, to]: dudaban entre comprarlo o no, they hesitated whether to buy it or not
    II verbo transitivo to doubt: dudo mucho que se disculpe, I very much doubt that he'll apologize

    ' dudar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vacilar
    - ver
    - titubear
    English:
    debate
    - doubt
    - falter
    - hesitate
    - shot
    - suspect
    - vacillate
    - waver
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [desconfiar]
    dudar de algo/alguien to have one's doubts about sth/sb;
    dudo de sus intenciones I question his intentions;
    no dudo de su buena voluntad I don't doubt his goodwill;
    sé que dudan de mí, pero yo soy inocente I know they have their doubts about me, but I'm innocent;
    ¿acaso dudas de mí? don't you trust me then?
    2. [no estar seguro]
    dudar sobre algo to be unsure about sth
    3. [vacilar] to hesitate;
    dudar entre hacer una cosa u otra to be unsure whether to do one thing or another;
    no dudes en venir a preguntarme don't hesitate to come and ask me
    ♦ vt
    to doubt;
    ¿vas a venir? – lo dudo are you going to come? – I doubt it, I don't think so;
    lo dudo mucho I very much doubt it;
    después de dudarlo bastante se decidió a ir after being in some doubt he decided to go;
    ¿que eres sincero? permíteme que lo dude so you're telling the truth, are you? I think I'll reserve judgement on that, if I may;
    yo no lo hice – no lo dudo, pero… I didn't do it – I'm sure you didn't, but…;
    no lo dude, ha hecho lo que debía you can rest assured you've done the right thing;
    dudo que venga I doubt (whether) he'll come;
    no dudo que lo hiciera con muy buena intención no doubt he did it with the best of intentions
    * * *
    I v/t doubt;
    ¡no lo dudes! of course!, no problem!
    II v/i
    1 hesitate (en to);
    no dudar en hacer algo not hesitate to do sth
    2
    :
    dudar de alguien not trust s.o.
    * * *
    dudar vt
    : to doubt
    dudar vi
    dudar en : to hesitate to
    no dudes en pedirme ayuda: don't hesitate to ask me for help
    * * *
    dudar vb
    1. (en general) to doubt
    si llueve, que lo dudo, iremos al museo if it rains, which I doubt, we'll go to the museum
    2. (vacilar) to hesitate
    3. (no poder escoger) not to be sure / not to be able to make up your mind
    4. (desconfiar) to mistrust

    Spanish-English dictionary > dudar

  • 34 mögen

    mö·gen [ʼmø:gn̩] modal vb <mochte, hat... mögen> + infin
    1) ( wollen)
    etw tun \mögen to want to do sth;
    ich mag dich nicht mehr sehen! I don't want to see you any more!;
    ich möchte jetzt einfach Urlaub machen können I wish I could [or I'd like to be able to] just take off on holiday now;
    \mögen [o möchten] Sie noch ein Glas Bier trinken? would you like another beer?;
    ich mag dich nicht gerne allein lassen I don't like to leave you alone [or leaving you alone];
    Stefan hat noch nie Fisch essen \mögen Stefan has never liked fish
    etw tun \mögen to want to do sth;
    ich möchte gerne kommen I'd like to come;
    hier möchte ich gerne leben I'd really like to live here;
    man möchte meinen, es wäre schon Winter you'd think that it was already winter;
    das möchte ich sehen! I'd like to see that!
    [es] mag sein, dass sie Recht hat it may be that she's right;
    sie mag sogar Recht haben she may be right;
    hm, das mag schon stimmen hmm, that might [well] be true;
    das mag schon sein, aber trotzdem! that's as may be, but still!;
    kommst du? - mag sein ( eventuell) are you coming? - maybe [or possibly]; ( wahrscheinlich) are you coming? - probably;
    was mag das wohl bedeuten? what's that supposed to mean?, I wonder what that means?;
    was immer kommen mag, wir bleiben zusammen whatever happens we'll stay together;
    was immer er auch behaupten/sagen mag,... whatever he may claim/say,...;
    so gemein wie es auch klingen mag, ist es die Wahrheit however cruel this may sound, it is the truth;
    er mag das zwar behaupten, aber deswegen stimmt es noch lange nicht just because he says that, doesn't necessarily mean that it's true;
    es mag so sein, wie er behauptet it may well [or might] be as he says;
    jetzt mag sie denken, dass wir sie nicht sehen wollen she probably thinks [that] we don't want to see her now;
    das mag noch angehen it might be all right;
    er sieht immer noch sehr gut aus, mag er auch inzwischen Mittfünfziger sein he's still very handsome, even if he's in his mid-fifties now;
    nun, er mag so um die 40 sein well, he must be [or I'd say he's] about 40;
    wie sie aussieht, mag sie Managerin sein she must be [or may well be] a manager from the look of her;
    es mochten so um die zwanzig Personen gewesen sein there must have been around twenty people there;
    wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may
    4) ( sollen)
    jd möge etw tun sb should do sth;
    bestellen Sie ihm bitte, er möchte mich morgen anrufen please tell him to ring me tomorrow;
    sagen Sie ihr, sie möchte zu mir kommen could you tell her to come and see me;
    Sie möchten gleich mal zur Chefin kommen you're to go and see the boss right away, the boss has asked to see you right away;
    diese Warnung mag genügen let this warning be enough, this warning should suffice;
    möge das stimmen let's hope it's true;
    möge Gott das verhüten! God forbid!;
    wenn sie mir das doch nur verzeihen möge! if she could only forgive me this!
    etw tun \mögen to be allowed [or able] to do sth;
    du magst tun, was du willst you may do as you please [or can];
    mag sie von mir aus gehen she can go as far as I'm concerned;
    mag kommen, was da will, wir sind vorbereitet come what may, we are prepared
    6) (dial, bes schweiz) ( können)
    es mochte nichts helfen it [just] didn't help
    vt <mochte, gemocht>
    1) ( gernhaben)
    jdn \mögen to like sb;
    ( lieben) to love sb;
    die beiden \mögen sich/\mögen einander nicht the two of them like/don't like each other
    jdn/etw \mögen to like sb/sth;
    welchen Maler magst du am liebsten? who is your favourite painter?, which painter do you like best?;
    am liebsten mag ich Eintopf I like stew best, stew is my favourite [meal]
    etw \mögen to want sth;
    ich möchte ein Stück Kuchen I'd like a slice of cake;
    ich möchte im Augenblick nichts mehr I don't want anything else for the moment;
    möchten Sie noch etwas Kaffee/ein Glas Wein? would you like [or do you want] some more coffee/another glass of wine?;
    was möchten Sie bitte? what would you like?, what can I get for you?
    ich möchte, dass du dich sofort bei ihr entschuldigst I would like [or want] you to apologize to her at once;
    ich möchte nicht, dass das bekannt wird I don't want this to get out;
    ich möchte gern, dass er mir öfters schreibt I wish he would write [to me] more often
    vi
    1) ( wollen) to want [or like] to;
    es ist noch Nachtisch da, magst du noch? there is [still] some dessert left, would you like [to have] some more?;
    es ist doch keine Frage, ob ich mag, ich muss es eben tun it's not a question of whether I want to do it [or not], I have to [do it] [or it has to be done];
    nicht so recht \mögen to not [really] feel like it;
    „gehst du mit ins Kino?“ - „nein, ich mag nicht so recht“ “are you coming to the cinema?” - “no, I don't really feel like it”;
    lass uns morgen weitermachen, ich mag nicht mehr let's carry on tomorrow, I don't feel like doing anymore today;
    „iss doch bitte auf“ - „ich mag aber nicht mehr“ ‘come on, finish up’ - ‘but I don't want any more’;
    wenn du magst, machen wir jetzt eine Pause we could take a break now if you like
    2) (fam: gehen/ fahren wollen)
    irgendwohin \mögen to want to go somewhere;
    ich mag [o möchte] nach Hause I want to go home;
    möchtest du auch ins Kino? do you want to go to the cinema too?

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > mögen

  • 35 desaparecer

    v.
    1 to disappear.
    me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappeared
    será mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a while
    desaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth
    ¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!
    La tristeza desaparece al amanecer Sadness disappears at dawn.
    Sus dudas desaparecieron His doubts disappeared.
    2 to go missing.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 (dejar de estar) to disappear
    \
    desaparecer del mapa figurado to vanish off the face of the earth
    hacer desaparecer to cause to disappear, hide 2 (quitar) to get rid of
    * * *
    verb
    to disappear, vanish
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) [persona, objeto] to disappear, go missing

    ¡desaparece de mi vista! — get out of my sight!

    mapa
    2) [mancha, olor, síntoma] to disappear, go (away)
    3) euf (=morir) to pass away
    2.
    VT LAm (Pol) to disappear

    desaparecieron a los disidentes — they disappeared the dissidents, the dissidents were disappeared

    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( de lugar) to disappear
    b) dolor/síntoma/cicatriz to disappear, go; costumbre to disappear, die out; mancha to come out
    c) ( de la vista) to disappear

    desapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd

    desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight

    2.
    desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear
    * * *
    = disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.
    Ex. This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.
    Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex. Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.
    Ex. The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.
    Ex. She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.
    Ex. These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.
    Ex. It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.
    Ex. Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex. He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.
    Ex. Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.
    Ex. This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex. The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex. With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.
    Ex. The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.
    Ex. Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.
    Ex. It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.
    Ex. The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.
    Ex. Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.
    Ex. He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.
    Ex. The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.
    Ex. These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex. Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.
    Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex. But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.
    Ex. The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.
    Ex. Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.
    Ex. Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.
    Ex. Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.
    Ex. One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.
    Ex. So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.
    Ex. The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.
    Ex. We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.
    Ex. The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    ----
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.
    * desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.
    * desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.
    * hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.
    * hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.
    * límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * que no desaparece = lingering.
    * viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( de lugar) to disappear
    b) dolor/síntoma/cicatriz to disappear, go; costumbre to disappear, die out; mancha to come out
    c) ( de la vista) to disappear

    desapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd

    desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight

    2.
    desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear
    * * *
    = disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.

    Ex: This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.

    Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex: Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.
    Ex: The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.
    Ex: She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.
    Ex: These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.
    Ex: It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.
    Ex: Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex: He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.
    Ex: Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.
    Ex: This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex: The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex: With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.
    Ex: The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.
    Ex: Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.
    Ex: It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.
    Ex: The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.
    Ex: Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.
    Ex: He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.
    Ex: The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.
    Ex: These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex: Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.
    Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex: But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.
    Ex: The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.
    Ex: Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.
    Ex: Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.
    Ex: Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.
    Ex: One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.
    Ex: So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.
    Ex: The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.
    Ex: We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.
    Ex: The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.
    * desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.
    * desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.
    * hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.
    * hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.
    * límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * que no desaparece = lingering.
    * viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.

    * * *
    vi
    1 (de un lugar) to disappear
    desapareció sin dejar huella he disappeared o vanished without trace, he did a vanishing trick o a disappearing act ( hum)
    hizo desaparecer el sombrero ante sus ojos he made the hat disappear o vanish before their very eyes
    en esta oficina las cosas tienden a desaparecer things tend to disappear o go missing in this office
    2 «dolor/síntoma» to disappear; «cicatriz» to disappear, go; «costumbre» to disappear, die out
    lo dejé en remojo y la mancha desapareció I left it to soak and the stain came out
    tenía que hacer desaparecer las pruebas he had to get rid of the evidence
    3 (de la vista) to disappear
    el sol desapareció detrás de una nube the sun disappeared o went behind a cloud
    el ladrón desapareció entre la muchedumbre the thief disappeared o vanished into the crowd
    desaparece de mi vista antes de que te pegue ( fam); get out of my sight before I wallop you ( colloq)
    1 (de un lugar) to disappear
    se desaparecieron mis gafas my glasses have disappeared
    2 (de la vista) to disappear
    * * *

     

    desaparecer ( conjugate desaparecer) verbo intransitivo [persona/objeto] to disappear;
    [dolor/síntoma/cicatriz] to disappear, go;
    [ costumbre] to disappear, die out;
    [ mancha] to come out
    desaparecerse verbo pronominal (Andes) to disappear
    desaparecer verbo intransitivo to disappear: me ha desaparecido la cartera, I can't find my wallet
    el sol desapareció detrás de las nubes, the sun vanished behind the clouds
    ♦ Locuciones: desaparecer del mapa/de la faz de la tierra, to vanish off the face of the earth
    ' desaparecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confundirse
    - disipar
    - escabullirse
    - lance
    - magia
    - mapa
    - obliterar
    - perderse
    - volar
    - volatilizarse
    - camino
    - comer
    - ir
    - pasar
    - quitar
    - sacar
    English:
    disappear
    - dissipate
    - linger
    - lost
    - magic away
    - melt away
    - sink away
    - trace
    - vanish
    - face
    - melt
    - missing
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [de la vista] to disappear (de from);
    desapareció tras las colinas it dropped out of sight behind the hills;
    me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappeared;
    hizo desaparecer una paloma y un conejo he made a dove and a rabbit vanish;
    será mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a while;
    desaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth;
    ¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!
    2. [dolor, síntomas, mancha] to disappear, to go;
    [cicatriz] to disappear; [sarpullido] to clear up
    3. [en guerra, accidente] to go missing, to disappear;
    muchos desaparecieron durante la represión many people disappeared during the crackdown
    ♦ vt
    Am [persona] = to detain extrajudicially during political repression and possibly kill
    * * *
    I v/i disappear, vanish
    II v/t L.Am.
    disappear fam, make disappear
    * * *
    desaparecer {53} vt
    : to cause to disappear
    : to disappear, to vanish
    * * *
    desaparecer vb to disappear

    Spanish-English dictionary > desaparecer

  • 36 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 37 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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  • 38 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 39 теорема

    theorem
    • Более слабая форма теоремы 1 может быть выведена из... - A weaker form of Theorem 1 can be deduced from...
    • В следующей теореме мы устанавливаем дальнейшие свойства... - In the next theorem we obtain further properties of...
    • В следующей теореме рассматривается случай, в котором/ когда... - The next theorem deals with the case in which...
    • Важное следствие данной теоремы состоит в том, что... - An important consequence of this theorem is that...
    • Возвращаясь теперь к доказательству основной теоремы, мы... - Returning now to the proof of the main theorem, we...
    • Вышеупомянутые теоремы дают нам... - The foregoing theorems give us...
    • Данная теорема немедленно вытекает из... - The theorem follows at once from...
    • Данная теорема остается справедливой даже если... - The theorem is still true even if...
    • Данная теорема по-прежнему справедлива в тривиальном случае, если... - The theorem still holds in a trivial sense if...
    • Данная теорема принадлежит Гауссу. - This theorem is due to Gauss.
    • Данная теорема является непосредственным следствием... - This theorem is a direct corollary of...
    • Данный результат принадлежит Гауссу. Давайте сформулируем его как теорему. - This result is due to Gauss. Let us formulate it as a theorem.
    • Для доказательства второго утверждения теоремы мы выписываем... - То prove part (ii), we write...
    • Для удобства сформулируем здесь данную теорему. - We state this theorem here for convenience.
    • Докажем теперь обобщение теоремы 1. - We now prove a generalization of Theorem 1.
    • Его результаты могут быть подытожены следующей теоремой. - His results may be summed up in the following theorem.
    • Из теоремы 1 мы легко выводим ряд важных следствий. - From Theorem l we easily deduce a number of important consequences.
    • Из этих результатов мы выводим следующую важную теорему. - Prom these results we deduce the following important theorem.
    • Имеется хорошо известная теорема о... - There is a well-known theorem on...
    • Как мы увидим из дальнейшего, данная теорема является основой для... - This theorem, as we shall see, is the basis of...
    • Мы докажем эту теорему при дополнительном предположении, что... - We prove this theorem subject to the extra assumption that...
    • Мы можем сразу применить данную теорему, чтобы найти... - We can at once apply this theorem to find...
    • Мы можем сформулировать этот результат в виде теоремы. - We can state the result as a theorem.
    • Мы можем, конечно, применить теорему 1 к случаю, где/ когда... - We can, of course, apply Theorem 1 to the case where...
    • Мы надеемся доказать подобную теорему, хотя, возможно, и при дополнительных ограничениях. - We expect to prove such a theorem, although possibly under additional restrictions.
    • Мы надеемся установить теорему относительно... - We hope to obtain a theorem regarding...; We hope to establish a theorem regarding...
    • Мы опускаем весьма громоздкое доказательство данной теоремы. - We omit the rather lengthy proof of this theorem.
    • Мы рассуждаем точно как при доказательстве теоремы 1. - We argue exactly as in the proof of Theorem 1.
    • Немедленным следствием теоремы 1 является следующее (утверждение). - An immediate consequence of Theorem 1 is the following.
    • Несколько более глубокая теорема была доказана Смитом [1]. - A slightly deeper theorem is proved by Smith [1].
    • Нижеследующая теорема дает условия, при которых... - The following theorem gives conditions under which...
    • Нижеследующая теорема является основой для дальнейших приложений. - The next theorem is basic to the applications that follow.
    • Однако следующая теорема показывает, что... - The next theorem shows, however, that...
    • Первая часть теоремы уже была доказана. - The first part of the theorem has already been proved.
    • Поверхностное прочтение данной теоремы могло бы привести к убеждению, что... - A superficial reading of this theorem might lead one to believe that...
    • Последнюю теорему можно расширить, чтобы включить... - The last theorem can be extended to include...
    • Применяя данную теорему, важно проверить, что... - When applying the theorem it is essential to check that...
    • Простое но полезное следствие теоремы 1 состоит в том, что... - A simple but useful consequence of Theorem 1 is that...
    • Рассмотрим эту теорему с точки зрения геометрии. - Let us consider this theorem geometrically.
    • Следующая теорема обеспечивает более глубокое понимание (чего-л). - The next theorem provides more insight into...
    • Следующая теорема дает другое расширение... - The following theorem gives another extension of...
    • Следующая теорема дает полезный тест для проверки, действительно ли... - The following theorem gives a useful test for determining whether...
    • Следующая теорема известна как... - The next theorem is known as...
    • Следующая теорема имеет приложения при изучении... - The next theorem has applications in the study of...
    • Следующая теорема обобщает хорошо известное свойство... - The following theorem generalizes a well-known property of...
    • Следующая теорема позволяет нам показать, что... - The following theorem enables us to show that...
    • Следующая теорема показывает как можно сделать это определение строгим. - The following theorem shows how this notion can be made precise.
    • Следующая теорема является прямым обобщением... - The following theorem is a direct generalization of...
    • Следующая теорема является ценной в этом контексте. - The following theorem is valuable in this context.
    • Следующие теорема и следствие являются немедленными последствиями... - The following theorem and corollary are immediate consequences of...
    • Следующий результат является переформулировкой теоремы Гаусса. - The following result is a restatement of Gauss's theorem.
    • Сначала мы обязаны доказать следующую теорему. - We must first prove the following theorem.
    • Сформулируем без доказательства следующую теорему относительно... - We state without proof the following theorem concerning...
    • Таким образом, теорема может быть переформулирована следующим образом. - Thus the theorem can be rephrased as follows.
    • Теорема Тейлора чрезвычайно полезна для изучения... - Taylor's theorem is extremely useful for the study of...
    • Теорема не сообщает ничего о... - The theorem says nothing about...
    • Теперь займемся доказательством этой теоремы. - We now come to the proof of the theorem.
    • Теперь мы доказываем важную теорему, принадлежащую Банаху. - We now prove an important theorem due to Banach.
    • Теперь мы можем доказать следующую теорему. - This result enables us to prove the following theorem; We are now able to prove the following theorem; With this result in hand, we can prove the following theorem; With this understanding, we can prove the following theorem; Knowing this, we can prove the following theorem; We can now prove the following theorem; We are now in a position to prove the following theorem; The following theorem is now within our reach; We are now ready for the following theorem.
    • Теперь мы подходим к серии теорем, касающихся... - We now come to a series of theorems concerning...
    (= модификации), если... - The statement of the theorem needs modification if...
    • Хорошо известная теорема математического анализа утверждает, что... - A well-known theorem of analysis states that...
    • Частным случаем этой теоремы является... - A particular case of this theorem is that...
    • Чтобы доказать теорему, достаточно показать, что... - То prove the theorem it is sufficient to show that...
    • Чтобы доказать эту теорему, во-первых, предположим, что... - То prove the theorem, suppose first that...
    • Чтобы доказать эту теорему, недостаточно увидеть, что... - То prove this theorem it is not enough to observe that...
    • Эта теорема обеспечивает нас... - This theorem provides us with...
    • Эти две теоремы совместно показывают, что... - These two results together show that...
    • Эти теоремы вполне аналогичны теоремам относительно... - These theorems are closely analogous to those concerning...
    • Это доказательство почти идентично доказательству последней теоремы. - The proof is almost identical with that of the last theorem.
    • Это и завершает доказательство теоремы. - This proves the theorem; The proof of the theorem is finished; Q. E. D.
    • Это свойство является следствием следующей теоремы. - This property is a consequence of the following theorem.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > теорема

  • 40 just

    I
    adjective
    1) (right and fair: not favouring one more than another: a fair and just decision.) justo
    2) (reasonable; based on one's rights: He certainly has a just claim to the money.) justo
    3) (deserved: He got his just reward when he crashed the stolen car and broke his leg.) merecido
    •
    - justness
    II
    adverb
    1) ((often with as) exactly or precisely: This penknife is just what I needed; He was behaving just as if nothing had happened; The house was just as I'd remembered it.) exactamente
    2) ((with as) quite: This dress is just as nice as that one.) exactamente
    3) (very lately or recently: He has just gone out of the house.) acabar de, ahora mismo, hace un momento
    4) (on the point of; in the process of: She is just coming through the door.) en este momento
    5) (at the particular moment: The telephone rang just as I was leaving.) justo, en el mismo instante/momento en que
    6) ((often with only) barely: We have only just enough milk to last till Friday; I just managed to escape; You came just in time.) a penas
    7) (only; merely: They waited for six hours just to get a glimpse of the Queen; `Where are you going?' `Just to the post office'; Could you wait just a minute?) sólamente
    8) (used for emphasis, eg with commands: Just look at that mess!; That just isn't true!; I just don't know what to do.) ¡pero!; de verdad
    9) (absolutely: The weather is just marvellous.) absolutamente
    •
    - just now
    - just then
    just1 adj justo
    just2 adv
    1. justo / exactamente
    2. justo
    3. por poco
    4. sólo
    tr[ʤʌst]
    1 (fair) justo,-a
    2 (justifiable) fundado,-a, justificado,-a
    3 (deserved) merecido,-a
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to get one's just desserts llevar su merecido
    ————————
    tr[ʤʌst]
    1 (exactly) exactamente, precisamente, justo
    2 (only) solamente, sólo
    ■ just a moment, please un momento, por favor
    ■ no sugar for me, please, just milk no quiero azúcar, gracias, sólo leche
    ■ don't worry, it's just a scratch! ¡no te preocupes, no es más que un rasguño!
    3 (barely) apenas, por poco
    4 (right now) en este momento
    5 (simply) sencillamente
    ■ we could just stay here and wait for her pues, sencillamente podríamos quedarnos aquí y esperarla
    ■ just shut up, will you? ¡cállese, por favor!
    8 familiar (really) realmente, verdaderamente
    phrase to have just + pres part
    1 acabar de + infin
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    just about prácticamente
    just as well menos mal
    just in case por si acaso
    just like that! ¡sin más!
    just so (tidy) ordenado,-a, arreglado,-a 2 (as a reply) sí, exactamente
    just then en ese momento
    just the same (not different) exactamente igual 2 (nevertheless) sin embargo, no obstante
    just the thing justo lo que hacía falta
    just ['ʤʌst] adv
    1) exactly: justo, precisamente, exactamente
    2) possibly: posiblemente
    it just might work: tal vez resulte
    3) barely: justo, apenas
    just in time: justo a tiempo
    4) only: sólo, solamente, nada más
    just us: sólo nosotros
    5) quite: muy, simplemente
    it's just horrible!: ¡qué horrible!
    6)
    to have just (done something) : acabar de (hacer algo)
    he just called: acaba de llamar
    just adj
    : justo
    ♦ justly adv
    adj.
    • debido, -a adj.
    • derecho, -a adj.
    • entero, -a adj.
    • equitativo, -a adj.
    • justiciero, -a adj.
    • justo, -a adj.
    • lícito, -a adj.
    • recto, -a adj.
    • sólo, -a adj.
    adv.
    • apenas adv.
    • casi no adv.
    • justamente adv.
    • justo adv.
    • no más que adv.
    • recién adv.
    • sólo adv.

    I dʒʌst
    adjective <decision/person> justo

    II
    1)

    she's just left — se acaba de ir, recién se fue (AmL)

    she'd only just finished — acababa de terminar, recién había terminado (AmL)

    just recently I've begun to notice that... — últimamente he empezado a darme cuenta de que...

    b) (now, at the moment)
    2)
    a) ( barely) justo

    I just missed him — no lo vi por poco or por apenas unos minutos

    b) ( a little)

    just above the knee — justo or apenas encima de la rodilla

    3)
    a) ( only) sólo

    I'll be with you in just a moment — enseguida or en un segundo estoy con usted

    there's just one left — queda sólo uno, queda uno nomás (AmL)

    just a moment, you're confusing two issues there — un momento: estás confundiendo dos problemas distintos

    she was just three when her father died — tenía apenas or sólo tres años cuando murió su padre

    would you like some more? - just a little, please — ¿quieres más? - bueno, un poquito

    b) ( simply)

    that's just gossip — no son más que chismes, son puros chismes (fam)

    they're just friends — no son más que amigos, sólo son amigos

    just because he's famous doesn't mean he can be rude — (colloq) el hecho de que sea famoso no le da derecho a ser grosero

    4)
    a) (exactly, precisely)

    it's just what I wanted — es justo or precisamente or exactamente lo que quería

    b) ( equally)

    just leave it here — déjelo aquí, déjelo aquí nomás (AmL)

    regret it? don't I just! — ¿que si me arrepiento? si me arrepentiré...!

    just you wait, you little rascal! — ya vas a ver, bandido!

    just go away, will you? — mira, vete, hazme el favor

    6)

    it's just that... — lo que pasa es que...

    7)

    just about: I've just about finished now casi he terminado, prácticamente he terminado; did you get enough to eat? - just about — ¿te dieron bastante de comer? - más o menos


    I [dʒʌst]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=fair) [person, system] justo

    as is only just — como es justo, como es de razón

    2) (=deserved) [praise, reward] merecido; [punishment] apropiado, justo
    3) (=justified) [complaint, criticism] justificado; [opinion] lógico; deserts
    4) (=accurate) [account] correcto; [assessment] correcto, exacto
    2.
    NPL

    II
    [dʒʌst]
    ADVERB
    a) (=at this moment) ahora mismo

    I'm just coming! — ¡ya voy!

    "have some tea!" - "actually, I was just going" — -tómate un té -en realidad ya me iba

    b) (=at that moment) justo
    c) (=recently, a moment ago)

    we were just talking about that — precisamente or ahora mismo estábamos hablando de eso

    • just cooked — recién hecho

    • it's just gone 10 o'clock — acaban de dar las diez

    • to have just done sth — acabar de hacer algo

    • the book is just out — el libro acaba de salir

    • it's just past 10 o'clock — acaban de dar las diez

    d) (in expressions specifying "when")

    • just after I arrived — poco después de mi llegada

    • just as I arrived — justo cuando yo llegaba

    just as it started to rain — justo cuando empezó a llover, en el momento en que empezó a llover

    • just before I arrived — poco antes de mi llegada

    • I saw him just this minute — lo he visto hace un momento

    • just at that moment — en ese mismo momento or instante

    • just this morning — esta misma mañana

    • just when it was going well... — precisamente or justamente cuando iba bien...

    • just yesterday — ayer mismo

    • "are you leaving?" - "not just yet" — -¿te vas? -aún or todavía no

    now 1., 6), recently, then 1., 1)
    2) (=barely) por poco

    I (only) just caught it — lo alcancé por un pelo, por poco lo pierdo

    • we had just enough money — teníamos el dinero justo

    • he missed the train, but only just — perdió el tren, pero por poco

    he passed, but only just — aprobó pero por los pelos

    • we arrived just in time — por poco no llegamos, llegamos justo a tiempo

    3) (=slightly)

    • just over/ under two kilos — un poco más de/menos de dos kilos

    it's just over/under two kilos — pasa de/no llega a los dos kilos

    • just to the left/right — un poco más a la izquierda/derecha

    4) (=exactly) justo, exactamente

    it's just my size — es justo or exactamente mi talla

    it's just the same — es justo or exactamente igual

    just here/there — aquí/ahí mismo

    just behind/in front of/next to etc — justo detrás/delante de/al lado de etc

    it cost just (on) £20 — me costó veinte libras justas

    • that's just it! — ¡ahí está! *, ¡esa es la cuestión!

    • he's just like his father — (physically, in behaviour) es idéntico a su padre

    that's just like him, always late — es típico (de él), siempre llega tarde

    they have their problems just like the rest of us — tienen sus problemas, exactamente igual que el resto de nosotros

    I can't find £1,000 just like that — no puedo conseguir mil libras así sin más

    • that's just the point! — ¡ahí está! *, ¡esa es la cuestión!

    • he likes everything just so * — le gusta que todo esté perfecto

    • it's just what I wanted — es justo or precisamente lo que quería

    that's just what I thought — eso es justo or precisamente lo que pensé

    just what did he say? — ¿qué dijo exactamente?

    just what are you implying? — ¿qué es exactamente lo que estás insinuando?

    luck, right 1., 2)
    5) (=only) solo, sólo, nomás (LAm)
    In the past the standard spelling for solo as an adverb was with an accent (sólo). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented form is only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective solo.

    they were just 15 when they got married — tenían solo or nada más 15 años cuando se casaron

    he's just a lad — no es más que un chaval, es solo un chaval

    don't take any notice of her, she's just jealous — no le hagas ni caso, lo que está es celosa or lo que pasa es que está celosa

    • it's just around the corner — está a la vuelta de la esquina

    • I just asked! — hum ¡preguntaba nada más!

    • just a few — solo unos pocos, unos pocos nada más

    • just a little — solo un poco, un poco nada más

    • just once — una vez nada más, solamente or solo una vez

    • it's just over there — está ahí mismo

    • he's just teasing — solo está bromeando, está bromeando, nada más

    • just this once — solo esta vez

    • we went just to see the museum — fuimos solo para ver el museo

    • just the two of us — los dos solos, solo nosotros dos

    • I just wanted to say that... — solo quería decir que...

    friend, note 1., 3)
    6) (=simply) sencillamente

    I'm just phoning to remind you that... — solo llamo para recordarte que...

    • it's just one of those things * — son cosas que pasan

    • it's just that I don't like it — lo que pasa es que no me gusta

    • I just thought that you would like it — yo pensé que te gustaría

    because 1., imagine 2), wonder 2.
    7) (=specially) solo, sólo

    • I did it just for you — lo hice solo por ti

    8) (=conceivably)

    it's an old trick, but it could just work — es un viejo truco, pero puede que funcione

    • just as — tan

    • just let me get my hands on him! * — ¡cómo lo coja!, ¡con que lo agarre! (LAm)

    • just listen to that rain! — ¡escucha or fíjate cómo llueve!

    just listen a minute, will you? — ¡escúchame un momento!, ¿quieres?

    • just look at this mess! — ¡fíjate qué desorden!

    • just wait a minute! — ¡espera un momento!

    just you wait, he'll come sure enough — (reassuringly) espera hombre, ya verás cómo viene

    just (you) wait until I tell your father — (threateningly) ya verás cuando se lo cuente a tu padre, espera (nomás (LAm)) a que se lo cuente a tu padre

    • just you do! * —

    • just you try it! * —

    • just you dare! * — ¡inténtalo si te atreves!

    "that dress is awful" - "isn't it just?" * — -ese vestido es francamente horrible -¡y tanto!

    • we're managing just fine — nos apañamos perfectamente

    • it's just perfect! — ¡es absolutamente perfecto!

    plain 1., 3)

    • I can just hear the roars of laughter — me puedo imaginar muy bien or perfectamente las carcajadas

    • I can just imagine her reaction — me imagino muy bien or perfectamente su reacción

    • I can just see her face if I told her — me puedo imaginar muy bien or perfectamente la cara que pondría si se lo dijese

    • just about, I've just about finished this work — estoy a punto de terminar este trabajo

    I've just about had enough of this noise! * — ¡estoy ya más que harto de este ruido!

    • come just as you are — ven tal como estás

    just as I thought! — ¡ya me lo figuraba or imaginaba!, ¡lo que yo me figuraba or imaginaba!

    • just in case — por si acaso

    just in case it rains — por si acaso llueve, por si llueve

    I've prepared some extra food, just in case — he preparado comida de más, por si las moscas * or por si acaso

    • just a minute!, just one moment! — (=coming) ¡un momento, por favor!, ¡voy!

    just a minute, I don't know if I agree with that... — un momento, no sé si estoy de acuerdo con eso...

    • just the same, I'd rather... — de todas formas, prefiero...

    • that's just too bad! — iro ¡qué lástima!, ¡qué mala pata! *

    • it's just as well — menos mal

    I wasn't expecting much, which was just as well — no esperaba mucho, y menos mal

    happen, soon
    * * *

    I [dʒʌst]
    adjective <decision/person> justo

    II
    1)

    she's just left — se acaba de ir, recién se fue (AmL)

    she'd only just finished — acababa de terminar, recién había terminado (AmL)

    just recently I've begun to notice that... — últimamente he empezado a darme cuenta de que...

    b) (now, at the moment)
    2)
    a) ( barely) justo

    I just missed him — no lo vi por poco or por apenas unos minutos

    b) ( a little)

    just above the knee — justo or apenas encima de la rodilla

    3)
    a) ( only) sólo

    I'll be with you in just a moment — enseguida or en un segundo estoy con usted

    there's just one left — queda sólo uno, queda uno nomás (AmL)

    just a moment, you're confusing two issues there — un momento: estás confundiendo dos problemas distintos

    she was just three when her father died — tenía apenas or sólo tres años cuando murió su padre

    would you like some more? - just a little, please — ¿quieres más? - bueno, un poquito

    b) ( simply)

    that's just gossip — no son más que chismes, son puros chismes (fam)

    they're just friends — no son más que amigos, sólo son amigos

    just because he's famous doesn't mean he can be rude — (colloq) el hecho de que sea famoso no le da derecho a ser grosero

    4)
    a) (exactly, precisely)

    it's just what I wanted — es justo or precisamente or exactamente lo que quería

    b) ( equally)

    just leave it here — déjelo aquí, déjelo aquí nomás (AmL)

    regret it? don't I just! — ¿que si me arrepiento? si me arrepentiré...!

    just you wait, you little rascal! — ya vas a ver, bandido!

    just go away, will you? — mira, vete, hazme el favor

    6)

    it's just that... — lo que pasa es que...

    7)

    just about: I've just about finished now casi he terminado, prácticamente he terminado; did you get enough to eat? - just about — ¿te dieron bastante de comer? - más o menos

    English-spanish dictionary > just

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • possibly — [[t]pɒ̱sɪbli[/t]] ♦♦ 1) ADV: ADV with cl/group, ADV with v (vagueness) You use possibly to indicate that you are not sure whether something is true or might happen. Exercise will not only lower blood pressure but possibly protect against heart… …   English dictionary

  • possibly — adverb 1 used when saying that something may be true or likely, although you do not know exactly; perhaps: “Are you coming with us tomorrow?” “Possibly. I m not sure yet.” | This novel is his most accessible, and possibly his most beautiful, book …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • possibly — pos|si|bly W2S1 [ˈpɔsıbli US ˈpa: ] adv 1.) used when saying that something may be true or likely, although you are not completely certain = ↑perhaps, maybe ↑maybe ▪ This last task is possibly the most difficult. ▪ It will take three weeks,… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • possibly — pos|si|bly [ pasəbli ] adverb *** 1. ) likely to happen or be true, but not certain: There is a chance of showers today and possibly a thunderstorm. Do we have enough money to get a hotel room? Possibly. quite/very possibly: He is quite possibly… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

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  • can — I strong UK [kæn] / US weak UK [kən] / US modal verb *** Summary: Can is usually followed by an infinitive without to : I can speak French. Sometimes it is used without a following infinitive: Come and help us, if you can. Can does not change its …   English dictionary

  • can — can1 [ weak kən, strong kæn ] modal verb *** Can is usually followed by an infinitive without to : I can speak French. Sometimes it is used without a following infinitive: Come and help us, if you can. Can does not change its form, so the third… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

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