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61 ῥέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to flow, to stream', also metaph., `to stream off, to fall off' (of hair, ripe fruits etc.), (Il.).Other forms: Aor. ῥυῆναι (γ 455), Dor. ἐρρύᾱ, fut. ῥυῆσομαι, perf. ἐρρύηκα (Att.); fut. ῥεύσομαι (Thgn., com., Hp.), ῥευσοῦμαι (Arist.), ῥεύσω (AP), aor. ῥεῦσαι (Ar. in anap., Hp., hell.).Derivatives: Many derivv., also from the prefixcompp. (here only indicated): A. with full grade. 1. ῥέεθρον (ep. Ion. Il.), ῥεῖθρον (Att.) n. `stream, river, water'; 2. ` Ρεῖτος m. name of a stream or brook, (Eleusis Va, Th., Paus.; Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 89); 3. ῥεῦμα n. `current, stream' (IA.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 267f.), `stream, rheumatism' (medic.), with - μάτιον, - ματώδης, - ματικός, - ματίζομαι, - ματισμός; 4. ῥέος n. `stream' (A; cf. on ἐυ-ρρεής below); 5. ῥεῦσις f. (hell. for ῥύσις); 6. ῥευστός `streaming, fluid' (Emp., Arist. a.o.), - στικός (Plu.), - σταλέος (Orac. ap. Eus.); 7. - ρρεί-της (from - ρρεϜέ-της) in compounds, e.g. ἐϋ-ρρείτης `streaming beautifully' (Hom. a.o.), ἀκαλα-ρρείτης (s. v.); 8. - ρρεής only in gen. ἐϋ-ρρεῖος = ἐϋ-ρρεϜέος (Il.) from ἐϋ-ρρεής `id.'; rather to ῥέω than to ῥέος (Schwyzer 513). -- B. With ο-ablaut: 1. ῥόος ( κατά- etc.), Att. ῥοῦς, Cypr. ῥόϜος m. `stream, flow'; 2. ῥοή ( ἐκ- etc.), Dor. -ά, Corc. ρhοϜαῖσι f. `flowing, stream, outflow' (Il.); from 1. or 2. ῥοΐσκος m. `brooklet' (Halaesa), ῥοώδης ( ῥοι- Gal.) `flowing, suffering of flux, having strong currents, watery, falling off' (Hp., Th., Arist. etc.), ῥοϊκός `fluid' (Hp., Dsc.), ῥοΐζω `to drench', of horses (Hippiatr.) with ῥοϊσμός H.; 3. ῥοῖαι f. pl. `floods' (Hp.); 4. - ρροια f. in prefixcompp., e.g. διάρροια (: δια-ρρέω) `flowing through, diarrhoea' (IA.; on the formation Schwyzer 469). -- C. With zero grade: 1. ῥυτός `streaming, pouring out, flowing strongly' (trag. a.o.; ἀμφί-, περί- ῥέω Od. a.o.); ῥυτόν n. `drinking horn' (Att., hell.); 2. ῥύσις ( ἔκ- a.o.) f. `flowing, flow' (IA.); 3. ῥύμα = ῥεῦμα (late) s.v.; 4. ῥύᾱξ, -ᾱκος m. `strong current, rushing stream, stream of lava' (Th., Pl., Arist. a.o.), prob. Sicil. (Björck Alpha impurum 61 a. 285); cf. ῥύαγξ (cod. ῥοί-) φάραγξ H. [note that of the last two the suffixes are Pre-Greek]; 5. ῥυά̄χετος m. `multitude of people' (Lac.; Ar. Lys. 170), expressive enlargment of ῥύαξ after ὀχετός, συρφετός?; 6. ῥυάς f. (m., n.) `fluid, falling off' (Arist., Thphr. a.o.), also adjunct of ἰχθῦς or des. of certain fishes, that live in warms and follow the currents (Arist. a.o.; Strömberg Fischn. 50f., Thompson Fishes s.v.), `flow' with ῥυαδικός, `suffering flux etc.' (medic.); 7. ῥυδόν (ο 426), ῥύδην (Crates a.o.) `flooding, abounding'. -- On ῥυθμός s. v.; on ῥύτρος, ῥόα ( ῥοιά), ῥοῦς as plantnames s. ῥόα.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1003] *sreu̯- `flow, stream'Etymology: The the themat. root-present ῥέω (\< *ῥέϜω; cf. ῥόϜος a.o. above) agrees Skt. srávati `flow', IE *sréu̯-eti. Also to other forms there are exact agreements outcide Greek, of which the age is however uncertain because of the strong productivity of the relevent form-categories: ρόος = Skt. srava- m. `the flowing'; cf. OCS o-strovъ, Russ. óstrov `island' (prop. "surrounded by stream(s)"); ῥοή = Lith. sravà f. `flowing, flow of blood, menstruation'; cf. Skt. giri-sravā f. `mountainstream', ῥύσις = Skt. srutí- f. `way, stret' (but e.g. vi-sruti- `flowing out'; cf. Liebert Nom. suffix -ti- 39); ambiguous Arm. aṙu `canal'; ῥυτός = Skt. srutá- `flowing'; cf. Lith. srùtos pl. (dial. -tà sg.) f. `liquid manure, (animal)urine'; (ἐϋ) - ρρεής: Skt. ( madhu) - sravas- m. "dripping of honey", plantname (lex.). Over aginst the neuter ῥεῦμα (IE *sreu̯-mn̥) stands in Balto-Slav. a corresponding masc., e.g. Lith. sraumuõ, gen. -meñs `rapid' (IE *srou̯-mon-); similar Thrac. rivername Στρυμών. An m-suffix also in Germ., e.g. OWNo. straumr ' stream' (IE *srou̯-mo-), in Celt., e.g. OIr. sruaim `stream' and in Alb. rrymë `stream' (Mann Lang. 28, 37). -- Genetic connection has also been supposed between Dor. aor. ἐ-ρρύᾱ and Lith. pret. pa-srùvo `flowed' (\< *-āt; Schwyzer 743 w. n. 11 a. lit.), also between Ion.-Att. ἐρρύη and Lith. inf. sravė́ti. Formally identical are also the futures ῥεύσομαι (- σω) and Skt. sroṣyati. Further the Greek and Sanskrit as well as the Balt. verbal systems go different ways. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 702 f., Pok. 1003; Fraenkel s. sravė́ti, Vasmer s. strúmenъ; older lit. also in Bq. -- Vgl. ῥώομαι.Page in Frisk: 2,650-652Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥέω
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62 ῥήγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to tear (up), to break (to pieces), to burst' (Il.).Other forms: Fut. ῥήξω, aor. ῥῆξαι (all Il.), perf. midd. ἔρρηγ-μαι (θ 137), act. (intr.) ἔρρωγα (Archil., Hp., trag.), ptc. ἐρρηγεῖα (Tab. Heracl.), trans. ἔρρηχα (hell.), aor. pass. ῥαγῆναι (Il.) w. fut. ῥαγήσομαι (A. a.o.), ῥηχθῆναι (late); new pres. ῥήσσω, ῥήττω (Hp., hell.; to ῥῆξαι, ῥήξω).Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, περι-. As 1. member in verbal governing compp. ῥηξ(ι)-, e.g. ῥηξ-ήνωρ adjunct. of Achilles, `breaking the (rows of) men' (Hom.) with - ηνορίη (ξ 217); cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 180; diff. Muller Mnem. 46, 135ff.: to Lat. regō (by Kretschmer Glotta 11,249 rightly doubted); Jernstedt (s. Idg. Jb. 14, 151): to ῥήσσω `to throw (down)'; cf. the lit. on ἀνήρ.Derivatives: A. With full grade: 1. ῥῆγμα ( ἔκ-, σύν-) n. `tore, cleft, breach' (IA.) with ῥηγματίης, - τώδης (Hp.); 2. ῥηγμός `id.' (pap. IIIa); 3. ῥηγμίν (- μίς), - μῖνος f. `breaking down of a cart, breaking of the sea' (ep. Il.); ῑν-deriv.; cf. Chantraine Form. 168, Schwyzer 465; after Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 40 influenced by θῑν ( θίς); 4. ῥῆξις ( κατά-, περί- etc.), Aeol. Ϝρῆξις f. `breaking through, breach' (Alc., Hp., E., Arist.) with ῥηκτικός ( κατα-) `fragile, brittle' (Hp., Aët.); 5. ῥήκτης m. "the disruptor", des. of a certain form of earthquake (Arist., Lyd.); 6. Ϝρηγαλέον (cod. τρ-) διερρωγότα H.; cf. below B 4 and Leumann Hom. Wörter 273; 7. αὔρηκτος = ἄ-Ϝρηκτος `unbroken' (Hdn. Gr.). -- B. With ω-ablaut: 1. ῥώξ f. only ῥῶγας acc.pl. (χ 143) `tore' = `narrow passage' (cf.Wace JHSt. 71, 203ff., Bérard REGr. 67, 23ff.), further in prefixcompp., e.g. ἀπορρώξ `torn off', f. `torn off piece, outflow' (ep. poet. Il.); 2. διαρρωγή f. `gap, interspace' (Hp.); ῥωγαί ῥήξεις H.; 3. ῥωγάς, - άδος `torn up, cleft' (hell. poetry.); 4. ῥωγαλέος `torn up, full of holes' (Hom.); 5. ῥωγμή f. `breach, tore' (Hp., Arist.) with ῥωγματίης (Hp. ap. Gal.; cf. A 1); ῥωχμός m. `tore, cleft, gap' (Ψ 420, hell. ; \< - σμο-, Schwyzer 493), - μαί pl. `id.' (Marc. Sid.). -- C. With zero grade: 1. ῥαγή ( δια-), ῥαγάς, ῥάγδην, ῥαγδαῖος s. ῥαγή; 2. ῥάγος n. `rag, shred' (pap. IIp), ῥαγόεις (Nic.) after ῥάκος (s.v.), - όεις; 3. περιρραγ-ής `broken around' (AP; from περι-ρραγῆναι).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1182] *wreh₁ǵ- `break'Etymology: With ῥήγνυμι \< *Ϝρήγνυμι (cf. Ϝρῆξις, Ϝρηγαλέος) agrees semant. exactly primary Arm. ergic-anem, aor. ergic-i with the usu. caus. ergic-uc̣anem `tear apart, break'. Also phonetically they agree well except the stemvowel, as Arm. ergic-anem prop. requires an IE diphthong (u̯reiǵ-) against Gr. ῥηγ- \< u̯rēg-. If the regular phonetic development was not disturbed by one or other derailment, what would hardly suprise with a verb of this meaning, the verbs must be seprated; cf. Frisk Etyma Armen. 29 (with another hypothesis on ergicanem). Phonetically doubtful but semant. less convincing is the comparison (since Meillet MSL 9, 142) with a Balto-Slav. verb for `beat etc.' in Lith. rė́žti `cut, incise, beat', OCS rězati ' κόπτειν', Russ. rézatь `cut, slaughter' usw., to which also a.o. Russ. razítь `beat'; cf. on ῥάσσω w. lit.; older lit. in Bq and WP. 1, 319 a. 2, 344. The forms with ῥαγ- must be secondary (as *u̯r̥h₁ǵ- would give Ϝρηγ-).Page in Frisk: 2,652-653Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥήγνυμι
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63 ῥίζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).Page in Frisk: 2,655-656Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥίζα
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64 σκήπτομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to support oneself, to lean, to pretend something, to use as a pretention', σκήπτω, fut. σκήψω, aor. σκῆψαι, pass. σκηφθῆναι, perf. ἐπ-έσκηφα, pass. ἐπ-έσκημμαι `to throw down, to sling', intr. `to throw oneself down, to fall down', often w. prefix (almost only act.), κατα-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐν- (IA.); ἐπι-σκήπτω also `to impose, to command', midd. (Att. juridical language) `to object, to prosecute, to raise a complaint'.Derivatives: σκῆψις f. `excuse, pretention, pretext' (IA.), ἐπίσκηψις f. `objection, complaint' (Att.); ἀπόσκημμα ἀπέρεισμα H. (A. Fr. 18 = 265 M.), ἐπίσκημμα = ἐπίσκηψις ( Lex. Rhet. Cant.). Further several expressions for `stick etc.': 1. σκᾶπος κλάδος, καὶ ἄνεμος ποιός H. (on the last-mentioned des. s. σκηπτός). 2. σκηπ-άνη f. (AB) with - άνιον n. `stick, scepter' (Ν 59, Σ 247, Call. Fr. anon. 48, AP), σκαπάνιον βακτηρία, ἄλλοι σκίπωνα H. 3. σκᾶπτον n. (Dor.) `id.' (Pi.), IA. σκῆπτον in σκηπτ-οῦχος `stick-, scepter-bearer' = `ruler' (Hom. a. o.), with the Persians a. other Asiat. peoples who has a high office at the court (Semon., X a. o.) with - ία f. (A. a. o.). 4. σκῆπτρον n. `id.' (ep. poet. Il.; like βάκτρον a. o., Schwyzer 532 w. lit., Chantraine Form. 331); on the meaning etc. see Combellack ClassJourn. 43, 209ff., Gatti Acme 2: 3, 23 ff. On itself, with deviant meaning 5. σκηπτός m. `thunderbolt, lightning, suddenly breaking storm' (trag., X., D., Arist. a. o.); cf. φρυκτός, στρεπ-τός; s. also below.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] Eur. substr.Etymology: With σκήπτω: σκῆψαι: σκᾶπος cf. e.g. κόπτω: κόψαι: κόπος, τύπτω: τύψαι: τύπος. The yot-present σκήπτω is formally easily understandable as deriv. of a noun σκᾶπος (*σκά̄ψ?) `stick'; so prop. *'handle with the stick, supporting, driving or swinging' (Walde LEW2 s. scāpus, Persson Beitr. 2, 941, WP. 2, 561)?; semant. possible, though not immediately clear. Then not only σκᾶπος, but also σκηπάνη, - άνιον, σκᾶπτον and σκῆπτρον would have to be registered with the s. σκάπτω discussed manyfold expressions for `plane, hew, dig etc.'; only for σκηπτός (as for σκῆψις, σκῆμμα) one would have to start, because of the meaning, from the denominative σκήπτω (even from the presentstem?). In the sense of ' ἄνεμος ποιός' (H.) σκᾶπος would have been influnced by σκηπτός. A primary σκήπτω with the meaning `support' (from where then σκᾶπος as *'support' etc.) would be without non-Greek support. The Greek system with permanent full grade is in any case an innovation; the for σκᾶπτον, σκῆπτ(ρ)ον epected zero grade may be found in the Germ. word for `shaft, spear, lance', OHG skaft m., OWNo. skapt n. a. o.; cf. anal. πηκτός beside old Ion. πᾰκτόω (s. πήγνυμι). -- With σκᾶπος can be equated Lat. scāpus `shaft, stalk' and Alb. shkop `stick, sceptre'. Other longvowel forms, for Greek uninteresting, are: with ō Lat. scōpa `thin twig', scōpiō `the stalk, from which hang the berries of the wine-grapes'; with ē CS. štapъ `stick'; unclear Latv. šk̨èps `spear, javelin' (cf. Vasmer s. štap; diff. W. Hofmann s. scāpus). Further rich material with partly hypothetical or doubtful combinations and extensive lit. in WP. 2, 561 f., Pok. 932; on Greek esp. Solmsen Wortforsch. 206 ff. -- Not here σκίπων and σκίμπτομαι. -- The word could be IE (* sk(e)h₂p-, but I think also of a loan from a Eur. substrate; cf. the discussion on σκάπτω.Page in Frisk: 2,728-729Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκήπτομαι
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65 σπεύδω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hurry, to hasten, to strive, to exert oneself', trans. `to drive, to quicken, to ply, to aspire after'.Other forms: Aor. σπεῦσαι, fut. σπεύσομαι (Il.), σπεύσω (E. a.o.), σπευσίω (Cret.), perf. ἔσπευκα (hell.), rare midd. σπεύ-δομαι (A.), pass. ἔσπευσμαι (late),Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-, συ-. Compp., e.g. κενό-σπουδ-ος `seriously prosecuting frivolities' with - έω, - ία (hell.). -- 2. κατάσπευ-σις (: κατα-σπεύδω) f. `hurry' (Thd.; σπεῦσις Gloss.), σπευσ-τός (Phryn.), - τικός ( ἐπι-) `hurried' (Arist., Eust.).Derivatives: 1. σπουδ-ή f. `haste, zeal, labour, seriousness, good will' (Il.), with - αῐος `zealous, striving, serious, good' (IA) with - αιότης f. (Pl. Def., LXX a. o.), -ᾱξ ἀλετρίβανος H. (cf. below); - άζω ( ἐπι-, κατα-, συ- a. o.) `to be quick, to carry on seriously, etc.' (IA) with - ασμα, - ασμάτιον, - ασμός, - αστής, - αστός, - αστικός.Etymology: Through the maintenance of the ου-diphthong σπουδή proves to be an old derivation (cf. Schwyzer 347); the primary σπεύδω on the opposite has resisted any vowelchange. -- Good formal and semantic agreement shows Lith. spáusti (\< *spáud-ti), with pres. spáudžiu `press, squeeze', also `push, drive on', intr. `hutty'. A trace of the meaning `push' has also been supposed in σπούδαξ = ἀλετρίβανος, `pestle of a mortar' (*"oppressor"; Fick BB 29, 197). The inf. spáus-ti can be equated with σπεύδ-ω, but the pres. spáudžiu can as well be an old iterative IE *spoudéiō. With σπουδή agrees formally spaudà f. `pressure, literature'. Beside it with ū-vowel spūdà f. `throng, urgency, pressure' and spūdė́ti `be oppressed, thrust down, pain oneself, meddle'. With zero grade also Alb. punë `work, business', if from * spud-nā. Arm. p'oyt`, gen. p'ut`oy (o-stem) `zeal' however gives problems both in the an- and auslaut; cf. Lidén GHÅ 39 [1933]: 2, 49; also Hiersche Ten. aspiratae 237. -- Hypothetic further combinations with rich lit. in WP. 2, 659, Pok. 998 f. (esp. Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205ff.) and Fraenkel s. spaudà; older lit. also in Bq.Page in Frisk: 2,765Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπεύδω
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66 στάχυς
στάχυς, - υοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `ear (of corn)' (Ψ 598), metaph. `offshoot' (poet.), as plantname (Dsc. a. o.), `surgical bandage' (medic.) a. o.Other forms: (-ῡς E. HF 5, -ῠν Call., A. R.). See below.Compounds: Compp., e.g. σταχυο-βολέω `to put forth ears' (Thphr.), πολύ-σταχυς `rich of ears' (Theoc., Str.).Derivatives: σταχυ-ηρός `bearing ears' (Thphr.), - ώδης `ear-like, full of ears' (Thphr., Nonn.), - ῐνος `of ears' (Olympia), - ῖτις f. (- ίτης m.) plantname (Ps.-Dsc.; Redard 77), - όομαι `to develop into an ear' (Dsc.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)Etymology: No etymology. Since Fick (1, 569; 3, 481) connected with a German. verb. for `sting' in OWNo. stinga, OE stingan, to which belong a few nouns, e.g. OHG stanga f. `stick, pole, bar', MHG stunge `prickle'; here also a richly developed Balt. group of words, a. o. Lith. stangùs `stiff, fixed', stangà f. `effort', stìngti `get fixed, stiff'; IE * stengh- (zero grade stn̥gh- in στάχυς, MHG stunge, Lith. stìngti). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 622 f., Pok. 1014 f., Fraenkel s. stangà. On the variant ἄσταχυς s. v. and Kretschmer Glotta 21, 89 (ἀ- Anatolian?). -- Cf. στόνυξ and στόχος. - The variant shows that the word is Pre-Greek (Furnée 373).Page in Frisk: 2,779Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στάχυς
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67 στενός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `narrow, close, small, tight, slim' (IA.).Derivatives: στενό-της (ion. - ει-) f. `narrowness, tightness' (IA.); backformation (cf. Schwyzer 512) στεῖνος (ep. Il.) for στένος (A. Eu. 521 [lyr.]) n. `narrowness, narrow room, throng, distress' (cf. below; on the meaning Zumbach Neuerungen 43 f.). Denominative verbs. 1. backformation στείνομαι, rarely w. ἐν-, ἀμφιπερι-, only present a. ipf. `to be narrowed, to crowd, to be crowded' (ep. Il.), rare and late στείνω `to narrow, to crowd' (Nonn., Orph.). 2. στενόομαι (- ει-), - όω, often w. ἀπο-, `to become, make narrow' (hell. a. late) with - ωσις, - ωμα, - ωτικός (late.). -- Besides στενυγρός `narrow' (Ion.) with στενυγρ-ῶσαι aor. (Hp. ap. Gal.); PlN Στενύ-κληρος (Hdt. 9, 64). -- Zero grade(?), unexplained στάνει \<σ\> τείνεται, συμβέβυσται H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin](X)Etymology: From στενός: στεινός: στέννος follows PGr. *στενϜός (cf. also Att. στεν(Ϝ)ό-τερος, - τατος), a thematic enlargement of the suffix combination - γ-ρ- is seen in στενυ-γρός (s. Schwyzer 496 w. n. 9 a. lit., Chantraine Form. 225, also Specht Ursprung 192 f.) and the u-stem seen in Στενύ-κληρος (Schw. 472, Chantr. 122); beside it the s-stem in στένος (Porzig Satzinhalte 247). - Isolated. Hypotheses of doubtful worth in Bq and WP. 2, 627, Pok. 1021 f.; new attempt by Machek Zeitschr. f. Slaw. 1, 35 and Ling. Posn. 5, 69 f. -- There is, then, no IE etym.; στενυγρός may be Pre-Greek (see Beekes, suff. under γρ and ρ, ταναγρίς, βάλαγρος, γήλιγρος); the place name Στενύκληρος could well be Pre-Greek. Cf. Chantr. Form. 226. Furnée 226 "nicht sicher erklärt". DELG "L'étymologie de ce groupe de mots reste obscure." Note also στάνει.Page in Frisk: 2,788-789Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στενός
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68 στερομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `be robbed, lack, loose (Hes., IA.), aor. be robbed, loose: ipv. σταρέστω (Delph. IVa)? (cf. below), further high grade with η-enlargement: ptc. στερείς (E.), στερ-ηθῆναι (Pi, IA.), fut. - ήσομαι, - ηθήσομαι(Att.; στεροῦμαι And.), perf. ἐστέρημαι (IA.); act. rob, snatch from': aor. στερ-ῆσαι ( στερέσαι ν 262, pap. a.o.), fut. - ήσω ( στερῶ A. Pr. 862, - έσω (pap.), perf. ἐστέρηκα (Att.); pass. στερέω, simplex only ipv. στερείτω (Pl.), otherwise with ἁπο- (as also very often in non-present empora esp. in prose) to this midd. στερέομαι (certain only hell. a late); also στερίσκω, - ομαι Hdt., Att.; ἁπο- στερομαι S.), aor. στερίσαι (metr. inscr. Eretria IV-IIIa, AP: ἁποστερίζω Hp.?).Derivatives: Few deriv. ( ἁπο-)στέρησις f. `robbery, confiscation' (Hp., Att. etc.), also - εσις (pap.; after αἵρ-, εὕρ-εσις a.o), with στερ-ήσιμος, - έσιμος `which can be confiscated' (pap. inscr. II-IIIp; Arbenz 89), - ημα n. `id.' (Ps.-Callisth.), ( ἁπο-) - ητικός `robbing, removing, negative, privative (Ar, Arist., hell. a. late), - ητής m. who snatches sth. from smb., withholds, deceiver' (Pl., Arist., a.o.), f. - ητρίς (Ar. Nu. 730; parody).Etymology: The above forms prob. all go back on the themat. present στέρομαι. Also the isolated ipv. σταρέστω, which Bechtel Dial. 2, 231 (agreeing Schwyzer 747 and Thumb-Kieckers Dial. 1, 275) wants to see as a zero grade root-aorist can be explained (with Schwyzer 274) as purely phonetical from στερέσθω (with ε \> α before ρ), unless one prefers to see in it an analogical formation after NGr. hαρέσται. To the present στέρομαι came first the initially intransitive στερ-ῆναι, - ήσομαι (if old, one would expect σταρ-) - ηθῆναι, - ηθήσομαι; to these came the active στερῆσαι ( στερέσαι after ὀλέ-σαι a.o.), - ήσω etc., to which came at last στερ-έω, - ίσκω (cf. e.g. εὑρ-ήσω: - ίσκω; Schwyzer 709 a. 721; on the forms still Brunel Aspect verbal 115 f.). -- Certain cognates are missing. A possible connection is MIr. serb `theft', which can stand for *ster-u̯ā; further one connects since Osthoff PBBeitr. 13, 460 f. the Germ. verb for `steal', Goth. stilan, OHG. stelan etc., which may have l for r from hehlen. Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 636, Pok. 1028; s. also W.-Hofmann s. 2. stēlliō (w. lit.).Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στερομαι
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69 στόμα
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `mouth, muzzle, front, peak, edge' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. Tomako, Tumako \/ στόμαργος\/ (Mühlestein Studi Micenei 2 (1967), 43ff. w. lit.; Killen, Minos 27-8, 1992-1993 [95],101-7Compounds: Many compp., almost all from the shorter stem (cf. below), e.g. στόμ-αργος `chattering, high-sounding' (trag.), to ἀργός (Willis AmJPh 63, 87 ff.: `shining' \> `bright' \> `loud'?), if not after γλώσσ-αργος, which could stand for γλώσσ-αλγος (s. on γλῶσσα w. lit.); Blanc RPh. 65, 1991, 59-66 analyses the word as στόμα + μάργος `furious', also BAGB 1996\/1, 8-9; cf. also Πόδ-αργος (s. πούς); on στομα-κάκη s. κακός; εὔ-στομος `with a beautiful mouth, speaking nicely', also = `silent' (Hdt., X. etc.); beside it, quite rarely, στοματ-ουργός `working with one's mouth, grandiloquent' (Ar.). κακο-στόματος (AP) for κακό-στομος (E. a.o.).Derivatives: 1. στόμ-ιον n. `mouth, opening, denture, bit, bridle' (IA.), rarely `mouth' (Nic.), with - ίς f. `halter' (Poll.); ἐπι-στομ-ίζω `to put in a bit' (Att.), also `to shut up one's mouth' (late). 2. στόμ-ις m. `hard-mouthed horse' (A. Fr. 442 = 649 M.; cf. Schwyzer 462 n. 3), also - ίας `id.' (Afric., Suid.). 3. - ώδης `speaking nicely' (S.), `savoury' (Sor.). 4. - ίζομαι `to take in the mouth' (Aq.), w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-στομίζω `to remove the edge' (Philostr.). 5. - όω ( ἀνα- στόμα a.o.) `to stop the mouth, to provide with an opening, edge, to harden' (IA.) with - ωμα n. `mouth' (A.), `hardening, which is hardened, steel' (Cratin., Arist., hell. a. late), - ωμάτιον (Gloss.), - ωσις f. `hardening' (S., hell a. late), - ωτής = indurator (gloss.). -- Besides στομάτ-ιον n. dimin. (Sor.), - ικός `belonging to the mouth' (medic. a.o.), ἀπο-στοματ-ίζω `to repeat, to interrogate etc.' (Pl., Arist. etc.). -- On στόμαχος, στωμύλος s. vv.Etymology: The etymol. unclear στόμα has secondarily joined the verbal nouns in - μα (Schwyzer 524 w. n. 5), with which the strong predilection for the short form στομ- in compp. and derivv. may be connected (cf. Georgacas Glotta 36, 163). But the n-stem is old and is found not only in Av. staman- m. `mouth (of a dog)' but also in Celtic, e.g. Welsh safn `jaw-bone'. So we must reconstruct * steh₃m-, which was in Greek replaced by the zero grade (* sth₃m-); on the short a of Avestan see Lubotsky Kratylos 42(1997) 56f. -- Far remain however the Germ. words for `voice', Goth. stibna, OHG stimna, stimma etc. and the Hitt. word for `ear', ištam-ana-, - ina-, prob. denominativ from ištamašzi `hear' (Frisk GHÅ 57, 19ff. = Kl. Schr. 79ff. w. lit.; diff. Kronasser Etymologie II 399).Page in Frisk: 2,800-801Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στόμα
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70 σφῦρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `hammer, beetle' (γ 434, Hes. Op. 425, Hdt., A., com., Arist.), metaph. `strip of earth between two furrows' (Poll. 7, 145), as surface-measure (Daulis IIp), = τῆς σπορίμου γῆς τὸ μέτρον with ὁμό-σφυρος = ὁμόχωρος H.; name of a fish H. (cf. σφύραινα below).Compounds: Compp., e.g. σφυρ-ήλατος `wrought with the hammer, of wrought labour, sound' (Hdt., Pi., A., Pl. etc.) with - έω (Ph.).Derivatives: Demin. σφυρ-ίον n. (hell.), σφύρ-αινα f. name of a fish, bicuda (Stratt., Arist. etc.), after the form of the body (Strömberg 35); - ηδόν `hammer-like' (Philostr.); - ωσις f. `the hammering, forging' (Didyma IIa), = δίάροσις H., - ήματα τὰ σιδήρια, ὅτι οὐ χεῖται H.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: As zero grade formation beside σφαῖρα σφῦρα belongs prob. like σφυρόν (s. v.) to σπαίρω a. cogn. [impossible because of the σφ-]. As in the case of σφαῖρα, σπεῖρα, μοῖρα a.o. the formal proceß remains unclear; PGr. *σφύρ-ι̯α beside σφυρ-όν can be understood both as primary deriv. "the beating, bumping" and as secondary deriv. "beating, bumping apparatus, (hand)hammer, stamper". On an older word for `stone hammer' s. ἄκμων. Cf. also τύκος.Page in Frisk: 2,834-835Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σφῦρα
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