ὁ+δημιουργός

προσεχ-ής, ές, of Place,

A next to, π. σφίσι ἑστάναι, in battle, Hdt.9.28, cf. 102;

νῆσος -εστάτη τῇ ἠπείρῳ Str.14.6.1

; ἔπλωον προσεχέες τῇ γῇ keeping close to.., Arr.Ind.33: c. gen., π. τῶν κρημνῶν (fort. τῷ κρημνῷ)

νάπη D.H.1.32

; οὐδέν ἐστιν ἑτέρου λίθου π. σιδήρῳ καὶ κόλλῃ attached with.., Paus.8.37.3.

b in geogr. sense, bordering upon, adjoining, c. dat.,

Λίβυες οἱ π. Αἰγύπτῳ Hdt.3.91

: c. gen.,

τὸ π. τοῦ κάτω κόσμου Arist.Mete. 340b12

, cf. Paus.8.4.3: abs., οἱ προσεχέες their next neighbours, Hdt.3.89,93.

2 exposed to the wind,

π. ἀκταὶ τοῖς ἐτησίαις Anon.

ap. Suid.;

π. αἰγιαλὸς Λιβί Str.5.3.6

: abs.,

π. καὶ ἀλίμενος Id.4.6.2

, cf. 5.4.4, D.H.3.44.

3 closely connected,

τὰ -έστατα τῶν εἰδῶν ἐνυπάρχει τῷ γένει Ph.1.17

: [comp] Comp.,

- έστερον νῷ Plot.5.4.2

: hence, appropriate, suitable, proper,

ὑποθῆκαι π. τῇ πολιτικῇ διοικήσει Phld.Rh.2.272

S.;

κυριώτατα καὶ -έστατα ὀνόματα D.H. Comp.3

;

ἄγαλμα -έστατον τῇ λύρᾳ Philostr.Im.1.10

; παραδείγματα Aps.p.280 H. ([comp] Comp.).

4 proximate, immediate, particular, κατὰ τὸ π. καὶ ἀκριβές, opp. κατὰ τὸν ἀνωτάτω λόγον, Placit.4.4.1; κατὰ τὸ π., opp. κατὰ κοινόν, Sor.2.44, cf. 1.4; τὰ π. καλούμενα μόρια (of the lower limb, viz. thigh, foot, etc.) Gal.7.735, cf. 1.465; τὸ π. τῆς φύσεως αὐτῆς (sc. τῆς ψυχῆς ) its particular nature, Plot.4.2.1;

ἡ π. αἰτία Procl.Inst.31

;

ὁ π. τοῦ κόσμου δημιουργός Jul.Gal. 99d

. Adv. - χῶς immediately, Id.Or.5.175a, Plot.2.1.5; τὰ π. γεννητικά τινος proximate sources or origins, Gal.5.677;

π. συνηρτημένος Iamb.Myst.5.9

, cf. Porph.Intr.4.32, Dam.Pr. 102, al.

5 connected by relationship, Sch.Pi.N.3.45 ([comp] Comp.).

II of Time, recently, Paul.Aeg.6.118.

2 in [dialect] Dor. form [full] ποτεχεῖ (q.v.).

III attentive, Procl.in Euc.p.208 F. ([comp] Comp.). Adv.

- χῶς Phld.Rh.2.259

S.; glossed σπουδαίως, Hsch.: [comp] Comp.

-έστερον, τὸ γάλα κρίνειν Sor.1.90

.

πρώτιστ-ος, η, ον, also ος, ον h.Cer. 157:—poet. and late Prose [comp] Sup. of πρῶτος,

A the very first, Il.2.228, 16.656, Od.19.447; πολὺ π. Il.2.702, Od.14.220, etc.; ὁ π. χρόνος, opp. ὁ ἐνεστώς, PEleph.10.4 (iii B.C.); principal, primal,

θεὰ π. Νύξ Phld.Piet.14

;

αἰτία Procl.Inst. 12

;

τῶν φύσει κρειττόνων π. ὁ δημιουργός Hierocl. in CA3p.424M.

, cf. Iamb.Comm.Math.4, al., Dexipp.Fr. 32(b)J., Agath.3.2: neut. πρώτιστον as Adv., first of all, Od.10.462, 20.60, al., Pi.N.5.25, B.8.11, Ar.Lys. 555, D.43.75, Antiph.98: also pl.

πρώτιστα Il.1.105

, Od.3.419, Hes.Op. 109, A.Fr. 195, S.OT 1439, El. 669, Ar.Pl. 792; ἐπειδὴ π. now that, Alc.15.7; ὅτε π. when aforetime, Call.Aet.Oxy.2079.21; especially, principally,

π. ἁλίσκεται ἐνταῦθα τὸ ὄψον Str.12.3.19

: also τὸ π. E.Supp. 430; τὰ π. Od.11.168.

σοφισ-τής, οῦ, ὁ,

A master of one's craft, adept, expert, of diviners, Hdt.2.49; of poets,

μελέταν σοφισταῖς πρόσβαλον Pi.I.5(4).28

, cf. Cratin.2; of musicians,

σοφιστὴς.. παραπαίων χέλυν A.Fr. 314

, cf. Eup.447, Pl.Com. 140; σοφιστῇ Θρῃκί (sc. Thamyris) E.Rh. 924, cf. Ath.14.632c: with modal words added,

οἱ σ. τῶν ἱερῶν μελῶν Ael.NA11.1

; of the Creator of the universe ([etym.] ὁ δημιουργός) , πάνυ θαυμαστὸν λέγεις ς. Pl.R. 596d; of cooks,

εἰς τοὺς σ. τὸν μάγειρον ἐγγράφω Alex.149.14

, cf. Euphro 1.11; οἱ τὴν ἱππείαν ς. skilled in.., Ael.NA13.9: metaph., σ. πημάτων deviser, contriver of pains, E.Heracl. 993:—then,

2 wise, prudent or statesmanlike man, in which sense the seven Sages are called σοφισταί, Hdt.1.29, cf. Isoc.15.235, Arist.Fr.5, D.61.50; of Pythagoras, Hdt.4.95; of natural philosophers, Hp.VM20; of Isocrates and Plato, D.H.Comp.25; of the Βραχμᾶνες, Arr.An.6.16.5, cf. γυμνοσοφισταί; freq. with a slightly iron. sense,

ἵνα μάθῃ σ. ὢν Διὸς νωθέστερος A.Pr.62

, cf. 944;

ψυχή.. κρείσσων σοφιστοῦ παντὸς εὑρέτις S.Fr. 101

, cf. E.Hipp. 921: prov.,

μισῶ σοφιστὴν ὅτις οὐχ αὑτῷ σοφός Id.Fr. 905

: of the philosophic sage, Aristid.2.311 J.

II from late v B.C., a Sophist, i.e. one who gave lessons in grammar, rhetoric, politics, mathematics, for money, such as Prodicus, Gorgias, Protagoras,

τὴν σοφίαν τοὺς ἀργυρίου τῷ βουλομένῳ πωλοῦντας σοφιστὰς ἀποκαλοῦσιν X.Mem.1.6.13

, cf. Cyn.13.8, Th.3.38, Pl.Prt.31 3c, Euthd. 271c, La. 186c, Men. 85b, Isoc.15.148, Arist.SE 165a22;

σ. ἄχρηστοι καὶ βίου δεόμενοι Lys.33.3

; but sts. even of Socrates (though he did not teach for money), Aeschin.1.173; so of Christ, Luc.Peregr.13: hence (from the ill repute of the professed sophists at Athens),

2 sophist (in bad sense), quibbler, cheat, Ar.Nu. 331, 1111, al., Pl.Sph. 268d;

γόητα καὶ σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζων D.18.276

.

3 later of the ῥήτορες, Professors of Rhetoric, and prose writers of the Empire, such as Philostratus and Libanius, Suid.;

Ἀπολλωνίδῃ σοφιστῇ PLips. 97

X 18 (iv A.D.); freq. as a title in epitaphs, IG3.625,637,680,775, 14.935.

τεχνῑτ-ης, ου, ὁ,

A artificer, craftsman, opp. γεωργός, X.Oec.6.6, Arist.Pol. 1262b26, al.; opp. ῥήτωρ, Emp. ap. Thphr.Sens.11; of a potter, PCair.Zen.500.2,3 (iii B.C.); τεχνῖται οἱ χρήσιμόν τι ποιεῖν ἐπιστάμενοι, opp. οἱ ἐλευθερίως πεπαιδευμένοι, X.Mem.2.7.4,5, cf. Act.Ap.19.24: metaph.,

πόλις ἧς τ. καὶ δημιουργὸς ὁ θεός Ep.Hebr.11.10

, cf. LXX Wi.13.1.

II one who does or handles a thing by the rules of art, skilled workman, opp. ἄτεχνος, Pl.Sph. 219a, cf. Hp.VM4, Arist.Rh. 1397b23, Gal.6.155, 18(2).245; opp. ἰδιώτης, Id.6.204; opp. ὁ ἔμπειρος, Arist.Metaph. 981b31; c. gen. rei, τ. τῶν πολεμικῶν skilled in.., X.Lac.13.5; also οἱ περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς τ. persons versed in religious practices, Id.Cyr.8.3.11; ἄνθρωπος τ. λόγων, as a sneer, Aeschin.1.170; οἱ Διονυσιακοὶ τ. or οἱ περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τ., theatrical artists, musicians as well as actors, D. 19.192 (where τ. alone), Arist.Rh. 1405a24, Pr. 956b11, SIG399.12 (Amphict. Delph., iii B.C.), CIG2619, al. ([place name] Cyprus), OGI50 (Egypt, iii B.C.), Plb.16.21.8, Posidon.36 J., etc.; so perh. in οἷος τ. παραπόλλυμαι, = Lat. qualis artifex pereo (Nero's last words), D.C.63.29.

III trickster, intriguer, Luc.DMort.13.5.

φαντᾰσί-α, ἡ, verbal noun of φαντάζομαι and (in sense) of φαίνομαι,

A appearing, appearance, = τὸ φαίνεσθαι, πάντες ἐφίενται τοῦ φαινομένου ἀγαθοῦ, τῆς δὲ φ. οὐ κύριοι do not control the appearing, Arist.EN 1114a32; usu. with less verbal force, appearance, presentation to consciousness, whether immediate or in memory, whether true or illusory,

φαίνεται μὲν ὁ ἥλιος ποδιαῖος, ἀντίφησι δὲ πολλάκις ἕτερόν τι πρὸς τὴν φ. Id.Insomn. 460b19

; ἡ τοῦ γάλακτος φ. the appearance of the milky way, Id.Mete. 339a35;

ἡ τοῦ προσώπου φ. Phld.Acad.Ind. p.50

M.; esp. of visual images, ἐπεὶ ἡ ὄψις μάλιστα αἴσθησίς ἐστι, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα ἀπὸ τοῦ φάους εἴληφεν [ἡ φ.] Arist. de An. 429a2; κατοπτρικὴ φ. image reflected in a mirror, Placit.3.1.2; also of other sense=perceptions, φ. καὶ αἴσθησις ταὐτὸν ἔν τε θερμοῖς καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς τοιούτοις appearance is the same as perception, whether we are talking of hot things or of anything else like them, Pl.Tht. 152c, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.2.21;

ταῦτα ἔστι μέν τι, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὧν ἐμποιεῖ τὴν φ. Arist.Metaph. 1024b24

;

ἡ φ. ἐστὶν αἴσθησίς τις ἀσθενής.. κἂν τῷ ἐλπίζοντι ἀκολουθοῖ ἂν φ. τις οὗ ἐλπίζει Id.Rh. 1370a28

;

αἱ [αἰσθήσεις] ἀληθεῖς ἀεί, αἱ δὲ φ. γίνονται αἱ πλείους ψευδεῖς Id.de An. 428a12

;

φ. ἀληθεῖς ἁπάσας Epicur.Fr. 254

;

ἀπελθόντων τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἔνεισιν αἱ αἰσθήσεις καὶ φ. ἐν τοῖς αἰσθητηρίοις Arist. de An. 425b25

; διὰ τὸ ἐμμένειν [τὰς φ.] καὶ ὁμοίας εἶναι ταῖς αἰσθήσεσι ib. 429a5;

τῆς αἰσθήσεως ἀλλοιουμένης ἐξ ἧς γίνεσθαι τὴν φ. Thphr.Sens.63

;

ἐλέγχειν τὰς ἀλλήλων φ. καὶ δόξας Pl.Tht. 161e

; freq. in later Philos. esp. in meaning psychic image, Epicur.Ep.1p.12U., S.E.M.7.152, M.Ant.4.24, al.; defined as

τύπωσις ἐν ψυχῇ Chrysipp.Stoic.2.23

;

φ. καταληπτική Zeno Stoic. 1.17

, etc.; [

φ. κ.] ἢν κριτήριον εἶναι τῶν πραγμάτων φασί, τὴν γιγνομένην ἀπὸ ὑπάρχοντος κατ' αὐτὸ τὸ ὑπάρχον ἐναπεσφραγισμένην Stoic. 2.21

, cf. 26, al.; διανοητικαὶ φ. mental images, Cic.Fam.15.16.1;

νυκτεριναὶ φ. Phlp.

in de An.486.13, cf. Gp.12.17.15; apparition, Arist.Mir. 846a37.

b less scientifically, appearance, ἐμποιοῦντα τὴν φ. (sc. τοῦ ἐλέγχειν) Id.SE 165b25;

τὸ παράδοξον τῆς τῶν ζῴων φ. Plb. 3.53.8

, cf. 5.48.9, App.BC4.102, Hann.15;

κατὰ τὴν πρώτην φ. Plb.11.27.7

; συναύξειν τὴν φ. [τῆς νίκης] Id.16.8.3;

δουλεύοντες τῇ τῶν ἐκτὸς φ. Id.30.19.4

;

φ. ποιεῖν καὶ προσδοκίαν Id.18.10.7

, cf. 14.2.4; ζῷα.. μέχρι φ. φαινόμενα (in a conjuring trick) Cels. ap. OrigenesCels.1.68;

κατὰ τὴν πρόχειρον οὑτωσὶ φ. Gal.6.105

, cf. 15.17,115, 19.206;

τῶν ἀπεπτούντων ἐνίοις φ... γίνονται Id.18(2).73

, cf. 71, al.

2 imagination, i.e. the re-presentation of appearances or images, primarily derived from sensation (cf.

αἴσθησις 11

), ὅταν μὴ καθ' αὑτὸ ἀλλὰ δι' αἰσθήσεως παρῇ τινι τὸ τοιοῦτον αὖ πάθος (sc. δόξα) ἆρ' οἷόν τε ὀρθῶς εἰπεῖν ἕτερόν τι πλὴν φ.;.. φαίνεται δὲ ὃ λέγομεν (i.e. φαντασία)

σύμμειξις αἰσθήσεως καὶ δόξης Pl.Sph. 264a

, 264b;

οὐδὲ δόξα μετ' αἰσθήσεως οὐδὲ δι' αἰσθήσεως οὐδὲ συμπλοκὴ δόξης καὶ αἰσθήσεως φ. ἂν εἴη Arist. de An. 428a26

; ἡ φ. καθ' ἣν λέγομεν φάντασμά τι ἡμῖν γίγνεσθαι ib. 428a1;

ἔστι δὲ φ. ἡ ὑπὸ τῆς κατ' ἐνέργειαν αἰσθήσεως γινομένη κίνησις Id.Insomn. 459a17

, cf. de An. 429a1; εἰ ἔστι καὶ τοῦτο [τὸ νοεῖν] φ. τις ἢ μὴ ἄνευ φ. ib. 403a8; c. gen.,

μέλλοντος κακοῦ Id.Rh. 1382a21

, cf. 1370a30, b33, al.;

αἰσχροῦ φ. Cic.Att.9.6.5

; also

περὶ ἀδοξίας φ. ἐστὶν ἡ αἰσχύνη Arist.Rh. 1384a23

; γίγνεται ἑκάστῳ φ. ὅτι τοιοῦτός [ἐστι] ib. 1371a9;

ἡ κατὰ τὴν σύλληψιν φ. τῆς γυναικός Placit.5.12.2

, cf. Sor.1.39 (pl.); τὰ πρὸς τὴν φ. χρώματα colours as judged by the φ., apparent colours, Placit.1.15.8; φωτίζεσθαι πρὸς τὴν φ. ib.2.28.6.

b in Aristotle, faculty of imagination, both presentative and representative, opp.

αἴσθησις, [φ.] οὐκ ἔστιν αἴσθησις Arist.de An. 428a5

; opp. δόξα, because πίστις is absent, ib.22, 24; opp. ἐπιστήμη, νοῦς, διάνοια, οὐδὲ [φ.] τῶν ἀεὶ ἀληθευόντων οὐδεμία ἔσται, οἷον ἐπιστήμη ἢ νοῦς ib. 428a17; φ. ἕτερον καὶ αἰσθήσεως καὶ διανοίας· αὐτή τε οὐ γίγνεται ἄνευ αἰσθήσεως καὶ ἄνευ ταύτης οὐκ ἔστιν ὑπόληψις ib. 427b14;

φ. γίνεται ἢ διὰ νοήσεως ἢ δι' αἰσθήσεως Id.MA 702a19

;

ὀρεκτικὸν [τὸ ζῷον] οὐκ ἄνευ φ., φ. δὲ πᾶσα ἢ λογιστικὴ ἢ αἰσθητική Id.de An. 433b28

.

c creative imagination,

φ. σοφωτέρα μιμήσεως δημιουργός Philostr.VA6.19

.

3 the use of imagery in literature,

τεθορύβηται ταῖς φ. μᾶλλον ἢ δεδείνωται Longin.3.1

;

ἡ ῥητορικὴ φ. Id.15.2

;

ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀποδεικτικοῦ περιελκόμεθα εἰς τὸ κατὰ φαντασίαν ἐκπληκτικόν Id.15.11

;

αἱ ποιητικαὶ φ. Plu.2.759c

;

ἐς τὰς φ. τῶν λεγομένων τῷ σχήματι τοῦ σώματος συνεφέροντο App.Pun. 134

, cf. Hisp.26, Syr.40.

4 prestige, reputation,

μεγάλην ἐφείλκετο φ. ὡς μόνος εἰδὼς τί λέγει Plb.22.9.12

, cf. 24.7.2, 24.11.5, Fr. 233;

ἐκ τοῦ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐλέγχειν φ. ἀπενέγκασθαι προαιρούμενος Hipparch.1.1.6

; parade, ostentation,

ποιέειν μηδὲν περιέργως μηδὲ μετὰ φαντασίης Hp.Decent.7

, cf. Plb.15.25.22, 16.21.1, 31.26.6, Posidon.36 J., D.S.12.83, Vett.Val.38.26, al.;

ἡ ἐφήμερος τῆς ἀρχῆς φ. Sopat.

ap. Stob.4.5.55;

μετὰ πολλῆς φ. Act.Ap. 25.23

, cf. D.L.4.53.

φῐλόζω-ος, ον, ([etym.] ζωή)

A fond of one's life, with collat. sense of cowardly,

βροτοί E.Fr.816.6

, cf. Pl.Com.19 D., Charito 3.3, 5.2;

φ. οἱ πρεσβύτεροι Arist.Rh. 1389b32

;

τὸ φ. Phld.Mort.39

(misspelt -ζωιον, s. v.l.), Ind.Sto.27: as Subst., coward, Ph.2.269.

b of patients in disease, desirous of living, Aret.SD2.1.

2 of plants, tenacious of life, Thphr.HP7.13.4.

b evergreen, Nic.Th.68, Al. 274, 591.

II [full] φῐλόζῳος, ον, ([etym.] ζῷον) fond of animals,

δημιουργός X.Mem.1.4.7

;

θεός Ph.2.305

.

2 delighting to produce life,

φύσις Cleom.1.2

.

χρημᾰτ-ιστής, οῦ, ὁ,

A money-getter, trafficker, Pl.Grg. 452a, R. 330b. Onos.1.20, etc.; joined with δημιουργός, Pl.R. 434a; δεινὸς χ. x. Oec.2.18: metaph.,

πραότητος χ. Philostr.VS2.17

.

2 as Adj., ὁ χ. [βίος] Arist.EN 1096a5 (s. v. l.).

II in Egypt, circuitjudge, PCair.Zen.513 (iii B. C.), PRev.Laws 15.4 (iii B. C.), OGI 106.6 (ii B. C.), Aristeas 111, etc.;

οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων χ. PFay.11.25

(ii B. C.), cf. UPZ 162 ii 5 (ii B. C.), etc.

ἀντιπαρα-τάσσομαι, [dialect] Att. [suff] ἀντιπαρά-ττομαι, [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass.,

A stand in array against,

ἀλλήλοις Th.6.98

, cf. X.HG1.3.5;

ἀντιπαρατεταγμένους πρὸς τὴν τούτων ἀσέλγειαν Aeschin.3.257

: metaph., hold one's ground against, Epicur.Fr. 138: abs., stand in hostile array, Th.1.63; ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀντιπαραταχθέντος in hostile array, Id.5.9; in a Com. metaph.,

ἡ δημιουργὸς ἀντιπαρατεταγμένη κρεάδι' ὀπτᾷ Men.518.12

; λίαν -τεταγμένοι, of a hostile audience, Corn.Rh.p.360H.: c. acc.,

ἀντιπαρετάξαντο φάλαγγα X.An.4.8.9

.

II [voice] Act., = [voice] Med., is dub. l. in Plb.9.26.4.

ἔντεχν-ος, ον,

A within the range or province of art,

αἱ πίστεις ἔντεχνόν ἐστι μόνον Arist.Rh. 1354a13

.

2 furnished or invented by art, artificial, artistic, Pl. Prt. 321d, al.; opp.

ἄτεχνος, πίστεις Arist.Rh. 1355b36

; ἡ ἔ. μέθοδος the regular method, ib.a4. Adv.

- ως Id.SE 172a35

(condemned by Phryn.327 (who however cites Adv. - ῶς from Lys.Fr. 314 S.)).

II of persons, skilled, ἔ. δημιουργός a cunning workman, Pl.Lg. 903c, cf. Plt. 300e.

ἰδῐώτ-ης, ου, ὁ, ([etym.] ἴδιος)

A private person, individual, opp. the State,

ξυμφέροντα καὶ πόλεσι καὶ ἰδιώταις Th.1.124

, cf. 3.10, SIG37.3 (Teos, v B.C.), Pl.Smp. 185b, X.Vect.4.18, etc.; opp. γένος, SIG1013.6 (Chios, iv B.C.); opp. φατρία, ib.987.28 (ibid., iv B.C.).

II one in a private station, opp. to one holding public office, or taking part in public affairs, Hdt.1.59, 123, al., cf. Decr. ap.And.1.84, Th.4.2, etc.; opp. βασιλεύς, Hdt.7.3; opp. ἄρχων, Lys.5.3, Pl.Plt. 259b, SIG305.71 (iv B.C.); opp. δικαστής, Antipho 6.24; opp. πολιτευόμενος, D.10.70; opp. ῥήτωρ, Hyp.Eux.27; private soldier, opp. στρατηγός, X.An.1.3.11, cf.PHib.1.30.21 (iii B.C.); layman, opp. priest, OGI90.52 (Rosetta, ii B.C.), PGnom. 200 (ii A.D.), 1 Ep.Cor.14.16: as Adj.,

ἰ. ἄνδρες Hdt.1.32

,70, Th.1.115; ἰ. θεοί homely (with play on ἴδιος), Ar.Ra. 891.

2 common man, plebeian,

οἱ ἰ. καὶ πένητες Plu.Thes.24

; ἰ. καὶ εὐτελής, opp. βασιλεύς, Hdn.4.10.2.

3 as Adj., ἰ. βίος private station, Pl.R. 578c; ἰ. λόγος everyday speech, D.H.Dem.2, cf. Longin.31.2.

III one who has no professional knowledge, layman, καὶ ἰατρὸς καὶ ἰ. Th.2.48, cf. Hp.VM 4, Pl.Tht. 178c, Lg. 933d;

ἰ. ἤ τινα τέχνην ἔχων Id.Sph. 221c

; of prose-writers, ἐν μέτρῳ ὡς ποιητής, ἢ ἄνευ μέτρου ὡς ἰ. Id.Phdr. 258d, cf. Smp. 178b;

ἰ. καὶ μηδὲν αὐλήσεως ἐπαΐων Id.Prt. 327c

; opp. to a professed orator, Isoc.4.11; to a trained soldier, X.Eq.Mag.8.1; ἰδιώτας, ὡς εἰπεῖν, χειροτέχναις (- νας codd.)

ἀνταγωνισαμένους Th.6.72

; opp. ἀσκητής, X.Mem.3.7.7, cf. 12.1; opp. ἀθλητής, Arist.EN 1116b13; opp. a professed philosopher, Id.Pol. 1266a31, Phld.Lib. p.5<*> O., D.1.25; in Music, Id.Mus.p.42 K.; opp. δημιουργός, Pl.Prt. 312a, Thg. 124c: as Adj., ὁ ἰ. ὄχλος, opp. artificers, Plu.Per.12.

2 c. gen. rei, unpractised, unskilled in a thing,

ἰατρικῆς Pl.Prt. 345a

, cf. Ti. 20a;

ἔργου X.Oec.3.9

; ἰ. κατὰ τοὺς πόνους, κατὰ τὸν ὕπνον, Id.Cyr. 1.5.11;

ἰ. τὰ ἄλλα Hdn.4.12.1

;

ἰ. ὡς πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀγωνίζεσθαι X.Cyr.

l.c., cf. Luc.Herm.81.

3 generally, raw hand, ignoramus,

ἄν τε δεινοὶ λάχωσιν ἄν τε ἰδιῶται.. D.4.35

; παιδάρια καὶ ἰ., of slaves, S.E. M.1.234 (cf.

ἰ. οἰκέται Luc.Alex.30

); ἀμαθὴς καὶ ἰ., opp. τεχνίτης, Id.Ind.29; voc. ἰδιῶτα, as a term of abuse, Men.Sam.71.

4 ' average man', opp. a person of distinction, Plu.2.1104a.

IV ἰδιῶται, οἱ, one's own countrymen, opp. ξένοι, Ar.Ra. 459.

ἰσο-δᾱμιοργός, ὁ, (ϝισο lapis)

A enjoying the privileges of a δαμιοργός (cf. δημιουργός), at Elis, Schwyzer 415.4 (Olymp.).

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `land, territory' (as opposed to the town), `people' (Il.); in Athens also a part of the phylai, a deme.

Dialectal forms: Dor. δᾶμος

Compounds: Of the compounds only δημοκρατία `government of the people' (Ion.-Att.), after ὀλιγαρχία, μοναρχία ( δημαρχία = `the office of δήμαρχος'); further Debrunner Festschrift Edouard Tièche (Bern 1947) 11ff.

Derivatives: (Dor. forms are not mentioned separately.) Substantives: dimin. δημίδιον, δημακίδιον (Ar.) - δημότης, Dor. also δαμέτας (Karpathos) `man from the people' (Ion.-Att. Dor.) with two normal adj.: δημόσιος `belonging to the people, state, public' (Ion.-Att.) with δημοσιεύω intr. `serve the state', also tr. `make public' and δημοσιόω `confiscate, make public' with δημοσίωσις. δημοτικός `belonging to the people, useful for the people, democratic'; on the difference between δημόσιος and δημοτικός Chantr. Form. 392; - fem. δημότις; denomin. δημοτεύομαι `be δημότης, belong to a demos' (Att.). - Adject.: δήμιος `belonging to the people, public' (Od.), ὁ δήμιος euphemist. `executioner' (Att., Benveniste Sprache 1, 121), δημώδης `according to the people' (Pl.), δημόσυνος surname of Artemis (Athens IV-III^a), δημότερος `belonging to the people' (Call.; after ἀγρότερος). - Denomin. δημεύω `make public, confiscate' (Att.) with δήμευσις and δημεῖαι αἱ τῶν δήμων συστάσεις H.; δημόομαι `sing, explain publicly' (Pi.) with δαμώματα τὰ δημοσίᾳ ᾳ᾽δόμενα (Ar. Pax 797); δημίζω `act as friend of the people' (Ar. V. 699). - Adv. δημόθεν `from the people, on communal costs' (Od.). -

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [176] * deh₂-mo- `people'

Etymology: On δημιουργός s. v. Celtic agrees with OIr. dām `followers, crowd', OWelsh dauu `cliens', NWelsh daw(f) `son-in-law', OCorn. dof `gener'; only this is an ā-stem; so IE * dāmos orig. fem.? (Pedersen Hittitisch 52). Orig. `part', if an m-deriv. from a verb `divide', s. δαίομαι. So * deh₂-mo-. - (Not here Hitt. damaiš `other, second'; Pedersen l.c.; see Tischler on damaiš HEG. 8. 67ff.)

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `work, labour, work of art' (Il.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. wekata \/wergatās\/

Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἐργο-λάβος `undertaker'; further PN Έργα-μένης (Bechtel Namenstud. 23f.; cf. ἐργά-της but also Άλκαμένης); very often as 2. member - εργός (or - οργός), e. g. γεωργός (s. γῆ), δημιουργός (s. v.).

Derivatives: ἐργώδης `laborious, heavy' (Hp., X.). ἐργάτης m. (from plur. ἔργα; Schwyzer 500; cf. ἐργάζομαι) `labourer', esp. `agricultural lab.', `laborious' (Ion.-Att.), f. ἐργάτις, with ἐργατικός `from an ἐργάτης, laborious', ἐργατίνης = ἐργάτης (Theoc.; vgl. Chantraine Formation 203, Schwyzer 490), διεργάτινος (Mytilene), ἐργατήσιος `profitable' (Plu. Cat. Ma. 21; uncertain; cf. Chantraine 42); ἐργασία, to ἐργάζομαι, s. below; denomin. verb ἐργατεύομαι, - εύω `work hard' with ἐργατεία (LXX, pap.). Έργάνη, Delph. Ϝαργάνα surname of Athena (Delphi VI-V<sup>a</sup> etc.), also = ἐργασία (pap., H.); ἔργανα, Ϝέργανα (written γέργ-) ἐργαλεῖα H. ἐργαλεῖον, usu. pl. - εῖα, Cret. Ϝεργ- `tool, instrument' (Ion.-Att.); there is no *ἔργαλον (cf. Chantraine 60 w. n. 1). denomin. verb ἐργάζομαι (Schwyzer 734 w. n. 7), Cret. Ϝεργάδδομαι `work' (Il.), often with prefix ἀπ-, ἐν- etc.; several derivv.: ἐργαστικός `busy, productive, labourer' (Ion.-Att.); ἐργασία, Cret. Ϝεργ- `(heavy) labour, fieldwork, profession' (Ion.-Att.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 215) with ἐργάσιμος `in business, cleared (land)' (also to ἐργάζομαι; cf. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 44f.); ἐργαστήρ `fieldlabourer' (X.), ἐργαστής `id.', also `negotiator' (A. D., Rom. inscr.); ἐργαστήριον `workshop' (Ion.-Att.; cf Chantraine 62f.; from there - after vinculum - Lat. ergastulum; after Leumann [lastly Sprache 1, 207 n. 11] from ἔργαστρον) with ἐργαστηριακός `labourer' (Plb.), deminut. ἐργαστηρίδιον (pap.); ἔργαστρα pl. `wages' (pap.; Chantraine 332); cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147 w. n. 3. Desiderat. ptc. ἐργασείων `who wants to do' (S.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1168] *u̯erǵ- `work'

Etymology: Ϝέργον (Dor.; from there El. Ϝάργον) is identical with Av. varǝzǝm n., Germ., e. g. OHG werc, ONo. verk n. ` work'; IE *u̯érǵom n.; with sec. o Arm. gorc `id.' (after deverb. gorcem `work'); uncertain Welsh. vergo-bretus `highest official of the Aeduans'. - Primary verbs ἔρδω and ῥέζω; further ὄργανον, ὄργια, ἐόργη, s. vv.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table' (Il.); also as length-measure = `the side of the ναύβιον' (Hero Geom., pap.).

Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. ξυλουργός (- οργός, - εργός) m. `carpenter' with - έω, - ία, - ικός (IA.; cf. on δημιουργός); μονό-ξυλος `made from one piece of wood', of πλοῖον a.o. (IA.). On ξύλοχος s. v.

Derivatives: 1. Dimin.: ξυλ-άριον `small piece of wood' (LXX, pap. a.o.), - ήφιον `piece of wood' (Hp., hell.), - άφιον `id.' (Eust.; on - ήφιον, - άφιον Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); ξύλιον `piece of wood' (pap. IV^p). Further subst.: 2. ξυλ-εύς m. `woodcutter', name of a sacrificial attendant in Olympia (inscr. I<sup>a</sup>, Paus., H.) with - εύω, - εύομαι `fetch wood' (hell. inscr., Men., H.), - εία f. `fetching wood, store of wood, construction-wood' (Plb., Str., pap.); Bosshardt 75; 3. ξυλ-ίτης ἰχθῦς ποιός H. (explan. in Strömberg Fischnamen 25); - ῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) f. `shrub-coutry' (pap.; Redard 109 w. n.); 4. ξυλών, - ῶνος m. `place for wood' (Delos III--II<sup>a</sup>). Adj. 1. ξύλ-ινος `of wood, wooden' (Pi., B., IA.), 2. - ικός `id.' (Arist.) with - ικάριος `woodhandler (?)' (Korykos; from Lat. - ārius), 3. - ηρός `regarding wood' (Delos III<sup>a</sup>), - ηρά f. `woodzmarket'? (pap. I^p), 4. - ώδης `woodlike, -coloured' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verbs. 1. ξυλ-ίζομαι `fetch wood' (X., Plu.) with - ισμός `fetching wood' (Str., D.H.), - ιστής `who fetches wood' (sch.); 2. ξυλ-όομαι, - όω `become wood, make, make of wood' (Thphr., LXX) with - ωσις f. `woodwork' (Th., hell. inscr.), - ωμα, - ωμάτιον `id.' (Delos III^a a.o.); 3. ξυλ-εύω, s. above on ξυλεύς.

Etymology: With ξύλον (from where on younger Att. vases σύλον, σύλινος; Schwyzer 211) agrees Lith. šùlas `(bucket-, ton-) stave, stander, pillar', if from IE *ḱsulo-; besides, in vokalism deviating, several Slav. forms, e.g. Russ. šúlo n. `garden-pole', Scr. šûlj m. `block' (IE *ḱseulo-?). Similarly with ū and anlaut. s-, Germ., e.g. OHG sūl f. `style, pole', with au (IE ou?) Goth. sauls `pillar'. The relation between the Slav., Balt. and Germ. words has been amply discussed but hardly explained; s. Vasmer and Fraenkel s. vv. with ric lit. and further forms. Older lit. also in Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. and W.-Hofmann s. silva. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 still adduces Alb. shul `bar, nail, siphon'. -- Original connection with ξύω (e.g. Fick 3, 446, also as supposition Schwyzer 329) is not probable, secondary influence (Chantraine Form. 240) well acceptable.

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αἰών, ῶνος, ὁ (Hom.+; gener. ‘an extended period of time’, in var. senses)

① a long period of time, without ref. to beginning or end,

ⓐ of time gone by, the past, earliest times, readily suggesting a venerable or awesome eld οἱ ἅγιοι ἀπʼ αἰῶνος προφῆται the holy prophets fr. time immemorial (cp. Hes., Theog. 609; Περὶ ὕψους 34, 4 τοὺς ἀπʼ αἰ. ῥήτορας; Cass. Dio 63, 20 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰ. Ῥωμαίων; IMagnMai 180, 4; SIG index; Gen 6:4; Tob 4:12; Sir 14:17; 51:8; En 14:1; 99:14; Jos., Bell. 1, 12; Just., D. 11, 1) Lk 1:70; Ac 3:21; make known from of old Ac 15:18; πρὸ παντὸς τ. αἰ. before time began Jd 25a (for the combination with πᾶς cp. Sallust. 20 p. 36, 5 τὸν πάντα αἰῶνα=through all eternity); pl. πρὸ τῶν αἰ. 1 Cor 2:7 (cp. Ps 54:20 θεὸς ὁ ὑπάρχων πρὸ τῶν αἰ. [PGM 4, 3067 ἀπὸ τ. ἱερῶν αἰώνων]); ἐξ αἰ. since the beginning D 16:4 (Diod S 1, 6, 3; 3, 20, 2; 4, 83, 3; 5, 2, 3; Sext. Emp., Math. 9, 62; OGI 669, 61; Philo, Somn. 1, 19; Jos., Bell. 5, 442; Sir 1:4; SibOr Fgm. 1, 16 of God μόνος εἰς αἰῶνα κ. ἐξ αἰῶνος). W. neg. foll. ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσθη never has it been heard J 9:32.

ⓑ of time to come which, if it has no end, is also known as eternity (so commonly in Gk. lit. Pla. et al.); εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα (since Isocr. 10, 62, also Diod S 1, 56, 1 εἰς τ. αἰ.=εἰς ἅπαντα τ. χρόνον; 4, 1, 4; SIG 814, 49 and OGI index VIII; POxy 41, 30=‘Long live the Caesars’; PGM 8, 33; 4, 1051 [εἰς αἰ.]; LXX; En 12:6; 102:3; PsSol 2:34, 37; ParJer 8:5; JosAs 15:3 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον 4:10 al. Jos., Ant. 7, 356 [εἰς αἰ.]) to eternity, eternally, in perpetuity: live J 6:51, 58; B 6:3; remain J 8:35ab; 12:34; 2 Cor 9:9 (Ps. 111:9); 1 Pt 1:23 v.l., 25 (Is 40:8); 1J 2:17; 2J 2; be with someone J 14:16. Be priest Hb 5:6; 6:20; 7:17, 21, 24, 28 (each Ps 109:4). Darkness reserved Jd 13. W. neg.=never, not at all, never again (Ps 124:1; Ezk 27:36 al.) Mt 21:19; Mk 3:29; 11:14; 1 Cor 8:13. ἕως αἰῶνος (LXX) 1 Cl 10:4 (Gen 13:15); Hv 2, 3, 3; Hs 9, 24, 4. In Johannine usage the term is used formulaically without emphasis on eternity (Lackeit [s. 4 below] 32f): never again thirst J 4:14; never see death 8:51f; cp. 11:26; never be lost 10:28; never (= by no means) 13:8. εἰς τὸν αἰ. τοῦ αἰῶνος (Ps 44:18; 82:18 al.) Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7). ἕως αἰῶνος (LXX; PsSol 18:11) Lk 1:55 v.l. (for εἰς τὸν αἰ.); εἰς ἡμέραν αἰῶνος 2 Pt 3:18.—The pl. is also used (Emped., Fgm. 129, 6 αἰῶνες=generations; Theocr. 16, 43 μακροὺς αἰῶνας=long periods of time; Philod. περὶ θεῶν 3 Fgm. 84; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 62 εἰς αἰῶνας διαμένει; SibOr 3, 767; LXX, En; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72].—B-D-F §141, 1), esp. in doxologies: εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας (Ps 60:5; 76:8) Mt 6:13 v.l.; Lk 1:33 (cp. Wsd 3:8); Hb 13:8. εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰ. (Tob 13:4; Da 3:52b; En 9:4; SibOr 3, 50) Jd 25b. εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας to all eternity (cp. Ps 88:53) Ro 1:25; 9:5; 2 Cor 11:31. αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰ. Ro 11:36; ᾧ κτλ. 16:27 (v.l. αὐτῷ). τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰ. 1 Pt 5:11; more fully εἰς τοὺς αἰ. τῶν αἰώνων (Ps 83:5; GrBar 17:4; PGM 4, 1038; 22b, 15) for evermore in doxologies Ro 16:27 v.l.; Gal 1:5; Phil 4:20; 1 Ti 1:17; 2 Ti 4:18; Hb 13:21; 1 Pt 4:11; 5:11 v.l.; Rv 1:6, 18; 5:13; 7:12; 11:15 al. 1 Cl 20:12; 32:4; 38:4; 43:6; εἰς πάσας τὰς γενεὰς τοῦ αἰῶνος τῶν αἰ. Eph 3:21 (cp. Tob 1:4; 13:12; En 103:4; 104:5). Of God ὁ ζῶν εἰς τοὺς αἰ. (cp. Tob 13:2; Sir 18:1; Da 6:27 Theod.) Rv 4:9f; 10:6; 15:7; formulaically= eternal 14:11; 19:3; 20:10; 22:5.—κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων according to the eternal purpose Eph 3:11. All-inclusive ἀπὸ αἰώνων καὶ εἰς τ. αἰῶνας from (past) eternity to (future) eternity B 18:2 (cp. Ps 40:14 and Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 7, 401a, 16 ἐξ αἰῶνος ἀτέρμονος εἰς ἕτερον αἰῶνα; M. Ant. 9, 28, 1 ἐξ αἰῶνος εἰς αἰῶνα; SibOr Fgm. 1, 16 of God μόνος εἰς αἰῶνα κ. ἐξ αἰῶνος).

② a segment of time as a particular unit of history, age

ⓐ ὁ αἰὼν οὗτος (הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה) the present age (nearing its end) (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 13, 15, in ref. to 1 Cor 3:18; s. Bousset, Rel. 243ff; Dalman, Worte 120ff; Schürer II 537f; NMessel, D. Einheitlichkeit d. jüd. Eschatol. 1915, 44–60) contrasted w. the age to come (Philo and Joseph. do not have the two aeons) Mt 12:32. A time of sin and misery Hv 1, 1, 8; Hs 3:1ff; ending of Mk in the Freer ms. 2; ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰ. (v.l. + τούτου) the cares of the present age Mt 13:22; pl. cp. Mk 4:19. πλοῦτος earthly riches Hv 3, 6, 5. ματαιώματα vain, futile things Hm 9:4; Hs 5, 3, 6. πραγματεῖαι m 10, 1, 4. ἐπιθυμία m 11:8; Hs 6, 2, 3; 7:2; 8, 11, 3. πονηρία Hs 6, 1, 4. ἀπάται Hs 6, 3, 3 v.l. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰ. τούτου the children of this age, the people of the world (opp. children of light, enlightened ones) Lk 16:8; 20:34.—The earthly kingdoms βασιλεῖαι τοῦ αἰ. τούτου IRo 6:1. συσχηματίζεσθαι τῷ αἰ. τούτῳ be conformed to this world Ro 12:2. As well as everything non-Christian, it includes the striving after worldly wisdom: συζητητὴς τοῦ αἰ. τούτου searcher after the wisdom of this world 1 Cor 1:20. σοφία τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 2:6. ἐν τῷ αἰ. τούτῳ 3:18 prob. belongs to what precedes=those who consider themselves wise in this age must become fools (in the estimation of this age). The ruler of this age is the devil: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 2 Cor 4:4 (θεός 5). ἄρχων τοῦ αἰ. τούτου IEph 17:1; 19:1; IMg 1:3; ITr 4:2; IRo 7:1; IPhld 6:2; his subordinate spirits are the ἄρχοντες τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 1 Cor 2:6, 8 (ἄρχων 1c).—Also ὁ νῦν αἰών (Did., Gen. 148, 21): πλούσιοι ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰ. 1 Ti 6:17; ἀγαπᾶν τὸν νῦν αἰ. 2 Ti 4:10; Pol 9:2. Cp. Tit 2:12. Or (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 42, 30) ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐνεστώς the present age Gal 1:4 (cp. SIG 797, 9 [37 A.D.] αἰῶνος νῦν ἐνεστῶτος). The end of this period (cp. SibOr 3, 756 μέχρι τέρματος αἰῶνος) συντέλεια (τοῦ) αἰ. Mt 13:39f, 49; 24:3; 28:20 (cp. TestJob 4:6; TestBenj 11:3; JRobinson, Texts and Studies V introd. 86). συντέλεια τῶν αἰ. Hb 9:26; on GMary 463, 1 s. καιρός end.

ⓑ ὁ αἰὼν μέλλων (הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא) the age to come, the Messianic period (on the expr. cp. Demosth. 18, 199; Hippocr., Ep. 10, 6 ὁ μ. αἰ.=the future, all future time; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 310 D.: ἡ τοῦ παρελθόντος χρόνου μνεία κ. ὁ τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος λόγος; Jos., Ant. 18, 287; Ar. 15, 3; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 24, 20; Did., Gen. 164, 2) in 2 Cl 6:3, cp. Hs 4:2ff, opposed to the αἰὼν οὗτος both in time and quality, cp. Mt 12:32; Eph 1:21; δυνάμεις μέλλοντος αἰ. Hb 6:5. Also αἰ. ἐκεῖνος: τοῦ αἰ. ἐκείνου τυχεῖν take part in the age to come Lk 20:35. ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐρχόμενος Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; Hs 4:2, 8. ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐπερχόμενος Hv 4, 3, 5: pl. ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις in the ages to come Eph 2:7. As a holy age ὁ ἅγιος αἰ. (opp. οὗτος ὁ κόσμος; cp. εἰς τὸν μείζονα αἰ. TestJob 47:3) B 10:11 and as a time of perfection αἰ. ἀλύπητος an age free from sorrow 2 Cl 19:4 (cp. αἰ. … τοῦ ἀπαραλλάκτου TestJob 33:5), while the present αἰών is an ‘aeon of pain’ (Slav. Enoch 65, 8).—The plurals 1 Cor 10:11 have been explained by some as referring to both ages, i.e. the end-point of the first and beginning of the second; this view urges that the earliest Christians believed that the two ages came together during their own lifetimes: we, upon whom the ends of the ages have come (JWeiss. A Greek would not refer to the beginning as τέλος. The Gordian knot has οὔτε τέλος οὔτε ἀρχή: Arrian, Anab. 2, 3, 7). But since τὰ τέλη can also mean ‘end’ in the singular (Ael. Aristid. 44, 17 K.=17 p. 406 D.: σώματος ἀρχαὶ κ. τέλη=‘beginning and end’; 39 p. 737 D.: τὰ τέλη … δράματος; Longus 1, 23, 1 ms. ἦρος τέλη; Vi. Thu. 2, 2 [=OxfT ΘΟΥΚΥΔΙΔΟΥ ΒΙΟΣ 2] τέλη τοῦ πολέμου; Aëtius, Eye Diseases p. 120, 25 Hirschb. after Galen: τὰ τέλη τ. λόγου=the close of the section; Philo, Virt. 182) and, on the other hand, the pl. αἰῶνες is often purely formal (s. above 1a and b, 2a at end) τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰ. can perh. be regarded as equal to τέλος αἰώνων (SibOr 8, 311)=the end of the age(s). Cp. TestLevi 14:1 ἐπὶ τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων.—For the essential equivalence of sing. and pl. cp. Maximus Tyr. 14, 8b τὰ τῆς κολακείας τέλη beside τέλος τῆς σπουδῆς. Cp. also τέλος 5.

③ the world as a spatial concept, the world (αἰ. in sg. and pl. [B-D-F §141, 1]: Hippocr., Ep. 17, 34; Diod S 1, 1, 3 God rules ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα; Ael. Aristid. 20, 13 K.=21 p. 434 D.: ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς αἰῶνος; Maximus Tyr. 11, 5e; IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 4 [103 A.D.] P. p. 129]; Ps 65:7; Ex 15:18 [cp. Philo, Plant. 47; 51]; Wsd 13:9; 14:6; 18:4; αἰῶνες οἱ κρείττονε Tat. 20:2) ApcPt 4:14. Created by God through the Son Hb 1:2; through God’s word 11:3. Hence God is βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰ. 1 Ti 1:17; Rv 15:3 (v.l. for ἐθνῶν); 1 Cl 61:2 (cp. PGM 12, 247 αἰώνων βασιλεῦ; Tob 13:7, 11, cp. AcPh 2 and 11 [Aa II/2, 2, 20 and 6, 9]); πατὴρ τῶν αἰ. 35:3 (cp. Just., A I, 41, 2; AcPh 144 [Aa II/2, 84, 9]); θεὸς τῶν αἰ. 55:6 (cp. Sir 36:17; ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰ.; En 1:4; PGM 4, 1163; TSchermann, Griech. Zauber-pap 1909, 23; AcJ 82 [Aa II/1, 191, 24f]). But many of these pass. may belong under 2.

④ the Aeon as a person, the Aeon (Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 268 index under Aion, Taufe 391 index; Epict. 2, 5, 13 οὐ γάρ εἰμι αἰών, ἀλλʼ ἄνθρωπος=I am not a being that lasts forever, but a human being [and therefore I know that whatever is must pass away]; Mesomedes 1, 17=Coll. Alex. p. 197, 17; Simplicius in Epict. p. 81, 15 οἱ αἰῶνες beside the μήτηρ τῆς ζωῆς and the δημιουργός; En 9:4 κύριος τ. κυρίων καὶ θεὸς τ. θεῶν κ. βασιλεὺς τ. αἰώνων; PGM 4, 520; 1169; 2198; 2314; 3168; 5, 468; AcPh 132 [Aa II/2, 63, 5]; Kephal. I p. 24, 6; 45, 7) ὁ αἰ. τοῦ κόσμου τούτου Eph 2:2. The secret hidden from the Aeons Col 1:26; Eph 3:9 (Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 235f); IEph 19:2 (Rtzst. 86, 3); cp. 8:1 (Rtzst. 236, 2). Various other meanings have been suggested for these passages.—CLackeit, Aion I, diss. Königsbg. 1916; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 426–32; HJunker, Iran. Quellen d. hellenist. Aionvorstellung: Vortr. d. Bibl. Warburg I 1923, 125ff; ENorden, D. Geburt des Kindes 1924; MZepf, D. Gott Αιων in d. hellenist. Theologie: ARW 25, 1927, 225–44; ANock, HTR 27, 1934, 78–99=Essays I, ’72, 377–96; RLöwe, Kosmos u. Aion ’35; EOwen, αἰών and αἰώνιος: JTS 37, ’36, 265–83; 390–404; EJenni, Das Wort ˓ōlām im AT: ZAW 64, ’52, 197–248; 65, ’53, 1–35; KDeichgräber, RGG I³ 193–95; HSasse, RAC I 193–204; MNilsson, Die Rel. in den gr. Zauberpapyri, K. humanist. Vetenskapssamfundets Lund II ’47/48, 81f; GJennings, A Survey of αιων and αιωνιος and their meaning in the NT, ’48; GStadtmüller, Aion: Saeculum 2, ’51, 315–20 (lit.); EDegani, ΑΙΩΝ da Omero ad Aristotele ’61 (s. Classen, Gnomon 34, ’62, 366–70; D.’s reply in RivFil 91, ’63, 104–10); MTreu, Griech. Ewigkeitswörter, Glotta 43, ’65, 1–24; JBarr, Biblical Words for Time² ’69; OCullman, Christus u. die Zeit³ ’62.—B. 13. EDNT. DDD s.v. Aion. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

δεσπότης, ου, ὁ (s. prec. entry; Sappho 97, 8 D. [95, 8 EVoigt ’71], Pind., Hdt.+) voc. δέσποτα

① one who has legal control and authority over persons, such as subjects or slaves, lord, master

ⓐ of slaves (Pla., Parm. 133d, Leg. 757a al.; Paroem. Gr.: Zenob. [Hadrian] 2, 81 τ. ἰδίους δεσπότας et al.; Tat. 4, 1) 1 Ti 6:1f; Tit 2:9; Phlm subscr.; 1 Pt 2:18; Hs 5, 2, 2. A slave metaphor is present in some of the pass. in 1b, AChang, BiblSacra 142, ’85, 52–63.

ⓑ of subjects. Ruler of a city Hs 1:6.—Esp. of God (Eur., Hipp. 88; X., An. 3, 2, 13; Pla., Euthyd. 302d and oft. in Gk. writings incl. Herm. Wr. 16:3 [p. 264, 14 Sc.]; OGI 619, 3; UPZ 1, 1 [IV B.C.]; PGM 36, 227 δέσποτα; LXX; TestAbr A I p. 77, 12 [Stone p. 2]; Artapanus: 726 Fgm. 3, 22 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 27, 22]; Ezk. Trag. 124; 188 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 11]; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 22ff [PKatz, Philo’s Bible, ’50, 59f]; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 8, 111; 18, 23; Just., A II, 6, 2 al.) Lk 2:29; Ac 4:24; Rv 6:10; 1 Cl 7:5; 9:4; 11:1; 24:1, 5; 36:2, 4; 40:1 al.; B 1:7; 4:3; Dg 8:7; Hv 2, 2, 4f; Hs 1:9; δ. ἁπάντων (cp. Job 5:8; Wsd. 6:7; 8:3; Sir 36:1; TestJos 1:5; Herm. Wr. 5, 4; PGM 3, 589; 4, 1164; 12, 250; δ. τῶν ὅλων Jos., Ant. 1, 72 and Just., D. 140, 4 [sim. Tat. 12, 4]; τοῦ παντὸς δ. Did., Gen. 99, 22) 1 Cl 8:2; 20:11; 33:2; 52:1; [ὁ τῶν ὅλ]ων δεσπότης Ox 1081, 36f (Coptic SJCh 90, 15); δ. καὶ δημιουργὸς τῶν ὅλων θεός Dg 8:7; τοῦ πάντων δ. GJs 11:2; ὁ δ. μου 23:3 (but s. deStrycker ad loc.). Of Christ Lk 13:25 P⁷⁵; 2 Pt 2:1; Jd 4 (δεσπ. and κύριος as Jos., Ant. 20, 90).

② one who controls a thing, owner of a vessel 2 Ti 2:21; of honey Hm 5, 1, 5.—B. 1330. Schmidt, Syn. 116–24. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

δημιουργία, ας, ἡ (s. δημιουργέω Pla. et al.; Herm. Wr. 10, 18; ins; Philo, Ebr. 85; Jos., Ant. 12, 42; Tat. 4, 2; Ath., R. 62, 9 al.) orig. handicraft production and other creative construction, then of cosmic construction (Damascius [V–VI A.D.], De Princ. 283; s. Plato’s use of δημιουργός in the sense of divine creator, next entry) creative act ὢ τῆς ἀνεξιχνιάστου δημιουργίας O, the unfathomable act of creativity (that is revealed in redemption) Dg 9:5. κατὰ τὴν δ. αὐτοῦ in accordance w. his creative activity 1 Cl 20:6.

προδημιουργέω 1 aor. προεδημιούργησα (Philop. [VI A.D.], on Aristot., De Generat. Anim. 61, 14) create beforehand 1 Cl 33:3 v.l. (for προετοιμάσας).—DELG s.v. δημιουργός.

τροφεύς, έως, ὁ (τρέφω; Aeschyl., Pla. et al.; OGI 148, 2 [II B.C.] al.; IGR III, 89, 14 [I A.D.] one who distributes free food to the people; Jos., Ant. 9, 127 tutor) nourisher, of God (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 177, Congr. Erud. Gr. 171; Herm. Wr. 16, 12 ὁ ἥλιος as σωτὴρ κ. τροφεύς; p. 390, 12 Sc. ὁ δημιουργός as πατὴρ κ. τροφέυς) Dg 9:6.—DELG s.v. τρέφω C 5.

ὅλος, η, ον(Pind.+ [Hom. and Hes. have the Ion. οὖλος]) in the NT never in attributive position, mostly predicate (W-S. §20, 12a; B-D-F §275, 2; 4; Rob. 774, cp. 656)

① pert. to being complete in extent, whole, entire, complete

ⓐ used w. a noun that has no art., somet. preceding it, somet. coming after it: ὅλ. οἴκους whole families Tit 1:11. ὅλ. ἄνθρωπον ὑγιῆ ἐποίησα I have healed a man’s whole body J 7:23.—ἐνιαυτὸν ὅλ. for a whole year Ac 11:26. διετίαν ὅλ. for two full years 28:30.—διʼ ὅλης νυκτός the whole night through Lk 5:5; J 21:6 v.l. (Appian, Liby. 134 §636; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 29; Just., D. 1, 4.—SIG 1171, 6 διʼ ὅλης ἡμέρας; cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 37, Vi. 15 διʼ ὅλης τῆς νυκτός; InsPriene 112, 98 διὰ τοῦ χειμῶνος ὅλου). Likew. w. names of cities without the art. ὅλη Ἰερουσαλήμ all Jerusalem Ac 21:31.

ⓑ used w. a noun that has the art.

α. coming before the noun: ὅλ. ἡ περίχωρος ἐκείνη Mt 14:35; cp. GJs 8:3; AcPl Ha 8, 30. ὅλ. ἡ χώρα ἐκείνη Mk 6:55. ὅλ. ἡ πόλις 1:33. ὅλ. τὸ σῶμά σου Mt 5:29f; 6:22f. ὅλ. ὁ βίος Lk 8:43. [ἐφʼ] ὅλον τὸν οἶκον Ac 7:10. ὅλ. τὴν ἡμέραν the whole day (through) (Jos., Ant. 6, 22) Mt 20:6; Ro 8:36 (Ps 43:23); 10:21 (Is 65:2). ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ἰσχύος ἡμῶν with all our strength 1 Cl 33:8. εἰς ὅλην τὴν Γαλιλαίαν Mk 1:39; εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον Hs 9, 25, 2 (ὅλ. ὁ κόσμος: Wsd 11:22; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 13, 12, 9 [Denis 224, 4; Holladay 176, 5]; EpArist 210; ApcEsdr 1:11 p. 25, 4 Tdf.). ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν καταγγέλλεται ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ Ro 1:8 (on the hyperbole cp. PLond 891, 9 ἡ εὐφημία σου περιεκύκλωσεν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον). ὅλον τὸ πλῆθος AcPl Ha 4, 20.

β. after the noun ὁ κόσμος ὅλ. Mt 16:26; Lk 9:25; 1J 5:19; AcPl Ha 3, 7 (TestJob 33:4; Just., D. 127, 2). τὸ συνέδριον ὅλ. Mt 26:59; τὸ σῶμά σου ὅλ. Lk 11:36a; ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλ. J 4:53; ἡ πόλις ὅλ. Ac 21:30; ἡ οἰκουμένη ὅλ. Rv 3:10.

γ. The noun can also be supplied fr. the context ἕως οὗ ἐζυμώθη ὅλον (i.e. τὸ ἄλευρον) until (the) whole (batch of flour) was leavened Mt 13:33; Lk 13:21. ἔσται φωτεινὸν ὅλον (i.e. τὸ σῶμά σου) Lk 11:36b.—Sim. the subst. ptc. ἔστιν καθαρὸς ὅλος (ὁ λελουμένος) (the one who has bathed) is clean all over J 13:10.

② pert. to a degree of completeness, wholly, completely, w. a pron. σὺ ὅλος you altogether, wholly J 9:34. τοῦτο ὅλον all this Mt 1:22; 21:4 v.l.; 26:56. ὅλον ἑαυτὸν ἐπιδείξας exposed himself completely (to the lion) AcPl Ha 4, 29.—W. a prep. διʼ ὅλου throughout, through and through (Philo Mech. 60, 25; POxy 53, 10; 1277, 8; PGM 5, 154) J 19:23 (cp. New Docs 3, 63, no. 26).

③ everything that exists, everything, subst. neut. pl. (3 Macc 6:9; EpArist 201; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 27 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos, Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat., Ath.) [ὁ τῶν ὅλ]ων δεσπότης Ox 1081, 36 (as TestAbr A, s. above; ApcMos 37; Jos., Ant. 1, 72; Tat. 5, 1; cp. Just., D. 140, 4). ὁ θεὸς ὁ τῶν ὅλων ὁ παντοκράτωρ AcPlCor 2:9. ὁ … δεσπότης καὶ δημιουργὸς τῶν ὅλων Dg 8:7.—Cp. πᾶς, s. Schmidt, Syn. IV 549. B. 919. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.