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41 σῦριγξ
σῦριγξ, - ιγγοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `quill, flute, syrinx' (Il.); also of pipe-like objects, e.g. `windpipe, blood-vessel, fistula' (medic. a.o.), `spear-case' (T387), `hole in the nave of a wheel (weel-bus, Germ. Radbüchse' (trag. a.o.), `subterranean passage' (Plb. a.o.).Compounds: Some compp., egB. πεντε-σύριγγος `with five pipes' (Ar. a.o.).Derivatives: Many derivv. 1. Diminut. συρίγγ-ιον n. (Hp., Plu. a.o.), - ίδιον n. (Hero). 2. - ίς f. `kind of κασία' (medic.). 3. - ίας m. des. of a tube ( κάλαμος; Thphr., Dsc.; cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 91). 4. - ίτης m., - ῖτις f. name of a precious stone (Ps.-Dsc., Plin.; Redard 62). 5. - ώδης `hollow, fistular' (Hp.). 6. - ιακός `meant for fistulae' (medic.; after καρδιακός a.o. or from συρίγγιον). -- Denomin. verbs: 1. συρίζω (Ion. poet. h. Merc.), Att. - ίττω (Pl., D., Arist. etc.), Dor. - ίσδω (Theoc.), aor. - ίξαι (Ar.), - ίσαι (Babr., Luc.), fut. - ίξομαι (Luc.), - ίσω (Hero a.o.), - ιῶ (LXX), also w. ὑπο-, ἐκ, ἀπο- a.o., `to blow the syrinx, to whistle, to hiss'. From it σύρ-ιγμα n. `tone of a pipe' (- ισμα H.) with - ιγματώδης `pipe-like, hissing' (medic.), - ιγμός (X., Arist. etc.), - ισμός (LXX a.o.) m. `the whistling, whirr', - ιγξις f. `flute-playing' (sch.), - ικτής, - ιστής (Arist., Corn.), - ικτάς (Theoc., AP), - ιστήρ (AP) with - ιστηρίδιον meaning unclear (pap. Ia), - ιγκτής (Phot.) m. `flutist', also `the whistling'; on the formations Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 232 n. 2; - ιστική ( τέχνη) `the art of flute-playing' (sch.). 2. συριγγ-όομαι, - όω, also w. ἐκ-, προ-, ἀπο-, `to become hollow, to get a fistula, to make into a pipe etc.' (Hp. a.o.) with - ωσις f. `formation of a fistula' (medic.), - ωμα n. `fistula' (Vett. Val.). 3. - ιάω `to suffer from a fistula' ( Hippiatr.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like σάλπιγξ, φόρμιγξ (Chantraine Form. 398), what implies Mediterranean or oriental origin. IE etymology by Solmsen Wortforsch. 129 ff.: deriv. in - ιγγ- from a noun *σῡ-ρος, resp. - ρον, -ρᾱ with cognates in σωλήν (? s. v.) and σαυρωτήρ (?; s. σαύρα), to which also Skt. tūṇa- m. `quiver', tū́ṇava- m. `flute' (rejected by Mayrhofer s. v.): IE tu̯ō[u]-: tu̯Hu-: tū- (WP. 1, 752f., Pok. 1102 w. further lit.). -- From Greek Skt. suruṅgā f. `subterranean passage' (Stein ZII, 280ff.; extensive on the etymology and hirtory of the meaning); here also Arm. sring `flute, pipe' (LW [loanword] from common source? Adjarian Mel. Boisacq 1.3). -- Clearly a Pre-Greek word (not in Furnée).Page in Frisk: 2,821-822Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σῦριγξ
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42 αἰγίς
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `goatskin' (Il.), mantle, shield of Zeus and Athena. Later also `stormwind' (A.) Further `heart-wood of the Corsican pine or the silver-fir in Arcadia' (Thphr). Also `speck in the eye' (Hp.), on which s. ἀγλίη.Derivatives: αἰγίοχος epithet of Zeus (Il.), cf. γαιάϜοχος. But see Heubeck IF 68 (1963) 13-21: `schnell einherfahrend'. With the last meaning ἐπ-αιγίζω `rush upon' (from a stormwind) Hom.Origin: XX [etym. unknown] GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Formation as νεβρίς etc.When shaken, gods and men are frightened. The meaning `stormwind' is unclear, but see Heubeck (above). - Prob. in origin a goatskin (thus Hdt. 4, 189). - Others connect Skt. éjati `move, set in motion'. (Kretschmer Glotta 27, 28, connected αἴγλη and αἶγες τὰ κύματα H.)Page in Frisk: 1,32Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἰγίς
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43 ἀσελγής
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `licentious, wanton, unconstrained' (Lys.).Other forms: Unclear ἀσάλγαν ὕβριν, ἀμέλειαν and ἀσαλγάνας φοβερός, εἴρηκε δε οὔτως παραβαρβαρίζων H.; as the final remark says, this may be just a vulgar or `barbarian' pronunciation.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unknown. See Havers IF 28, 194ff. (Boeotian for *ἀθελγής; meaning difficult; α- from zero grade of ἐν). As to the glosses, α\/ε is frequent in Pre-Greek words, ἀσαλγα may be a Pre-Greek φορματιον = ἀσελγεία, the form of the second gloss is unexplained (as is the meaning). I am not sure whether the conclusion of substr. origin is allowed.Page in Frisk: 1,161Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσελγής
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44 ῥάχις
ῥάχις, - ιοςGrammatical information: f. (m.)Meaning: `spine, back', often metaph. `ridge etc.' (I 208).Other forms: Att. - εως.Derivatives: 1. ῥαχ-ίτης m. `belonging to the spine' (Arist., medic.), ἐπιρραχ-ίτιδες ἀρτηρίαι (Hippiatr.; Redard 101 f.); 2. ῥαχι-αῖος `id.' (medic.); 3. ῥαχ-ίζω, also w. δια-, κατα-, `to crack, to chop up (the spine)' (trag.), also `to show off, to boast' (Din., H.) with - ιστής m. `splitter' (pap.), `show off, boaster' (Theopomp. Com.), - ιστήρ ψεύστης, ἀλαζών H. With transformation of the stem: 4. ῥάχ-ετρον = ῥάχις H., also des. of a certain part of it (Poll., Phot.; after ἄγκιστρον, δέρτρον, ἦτρον?; cf. also Fraenkel Glotta 4, 43, Schwyzer 532), with - ετρίζω = ῥαχίζω (Poll.); beside it ῥάκ-ετρον etc. (s. ῥάκος?). 5. ῥαχάς χωρίον σύνδενδρον καὶ μετέωρον H., Phot. (after δειράς, σπιλάς a.o.) with ῥαχάδην ἐπὶ τῆς ῥάχεως H. 6. Gen. sg. τοῦ ῥαχα from ῥαχας `id.?' (Halaesa; Rom. times). -- Beside it ῥαχός ( ῥᾶχος; codd. also ῥάχος, prob. after ῥάχις), Ion. ῥηχός f. `briar, thorn hedge, (thorny) sprig' (Hdt., S., X., Thphr.), ἐΰ-ρρηχος, ῥηχώδης `thorny' (Nic.); denom. ῥαχῶσαι `to cover with sprigs' (Att., 307-6a). On the meaning `briar, spine, back' cf. e.g. ἄκανθα, Lat. spina a.o. -- Unclear ῥάχνος n. (pap. IV-VIp), approx. `cloak'?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: With ῥάχις can be compared directly Lith. ražis `stubble' (beside which more usual rãžas `stubble, (fork)tooth, barren twig'), IE *u̯răǵh-i-; anl. u̯- is confirmed by ὀρήχου (ὀ- = Ϝ-) τῆς αἱμασιᾶς H. Beside it full-(lengthened)grade *u̯rāǵh- in ῥᾱχός, ῥηχός. Further analysis uncertain: it can be both verbal and nominal derivations, also enlargements of a root noun etc. Further connection with ῥαχία, ῥάσσω cannot be shown (rejected by Solmsen Wortforsch. 163n.1); orig. meaning `stitch, bump'?? -- WP. 1, 318 (after Lidén Ein balt.-slav. Anlautges. 15), Pok. 1180. -- Ϝραχ- cannot be derived from an IE form; is the word Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,646Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥάχις
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45 κινυρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: Meaning uncertain; adjunct of βοῦς (Ρ 5), of γόος (A. R. 4, 605), of πέτηλα (Nonn. D. 38, 95);Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Meaning early unclear, cf. H.: κινυρή (to Ρ 5). ἁπαλή, νέα, λεχώ, οἰκτρά, θρηνητική and κινυρόν (to A. R. 4, 605). λεπτόν, καπυρόν, ὀξύ, οἰκτρόν. - From here κιν[ν]υρίδες τὰ μικρὰ ὀρνιθάρια H., apparently = `wailing, lamenting'; κινυρίζω `wail, lament' (Ι 612 after Zenodotus), κινύρομαι `gnash, lament' (A. Th. 123 [lyr.], Dikt. 804, Ar. Eq. 11, A. R., Call.). PN Κινύρης (Λ 20), - ρας (Tyrt.). The parallelism of κινυρός, κινυρίζω, κινύρομαι and μινυρός, μινυρίζω, μινύρομαι is clear; prob. there were contaminations. Other mixed forms are κιναθίζειν with - ισμός, - ισμα (s. v.) and κιναρύζεσθαι θρηνεῖν μετὰ τοῦ γογγύζειν H. (after κελαρύζειν?, Leumann Hom. Wörter 241 n. 37). - Following the age of the attested forms Leumann l. c. considers only κινυρός and μινυρίζω as old; the other forms would have originated through contaminations also with μύρομαι. In κινυρός an archaic term of cattle-breeding would have been retained. - A convincing explanation of κινυρός etc. has not yet been found.Page in Frisk: 1,856Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κινυρός
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46 κισσύβιον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: name of a wooden drinking-cup (Od., Theoc., Call.; on the matter Brommer Herm. 77, 358 and 365f.),Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Like so many names of pots etc. etymologically unclear. By the ancients connected with κισσός, either after the material (Eumolp. ap. Ath. 11, 477a) or after the ornament (Poll. 6, 97); the formation remains unclear; cf. Mastrelli Studitfilclass. N. S. 23, 97ff., who points to the many foreign words with β-suffix. Pre-Greek because of the variation, as Schwyzer 316 and 470 and Debrunner, Eberts RL 4:2, $ 46; Fur. 170.Page in Frisk: 1,860Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κισσύβιον
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47 σπατῑλη
σπατῑληGrammatical information: f.Meaning: 1. `thin excrement' (Hp., Ar. Pax 48, D.C.); σπατίλουροι οἱ την οὑρὰν εἰς την σπατίλην ἐκτιθέντες H.; unclear σπατιλοκολυμφευ Sophr. ( PSI 11, 1214 d 4). 2. `leather waste' (Sch. Ar. l. c.);Other forms: auch πατίλη (An. Ox.).Derivatives: Also παστίλη = ἡ τελευταία ἡμέρα τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ (Hdn. Gr. 1, 322, 19).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation like μαρίλη, κονίλη, χονδρίλη etc. (vgl. Chantraine Form. 249). In the 2. meaning to σπάτος (s. v.). Also the meaning. `thin excrement' may be combined with it as euphemistic metaphor; (to which the phonetic cimilarity with τῖλος, τιλάω may have contributed). Since Meillet MSL 13, 291 f. however usually connected with οἰ-σπώτη. The furher analysis in *σπατο-τίλη (WP. 2, 682 f. w. lit.) does not inspire confidence with a word of this characted.Page in Frisk: 2,759Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπατῑλη
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48 clear
[klɪə] 1. прил.1) светлый, ясный; безоблачный ( о небе)a clear day — ясный, безоблачный день
a clear night — ясная, звёздная ночь
The day dawned with a clear sky. — День наступал ясный, безоблачный.
Syn:2) прозрачныйThe water in the bay was clear as glass. — Вода в заливе была прозрачной, как стекло.
Syn:3) чёткий, отчётливыйSyn:well-marked, sharp 1.4) звонкий, отчётливыйThe singing was loud and clear. — Пение было громким и звонким.
Syn:audible, articulate 1.5) ясный, понятный, недвусмысленныйIf I have made myself clear, you will understand my original meaning. — Если мне удалось ясно выразиться, вы поймёте, что я имел в виду.
Syn:Ant:6) чёткий, ясный, логическийThis problem requires clear thinking. — Для решения этой проблемы требуется ясная голова.
Syn:7) очевидный, явный, не вызывающий сомненийIn the midst of the unreality, it became clear that one man at least was serious. — Среди всех этих фантастических событий стало очевидным, что, по крайней мере, один человек был серьёзен.
Syn:8) убеждённый, уверенный, не сомневающийсяI am not quite clear about the date. — Я не очень уверен относительно даты.
Syn:9) простодушный; чистый, непорочныйSyn:10) свободный, незанятый; беспрепятственныйThe path was clear. — Дорога была свободна.
11) чистый; здоровыйHer complexion was clear, but quite olive. — Кожа на лице у неё была чистой, но с желтоватым оттенком.
12) яркий, блестящийSyn:13) свободный (от чего-л.); необременённый (чем-л.)Syn:14) полный, целый; абсолютный, неограниченныйSyn:15) амер.; разг. чистый, без примеси, настоящийsolid silver, the clear thing, and no mistake — сплошное серебро, настоящая вещь, без дураков
••- all clear
- all clear signal
- get away clear
- keep clear of smb. 2. нареч.1) ясно, чётко, отчётливоThe message came over the wireless loud and clear. — Сообщение, переданное по радио, прозвучало громко и отчётливо.
Syn:2) совсем, совершенно; полностьюThe jogger ran clear to the end of the island. — Бегун добежал до самого конца острова.
Syn:3) ( clear of) в стороне, на расстоянии от (чего-л.)He jumped three inches clear of the bar. — Он прыгнул в трёх дюймах от планки.
••3. гл.to see one's way clear to do smth. — не видеть препятствий (к осуществлению чего-л.)
1)а) очищать; осветлять; делать прозрачнымб) очищаться; проясняться; становиться прозрачнымThe skies finally cleared. — Небо наконец прояснилось.
Syn:The fog cleared. — Туман рассеялся.
In the afternoon, the mist cleared off and the rest of the day was fine. — После полудня туман рассеялся, и в оставшуюся часть дня была хорошая погода.
3) = clear away / off расчищать, прочищать; освобождать, очищатьto clear (away) the dishes / the table — убирать (посуду) со стола
Please help your mother to clear away. — Пожалуйста, помоги маме убрать со стола.
The snowplows cleared the streets. — Снегоуборочные машины расчистили улицы.
He cleared his throat, and was silent awhile. — Он прочистил горло и немного помолчал.
Machines have cleared the way for progress. — Машины расчистили дорогу, теперь можно двигаться вперёд.
We must clear the area of enemy soldiers as soon as possible. — Нам нужно очистить район от врага как можно скорее.
Syn:4) = clear away / up удалить, устранить5) = clear away / upThis book has cleared my doubts. — Эта книга рассеяла мои сомнения.
б) рассеяться ( о сомнениях)When he read the letter, his doubts cleared away. — Когда он прочёл письмо, его сомнения окончательно рассеялись.
6) прояснять, разъяснять, объяснять, истолковыватьSyn:7) оправдывать, снимать подозрениеThe boy was cleared of the charge of stealing. — С мальчика сняли обвинение в краже.
A surprise witness cleared him of the crime. — Неожиданный свидетель снял с него подозрение в совершении преступления.
Syn:8) подтверждать надёжность (кого-л. при приёме на секретную работу)Dr. Graham might require access to restricted information, and so he had to be cleared. — Доктору Грэхему, возможно, придётся работать с конфиденциальной информацией, поэтому он должен получить допуск.
9) спорт. отбивать, выбивать ( мяч) из штрафной площадки10)а) одобрять, разрешатьSyn:б) успешно пройти (какие-л. инстанции); получить одобрениеThe bill cleared the legislature. — Законопроект получил одобрение законодательных органов.
11) = clear off урегулировать финансовые обязательства, произвести расчёт; заплатить долгI'm glad I've cleared off the money I owed my mother. — Я рад, что вернул матери все долги.
12) фин. осуществлять клиринг чеков или векселей13) уплачивать пошлину; очищать ( товары) от пошлин14) = clear off распродавать товар по сниженным ценамThe shop decided to clear off the summer clothes when the new winter fashions arrived. — Когда поступила новая зимняя одежда, в магазине решили устроить распродажу летней.
Syn:net II 3.This horse can clear 5 feet. — Эта лошадь берёт барьер в 5 футов.
17) эвакуировать18) разгружать19) ( clear with) согласовывать (что-л. с кем-л.)Clear this with the boss. — Согласуй это с шефом.
•- clear out
- clear up••- clear the skirts of smb.- clear the air
- clear the way
- clear the decks for action
- clear one's mind of smth. -
49 ἄφενος
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: m. (after πλοῦτος, Fehrle Phil Woch. 46, 700f).Compounds: εὐηφενής (Il.; the better attested v. l. εὐηγενής is hardly correct; Bechtel, Lex.); also in the PN Δι-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.Derivatives: (with loss of vowel and remarkable final stress) ἀφνειός (Il.), later ἀφνεός `rich' (Il.). From here retrograde ἄφνος n. (Pi. Fr. 219).Etymology: Uncertain. The connection with Skt. ápnas- n. `possessions, riches' (Bréal MSL 13, 382f.; cf. ὄμπνη; also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 515) is now generally rejected (also as * apsnos). - The word was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which can now be abandoned (also Heubeck's variant, the Minoan-Minyan language: Praegraeca 70). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- `rich', is remarkable. The postulated verb hap-(zi) is improbable (Puhvel HED 3, 124f). The Hittite word could be IE (Szemerényi Glotta 33, 1954, 275 - 282). Puhvel's h₁op- is impossible ( h₁- disappears in Hittite); but Lat. opulentus \< * op-en-ent- is improbable: - ulentus is a frequent suffix in Latin, and - ant is very productive in Hittite so that it cannot be projected back into PIE; with it disappears the explanation of - ulentus (I also doubt the dissmilation n - nt, with t after the second n; there are other difficulties in the theory, as the author indicated); the - en- has no clear function and is not found elsewhere after op-; thus the connection of opulentus with the Hittite word disappears. - Irene Balles (HS 110, 1997) starts from *n̥-gʷʰn-o-, parallel to - io- in Skt. ághnyā- `(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. (She explains the adj., and the accent, from *n̥gʷʰn-es-o- \> ἀφνεό-, with metrical lengthening in Homer). But she has to explain the full grade from analogy after σθένος, which is improbable; the whole construction is not convincing. - The Greek word is rather IE (cf. archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root * h₂bʰen- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be explained following Balles: *h₂bʰnes-ó-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος - ἀλεγεινός (metr. lengthening in Homer is probable as *ἀφνεοιο is impossible in the hexameter and *ἀφνεος, -ν etc. are difficult). Thus the word seem perfectly IE. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *ḫpina- is doubtful). A loan from Anatolian would have κ-, the φ would be unclear, the s-stem, and the adjective.Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄφενος
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50 δρῖλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: unknown, `circumcised man' (= verpus in Latin glosses) (AP, Amphissa; on the meaning Diels IF 15, 4-6.).Derivatives: δρίλακες βδέλλαι H. (Chantr. Form. 380).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No etymology. M. Scheller in Pok. 208 adduces δριάουσαν θάλλουσαν H. which like δριάεντα χλωρά is based on δρίος, pl. δρία `bush, shrubs'; the supposed meaning `swelling, Schwellender' (from where both `circumcized man' [: `penis'] as `leech') is quite in the air. - Against H. Petersson (Arm. titeṙn `crocodile') Kretschmer Glotta 14, 229. Other attempts by von Loewenthal WuS 10, 186 and Sapir Lang. 15, 185. See Bq. and κροκόδιλος; see also Diels l.c. (unclear to me).Page in Frisk: 1,417-418Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δρῖλος
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51 θεράπων
θεράπων, - οντοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `attendant, companion' (Il.).Other forms: Aeol. - ονος [gramm.]; s. below; also θαραπ- Fur. 352, prob. recent. Note θεραπν-. Also θέραψ, - απος.Derivatives: Diminutive θεραπόντιον (D. L.). θεράπαινα f. `servant, maid' (IA), with θεραπαινίς, - ίδιον (Pl., Men.); also θεράπνη `id.' (h. Ap. 157; s. below) with θεραπνίς (AP); unclear θεραποντίς adjunct of φερνή (A. Supp. 979). - Also θέραψ, - απος m., mostly plur. `id.' (E.) with θεράπιον (Hyp.), - πίς (Pl. Mx. 244e). Denomin. verb θεραπεύω `serve, honour, care for, heal' (since ν 265) with several nouns: θεραπεία, Ion. - ηΐη, θεράπευμα `serving etc.' (IA), θεράπευσις `id.' (Phld.); θεραπευτής `servant' (IA) with θεραπευτικός (Pl., X., Arist.), also θεραπευτήρ (X., Aristox.; prob. Dorian, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 54f.) with θεραπευτρίς (Ph.), - εύτρια (EM); θεραπήϊος = θεραπευτικός (AP), - ηΐς f. (Orac. ap. Jul. Ep. 88b).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Except as `servant' θεράπνη in Eur. and successors means also `dwelling, habitation' ( θεράπναι αὑλῶνες, σταθμοί H.), which reminds of δοῦλος ἡ οἰκία H. (cf. s. v.); one might assume the meaning `house', coll. `servants'. From θεράπνη `house' we can hardly separate Laconian GN Θεράπνα, - ναι; this points to Pre-Greek origin of the whole group. Kretschmer Glotta 28, 269f. (also id. Glotta 24, 90ff.; on meaning and spread also E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 72ff.) wrongly sees it as "protoindogermanische" variant of τέραμνα; (with θέραψ Lat. trabs `beam' would be cognate). Thus v. Windekens Le Pélasgique 89f. But θεράπνη can be derived from θεράπων (s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 145; on the secondary ντ-stem cf. θεράπαινα and Schwyzer 526 w. n. 3); cf. Schwyzer 489 w. n. 4. - N. van Brock, Rev. Hitt. As. 959, 117-126 compares Hitt. tarpassa.Page in Frisk: 1,663-664Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θεράπων
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52 ἴκμενος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: adjunct of οὖρος `wind' (Α 479, Od.), athematic ptc. like ἄρμενος, ἄσμενος a. o. (Schwyzer 524, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 384), perh. orig. sigmatic (Schwyzer 751).Etymology: Prob. from ἵκω, ἱκέσθαι `come', but prop. meaning unclear: perh. "with whom one advances, with whom one advances well" (Schwyzer), i. e. `favourable'. Acc. to Schulze Q. 493, Bechtel Lex., Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 52 n. 2 (p. 53) however `desired' (cf. Lat. flatus optati), to προ-ΐκτης, ἱκετεύω etc., and like these not from ἵκω `come', but from a verb `ask' (Goth. aihtron; also αἰκάζει καλεῖ H.). Casevits, Eos 83 (1995[98]) 27-32 proposes that the word belongs to ἔοικα, *Ϝίκμενος, `qui convient, adapté à'; but the development of the meaning is hard to understand, one expects `which resembles'.Page in Frisk: 1,717-718Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴκμενος
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53 κνημός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: geographical term (Hom., h. Ap. 283, Orph. A. 465), e. g. Ἴδης ἐν κνημοῖσι (Il.), meaning uncertain, prob `projecting part, shoulder of a mountain', δημόσιος κνημός `public grove' ( TAM 2: 1, 64, Telmessos; not quite certain); also = ὀρίγανος (Arg., Eust. 265, 40).Derivatives: Denomin. κνημῶσαι περιχῶσαι, φράξαι, φθεῖραι, κλεῖσαι, ἐλθεῖν; κνημοῦμαι φθείρομαι, κνημωθῆναι φθαρῆναι, διεκνημώσατο διέφθειρε H. In the sense `encircle etc.' cf. κνημός = `grove'; unclear = φθεῖραι (cf. κνημίαι φθοραί H. and Scheller Oxytonierung 63f.).Etymology: The meaning of κνημός recalls NLG hamm `mountain-forest' (Fick KZ 21, 368), which however agrees rather with MLG. ham `piece of land fenced in', NLG hamme `field fenced in' and can be explained differently. - Connection with κνήμη ("shank of a mountain"?; acc. to Eust. 1498, 42 = `what is above the foot'), remains uncertain.Page in Frisk: 1,883-884Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κνημός
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54 obscure
əbˈskjuə
1. прил.
1) темный, слабо освещенный, тусклый;
мрачный misty and obscure day ≈ туманный и тусклый день Syn: dark, gloomy, dim, dismal
2) а) неопределенный, неотчетливый, неясный, смутный Syn: indistinct, unclear, vague, faint, hardly perceptible to the eye б) фон. слабый, редуцированный( о гласных)
3) тусклый, выцветший( о красках) Syn: dingy, dull, not bright
4) непонятный;
малопонятный, невразумительный, неясный;
неразборчивый;
непостижимый, загадочный Syn: abstruse, unintelligible, incomprehensible;
mysterious, cryptic, recondite, arcane Ant: clear, explicit, plain, transparent
5) а) незаметный, неприметный;
неизвестный, ничем не прославившийся;
непритязательный, скромный an obscure poet ≈ ничем не прославившийся поет Syn: inconspicuous, undistinguished, unnoticed;
humble, lowly, mean б) скрытый, уединенный an obscure country village ≈ уединенная деревушка Syn: remote, secluded, hidden, retired, secret
2. гл.
1) затемнять, затенять Syn: darken, dim
2) скрывать, прятать (препятствовать видимости, обзору) The moon was now quite obscured. ≈ Луна полностью скрылась (за облаками). Syn: conceal
3) делать неясным, затемнять (смысл, значение и т. п.)
4) утаивать, скрывать Syn: disguise
5) затмевать, превосходить Syn: overshadow, outshine
6) фон. редуцировать (гласный) темнота, ночь;
мрак неясность, смутность очертаний темный, слабо освещенный;
мрачный - * corner темный угол неясный, смутный, неотчетливый - * sound неясный звук - * shape смутные очертания - to have an * view of smth. неясно представлять себе что-л. смутный, неосознанный - * feelings смутные чувства - the * beginnings of a great movement первые признаки зарождающегося великого движения нечеткий, приглушенный - * pulse слабый пульс, плохо прощупывающийся пульс непонятный, невразумительный;
неразборчивый - * meaning скрытое значение - * explanation невразумительное объяснение - * motivations непонятные мотивы - the part he played in the matter remains * его роль в этом деле остается неясной незаметный, малоизвестный;
ничем не прославившийся;
скромный - * job незаметная должность - an * book of a forgotten author малоизвестная книга забытого писателя - he settled in an * country village он поселился в глухой деревушке - many deeds of bravery remain * многие подвиги остаются неизвестными - this * family of ours наша простая семья матовый, без блеска, темноватый - * brown приглушенный коричневый цвет затемнять, затенять - windows *d by curtains окна, затемненные занавесками - the moon was *d by clouds тучи закрыли луну делать неясным, запутывать - to * the meaning of the word сделать неясным значение слова - his testimony *d the issue его показание запутало дело - his reasoning was *d by emotion его мысли путались от переживаний затмевать - his fame was *d by that of his great son слава его великого сына затмила его собственную загораживать( вид) ;
мешать( обзору) - to * the light загораживать свет( военное) задымлять редуцировать (гласный) obscure делать неясным ~ делать неясным (о значении слова и т. п.) ~ загораживать;
to obscure the light загораживать свет ~ запутывать ~ затемнять;
перен. затушевывать ~ затмевать;
to obscure (smb.'s) fame затмить( чью-л.) славу ~ мрачный, темный;
тусклый ~ мрачный, темный, тусклый ~ незаметный, неизвестный, ничем не прославленный ~ незаметный;
неизвестный, ничем не прославленный, безвестный ~ непонятный, невразумительный ~ непонятный;
невразумительный ~ неясный, смутный ~ скрытый, уединенный ~ скрытый, уединенный ~ затмевать;
to obscure (smb.'s) fame затмить (чью-л.) славу ~ загораживать;
to obscure the light загораживать свет -
55 βαμβάκιον
Grammatical information: n.Derivatives: βαμβακοειδής, v.l. for βομβυκ- (Dsc. 3,16).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Cotton is first mentioned in an inscription by Sanherib. Hdt. 3,106 mentions it for India. Theophrastus says that it grew near the Persian Gulf. We find the word in MPers. pambak, from where Arm. bambak, Oss. bämbäg, WRuss. bambák (unclear Russ. bumaga `paper'). From Greek Lat. bambax, bambagium with Ital. bambagia; through influence (because of the formal and semantic resemblance?) of βόμβυξ Ital. bombagio, Fr. bombasin. (Another Gr. designations is ἐριόξυλον, cf. Germ. Baumwolle.) Pliny uses the word gossypium. Unclear is whether βύσσος in Pausanias is also cotton. Cf. βαμβακεὺτριαι. - For cotton see also κάρπασος 1.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βαμβάκιον
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56 ἠλεός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `distraught, crazed'Other forms: Voc. also ἠλέ (Il.); ἀλεός (- αι- cod.) ὁ μάταιος, ἄφρων. Αἰσχύλος H., ἀλεόφρων παράφρων H. Denomin. verb ἀλεώσσειν μωραίνειν H. Adj.-abstract ἠλοσύνη (Nic., late. Epic.; s. Pfeiffer Philol. 92, 1ff., 8, A. 14), Aeol. ἀλοσύνα (Theoc. 30, 12), prob. metric. for ἠλεο-, ἀλεο-.Derivatives: Beside it ἤλιθα adv. 1. `very much, exceedingly' (Hom., always ἤλιθα πολλή(ν); A. R.; on the development of the meaning Bq 320 n. 2), 2. `in vain, to no purpose' (Call., A. R.); the formation has in the local and temporal adv. in - θα ( ἔνθα, δηθά, μίνυνθα) and in the numer. adv. διχθά a. o. an incomplete parallel. From here ἠλίθιος (Dor. ἀλ-) `idle, vain, foolish' (Pi., IA; hελιθιον adv. IG 12, 975 [VIa]) with ἠλιθι-ώδης (Philostr.), - ότης (Att.), - όω (A.), - άζω (Ar.). - Here prob. also ἠλέματος (Aeol. Dor. ἀλ-) `idle, foolish' (Sapph., Alk., Theoc.)?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation unclear, improbable Bechtel Dial. 1, 44 (haplological for *ἠλεμόματος). - Difficult is the analysis of the verbs ἀλλο-φρονέω `be senseless' (Hom., Hdt.) and ἀλλο-φάσσω `to be delirious' (Hp.). Acc. to Fick, followed by Bechtel Lex. s. ἀλλοφρονέω, ἠλεός and Leumann Hom. Wörter 116 n. 82, the 1. member has an Aeolic variant of ἠλεός, i. e. *ἆλλος \< *ἀ̄λι̯ος (from where the vok. *ἆλλε = ἠλέ Ο 128); cf. ἀλεό-φρων above. Later it was derived from ἄλλος (thus Hdt. 7, 205). As the medical expression ἀλλοφάσσω cannot be Aeolic, it must have been formed after ἀλλοφρονέω or contain the pronom. ἄλλος; s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 309 n. 82. Formed like ἐνεός, κενεός, ἐτεός a. o., ἠλεός recalls ἠλάσκω, ἀλάομαι, but further has no cognate. Not to Dor. *ἀ̄λεά (WP. 1, 88, after Prellwitz BB 20, 303) in Lat. ālea `game with dices'. - The variants ἠλεός, ἀλαιός (H.) point to a noun in - ay-(os), with ay \> ey \> e; Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes s.v. 6. αι\/ει. Also the suffix - ιθ- is Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek suff.) The form αλλ(ο)- seems derived from *aly(o)- with palatal. -l- which gave λλ; but I do not know what the relation was between ālay- and āly-. Or does it derive from * alyo-, a reduced form of *ālayo-? I have no opinion on ἠλεματος.Page in Frisk: 1,629-630Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἠλεός
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57 κερτομέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `taunt, insult, mock, ridicule' (almost only poetic, Il.).Other forms: aor. (rare) κερτομῆσαι.Derivatives: Also κέρτομος `insulting, slandering' (pöet. Hes. Op. 788) with κερτομίαι pl. `mockery, slander' (Hom.; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 207f.); also with ιο-suffix κερτόμιος `id.' (Hom., S. in lyr.), κερτόμησις (S. Ph. 1236). From ἐπικερτομέω: ἐπικερτόμ-ημα (Demetr.), - ησις (Hdn.) and as back-formation ἐπικέρτομος (Q. S.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Expressive word of unknown origin. Acc. to Prellwitz Wb. s. v. univerbation of κείρειν and τέμνειν (cf. the formations in Schwyzer 645; s. also on λοιδορέω); similar, but in detail unclear, Radermacher Festschrift Kretschmer 149ff. Brugmann IF 15, 97f. assumes *κέρ-στομος `having a mocking mouth' (cf. ἐΰ-στομος) also from κείρειν (s. also Benveniste Origines 68 and on σκερβόλλω). Acc. to others (cf. W.-Hofmann s. carinō) the group of κάρνη was also involved in the formation of the 1. element. Diff. again Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 583. - Whether κέρτομος was the basis of κερτομέω seems doubtful; it was rather a backformation (cf. Risch 181). - Fur. 349 reminds of καρτομιστής χλευαστής H. (`mocker'). The variant vocalism shows Pre-Greek origin. The root has been connected with Lat. carināre, and the words cited under κάρνη. Schrijver, Larr. in Latin, 429 is no doubt right to connect the group σκερβόλλω, - βολέω, κερβόλλουσα `insult, mock, slander', which is again connected with ( σ)κέραφος, σχέραφος. All these words are clearly Pre-Greek (thus also Schrijver). The second elements are unknown; are they compounds? Fur. 349 n. 46 suggest σ comparison with Hitt. kartimmii̯a `be angry', kartimnu `get angry', though the meaning is not exactly the same. (Wrong therefore Perpillou RPh. LXXV (2001)145f.)Page in Frisk: 1,832-833Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κερτομέω
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58 ὀξύα
ὀξύα, -ηGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `beech, Fagus silvatica' (Xanth., Thphr.), `spear shaft (made of beechwood), spear' (Archil., E.).Derivatives: ὀξυ-όεις `made of beechwood' ( ἔγχος, δόρυ, II.; Schwyzer 527; hardly with Bechtel Lex. 55, Risch $ 56 e from ὀξύς enlarged), -ϊνος (-έϊνος) `id.' (Thphr., Delos IIIa). On the variation ὀξύα, -η Schwyzer 189; late ὀξέα after ἰτέα, μηλέα a.o.; ὀξεῖα after the adj. Diff. on ὀξέα, - εῖα Kalén Quaest. gramm. gr. 15ff. (w. extensive treatment).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]; PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With the old IE word for `ash' prob. identical, which also in Alban. got the meaning `beech' (cf. on φηγός). Closest come the Alb., Arm. and Germ. forms: Alb. ah (from * ask- or * osk-), Arm. haçi (from *askii̯o- [ osk-?]), Germ., e.g. OWNo. askr, OHG asc (PGm. * aska-, * aski-); the deviating ὀξύη prob. after ὀξύς (diff., improbable, Bq; after Sánchez Ruipérez Emer.15, 67 old metathesis as in ξύν a.o., untenable). The other languages have a deviating stemformation, which may be connected with old heteroclisis: Balt., e.g. Lith. úos-i-s, Slav., e.g. Russ. jás-en-ъ (both IE * ōs-). To the latter fits Lat. ornus, if from *ŏs-en-o- (- in-o-); quite diff. (to ἐρινεός etc.) Cocco Publ. do XXIII Congr. Luso-Espanhol (Coimbra 1957) 8: 5 f. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 184f., Pok. 782, W.-Hofmann s. ornus, Vasmer s. ǰásenъ. - The IE character of these words is far from sure, despite the tradition to compare them; their forms are rather unclear. The variation, hardly sufficiently explained by assuming the intervenience of an adj., may point to a Pre-Greek word. - (Not to ἀχερωΐς<<.)Page in Frisk: 2,400Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀξύα
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59 σκια
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `shade' (Od.), also `variegated hem or edging of a dress' (hell. inschr. a. pap., Men.; Wilhelm Glotta 14, 82 f.).Other forms: ion. - ιήCompounds: E.g. σκια-τροφέω, - έομαι (Ion. σκιη-), Att. etc. also σκια - τραφέω, - έομαι (: σκια-τραφής like εὑτραφής a. o.; to τραφῆναι) `to live or to raise in the shadow, indoors, to grow up pampered' (IA.; after βου-κολέω a. o., Schwyzer 726); βαθύ-σκιος `with deep shadow, deeply shaded' (h. Merc. a. o.), κατά-, ἐπί-σκιος a. o. beside κατα-, ἐπι-σκιάζω; on δολιχό-σκιος s. δολιχός (aa. to am other interpretation [Prellwitz, also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 119 f. w. n. 1 with Leumann] `with long ash').Derivatives: 1. σκιάς, - άδος f. `shade-roof, tent-roof, pavilion', also name of a θόλος in Athens etc. (Eup., Theoc., Att. inscr. a.o.). 2. σκιάδ-ιον n. `sunscreen' (com., Thphr. a. o.). 3. - ίσκη f. `id.' (Anacr.). 4. σκί-αινα f. (Arist.), - αινίς f. (Gal.; v. l. σκινίς), - αδεύς m. (hell. a. late) fishn. (after the dark colour, Strömberg 27, s. also Thompson Fishes s. σκίαινα; cf. Bosshardt 69; not correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 178 n. 3); to this σκιαθίς `id.' (Epich.), from the island namen Σκίαθος? (Strömberg l. c.). 5. σκι-όεις `rich of shadows, casting shade, shaded' (ep. poet. Il.; favoured by the metre, Schwyzer 527 w. lit., Sjölund Metr. Kürzung 149); - άεις (Hdn.; also Pi. Pae. 6, 17?). 6. - ερός, also - αρός `id.' (esp. ep. poet. Λ 480; Schwyzer 482 w. n. 8 a. lit., Chantraine Form. 230). 7. - ώδης `shadowy, dark' (Hp., E., Arist. a. o.). 8. - ακός `provided with shade' ( ὡρολόγιον Pergam. IIa; Hdn.). 9. - ωτός `provided with a hem (σκιά)' (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). -- 10. Denom. verb σκιάω (Od., hell. a. late epic), σκιάζω (IA.), σκιάσαι (Φ 232; after ἐλᾰ́-σαι a.o., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 410; metri. used, s. Debrunner REIE 1, 3), fut. Att. σκιῶ, late σκιάσω, perf. pass. ἐσκίασμαι (Semon., S. a. o.), aor. σκιασθῆναι (E., Pl., Arist.), also w. ἐπι-, κατα-, συν-, περι-, ἀπο-, `to shade, to overshadow, to shroud in darkness' (on the meaning Radermacher Festschr. Kretschmer 163 ff.); from this ( ὑπο-, συ-)σκίασις, ( ἐπι- etc.) σκιασμός, ( ἐπι- etc.) σκίασμα, σκιασ-τής, - τικός (almost always late); as backformations function the bahuvrihi κατα-, ἐπί-σκιος a. o. -- On σκιά and derivv. in Homer and in the Aeol. lyric Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 115ff., 213ff. (for Hom. not convincing).Etymology: Old word for `shadow', which with Alb. hije, Toch. B skiyo `id.' can be identified as IE *sḱii̯ā (Jokl Untersuchungen 63ff. with Meyer, cf. Mann Lang. 28, 39; v. Windekens Orbis 12, 193 with Couvreur Arch. Or. 18, 128). Besides in Indo-Iran. with lengthened grade Skt. chāyā́ f. `shadow', also `image, reflex, semblance', NPers. sāya `shadow' (Av. a-saya- `who throws no shadow': ἄ-σκιος) and with unclear basis Latv. sejs `id.' (Endzelin Zeitschr. slav. Phil. 16, 113f.). The word was orig. inflected with ablaut, approx. * skeh₁ieh₂, gen. * skh₁ieh₂-s (cf. on γλῶσσα). The assumption of IE ā[i]: i was based only on the connection with σκηνή, Dor. σκᾱνά̄ `tent', which is however improbable. -- An n-suffix is seen in Slavic, e.g. OCS sěnь, Russ. sénь f. `shadow' with uncertain vowel (IE ē, oi, ai, ǝi), thus after Jokl a. o. in the very complicated Alban. forms, e.g. hē, (h)ona; to this with r-n-change σκιερός, σκιαρός (Benveniste Origines 14). See Adams Dict. Toch B 706 s.v. skiyo. With t-suffix OIr. scāth `shadow' (after Vendryes Ét. celt. 7, 438 with Fick); diff. s. σκότος. -- Whether the hapaxes σκαιός `shadowy' (Nic. Th. 660) and σκοιός in H. ( σκοιά σκοτεινά, σκοιόν... σύσκιον) can be considered as representatives of a in Greek still existing ablaut (Solmsen Unt. 278 n. 2 [p. 279f.]), is uncertain. -- Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 559 recontructs * skeh₁-ieh₂-, from which the Skt. form can be explained. Lubotsky however, Incontri lingu. 24 (2001), 34f. is not certains about the evidence for h₁, and starts from the oblique cases * skH-ieh₂-, which became *skHii̯- with Sievers, and * skiH-eh₂- with metathesis; this may have been the basis of the Greek form.Page in Frisk: 2,730-731Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκια
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60 Ἄτλας
Ἄτλας, - αντοςGrammatical information: PN m.Meaning: `Atlas' (Od.), name of the god who carries the pillars of heaven.Derivatives: Άτλαντίς f. (Hes.), o. a. name of a mythical island, plausibly interpreted as Minoan Crete (R. Castleden, Atlantis destroyed 1998). Άτλαντικός (E.) and Άτλάντειος (Critias).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Originally the name of an Arcadian mountain god, whose name was brought over to the mountain chain in Westafrica, s. Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; on Atlas as the personification of the axis of the earth Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. - The old interpretation is α copulativum and the root of τλῆ-ναι, reshaped after the ντ-stems (cf. Άτλᾱγενέων Hes. Op. 383); Kretschmer Glotta 7, 37 A. 1. - The name of the African mountain is also compared with Berber ádrār `mountain' (Steinhauser Glotta 25, 229ff.). Thus Brandenstein Archiv Orientální 17: 1, 69ff. who plausibly suggests folk etymological reshaping of Berb. ádrār. - The meaning of the Greek etymology is unclear, the assumption of *sm̥- is clearly a desperate guess. An IE name for this very old Titan is not to be expected; Pre-Greek words often end in - ant-. S. Beekes Glotta 71, 1995\/6, 12 n. 1.Page in Frisk: 1,179Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ἄτλας
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