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21 este
adj.east, eastern.m.east.viento del este east windir hacia el este to go east(wards)está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madridlos países del este the countries of Eastern Europe* * *► adjetivo (pl estos,-as)1 this (plural) these————————► adjetivo1 east, eastern2 (dirección) easterly; (viento) east, easterly1 east2 (viento) east wind* * *1. = esta, adj.- estos2. adj.east, eastern3. noun m.* * *I1.ADJ INV [zona, área] eastla costa este — the east o eastern coast
íbamos en dirección este — we were going east o eastward(s), we were going in an eastward o an easterly direction
2. SM1) (Geog) East, eastvientos fuertes del Este — strong east o easterly winds
la casa está orientada hacia el Este — the house is east-facing, the house faces East o east
2) (Pol)3) (tb: zona este) east4) (Meteo) (tb: viento del este) east wind, easterly windIIeste, -aADJ DEM1) [indicando proximidad]a) [sing] this¿qué habéis hecho este fin de semana? — what did you do at the weekend?, what did you do this weekend?
¿dónde vais a ir este fin de semana? — [dicho un viernes] where are you going this weekend?; [dicho un lunes] where are you going next weekend?
b)estos/estas — these
estas tijeras — these scissors, this pair of scissors
2) * [con valor enfático]¡a ver qué quiere ahora el tío este! — what does that guy want now! *
III¡este Pedro es un desastre! — that Pedro is a complete disaster! *
este, -aPRON DEM =éste PRON DEM éste, -a1) [sing] this one¡este me quiere engañar! — this guy's out to cheat me!
pero ¿dónde está este? — where on earth is he?
2)estos/estas — these; [en texto] the latter
3) [locuciones]en esta — [en cartas] in this town (from where I'm writing)
•
en estas, en estas se acerca y dice... — just then he went up and said...4) esp LAm [como muletilla]In the past the standard spelling for these demonstrative pronouns was with an accent (éste, ésta, éstos and éstas). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective.este... — er..., um...
* * *Ien la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country
iban en dirección este — they were heading east o eastward(s)
IIel ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast
a) (parte, sector)b) ( punto cardinal) east, Eastcaminaron hacia el Este — they walked east o eastward(s)
c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the EastIIIesta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)a) this; (pl) these[usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me
b) ( como muletilla) well, er* * *Ien la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country
iban en dirección este — they were heading east o eastward(s)
IIel ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast
a) (parte, sector)b) ( punto cardinal) east, Eastcaminaron hacia el Este — they walked east o eastward(s)
c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the EastIIIesta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)a) this; (pl) these[usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me
b) ( como muletilla) well, er* * *el este= east, theEx: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.
este11 = east.Ex: The plan of the temple is round instead of rectangular, and unlike the rest, faces north instead of east.
* Alemania del Este = East Germany.* al este de = east of.* bloque del este, el = Eastern bloc, the.* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.* del este = eastern.* del este asiático = East Asian.* derecho hacia el este = due east.* en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.* este, el = east, the.* Europa Central del Este = East Central Europe.* exactamente al este = due east.* habitante del este = Easterner.* hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.* la Europa del Este = Eastern Europe.* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.* sudeste = southeast [south east].* sureste = southeast [south east].este2= present, such, this.Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.
Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.* a este fin = to this end.* a este paso = at this rate.* a este respecto = in this respect.* a este ritmo = at this rate.* al hacer esto = by so doing, in so doing, in doing so.* a partir de esto = on this basis.* como esto = like this.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* con este fin = to that effect.* con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, by doing so, by this, in doing so.* de esta forma = in this way.* de esta manera = in this manner, in this way.* de este modo = by this means, in so doing, this way, thus, in doing so.* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.* de nuevo en este caso = here again.* desde esta misma perspectiva = along the same lines.* dicho esto = that said.* directamente hacia el este = due east.* durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.* en este caso = in this case.* en este contexto = against this background.* en este documento = herein.* en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.* en este momento = at this stage, right now.* en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, on this score, to that effect.* en estos casos = in these cases.* en estos tiempos = in this day and age.* entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.* esta = this.* esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.* ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.* esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.* ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.* esta mañana = early today.* esta mañana temprano = early this morning.* esta noche = tonight, tonite.* esta vez = this time around/round, this time.* éste es también el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).* éste no es el caso en = not so in.* este tipo de = such.* este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* esto es así = this is the case.* esto no ocurre en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).* esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.* esto no se debe hacer así = this just won't do.* esto no vale = this just won't do.* estos = these.* estos días = these days.* haciendo esto = by so doing, by doing so.* letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.* para esto = therefor.* para hacer esto = in this.* para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.* partiendo de esto = on that basis.* pensando en esto = with this/that in mind.* por esta razón = for this reason.* por este motivo = for this reason.* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.* presentado desde esta perspectiva = cast in this light.* teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.* teniendo esto como trasfondo = against this background.* teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.* todo esto = the whole thing.* * *este1[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› easternen la parte este del país in the eastern part of the countryiban en dirección este they were heading east o eastward(s), they were heading in an easterly directionvientos moderados del sector este moderate easterly winds o winds from the eastel ala/litoral este the east wing/coastla cara este de la montaña the east o eastern face of the mountaineste2(parte, sector): el este the easten el este del país in the east of the countryestá al este de Bogotá it lies to the east of Bogotá, it is (to the) east of Bogotá2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (punto cardinal) east, Eastel Sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east o the Eastvientos flojos del Este light easterly winds, light winds from the eastla calle va de Este a Oeste the street runs east-westdar tres pasos hacia el Este take three paces east o eastward(s) o to the eastvientos moderados del sector sur rotando al este moderate winds from the south becoming o veering easterlymás al este further eastlas ventanas dan al este the windows face east3los países del Este the Eastern Bloc countries4Este (en bridge) East(pl estos, estas)1 this; (pl) theseeste chico this boyesta gente these people[usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó ( fam); this idiot here didn't tell me2 (como muletilla) well, er¿fuiste tú o no? — este … was it you or not? — well …* * *
Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)
esté es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
E.
estar
este
éste
E. (
estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
1a) ( seguido de adjetivos)◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;
estás más gordo you've put on weight;
estoy cansada I'm tired;
está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!b) ( con◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;
¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
3 ( seguido de participios)
estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
ver tb v aux 2
4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
(para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);
¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
verbo intransitivo
1 ( en un lugar) to be;◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;
está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
solo ésteé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
¿cuánto tiempo ésteás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
2 ( en el tiempo):◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;
¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
estamos en primavera it's spring
3a) (tener como función, cometido):
estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them
4 (estar listo, terminado):
lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):
la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
éste v aux
1 ( con gerundio):
estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
2 ( con participio):
ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
ver tb estar cópula 3
estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;◊ ¿no te puedes éste quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;
estese tranquilo don't worry
estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
este 1 adjetivo invariable ‹ región› eastern;
iban en dirección éste they were heading east o eastward(s);
el ala/la costa éste the east wing/coast
■ sustantivo masculinoa) (parte, sector):
al éste de Lima to the east of Lima
las ventanas dan al éste the windows face eastc)
los países del Eéste the Eastern Bloc countries
este 2,◊ esta adj dem (pl estos, estas)a) this;
(pl) these;
estos dólares these dollars;
usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun la estúpida esta no me avisó (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me
éste,◊ ésta pron dem (pl éstos, éstas) The written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective this one;
(pl) these;
éste or este es el mío this (one) is mine;
un día de éstos or estos one of these days;
éste or este es el que yo quería this is the one I wanted;
prefiero éstos or estos I prefer these (ones);
sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval◊ ¡qué niña esta! (fam) honestly, this child!;
residente en ésta or esta resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
estar verbo intransitivo
1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
está dormido, he's asleep
está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
(con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
(con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
(: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
(: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
estar al caer, to be just round the corner
estar en baja, to be waning
estar en todo, to be on top of everything
estaría bueno, whatever next
ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
este,-a adj dem
1 this
este barco, this ship
esta casa, this house 2 estos,-as, these
estos hombres, these men
estas mujeres, these women
este sustantivo masculino
1 (punto cardinal) East: nos dirigíamos al este, we were going east
al este del Edén, to the east of Eden
(en aposición) (zona, parte) eastern: son del este de Europa, they're from Eastern Europe
(dirección, rumbo) easterly: el viento soplaba del este, there was an easterly wind
2 (bloque de países europeos) el Este, the East
éste,-a pron dem m,f
1 this one: éste/ésta es más bonito/a, this one is prettier 2 éstos,-as, these (ones)
' éste' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- abrigada
- abrigado
- abultar
- acabada
- acabado
- acariciar
- acontecer
- actualización
- adelantarse
- adelanto
- afrutada
- afrutado
- ahora
- ahorrar
- alguna
- alguno
- ama
- amo
- andar
- aparte
- aplanar
- aplatanada
- aplatanado
- arrastre
- arreglo
- así
- asistencia
- aterrizar
- atravesarse
- baja
- bajo
- bastar
- bastante
- bendición
- bien
- cabezón
- cabezona
- cabida
- caché
- cachet
- caer
- calificar
- capacidad
- carbonizar
- cariño
- catalogar
- caza
- ceñirse
- chapada
English:
acoustic
- advanced
- afford
- afraid
- aggressive
- agony
- agree
- alleviate
- ambience
- amenities
- anniversary
- antidote
- anywhere
- architecture
- arithmetic
- attain
- attribute
- be
- belong
- blank
- boggle
- bore
- breeze
- broadsheet
- bulky
- bundle
- buy
- call
- call at
- can
- capture
- cash
- chapter
- characteristic
- close-fitting
- cold
- come across
- come in
- come under
- compact
- complete
- conception
- concoction
- consistent
- convert
- cramped
- deadly
- define
- demand
- deny
* * *este1♦ adj inv[posición, parte] east, eastern; [dirección] easterly; [viento] east, easterly;la cara este del pico the east face of the mountain;la costa este the east coast;tiempo soleado en la mitad este del país sunny weather in the eastern half of the country;partieron con rumbo este they set off in an easterly direction;un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección este a cold front moving eastwards♦ nm1. [zona] east;está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid;la fachada da al este the front of the building faces east;viento del este east o easterly wind;habrá lluvias en el este (del país) there will be rain in the east (of the country);ir hacia el este to go east(wards)2. [punto cardinal] east;el sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the eastlos países del Este the countries of Eastern Europe4. [viento] easterly, east wind1. [en general] this;[plural] these;esta camisa this shirt;este año this year;esta mañana this morning;esta noche tonight[plural] those;no soporto a la niña esta I can't stand that girl;el teléfono este no funciona this telephone's not working3. Méx, RP [como muletilla] well, er, um;y entonces, este, le propuse… and then, um, I suggested…;es un, este, cómo se dice, un lexicógrafo he's a, oh, what do you call it, a lexicographer;este, ¿me prestás plata? er, can you lend me some money?este3, -a (pl estos, -as) pron demostrativo Note that este and its various forms can be written with an accent ( éste, ésta etc) when there is a risk of confusion with the adjective.1. [en general] this one;[plural] these (ones);dame otro boli, este no funciona give me another pen, this one doesn't work;aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque estos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better;esta ha sido la semana más feliz de mi vida this has been the happiest week of my life;cualquier día de estos one of these days;Famesta es la mía/tuya/ etc[m5]. this is the chance I've/you've/ etc been waiting for, this is my/your/ etc big chance;en estas just then;en estas sonó el teléfono just then o at that very moment, the phone rang;en una de estas one of these days;en una de estas te pillará la policía one of these days the police will catch you;Fampor estas [lo juro] I swear, honest to God;¿seguro que no me estás mintiendo? – ¡por estas! are you sure you're not lying to me? – I swear o honest to God2. [recién mencionado] the latter;entraron Juan y Pedro, este con un abrigo verde Juan and Pedro came in, the latter wearing a green coatestos son los culpables de todo lo ocurrido it's this lot o bunch who are to blame for everything4. Formal [en correspondencia]espero que al recibo de esta te encuentres bien I hope this letter finds you well* * *1 m easta todas estas in the meanwhile* * *1) : this one, these ones pl2) : the lattereste adj: eastern, easteste nm1) oriente: east2) : east wind3)el Este : the East, the Orient* * *este1 adj thiseste2 n east -
22 éste
adj.east, eastern.m.east.viento del este east windir hacia el este to go east(wards)está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madridlos países del este the countries of Eastern Europe* * *► adjetivo (pl estos,-as)1 this (plural) these————————► adjetivo1 east, eastern2 (dirección) easterly; (viento) east, easterly1 east2 (viento) east wind* * *1. = esta, adj.- estos2. adj.east, eastern3. noun m.* * *I1.ADJ INV [zona, área] eastla costa este — the east o eastern coast
íbamos en dirección este — we were going east o eastward(s), we were going in an eastward o an easterly direction
2. SM1) (Geog) East, eastvientos fuertes del Este — strong east o easterly winds
la casa está orientada hacia el Este — the house is east-facing, the house faces East o east
2) (Pol)3) (tb: zona este) east4) (Meteo) (tb: viento del este) east wind, easterly windIIeste, -aADJ DEM1) [indicando proximidad]a) [sing] this¿qué habéis hecho este fin de semana? — what did you do at the weekend?, what did you do this weekend?
¿dónde vais a ir este fin de semana? — [dicho un viernes] where are you going this weekend?; [dicho un lunes] where are you going next weekend?
b)estos/estas — these
estas tijeras — these scissors, this pair of scissors
2) * [con valor enfático]¡a ver qué quiere ahora el tío este! — what does that guy want now! *
III¡este Pedro es un desastre! — that Pedro is a complete disaster! *
este, -aPRON DEM =éste PRON DEM éste, -a1) [sing] this one¡este me quiere engañar! — this guy's out to cheat me!
pero ¿dónde está este? — where on earth is he?
2)estos/estas — these; [en texto] the latter
3) [locuciones]en esta — [en cartas] in this town (from where I'm writing)
•
en estas, en estas se acerca y dice... — just then he went up and said...4) esp LAm [como muletilla]In the past the standard spelling for these demonstrative pronouns was with an accent (éste, ésta, éstos and éstas). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjective.este... — er..., um...
* * *[According to the Real Academia Española the written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective]a) this one; (pl) theseAlfonso y Andrés, éste de pie, aquél sentado — (liter)... Alfonso and Andrés, the former sitting down and the latter standing
[sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval] qué niña ésta! — (fam) honestly, this child!
b) ésta (frml) (en cartas, documentos) the city in which the letter is writtenresidente en ésta — resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
* * *Ien la parte este del país — in the eastern part o the east of the country
iban en dirección este — they were heading east o eastward(s)
IIel ala/la costa este — the east wing/coast
a) (parte, sector)b) ( punto cardinal) east, Eastcaminaron hacia el Este — they walked east o eastward(s)
c) el Este (Hist, Pol) the EastIIIesta adjetivo demostrativo (pl estos, estas)a) this; (pl) these[usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó — (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me
b) ( como muletilla) well, er* * *el este= east, theEx: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.
este11 = east.Ex: The plan of the temple is round instead of rectangular, and unlike the rest, faces north instead of east.
* Alemania del Este = East Germany.* al este de = east of.* bloque del este, el = Eastern bloc, the.* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.* del este = eastern.* del este asiático = East Asian.* derecho hacia el este = due east.* en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.* este, el = east, the.* Europa Central del Este = East Central Europe.* exactamente al este = due east.* habitante del este = Easterner.* hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.* la Europa del Este = Eastern Europe.* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.* sudeste = southeast [south east].* sureste = southeast [south east].este2= present, such, this.Ex: We are going to use the data elements defined in the present document as a base from which to begin.
Ex: Preferential relationships generally indicate preferred terms or descriptors and distinguish such terms from non-descriptors or non-preferred terms.Ex: In this chapter a review of the development of cataloguing codes is given in order to explain and place in context the nature of modern cataloguing codes.* a este fin = to this end.* a este paso = at this rate.* a este respecto = in this respect.* a este ritmo = at this rate.* al hacer esto = by so doing, in so doing, in doing so.* a partir de esto = on this basis.* como esto = like this.* como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.* con este fin = to that effect.* con esto = by so doing, in so doing, in this, by doing so, by this, in doing so.* de esta forma = in this way.* de esta manera = in this manner, in this way.* de este modo = by this means, in so doing, this way, thus, in doing so.* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.* de nuevo en este caso = here again.* desde esta misma perspectiva = along the same lines.* dicho esto = that said.* directamente hacia el este = due east.* durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.* en este caso = in this case.* en este contexto = against this background.* en este documento = herein.* en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.* en este momento = at this stage, right now.* en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, on this score, to that effect.* en estos casos = in these cases.* en estos tiempos = in this day and age.* entre éstos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.* esta = this.* esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.* ésta es la razón por la que = this is why.* esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.* ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.* esta mañana = early today.* esta mañana temprano = early this morning.* esta noche = tonight, tonite.* esta vez = this time around/round, this time.* éste es también el caso de = the same is true (for/of/with).* éste no es el caso en = not so in.* este tipo de = such.* este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* esto es así = this is the case.* esto no ocurre en el caso de = the same is not true (for/of/with).* esto no quiere decir que = this is not to say that.* esto no se debe hacer así = this just won't do.* esto no vale = this just won't do.* estos = these.* estos días = these days.* haciendo esto = by so doing, by doing so.* letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.* para esto = therefor.* para hacer esto = in this.* para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.* para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.* partiendo de esto = on that basis.* pensando en esto = with this/that in mind.* por esta razón = for this reason.* por este motivo = for this reason.* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.* presentado desde esta perspectiva = cast in this light.* teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.* teniendo esto como trasfondo = against this background.* teniendo esto presente = with this/that in mind.* todo esto = the whole thing.* * *este1[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› easternen la parte este del país in the eastern part of the countryiban en dirección este they were heading east o eastward(s), they were heading in an easterly directionvientos moderados del sector este moderate easterly winds o winds from the eastel ala/litoral este the east wing/coastla cara este de la montaña the east o eastern face of the mountaineste2(parte, sector): el este the easten el este del país in the east of the countryestá al este de Bogotá it lies to the east of Bogotá, it is (to the) east of Bogotá2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (punto cardinal) east, Eastel Sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the east o the Eastvientos flojos del Este light easterly winds, light winds from the eastla calle va de Este a Oeste the street runs east-westdar tres pasos hacia el Este take three paces east o eastward(s) o to the eastvientos moderados del sector sur rotando al este moderate winds from the south becoming o veering easterlymás al este further eastlas ventanas dan al este the windows face east3los países del Este the Eastern Bloc countries4Este (en bridge) East(pl estos, estas)1 this; (pl) theseeste chico this boyesta gente these people[usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun] la estúpida esta no me avisó ( fam); this idiot here didn't tell me2 (como muletilla) well, er¿fuiste tú o no? — este … was it you or not? — well …* * *
Del verbo estar: ( conjugate estar)
esté es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
E.
estar
este
éste
E. (
estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
1a) ( seguido de adjetivos)◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;
estás más gordo you've put on weight;
estoy cansada I'm tired;
está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!b) ( con◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;
¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
3 ( seguido de participios)
estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
ver tb v aux 2
4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
(para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);
¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
verbo intransitivo
1 ( en un lugar) to be;◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;
está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
solo ésteé unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
¿cuánto tiempo ésteás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
2 ( en el tiempo):◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;
¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
estamos en primavera it's spring
3a) (tener como función, cometido):
estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them
4 (estar listo, terminado):
lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):
la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
éste v aux
1 ( con gerundio):
estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
2 ( con participio):
ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
ver tb estar cópula 3
estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;◊ ¿no te puedes éste quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;
estese tranquilo don't worry
estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
este 1 adjetivo invariable ‹ región› eastern;
iban en dirección éste they were heading east o eastward(s);
el ala/la costa éste the east wing/coast
■ sustantivo masculinoa) (parte, sector):
al éste de Lima to the east of Lima
las ventanas dan al éste the windows face eastc)
los países del Eéste the Eastern Bloc countries
este 2,◊ esta adj dem (pl estos, estas)a) this;
(pl) these;
estos dólares these dollars;
usually indicates a pejorative or emphatic tone when placed after the noun la estúpida esta no me avisó (fam) this idiot here didn't tell me
éste,◊ ésta pron dem (pl éstos, éstas) The written accent may be omitted when there is no risk of confusion with the adjective this one;
(pl) these;
éste or este es el mío this (one) is mine;
un día de éstos or estos one of these days;
éste or este es el que yo quería this is the one I wanted;
prefiero éstos or estos I prefer these (ones);
sometimes indicates irritation, emphasis or disapproval◊ ¡qué niña esta! (fam) honestly, this child!;
residente en ésta or esta resident in Seville (o Lima etc)
estar verbo intransitivo
1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
está dormido, he's asleep
está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
(con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
(con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
(: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
(: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
estar al caer, to be just round the corner
estar en baja, to be waning
estar en todo, to be on top of everything
estaría bueno, whatever next
ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.
este,-a adj dem
1 this
este barco, this ship
esta casa, this house 2 estos,-as, these
estos hombres, these men
estas mujeres, these women
este sustantivo masculino
1 (punto cardinal) East: nos dirigíamos al este, we were going east
al este del Edén, to the east of Eden
(en aposición) (zona, parte) eastern: son del este de Europa, they're from Eastern Europe
(dirección, rumbo) easterly: el viento soplaba del este, there was an easterly wind
2 (bloque de países europeos) el Este, the East
éste,-a pron dem m,f
1 this one: éste/ésta es más bonito/a, this one is prettier 2 éstos,-as, these (ones)
' éste' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- abrigada
- abrigado
- abultar
- acabada
- acabado
- acariciar
- acontecer
- actualización
- adelantarse
- adelanto
- afrutada
- afrutado
- ahora
- ahorrar
- alguna
- alguno
- ama
- amo
- andar
- aparte
- aplanar
- aplatanada
- aplatanado
- arrastre
- arreglo
- así
- asistencia
- aterrizar
- atravesarse
- baja
- bajo
- bastar
- bastante
- bendición
- bien
- cabezón
- cabezona
- cabida
- caché
- cachet
- caer
- calificar
- capacidad
- carbonizar
- cariño
- catalogar
- caza
- ceñirse
- chapada
English:
acoustic
- advanced
- afford
- afraid
- aggressive
- agony
- agree
- alleviate
- ambience
- amenities
- anniversary
- antidote
- anywhere
- architecture
- arithmetic
- attain
- attribute
- be
- belong
- blank
- boggle
- bore
- breeze
- broadsheet
- bulky
- bundle
- buy
- call
- call at
- can
- capture
- cash
- chapter
- characteristic
- close-fitting
- cold
- come across
- come in
- come under
- compact
- complete
- conception
- concoction
- consistent
- convert
- cramped
- deadly
- define
- demand
- deny
* * *este1♦ adj inv[posición, parte] east, eastern; [dirección] easterly; [viento] east, easterly;la cara este del pico the east face of the mountain;la costa este the east coast;tiempo soleado en la mitad este del país sunny weather in the eastern half of the country;partieron con rumbo este they set off in an easterly direction;un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección este a cold front moving eastwards♦ nm1. [zona] east;está al este de Madrid it's (to the) east of Madrid;la fachada da al este the front of the building faces east;viento del este east o easterly wind;habrá lluvias en el este (del país) there will be rain in the east (of the country);ir hacia el este to go east(wards)2. [punto cardinal] east;el sol sale por el Este the sun rises in the eastlos países del Este the countries of Eastern Europe4. [viento] easterly, east wind1. [en general] this;[plural] these;esta camisa this shirt;este año this year;esta mañana this morning;esta noche tonight[plural] those;no soporto a la niña esta I can't stand that girl;el teléfono este no funciona this telephone's not working3. Méx, RP [como muletilla] well, er, um;y entonces, este, le propuse… and then, um, I suggested…;es un, este, cómo se dice, un lexicógrafo he's a, oh, what do you call it, a lexicographer;este, ¿me prestás plata? er, can you lend me some money?este3, -a (pl estos, -as) pron demostrativo Note that este and its various forms can be written with an accent ( éste, ésta etc) when there is a risk of confusion with the adjective.1. [en general] this one;[plural] these (ones);dame otro boli, este no funciona give me another pen, this one doesn't work;aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque estos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better;esta ha sido la semana más feliz de mi vida this has been the happiest week of my life;cualquier día de estos one of these days;Famesta es la mía/tuya/ etc[m5]. this is the chance I've/you've/ etc been waiting for, this is my/your/ etc big chance;en estas just then;en estas sonó el teléfono just then o at that very moment, the phone rang;en una de estas one of these days;en una de estas te pillará la policía one of these days the police will catch you;Fampor estas [lo juro] I swear, honest to God;¿seguro que no me estás mintiendo? – ¡por estas! are you sure you're not lying to me? – I swear o honest to God2. [recién mencionado] the latter;entraron Juan y Pedro, este con un abrigo verde Juan and Pedro came in, the latter wearing a green coatestos son los culpables de todo lo ocurrido it's this lot o bunch who are to blame for everything4. Formal [en correspondencia]espero que al recibo de esta te encuentres bien I hope this letter finds you well* * *1 m easta todas estas in the meanwhile* * *1) : this one, these ones pl2) : the lattereste adj: eastern, easteste nm1) oriente: east2) : east wind3)el Este : the East, the Orient* * *este1 adj thiseste2 n east -
23 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
24 अङ्गम् _aṅgam
अङ्गम् [अम् गत्यादौ बा˚ -गन्; according to Nir. अङ्ग, अङ्ग- नात् अञ्चनात् वा]1 The body.-2 A limb or member of the body; शेषाङ्गनिर्माणविधौ विधातुः Ku.1.33; क्लेशस्याङ्गमदत्वा Pt.5. 32 without undergoing troubles; इति स्वप्नोपमान्मत्वा कामान्मा गास्तदङ्गताम् । Ki.11.34 do not be influenced or swayed by them (do not be subject to them)-3 (a.) A division or department (of anything), a part or portion, as of a whole; as सप्ताङ्गम् राज्यम्, चतुरङ्गम् बलम्, चतुःषष्ट्ष्ट्यङ्गम् ज्योतिः- शास्त्रम् see the words; गीताङ्गानाम् Pt.5.56; यज्ञश्चेत्प्रतिरुद्धःस्या- देकेनाङ्गेन यज्वनः Ms.11.11. (Hence) (b.) A supple- mentary or auxiliary portion, supplement; षडङ्ग or साङ्ग वेदः A peculiar use of the word अङ्ग in masculine gender may here be noted वेदांश्चैव तु वेदाङ्गान् वेदान्तानि तथा स्मृतीः । अधीत्य ब्राह्मणः पूर्वं शक्तितो$न्यांश्च संपठेत् Bṛhadyogiyājñaval- kya Smṛiti 12.34. (c.) A constituent part, essential requisite or component; सर्वैर्बलाङ्गैः R.7.59; तदङ्गमग्ऱ्यं मघवन् महाक्रतो R.3.46. (d.) An attributive or secondary part; secondary, auxiliary or dependent member (serving to help the principal one) (opp. प्रधान or अङ्गिन्); अङ्गी रौद्र- रसस्तत्र सर्वे$ङ्गानि रसाः पुनः S. D.517; अत्र स्वभावोक्तिरुत्प्रेक्षाङ्गम् Malli. on Ki 8.26. (e.) An auxiliary means or expe- dient (प्रधानोपयोगी उपायः or उपकरणम्); सर्वकार्यशरीरेषु मुक्त्वा- ङ्गस्कन्धपञ्चकम् । मन्त्रो योध इवाधीर सर्वाङ्गैः संवृतैरपि ॥ Śi.2.28-29; See अङ्गाङ्गि, पञ्चाङ्ग also ( the angas of the several sciences or departments of knowledge will be given under those words).-4 (Gram.) A name for the base of a word; यस्मात्प्रत्ययविधिस्तदादिप्रत्यये अङ्गम् P.I.4.13; यः प्रत्ययो यस्मात्क्रियते तदादिशब्दस्वरूपं तस्मिन्प्रत्यये परे अङ्गसंज्ञं स्यात् Sk. The अङ्ग terminations are those of the nominative, and accusative singular and dual.-5 (Drama) (a.) One of the sub-divisions of the five joints or sandhis in dramas; the मुख has 12, प्रतिमुख 13, गर्भ 12, विमर्ष 13 and उपसंहार 14, the total number of the angas being thus 64; for details see the words. (b.) The whole body of subordinate characters.-6 (astr.) A name for the position of stars (लग्न), See अङ्गाधीश.-7 A symbolical expression for the number six (derived from the six Vedāngas).-8 The mind; हिरण्यगर्भाङ्गभुवं मुनिं हरिः Śi.1.1, See अङ्गज also.-9 N. of the chief sacred texts of the jainas.-ङ्गः (pl.) N. of a country and the people inhabiting it, the country about the modern Bhāgalpur in Bengal. [It lay on the south of Kauśikī Kachchha and on the right bank of the Ganges. Its capital was Champā, sometimes called Aṅgapurī Lomapādapurī, Karṇapurī or Mālinī. According to Daṇḍin (अङ्गेषु गङ्गातटे बहिश्चम्पायाः) and Hiouen Thsang it stood on the Ganges about 24 miles west of a rocky island. General Cunningham has shown that this description applies to the hill opposite Pātharghāṭā, that it is 24 miles east of Bhāgalpur, and that there are villages called Champanagar and Champapura adjoininng the last. According to Sanskrit poets the country of the Aṅgas lay to the east of Girivraja, the capital of Magadha and to the north- east or south-east of Mithilā. The country was in ancient times ruled by Karṇa] cf. अङ्गं गात्रा- न्तिकोपाय प्रतीकेष्वप्रधानके । देशभेदे तु पुंसि स्यात्...॥ Nm. -a.1 Contiguous.-2 Having members or divisions.-Comp. -अङ्गि, [अङ्गीभावः -अङगस्य अङ्गिनो भावः] the relation of a limb to the body, of the subordinate to the principal, or of that which is helped or fed to the helper or feeder (गौणमुख्यभावः, उपकार्येपकारकभावश्च); e. g. प्रयाज and other rites are to दर्श as its angas, while दर्श is to them the aṅgi; अङ्गाङ्गिभावमज्ञात्वा कथं सामर्थ्यनिर्णयः । पश्य टिट्टिभमात्रेण समुद्रो व्याकुलीकृतः ॥ H.2.138; अत्र वाक्ये समास- गतयोरुपमयोः साध्यसाधनभावात् ˚वेन सम्बन्धः Malli. on Ki.6.2; अविश्रान्तिजुषामात्मन्यङ्गाङ्गित्वं तु संकरः K.P.1. (अनुग्राह्यानुग्राह- कत्वम्).-अधिपः, -अधीशः 1 lord of the Aṅgas, N. of Karṇa (cf. ˚राजः, ˚पतिः, ˚ईश्वरः, ˚अधीश्वरः).-2 'lord of a लग्न', the planet presiding over it; (अङ्गाधिपे बलिनि सर्वविभूतिसम्पत्; अङ्गाधीशः स्वगेहे बुधगुरुकविभिः संयुतो वीक्षितो वा Jyotiṣa).-अपूर्वम् effect of a secondary sacrificial act.-कर्मन् n.-क्रिया 1 besmearing the body with fragrant cosmetics, rubbing it &c. Dk.39.-2 a supplementary sacrificial act.-क्रमः the order of the performance with reference to the अङ्गs. The rule in this connection is that the अङ्गक्रम must conform to the मुख्यक्रम. cf. MS. 5.1.14.-ग्रहः spasm; seizure of the body with some illness.-ज-जात a. [अङ्गात् जायते जन्-ड]1 produced from or on the body, being in or on the body, bodily; ˚जं रजः, ˚जाः अलङ्काराः &c.-2 produced by a supple- mentary rite.-3 beautiful, ornamental. (-जः)-जनुस् also1 a son.-2 hair of the body (n. also); तवोत्तरीयं करिचर्म साङ्गजम् Ki.18.32.-3 love, cupid (अङ्गं मनः तस्मा- ज्जातः); intoxicating passion; अङ्गजरागदीपनात् Dk.161.-4 drunkenness, intoxication.-5 a disease. (-जा) a daugh- ter. (-जम्) blood, अङ्गजं रुधिरे$नङ्गे केशे पुत्रे मदे पुमान् । नागरे नखरे$पि स्यात्... । Nm.-ज्वरः [अङ्गमङ्गम् अधिकृत्य ज्वरः] the disease called राजयक्ष्मा, a sort of consumption.-दूष- णम् 1 the defects of the limbs; the penalties of a defec- tive construction; Māna.-2 name of the 79th chapter.-द्वीपः one of the six minor Dvīpas.-न्यासः [अङ्गेषु मन्त्र- भेदस्य न्यासः] touching the limbs of the body with the hand accompanied by appropriate Mantras.-पालिः f. [अङ्गं पाल्यते सम्बध्यते$त्र, अङ्ग-पाल्-इ] an embrace (probably a corruption of अङ्कपालि).-पालिका = अङ्कपालि q. v.-प्रत्यङ्गम् [समा. द्वन्द्व] every limb, large and small; ˚गानि पाणिना स्पृष्ट्वा K.167,72.-प्रायश्चित्तम् [अङ्गस्य शुद्ध्यर्थं प्राय- श्चित्तम्] expiation of bodily impurity, such as that caused by the death of a relative, consisting in making pre- sents (पञ्चसूनाजन्यदुरितक्षयार्थं कार्यं दानरूपं प्रायश्चित्तम् Tv.).-भूः a. [अङ्गात् मनसो वा भवति; भू-क्विप्] born from the body or mind.(-भूः) 1 a son.-2 Cupid.-3 [अङ्गानाम् अङ्गमन्त्राणां भूः स्थानम्] one who has touched and purified, and then restrained, his limbs by repeating the Man- tras pertaining to those limbs; ब्रह्माङ्गभूर्ब्रह्मणि योजितात्मा Ku.3.15 (सद्योजातादिमन्त्राणाम् अङ्गानां हृदयादिमन्त्राणां भूः स्थानं, कृतमन्त्रन्यासः Malli.).-भङ्गः 1 palsy or paralysis of limbs; ˚विकल इव भूत्वा स्थास्यामि Ś.2.-2 twisting or stretching out of the limbs (as is done by a man just after he rises from sleep); साङ्गभङ्गमुत्थाय Vb.; जृम्भितैः साङ्गभङ्गैः Mu.3.21, K.85.-3 The middle part of the anus and testicles.-मन्त्रः N. of a Mantra.-मर्दः [अङ्ग मर्दयति; मृद्-णिच्]1 one who shampoos his master's body.-2 [भावे घञ्] act of shampooing; so ˚मर्दका or ˚मर्दिन्, मृद्- णिच् ण्वुल् or णिनि) one who shampoos.-मर्षः [ष. त.] rheumatism; ˚प्रशमनम् the curing of this disease. ˚मेजयत्वम् subtle throbbing of the body; Pātañjala 1.31.-यज्ञः, -यागः [अङ्गीभूतः यज्ञः] a subordinate sacrificial act which is of 5 sorts; समिधो यजति, तनूनपातं यजति, इडो यजति, बर्हिर्यजति, स्वाहाकारं यजति इति पञ्चविधाः । एतेषां सकृदनुष्ठा- नेनैव तन्त्रन्यायेन प्रधानयागानामाग्नेयादीनामुपकारितेति मीमांसा Tv.-रक्तः, -क्तम् [अङ्गे अवयवे रक्तः] N. of a plant गुडारोचनी found in काम्पिल्य country and having red powder (रक्ताङ्गलोचनी).-रक्षकः [अङ्गं रक्षति; रक्ष्-ण्वुल्] a body- guard, personal attendant Pt.3.-रक्षणी [अङ्ग रक्ष्यते अनया] a coat of mail, or a garment. (-णम्) protection of person.-रागः [अङ्गं रज्यते अनेन करणे घञ्]1 a scented cosmetic, application of perfumed unguents to the body, fragrant unguent; पुष्पगन्धेन अङ्गरागेण R.12.27, 6.6, स्तनाङ्गरागात् Ku.5.11.-2 [भावे ल्युट्] act of anointing the body with unguents.-रुहम् [अङ्गे रोहति; रुह्-क स. त. P.III.9.135.] hair; मम वर्णो मणिनिभो मृदून्य- ङ्गरुहाणि च Rām.6.48.12. विहङ्गराजाङ्गरुहैरिवायतैः Śi.1.7.-लिपिः f. written character of the Aṅgas.-लेपः [अङ्गं लिप्यते अनेन; लिप्-करणे घञ्]1 a scented cosmetic.-2 [भावे घञ्] act of anointing.-लोड्यः (लोड ण्यत्) a kind of grass, ginger or its root, Amomum Zingiber.-वस्त्रोत्था f. A louse.-विकल a. [तृ. त.]1 maimed, paralysed.-2 fainting, swooning.-विकृतिः f.1 change 2of bodily appearance; collapse.-2 [अङ्गस्य विकृतिश्चालनादिर्यस्मात् प. ब.] an apoplectic fit, swooning, apoplexy (अपस्मार).-विकारः a bodily defect.-विक्षेपः 1 movement of the limbs; gesticulation.-2 a kind of dance.-विद्या [अङ्गरूपा व्याकरणादिशास्त्ररूपा विद्या ज्ञानसाधनम्]1 the science of grammar &c. contributing to knowledge.-2 the science of foretelling good or evil by the movements of limbs. Kau. A.1.12; N. of chapter 51 of Bṛhat Saṁhitā which gives full details of this science; न नक्षत्राङ्गविद्यया...भिक्षां लिप्सेत कर्हिचित् Ms.6.5.-विधिः [अङ्गस्य प्रधानोपकारिणः विधिः विधानम् [a subordinate or subsidiary act sub- servient to a knowledge of the principal one (प्रधान- विधिविधेयकर्मणो$ङ्गबोधकतया अङ्गविधिः).-वीरः chief or princi- pal hero.-वैकृतम् [अङ्गेन अङ्गचेष्टया वैकृतं हृदयभावो ज्ञाप्यते यत्र बहु.]1 a sign, gesture or expression of the face leading to a knowledge of internal thoughts (आकार)-2 a nod, wink.-3 changed bodily appearance.-वैगुण्यम् a defect or flaw in the performance of some subordinate or subsidiary act which may be expiated by thinking of Viṣṇu); श्राद्धादिपद्धतौ कर्मान्ते यत्किञ्चिदङ्गवैगुण्यं जातं तद्दोषप्रशमनाय विष्णुस्मरणमहं करिष्ये इत्यभिलापवाक्यम् Tv.).-संस्कारः, -संस्क्रिया [अङ्गं संस्क्रियते अनेन; कृ-करणे or भावे- घञ्)1 embellishment of person, personal decoration, doing whatever secures a fine personal appearance, such as bathing, rubbing the body, perfuming it with cosmetic &c.-2 [कर्त्रर्थे अण्] one who decorates or embellishes the person.-संहतिः f. compactness, symmetry; body; स्थेयसीं दधतमङ्गसंहतिम् Ki.13.5; or strength of the body.-संहिता The phonetic relation between consonants and vowels in the body of a word Ts. Prāt.-सङ्गः bodily contact, union; coition.-सुप्तिः f. Benumbing of the body.-सेवकः a personal attend- ant, body-guard.-स्कन्धः [कर्मधा.] a subdivision of a science.-स्पर्शः fitness or qualification for bodily con- tact or being touched by others.-हानिः f. 1. a defect or flaw in the performance of a secondary or subsidi- ary act (= ˚वैगुण्यम्); दैवाद् भ्रमात् प्रमादाच्चेदङ्गहानिः प्रजायते । स्मरणादेव तद्विष्णोः संपूर्णं स्यादिति श्रुतिः ॥-हारः [अङ्गं ह्रियते इतस्ततः चाल्यते यत्र, हृ-आधारे or भावे घञ्] gesticulation, movements of the limbs, a dance; अङ्गहारैस्तथैवान्या कोमलै- र्नृत्यशालिनी Rām.5.1.36. संसक्तैरगुरुवनेषु साङ्गहारम् Ki.7.37. Ku.7.91.-हारिः [अङ्गं ह्रियते$त्र; हृ-बा˚णि]1 gesticula- tion.-2 stage; dancing hall.-हीन a. [तृ. त.]1 muti- lated, deprived of some defective limb (अङ्गं हीनं यथो- चितप्रमाणात् अल्पं यस्य) according to Suśruta a man is so born, if the mother's दोहद has not been duly fulfilled (सा प्राप्तदौर्हृदा पुत्रं जनयेत गुणान्वितम् । अलब्धदौर्हृदा गर्भे लभेता- त्मनि वा भयम् ॥ येषु येष्विन्द्रियार्थेषु दौर्हृदे वै विमानना । जायते तत्सुतस्यार्तिस्तस्मिंस्तस्मिंस्तथेन्द्रिये ॥). -
25 far
1. adverb1) (indicating distance, progress etc: How far is it from here to his house?) lejos2) (at or to a long way away: She went far away/off.) lejos3) (very much: She was a far better swimmer than her friend (was).) mucho
2. adjective1) (distant; a long way away: a far country.) lejano2) (more distant (usually of two things): He lives on the far side of the lake.) lo más lejos, la otra punta•- farther- farthest
- faraway
- far-fetched
- as far as
- by far
- far and away
- far from
- so far
far1 adj extremothe Far East el Extremo Oriente / el Lejano Orientefar2 adv1. lejoshow far is it to Paris? ¿a cuánto está París? / ¿cuánto hay de aquí a París?2. muchotr[fɑːSMALLr/SMALL]1 (distant) lejano,-a, remoto,-a2 (more distant) opuesto,-a, extremo,-a1 (a long way) lejos■ is it far from here? ¿está lejos de aquí?■ how far is? ¿a qué distancia está?■ how far is it to Rome? ¿cuánto hay de aquí a Roma?■ how far have we travelled? ¿cuántos kilómetros hemos hecho?2 (a long time) lejos■ the day when we'll be able to shop by computer is not so far off el día en que se pueda comprar por ordenador no está tan lejos3 (much) mucho\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLas far as... is concerned en cuanto a..., por lo que a... se refiereas far as I know que yo sepaas far as the eye can see hasta donde alcanza la vistaby far mucho, con muchofar and away con mucho, con diferenciafar and wide / far and near por todas partesfar away lejosfar be it from me to... no es que yo quiera...far from... lejos de...■ far from causing problems, he was very helpful lejos de causar problemas, fue muy amablefar from it de eso nada, nada de eso, qué va■ was the film bad? --far from it, it was excellent! ¿era mala la película? --¡de eso nada, era buenísima!far off a lo lejosnot to be not far out / not to be far wrong / not to be far off no ir desencaminado,-aso far, so good hasta aquí bien, hasta ahora biento be a far cry from no tener nada que ver conto go too far pasarse de la rayato take something too far llevar las cosas demasiado lejosthe far left / the far right la extrema izquierda / la extrema derecha1) : lejosfar from here: lejos de aquíto go far: llegar lejosas far as Chicago: hasta Chicagofar away: a lo lejos2) much: muy, muchofar bigger: mucho más grandefar superior: muy superiorit's by far the best: es con mucho el mejorthe results are far off: salieron muy inexactos los resultadosto go so far as: decir tanto comoto go far enough: tener el alcance necesariothe work is far advanced: el trabajo está muy avanzadoto take (something) too far: llevar (algo) demasiado lejos5)far and wide : por todas partes6)far from it! : ¡todo lo contrario!7)so far : hasta ahora, todavía1) remote: lejano, remotothe Far East: el Lejano Oriente, el Extremo Orientea far country: un país lejano2) long: largoa far journey: un viaje largo3) extreme: extremothe far right: la extrema derechaat the far end of the room: en el otro extremo de la salaadj.• largo, -a adj.• lejano, -a adj.• más lejano adj.adv.• lejos adv.• mucho más lejos adv.
I fɑːr, fɑː(r)a) ( in distance) lejoshow far can you swim? — ¿qué distancia puedes hacer a nado?
how far is it? — ¿a qué distancia está?
how far is it from New York to Seattle? — ¿qué distancia hay de Nueva York a Seattle?
it's not far (to go) now — ya falta or queda poco
b) ( in progress)£20 won't go far these days — hoy no se hace nada con 20 libras
c) ( in time)Christmas isn't far away o off now — ya falta or queda poco para Navidad
d) (in extent, degree)this has gone far enough! — esto ya pasa de castaño oscuro
our estimates weren't too far out o off — no nos equivocamos mucho en los cálculos
2) ( very much)the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages — las ventajas superan ampliamente or con mucho las desventajas
3) (in phrases)as o so far as: as o so far as I know que yo sepa; as o so far as I'm concerned... en lo que a mí respecta or por mí...; by far: she's better than the rest by far es muchísimo mejor que el resto; their team was by far the worst su equipo fue con mucho el peor; far and away: he's far and away the best player es sin lugar a dudas or con mucho el mejor jugador; far and near o wide (liter): they searched far and near o wide buscaron por todas partes; from far and near o wide de todas partes; far from: the matter is far from over el asunto no está terminado ni mucho menos; it is far from satisfactory dista mucho de ser satisfactorio; she's not rich: far from it! no es rica todo lo contrario!; far be it from me to interfere, but... no es que yo quiera entrometerme ni mucho menos, pero...; so far: so far, everything has gone according to plan hasta ahora or hasta este momento todo ha salido de acuerdo a lo planeado; is the plan working? - yes, so far, so good — ¿funciona el plan? - por el momento, sí
II
a) ( distant) lejanob) (most distant, extreme) (before n, no comp)[fɑː(r)] (compar farther, further) (superl farthest, furthest)1. ADV1) (distance) (lit, fig) lejos, a lo lejosis it far (away)? — ¿está lejos?
is it far to London? — ¿hay mucho hasta Londres?
•
far away or off — lejosfar away or off in the distance — a lo lejos
not far away or off — no muy lejos
•
how far is it to the river? — ¿qué distancia or cuánto hay de aquí al río?how far have you got with your work/plans? — ¿hasta dónde has llegado en tu trabajo/tus planes?
•
to walk far into the hills — penetrar profundamente en los monteshe's not far off 70 — tiene casi 70 años, frisa en los 70 años
•
far out at sea — en alta marour calculations are far out — nuestros cálculos yerran or se equivocan por mucho
so far so good — por or hasta ahora, bien
in so far as... — en la medida en que..., en cuanto...
so or thus far and no further — hasta aquí, pero ni un paso más
•
a bridge too far — un puente de más•
he wasn't far wrong or off or out — casi acertaba, casi estaba en lo justo2)• as far as — hasta
•
as or so far as I know — que yo sepaas or so far as I am concerned — por lo que a mí se refiere or respecta
I would go as or so far as to say that... — me atrevería a decir que...
3)• far from — [+ place] lejos de
far from approving it, I... — lejos de aprobarlo, yo...
far from it! — ¡todo lo contrario!, ¡ni mucho menos!
far be it from me to interfere, but... — no quiero entrometerme, pero...
4)• to go far, how far are you going? — ¿hasta dónde vas?
he'll go far — (fig) llegará lejos
it doesn't go far enough — (fig) no va bastante lejos, no tiene todo el alcance que quisiéramos
he's gone too far this time — (fig) esta vez se ha pasado
he's gone too far to back out now — (fig) ha ido demasiado lejos para echarse atrás or retirarse ahora
it won't go far — [money, food] no alcanzará mucho
for a white wine you won't go far wrong with this — si buscas un vino blanco este ofrece bastante garantía
5) (=very much) mucho•
it's far and away the best, it's by far the best — es con mucho el mejor•
this car is far faster (than) — este coche es mucho más rápido (que)•
far superior to — muy superior a2.ADJthe far east etc of the country — el extremo este etc del país
the far left/right — (Pol) la extrema izquierda/derecha
•
at the far end of — en el otro extremo de, al fondo de•
on the far side of — en el lado opuesto de3.CPDthe Far East N — el Extremo or Lejano Oriente
* * *
I [fɑːr, fɑː(r)]a) ( in distance) lejoshow far can you swim? — ¿qué distancia puedes hacer a nado?
how far is it? — ¿a qué distancia está?
how far is it from New York to Seattle? — ¿qué distancia hay de Nueva York a Seattle?
it's not far (to go) now — ya falta or queda poco
b) ( in progress)£20 won't go far these days — hoy no se hace nada con 20 libras
c) ( in time)Christmas isn't far away o off now — ya falta or queda poco para Navidad
d) (in extent, degree)this has gone far enough! — esto ya pasa de castaño oscuro
our estimates weren't too far out o off — no nos equivocamos mucho en los cálculos
2) ( very much)the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages — las ventajas superan ampliamente or con mucho las desventajas
3) (in phrases)as o so far as: as o so far as I know que yo sepa; as o so far as I'm concerned... en lo que a mí respecta or por mí...; by far: she's better than the rest by far es muchísimo mejor que el resto; their team was by far the worst su equipo fue con mucho el peor; far and away: he's far and away the best player es sin lugar a dudas or con mucho el mejor jugador; far and near o wide (liter): they searched far and near o wide buscaron por todas partes; from far and near o wide de todas partes; far from: the matter is far from over el asunto no está terminado ni mucho menos; it is far from satisfactory dista mucho de ser satisfactorio; she's not rich: far from it! no es rica todo lo contrario!; far be it from me to interfere, but... no es que yo quiera entrometerme ni mucho menos, pero...; so far: so far, everything has gone according to plan hasta ahora or hasta este momento todo ha salido de acuerdo a lo planeado; is the plan working? - yes, so far, so good — ¿funciona el plan? - por el momento, sí
II
a) ( distant) lejanob) (most distant, extreme) (before n, no comp) -
26 por
prep.1 because of (causa).por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me¿por qué? why?¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?¿por? (informal) why?se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behaviorlo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love2 (in order) to.lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please youlo hice por ella I did it for her3 by (medio, modo, agente).por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephoneestuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phonepor escrito in writinglo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the armel récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete4 through.vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that wayiba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the streetpasar por la aduana to go through customs5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very littlecambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbikeél lo hará por mí he'll do it for me6 per.80 céntimos por unidad 80 cents eachmil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per weekuno por uno one by one20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour7 for.baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettesa por forvino a por las entradas she came for the tickets8 times, multiplied by.* * *1 (gen) for2 (a través de) through, by3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up■ íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round5 (causa) because of6 (tiempo) at, for7 (medio) by8 (autoría) by9 (distribución) per10 (tras) by11 (con pasiva) by12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of13 (en calidad de) as14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by■ tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve■ por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it■ por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works\estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yetpor aquí around herepor lo tanto thereforepor lo visto apparentlypor más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how muchpor mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how muchpor mí as far as I am concerned¿por qué? why?por supuesto of coursepor tanto therefore, so* * *prep.1) for2) during3) by4) through5) along6) around7) per8) from9) because of10) instead of•* * *PREPOSICIÓN1) [causa]a) + sustantivo because of•
por temor a — for fear ofb) + infinc) + adj2) [objetivo]a) + sustantivo forb) + infinpor no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late
3) (=en favor, defensa de) forhazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake
4) [elección]5) [evidencia] judging by, judging frompor lo que dicen — judging by o from what they say
por la cara que pone no debe de gustarle — judging by o from his face I don't think he likes it
por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it
6) [medio]7) [agente] by"dirigido por" — "directed by"
8) [modo] by•
por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order9) [lugar]¿por dónde? — which way?
10) [aproximación]por aquí cerca — near o around here
por la feria — round about o around carnival time
11) [tiempo]por la mañana siempre tengo mucho trabajo — I always have a lot of work in o during the morning
12) [duración] for13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead ofhoy doy yo la clase por él — today I'm giving the class for him o in his place
14) [representación]hablo por todos — I speak on behalf of o for everyone
interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb
vino por su jefe — he came instead of o in place of his boss
15) [distribución]80km por hora — 80km per o an hour
tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person
16) [en multiplicaciones]cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen
17) (=en cuanto a)por mí no hay inconveniente — that's fine as o so far as I'm concerned
por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go
por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating
si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working
18) (=como)•
tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife19) [concesión]+ subjunpor (muy) difícil que sea — however hard it is o may be
por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to
por más que lo intente — no matter how o however hard I try, try as I might
20) [acción inacabada]+ infin21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sbvoy por el médico — I'll go and fetch o get the doctor
voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him
solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money
¡a por ellos! — get them!
22) [en preguntas]por qué why¿por? * why (do you ask)?¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?
* * *1) ( en relaciones causales) because ofpor falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money
si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...
por + inf — for -ing
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2) ( según)por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...
3) (en locs)¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?
por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try
por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is
5)a) ( en expresiones de modo)colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height
b) ( indicando el medio)por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road
me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend
lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way
c) (Educ) from6)cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class
120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour
uno por uno — one by one; ciento II
b) ( en multiplicaciones)tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve
7)a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) forsu secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf
yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place
podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman
b) ( como)¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?
8) ( introduciendo el agente) by9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her
eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it
por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him
10) (indicando consideración, favor) forpor mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake
11) (indicando inclinación, elección)12) ( en busca de)salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
13) ( en lo que respecta a)por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind
por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes
por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean
15) (esp AmL)estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)
16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?
¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?
¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?
17)¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?
¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?
por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere
voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15
c) ( indicando extensión)viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France
pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc
18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time
19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for20) ( durante) forpor el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche
* * *= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.----* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.* coger por sorpresa = catch out.* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.* encontrar por casualidad = come across.* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.* error por omisión = omission failure.* estar por delante de = be ahead of.* hecho por encargo = bespoke.* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.* leer por encima = browse.* llamar por teléfono = call up.* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.* ordenado por fecha = in date order.* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.* por accidente = accidentally.* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].* por ahí = out there.* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.* por algún tiempo = for sometime.* por allí = nearby [near-by].* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por analogía = by analogy.* por anticipado = in advance (of).* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.* por así decir = as it were.* por boca de = by word of mouth.* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.* por cabeza = per person.* por cable = wireline, corded.* por caminos apartados = off-road.* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.* por coincidencia = by coincidence.* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* por completo = fully.* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.* por consideración a = out of respect for.* por consideración a = out of consideration for.* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.* por contra = in contrast.* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* por correo = by post, mailed.* por cortesía de = courtesy of.* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.* por cuanto que = because.* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.* por cuenta de uno = privately.* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.* por décadas = ten-yearly.* por decidir = to be decided.* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.* por decisión propia = by choice.* por defecto = by default, default.* por deferencia a = in deference to.* por definición = by definition.* por delante = ahead.* por delante de = ahead of.* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.* por delante y por detrás = front and back.* por dentro = inwardly.* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.* por divertirse = for kicks.* por doquier = all around.* por dos años = two-year.* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.* por (el) amor a = for the love of.* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.* por el detalle = for detail.* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.* por el día o por la noche = day or night.* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.* por elección propia = by choice.* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.* por el gobierno federal = federally.* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.* por el hombre = humanly.* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.* por el modo = by the way.* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.* por el receptor = at the receiving end.* por el sexo = gendered.* por encargo = custom, bespoke.* por encima = overhead, cursorily.* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.* por encima de eso = beyond that.* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.* por encima de la media = above average.* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.* por enfado = out of anger.* por enojo = out of anger.* por error = by mistake.* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.* por eso = on that score, therefore.* por eso que = hence.* por esta razón = for this reason.* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.* por este motivo = for this reason.* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.* por etapas = staged.* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.* por exceso = excessively, to excess.* por explotar = untapped.* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.* por extensión = by extension.* por extenso = in full, at length.* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.* por fases = staged.* por favor = please.* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).* por frustración = out of frustration.* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.* por grupos = in batches.* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por hora = hourly.* por horas = on an hourly basis.* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).* por imitación = copycat.* por incremento gradual = incremental.* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.* por individuo = per capita, per person.* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.* por instinto = instinctively.* por interés = out of interest.* por interés personal = self-interested.* por investigar = unresearched.* por invitación = invitational.* por invitación de = at the invitation of.* por la borda = overboard.* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.* por la forma = by the way.* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.* por la fuerza = forcibly.* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.* por la manera = by the way.* por la mañana = in the morning.* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.* por la presente = hereby.* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.* por las nubes = soaring.* por la tarde = in the evening.* por ley = mandated.* por libre = freelance.* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.* por lo pronto = for the time being.* por lo que = so.* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.* por los suelos = in tatters.* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.* por mal camino = astray.* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.* por materias = subject-based, topically.* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.* por medio = out of.* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.* por menús = menu-driven.* por méritos = meritorious.* por mes = per month.* por miedo de = for fear of/that.* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.* por muchas razones = in many ways.* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.* por nada = for nothing.* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.* por no decir nunca = if ever.* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.* por no mencionar = not to mention.* por norma = as a rule.* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.* por orden de = mandated.* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.* por orden numérico = in numerical order.* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.* por parejas = in pairs.* por parte de = on the part of.* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por pereza = lazily.* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.* por persona = per person.* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por poco dinero = cheaply.* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.* por poderes = by proxy.* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.* por principio = on principle.* por principios = as a matter of principle.* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.* por pura diversión = for kicks.* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por qué = why.* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.* por razones de = for the sake of.* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.* por razones morales = on moral grounds.* por razones personales = for personal reasons.* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.* por rencor = out of spite.* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.* por rumores = grapevine.* por rutina = routinely.* por sacos = by the sackful.* por satélite = satellite-based.* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.* por seguridad = for safety reasons.* por semana = per week.* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.* por sexo = along gender lines.* por si = in the chance that.* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.* por si casualidad = in the chance that.* por si era poco = for good measure.* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.* por sí mismos = in themselves.* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.* por sorpresa = unawares.* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.* por su papel = in its role.* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.* por su volatilidad = mercurially.* por su volubilidad = mercurially.* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.* por temas = topically.* por temor a = for fear of/that.* por temor a represalias = under duress.* por término medio = on average.* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].* por toda la provincia = province-wide.* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].* por todo el continente = continent-wide.* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.* por todo el servicio = service-wide.* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.* por todos conocido = well-known.* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.* por todos los medios = by all means.* por todos sitios = everywhere.* por triplicado = in triplicate.* por trueque = in kind.* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.* por unanimidad = unanimously.* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.* por unidad = per unit.* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.* por un momento = for a moment.* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.* por uno solo = solo.* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.* por un tiempo = for a time.* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.* por venganza = out of spite.* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.* transporte por tierra = land transport.* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.* * *1) ( en relaciones causales) because ofpor falta de dinero — because of o owing to lack of money
si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...
por + inf — for -ing
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido — he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2) ( según)por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...
3) (en locs)¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?
por más que me esfuerzo — however hard o no matter how hard I try
por (muy) fácil que sea — however easy o no matter how easy it is
5)a) ( en expresiones de modo)colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height
b) ( indicando el medio)por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road
me enteré por un amigo — I heard from o through a friend
lo intenté por todos los medios — I tried everything possible o every possible way
c) (Educ) from6)cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class
120 kilómetros por hora — 120 kilometers an o per hour
uno por uno — one by one; ciento II
b) ( en multiplicaciones)tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve
7)a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) forsu secretaria firmó por él — his secretary signed for him o on his behalf
yo puedo ir por ti — I can go for you o in your place
podrías pasar por inglesa — you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman
b) ( como)¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?
8) ( introduciendo el agente) by9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her
eso es hablar por hablar — that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it
por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him
10) (indicando consideración, favor) forpor mí no lo hagas — don't do it just for me o for my sake
11) (indicando inclinación, elección)12) ( en busca de)salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
13) ( en lo que respecta a)por mí no hay inconveniente — I don't mind
por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes
por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean
15) (esp AmL)estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)
16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?
¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?
¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?
17)¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?
¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?
por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere
voy por la página 15 — I'm up to o I'm on page 15
c) ( indicando extensión)viajamos por el norte de Francia — we travelled around o in the North of France
pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc
18) ( expresando tiempo aproximado)por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time
19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for20) ( durante) forpor el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche
* * *= across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.
Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.* actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.* aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).* aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.* búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.* coger por sorpresa = catch out.* Día + por la tarde = late + Día.* digamos por ejemplo = let us say.* dominar por completo = sweep + the board.* encontrar por casualidad = come across.* encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.* error por omisión = omission failure.* estar por delante de = be ahead of.* hecho por encargo = bespoke.* introducir por primera vez = pioneer.* leer por encima = browse.* llamar por teléfono = call up.* muy por encima de todo = over and above all.* Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.* ordenado por fecha = in date order.* pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.* pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.* por accidente = accidentally.* por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].* por ahí = out there.* por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.* por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.* por algún motivo = for whatever reason.* por algún tiempo = for sometime.* por allí = nearby [near-by].* por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por analogía = by analogy.* por anticipado = in advance (of).* por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.* por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.* por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.* por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.* por aquí y por allí = hanging about.* por así decir = as it were.* por boca de = by word of mouth.* por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.* por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.* por cabeza = per person.* por cable = wireline, corded.* por caminos apartados = off-road.* por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.* por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.* por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.* por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).* por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.* por coincidencia = by coincidence.* por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* por completo = fully.* por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.* por consideración a = out of respect for.* por consideración a = out of consideration for.* por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.* por contra = in contrast.* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* por correo = by post, mailed.* por cortesía de = courtesy of.* por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.* por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.* por cuanto que = because.* por cuenta ajena = vicariously.* por cuenta de uno = privately.* por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.* por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.* por curiosidad = out of curiosity.* por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.* por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.* por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.* por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.* por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.* por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.* por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.* por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].* por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.* por décadas = ten-yearly.* por decidir = to be decided.* por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.* por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.* por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.* por decisión propia = by choice.* por defecto = by default, default.* por deferencia a = in deference to.* por definición = by definition.* por delante = ahead.* por delante de = ahead of.* por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.* por delante y por detrás = front and back.* por dentro = inwardly.* por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.* por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.* ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.* ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.* por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.* por divertirse = for kicks.* por doquier = all around.* por dos años = two-year.* por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.* por (el) amor a = for the love of.* ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.* por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.* por el cual = whereby, whereupon.* por el detalle = for detail.* por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.* por el día o por la noche = day or night.* por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.* por elección propia = by choice.* por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.* por el gobierno federal = federally.* por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.* por el hombre = humanly.* por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.* por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.* por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.* por el modo = by the way.* por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.* por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.* por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.* por el receptor = at the receiving end.* por el sexo = gendered.* por encargo = custom, bespoke.* por encima = overhead, cursorily.* por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.* por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.* por encima de eso = beyond that.* por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.* por encima de la media = above average.* por encima de la tierra = aboveground.* por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.* por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.* por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.* por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.* por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.* por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.* por enfado = out of anger.* por enojo = out of anger.* por error = by mistake.* por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.* por escrito = in writing, in print, written.* por eso = on that score, therefore.* por eso que = hence.* por esta razón = for this reason.* por esta única razón = for this reason alone.* por este motivo = for this reason.* por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.* por etapas = staged.* por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.* por exceso = excessively, to excess.* por explotar = untapped.* por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.* por extensión = by extension.* por extenso = in full, at length.* por falta de = for want of, for lack of.* por fases = staged.* por favor = please.* por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].* por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.* por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).* por frustración = out of frustration.* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.* por grupos = in batches.* por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por hora = hourly.* por horas = on an hourly basis.* por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).* por imitación = copycat.* por incremento gradual = incremental.* por incrementos graduales = incrementally.* por individuo = per capita, per person.* por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.* por instinto = instinctively.* por interés = out of interest.* por interés personal = self-interested.* por investigar = unresearched.* por invitación = invitational.* por invitación de = at the invitation of.* por la borda = overboard.* por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.* por la forma = by the way.* por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.* por la fuerza = forcibly.* por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.* por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.* por la manera = by the way.* por la mañana = in the morning.* por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.* por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.* por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.* por la presente = hereby.* por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.* por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.* por las nubes = soaring.* por la tarde = in the evening.* por ley = mandated.* por libre = freelance.* por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.* por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.* por lo pronto = for the time being.* por lo que = so.* por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.* por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.* por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.* por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.* por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.* ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.* por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.* por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.* por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.* por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.* por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.* por los suelos = in tatters.* por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.* por lo visto = apparently, apparently.* por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.* por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.* por mal camino = astray.* por más que lo intento = for the life of me.* por materias = subject-based, topically.* por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.* por medio = out of.* por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.* por medio de isótopos = isotopically.* por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.* por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.* por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.* por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.* por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.* por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.* por menús = menu-driven.* por méritos = meritorious.* por mes = per month.* por miedo de = for fear of/that.* por millones = in the millions, by the millions.* por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.* por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.* por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.* por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.* por muchas razones = in many ways.* por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.* por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.* por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.* por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.* por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.* por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.* por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.* por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.* por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.* por nada = for nothing.* por nada del mundo = for the life of me.* por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.* por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.* por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.* por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.* por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.* por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.* por no decir nunca = if ever.* por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.* por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.* por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.* por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.* por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.* por no mencionar = not to mention.* por norma = as a rule.* por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.* por orden de = mandated.* por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.* por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.* por orden numérico = in numerical order.* por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.* por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.* por parejas = in pairs.* por parte de = on the part of.* por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.* por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por pereza = lazily.* por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.* por persona = per person.* por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por poco dinero = cheaply.* por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.* por poderes = by proxy.* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.* por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.* por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.* por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.* por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.* por principio = on principle.* por principios = as a matter of principle.* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.* por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.* por propia iniciativa = self-directed.* por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.* por pura diversión = for kicks.* por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.* por qué = why.* por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.* por razones de = for the sake of.* por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.* por razones éticas = on moral grounds.* por razones morales = on moral grounds.* por razones personales = for personal reasons.* por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.* por rencor = out of spite.* por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.* por rumores = grapevine.* por rutina = routinely.* por sacos = by the sackful.* por satélite = satellite-based.* por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.* por seguridad = for safety reasons.* por semana = per week.* por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.* por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.* por sexo = along gender lines.* por si = in the chance that.* por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.* por si casualidad = in the chance that.* por si era poco = for good measure.* por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.* por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.* por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.* por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.* por sí mismos = in themselves.* por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.* por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].* por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.* por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.* por sorpresa = unawares.* por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.* por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.* por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.* por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.* por su papel = in its role.* por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.* por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.* por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.* por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.* por su volatilidad = mercurially.* por su volubilidad = mercurially.* por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.* por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.* por temas = topically.* por temor a = for fear of/that.* por temor a represalias = under duress.* por término medio = on average.* por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].* por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.* por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].* por toda la provincia = province-wide.* por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].* por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.* por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.* por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].* por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.* por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].* por todo el continente = continent-wide.* por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].* por todo el gobierno = government-wide.* por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.* por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.* por todo el servicio = service-wide.* por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.* por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.* por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.* por todos conocido = well-known.* por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.* por todos los medios = by all means.* por todos sitios = everywhere.* por triplicado = in triplicate.* por trueque = in kind.* por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.* por última vez = for the last time, one last time.* por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.* por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.* por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.* por unanimidad = unanimously.* por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.* por un gran margen = by a huge margin.* por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.* por unidad = per unit.* por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.* por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.* por un momento = for a moment.* por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.* por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.* por uno solo = solo.* por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.* por un tiempo = for a time.* por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.* por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.* por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.* por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.* por venganza = out of spite.* por voluntad propia = voluntarily.* quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.* tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.* transporte por tierra = land transport.* utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.* venta al por mayor = wholesaling.* * *A en relaciones causalesB segúnC ¿por qué?D en locucionesE en expresiones concesivasF1 en expresiones de modo2 indicando el medio3 EducaciónG1 en relaciones de proporción2 en multiplicacionesH1 en relaciones de sustitución etc2 por ejemploI comoA al expresar finalidad, objetivoB indicando consideración, favorC indicando inclinación, elecciónD en busca deE en lo que respecta aF indicando una situación pendienteG estar porA indicando lugar de acceso, salidaBC expresando lugar determinadoD indicando extensiónA expresando tiempo aproximadoB indicando una ocasiónC duranteA (en relaciones causales) because ofhe puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the catnunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing hereso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gulliblelo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to himella es así por naturaleza she's like that by naturelo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessityno se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of moneyel final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sadpor su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein contenttanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical designfue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call youprecisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anythingla muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the colorfue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performancepor + INF for -INGme pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to meB (según) frompor lo que he oído from what I've heardpor lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming backpor mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …C ( fam):¿por? why?¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?D ( en locuciones):por qué why¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?por si in casellévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stayE (en expresiones concesivas) por … QUE:por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right(+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do itF1(en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by sizecolóquense por orden de altura line up in order of heightpor adelantado in advancepor escrito in writing2(indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phonelo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radiolo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/seapor carretera by roadla conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voiceme enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friendconocido por el nombre de Pancho known as Pancholo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way3 ( Educación):es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxfordun graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of GranadaG1(en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hourlo venden por metro they sell it by the metertú comes por tres you eat enough for three peoplehabía un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two womentiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wideya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for todaylos hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a timeexaminar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point(en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelveH1(en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalfyo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your placepor toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulderstú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwomante dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old oneses senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands2(como): por ejemplo for example¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous peoplese vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden stormla ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workersA(al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the balllo hace por el dinero he does it for the moneyte lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own goodpor + INF:daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happyno entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb himeso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of itestaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to himrecemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreementsiguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be doneB(indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for youintercede por nosotros intercede for uspor mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sakeC(indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of musicdemostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the paintingno siento nada por él I don't feel anything for himopté por no ir I chose not to govotó por ella he voted for her¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortionestar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sbD(en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some breadE(en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mindque haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …F (indicando una situación pendiente) por + INF:tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to cleanestos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be madeG( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minutela leche está por hervir the milk's about to boilA(indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the windowsal por aquí go out this wayel acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Streetel piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the doorse cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairssubieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer routeno vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?B(expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my areahace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?C(expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut herevoy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15empieza por el principio start at the beginningagárralo por el mango hold it by the handleD(indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for itla epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) countryestuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of Francefuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beachpasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipeA(expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that timepor aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelosucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960B ( Esp) (indicando una ocasión) forme lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthdaypor Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for EasterC (durante) forpor los siglos de los siglos for ever and everno se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minutepuede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now* * *
por preposición
1 ( causa) because of;◊ por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;
por naturaleza by nature;
por necesidad out of necessity;
por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
2 ( en locs)
no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
por si in case;
por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
3 ( en expresiones concesivas):◊ por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;
por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
4a) ( modo):
por adelantado in advance;
por escrito in writingb) ( medio):
lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
por avión by air;
la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
5a) ( proporción):◊ cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;
120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
uno por uno one by one;
See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino bb) ( en multiplicaciones):
6
◊ su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;
pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwomanb) ( como):
7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;
1 (finalidad, objetivo):
lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
2 (indicando inclinación, elección):
no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
votó por ella he voted for her
3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
4 ( en lo que respecta a):◊ por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes
5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;
deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
1a) ( lugar):
sal por aquí go out this way;
se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
◊ viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;
ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
2 ( tiempo) for;
por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;
por preposición
1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
4 (motivo, causa) because of
por tu culpa, because of you
(en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
por la libertad, for freedom
5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
por el momento, for the time being
7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
un diez por ciento, ten per cent
13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
por qué, why
' por' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abogar
- abonar
- abonarse
- abotargada
- abotargado
- abuelo
- acabar
- acaso
- accidente
- acercarse
- acertar
- aclamación
- acomplejada
- acomplejado
- acomplejarse
- acoquinar
- acostumbrar
- actual
- adelantada
- adelantado
- adivinar
- admitir
- adoración
- aérea
- aéreo
- afanarse
- afectada I
- afectado
- afición
- agradecer
- aguantar
- ahí
- ahogada
- ahogado
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ahorrar
- aire
- alegrarse
- algo
- allá
- allí
- almacén
- alquiler
- alta
- alto
- aludida
- aludido
- amarga
English:
A
- aback
- ablaze
- about
- above
- absence
- absorb
- accident
- accidentally
- acclaim
- accompany
- accord
- accordingly
- account
- accustom
- actual
- actually
- add to
- advocate
- after
- afternoon
- again
- against
- air
- airmail
- alert
- allowance
- alone
- alphabetically
- alternately
- amble
- amends
- amok
- angry
- annihilate
- annoy
- answer for
- answering service
- antipathy
- anxious
- anywhere
- apologetic
- apologize
- appal
- appall
- apparently
- appearance
- appease
- appointment
- appreciate
* * *por prep1. [indica causa] because of;llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;Espfue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;¿por qué? why?;¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;Fam¿por? why?;por si in case;por si se te olvida in case you forget2. [indica indicio]por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;* * *prp1 motivo for, because of;lo hace por mí he does it for me;lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;vino por verme he came to see me2 medio by;por avión by air;por correo by mail, Brtb by post3 tiempo:por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;por la mañana in the morning;por Navidad around Christmas:por la calle down the street;por un tunel through a tunnel;por aquí this way5 posición aproximada around, about;está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town6 cambio:por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;por cabeza each, a head:por hora an o per hour;dos por dos two times two;¿por qué? why?;por el que … the reason why …;esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;tomar por esposa marry;por difícil que sea however difficult it might be* * *por prep1) : for, duringse quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the weekpor el momento: for now, at the moment2) : around, duringpor noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snowpor la mañana: in the morning3) : around (a place)debe estar por allí: it must be over therepor todas partes: everywhere4) : by, through, alongpor la puerta: through the doorpasé por tu casa: I stopped by your housepor la costa: along the coast5) : for, for the sake oflo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!6) : because of, on account ofllegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the trafficdejar por imposible: to give up as impossible7) : per60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hourpor docena: by the dozen8) : for, in exchange for, instead ofsu hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf9) : by means ofhablar por teléfono: to talk on the phonepor escrito: in writing10) : as forpor mí: as far as I'm concerned11) : timestres por dos son seis: three times two is six12) según: from, according topor lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me13) : as, forpor ejemplo: for example14) : byhecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmotherpor correo: by mail15) : for, in order tolucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respectestar por : to be about topor ciento : percentpor favor : pleasepor lo tanto : therefore, consequently¿por qué? : why?por... que : no matter howpor mucho que intente: no matter how hard I trypor si orpor si acaso : just in case* * *por prep1. (a través de) through2. (la calle) along / down3. (indica camino) via / by6. (a causa de) because of7. (a fin de) to / in order to8. (indica el autor) by9. (en favor o defensa de) for10. (multiplicado) times11. (a cambio de) for12. (en vez de) instead ofir por / ir a por to fetch¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!por lo general generally / usuallypor si... in case...¿por qué? why? -
27 extremo
adj.1 extreme, outermost, exaggerated, excessive.2 extreme, ultimate.m.1 extreme, farthest end, end, terminal.2 extent, degree.3 extremitas.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: extremar.* * *► adjetivo1 (exagerado) extreme2 (distante) further1 (punta) extreme, end2 (punto último) point, extreme3 (asunto, materia) matter, question4 DEPORTE wing\en caso extremo as a last resorten extremo extremely, very muchen último extremo as a last resorthasta tal extremo to such a pointlos extremos se tocan figurado extremes meetpasar de un extremo a otro to go from one extreme to anotherExtremo Oriente Far Eastextremo-derecha (fútbol) right wingextremo-izquierda (fútbol) left wing————————1 (punta) extreme, end2 (punto último) point, extreme3 (asunto, materia) matter, question4 DEPORTE wing* * *1. (f. - extrema)adj.extreme, utmost2. noun m.end, extreme* * *IADJ1) (=máximo) extremeen caso extremo — as a last resort, if all else fails
2) (=alejado) furthestorientevive en el punto más extremo de la isla — she lives on the furthest o most extreme point of the island
3) (Pol) (=radical) extremeextrema derecha — extreme right, far right
IIextrema izquierda — extreme left, far left
1. SM1) (=punta) endvive en el otro extremo de la calle — he lives at the far o other end of the street
agarra la cuerda por este extremo — take this end of the rope, take hold of the rope by o at this end
el extremo oriental de la península — the easternmost side o point of the peninsula
•
de extremo a extremo — from one end o side to the other•
de un extremo a otro — (lit) from one end o side to the other; (fig) from one extreme to another2) (=límite) extremesi la situación se deteriora hasta ese extremo... — if the situation deteriorates to that extent...
•
en extremo — extremelyla situación era en extremo peligrosa — the situation was extremely dangerous o was dangerous in the extreme más frm
•
hasta el extremo — to the full•
llegar a o hasta el extremo de, hemos llegado al extremo de no decirnos ni hola — it's got to the point now that we don't even say hello to each other•
en último extremo — as a last resort, if all else fails3) (=asunto) pointpidieron una rebaja en el rescate, extremo que fue rechazado — they asked for the ransom to be reduced, a condition which was refused
4) (=cuidado) great care2.SMF(Dep)jugaba de extremo derecho — he played (on the) right wing, he played as a right winger
* * *I- ma adjetivoa) (gen delante del n) <pobreza/cuidado> extremeb) <caso/medida> extremeII1)a) (de palo, cable) endb) ( postura extrema) extremelos extremos se tocan — (fr hecha) extremes meet
c) ( límite)si se llega a ese extremo... — if it gets that bad o to that point...
en último extremo — as a last resort
d)2) (period) (punto, cuestión)III- ma masculino, femenino (en fútbol, rugby) winger* * *I- ma adjetivoa) (gen delante del n) <pobreza/cuidado> extremeb) <caso/medida> extremeII1)a) (de palo, cable) endb) ( postura extrema) extremelos extremos se tocan — (fr hecha) extremes meet
c) ( límite)si se llega a ese extremo... — if it gets that bad o to that point...
en último extremo — as a last resort
d)2) (period) (punto, cuestión)III- ma masculino, femenino (en fútbol, rugby) winger* * *extremo11 = end, extreme, far + Localización, reaches, extreme end, end point [endpoint], tip.Ex: Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.
Ex: At the two extremes, the order may simply be decided for each topic as and when it arises, and followed thereafter.Ex: We'll select record '75' which is located on CD-ROM disc \#4 (shown by the number on the far right side of the screen).Ex: He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.Ex: However, it was possible to identify queries from the extreme ends of the specificity continuum.Ex: The process reaches its end point when information is gathered, indexed and compiled into a useful format for public and library staff use.Ex: Reportedly the tip of his nose is so damaged from the operations that the tissue has died.* al extremo = to the extreme.* al extremo norte = northernmost.* al extremo oeste = westernmost.* a lo extremo = to the extreme.* al otro extremo = at the receiving end.* a un extremo de la escala = at one end of the scale.* del Extremo Oriente = Far Eastern.* desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.* de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.* de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.* de un extremo de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.* en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.* en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum.* en este extremo = to this extent.* en un extremo de la escala = at one extreme.* en un extremo... en el otro = at one end... at the other.* extremo delantero = fore-end.* extremo inferior izquierdo = lower left.* Extremo Oriente, el = Far East, the.* extremo + Punto Cardinal = furthest + Punto Cardinal.* extremo superior = high end.* hasta el extremo de = to the point of, up to the point of.* hasta el extremo que = up to the point where, to the point where.* jugar de extremo derecho = play + the left wing.* llegar al extremo de = get to + the point of, go to + the extreme of.* llegar al extremo de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.* llegar a un extremo = reach + epic proportions.extremo22 = extreme.Nota: Adjetivo.Ex: You can very frequently go into a large library and have extreme difficulty finding somebody to help you because there are 40 people sitting out in back doing something which somebody else is doing down the road.
* calor extremo = extreme heat.* condiciones metereológicas extremas = severe weather, severe weather conditions.* deporte extremo = extreme sport.* en extremo = no end, to no end.* extrema derecha = far right.* extrema precaución = extreme caution.* extrema prudencia = extreme caution.* frío extremo = extreme cold.* necesidad extrema = dire need.* temperaturas extremas = extreme temperatures.* * *1 ( gen delante del n) ‹pobreza/gravedad› extremeviven en una situación de extrema necesidad they live in extreme povertyun caso de extrema gravedad an extremely serious case2 ‹caso/postura/medida› extremecasos extremos, que no suceden todos los días extreme cases which don't happen every dayen caso extremo as a last resortCompuestos:● extrema derecha/izquierda● extremo derecho/izquierdomasculine and feminine ( Dep) right/left wingmasculine Far EastA1 (de un palo, cable) endal otro extremo del pasillo at the other end of the corridorviven al otro extremo de la ciudad they live right on the other side of the city2 (postura extrema) extremeva de un extremo a otro she goes from one extreme to the other o to anotherson extremos opuestos, no se parecen en nada they are complete opposites, different in every wayno soy una persona de extremos I'm not given to extremeslos extremos se tocan ( fr hecha); extremes meet3(límite, punto): han llegado al extremo de no saludarse they've reached the point where they don't even say hello to each othersi se llega a ese extremo tendremos que operar if it gets that bad o to that point we'll have to operatesu descaro alcanzó extremos insospechados her effrontery reached unimagined extremes o limitses cuidadoso al extremo he is extremely careful, he is careful to a faulten último extremo as a last resort, if all else fails4en extremo in the extremefue una situación en extremo peligrosa it was a situation which was dangerous in the extreme, it was an extremely dangerous situationB ( period)(punto, cuestión): en ese extremo no estoy de acuerdo I do not agree on that pointtenían esperanzas de que volviera, extremo que no se confirmó they hoped that she would return but, in the event, this did not happenpara establecer los extremos de la denuncia to establish the main points of the accusationmasculine, feminine(en fútbol, rugby) wingerCompuestos:tight enddefensive end* * *
Del verbo extremar: ( conjugate extremar)
extremo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
extremó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
extremar
extremo
extremar ( conjugate extremar) verbo transitivo (frml) to maximize (frml)
extremarse verbo pronominal◊ extremo (en hacer algo) to make a great effort (to do sth)
extremo 1 -ma adjetivo
extreme;
un caso de extrema gravedad an extremely serious case;
en caso extremo as a last resort;
extremo derecha/izquierda (Pol) extreme right/left;
extremo derecho/izquierdo (Dep) right/left wing;
Eextremo Oriente Far East
extremo 2 sustantivo masculino
son extremos opuestos they are complete oppositesc) ( límite):◊ si se llega a ese extremo … if it gets that bad o to that point …;
en último extremo as a last resort
extremar verbo transitivo to maximize: extremó los cuidados con el niño, she looked after the boy with special care
extremo,-a
I adjetivo extreme
(lejano) Extremo Oriente, Far East
II sustantivo masculino
1 (fin o principio) end
2 (punto o situación límite) extreme
(asunto, punto de que se trata) point: en este extremo soy inflexible, I won't move on that point
' extremo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cabo
- extrema
- extremar
- extremidad
- fondo
- media
- medio
- oriente
- punta
- rematar
- término
- tope
- extremista
- lagrimal
- llegar
- opuesto
English:
abysmal
- abyss
- across
- butt
- dire
- end
- extreme
- far
- Far East
- outermost
- push
- sublime
- winger
- extremity
- fault
- pitch
* * *extremo, -a♦ adj1. [sumo] extreme;con extremo cuidado with extreme care2. [al límite] extreme;una situación de pobreza extrema a situation of extreme poverty;las condiciones climáticas de ese lugar son extremas the climate here is extreme;la extrema izquierda/derecha the far left/right3. [lejano] far, furthest♦ nm1. [punta] end;agárralo por este extremo hold it by this end;al otro extremo de la calle at the other end of the street;mientras, en el otro extremo del país,… meanwhile, at the other end of the country,…;los extremos se tocan extremes meet2. [límite] extreme;llegar a extremos ridículos/peligrosos to reach ridiculous/dangerous extremes;no desearía llegar a ese extremo I wouldn't want to go to those lengths;llegamos al extremo de pegarnos we actually ended up coming to blows;en extremo: le mimas en extremo you spoil him far too much;es meticuloso en extremo he is extremely meticulous o meticulous to a fault;una decisión en extremo sorprendente an extremely surprising decision;en último extremo as a last resort;3. [en fútbol] wingerextremo derecho [en fútbol] outside right; [en rugby] right wing;extremo izquierdo [en fútbol] outside left;[en rugby] left wing4. [punto, asunto] issue, question;…extremo que ha sido rechazado por… …a claim which has been denied by…;este extremo está aún por confirmar that remains to be confirmed* * *I adj1 extreme2 POL:la extrema derecha/izquierda the far right/leftII m1 extreme;ir opasar de un extremo a otro go from one extreme to another;los extremos se tocan opposites attract;en extremo in the extremeúltima end3 ( punto) point;llegar al extremo de reach the point ofIII m/f:extremo derecho/izquierdo DEP right/left wing* * *extremo, -ma adj1) : extreme, utmost2) excesivo: excessive3)en caso extremo : as a last resortextremo nm1) : extreme, end2)al extremo de : to the point of3)en extremo : in the extreme* * *extremo1 adj extremeextremo2 n1. (en general) end2. (punto último) extreme / point -
28 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
29 nordeste
m.northeast, north-east.* * *1 northeast2 (viento) northeasterly* * *1.ADJ [región, parte] north-east, north-eastern; [dirección] north-easterly; [viento] north-east, north-easterly2. SM1) (=región) northeast2) (=viento) north-east wind* * *I IInoreste masculinoa) (parte, sector)el nordeste — the northeast, the Northeast
b) ( punto cardinal) northeast, Northeast* * *= northeast [north-east].Ex. Earnscliffe, an outsprawled town of 18,109, lies in a saucer-like setting of wooded hillsides in the northeast region of the country.----* del nordeste = northeastern [north eastern], northeastern [north eastern].* * *I IInoreste masculinoa) (parte, sector)el nordeste — the northeast, the Northeast
b) ( punto cardinal) northeast, Northeast* * *= northeast [north-east].Ex: Earnscliffe, an outsprawled town of 18,109, lies in a saucer-like setting of wooded hillsides in the northeast region of the country.
* del nordeste = northeastern [north eastern], northeastern [north eastern].* * *[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› northeastern; ‹dirección› northeasterly1(parte, sector): el nordeste the northeast2 (punto cardinal) northeast, Northeast* * *
Multiple Entries:
NE
nordeste
NE (◊ nordeste) NE
nordeste, noreste adjetivo invariable ‹ región› northeastern;
iban en dirección nordeste they were heading northeast
■ sustantivo masculino ( punto cardinal) northeast, Northeast;
vientos del nordeste northeasterly winds
nordeste sustantivo masculino ➣ noreste
' nordeste' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
NE
* * ** * *I adj northeasternII m northeast* * *nordeste ornoreste adj1) : northeastern2) : northeasterlynordeste ornoreste nm: northeast* * *nordeste n north east -
30 sweep
I [swiːp]to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs
2) (movement)3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.to make a sweep of — (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare
6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.II 1. [swiːp]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)to sweep the crumbs off the table — spazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo
3) (push)to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)
to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.
4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)2.to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)1) (clean) spazzare, scopare2) (move)to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente
to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]
to sweep (in)to power — pol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)
to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in
to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere
3) (extend)•- sweep up••to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o
rug — AE nascondere o insabbiare qcs
* * *[swi:p] 1. past tense, past participle - swept; verb1) (to clean (a room etc) using a brush or broom: The room has been swept clean.) spazzare2) (to move as though with a brush: She swept the crumbs off the table with her hand; The wave swept him overboard; Don't get swept away by (= become over-enthusiastic about) the idea!; She swept aside my objections.) spazzare via3) (to move quickly over: The disease/craze is sweeping the country.) percorrere4) (to move swiftly or in a proud manner: High winds sweep across the desert; She swept into my room without knocking on the door.) diffondersi, dilagare; entrare/uscire2. noun1) (an act of sweeping, or process of being swept, with a brush etc: She gave the room a sweep.) spazzata2) (a sweeping movement: He indicated the damage with a sweep of his hand.) gesto3) (a person who cleans chimneys.) spazzacamino4) (a sweepstake.) lotteria•- sweeper- sweeping
- sweeping-brush
- at one/a sweep
- sweep someone off his feet
- sweep off his feet
- sweep out
- sweep the board
- sweep under the carpet
- sweep up* * *sweep /swi:p/n.1 (= sweep-up, sweep-out) spazzata; scopata: Give the house a thorough sweep, da' una bella spazzata alla casa!2 ampio gesto; movimento rapido; colpo ( con rotazione): with a sweep of his arm, con un ampio gesto del braccio; with a sweep of the oars, con un colpo di remi; con una remata; at one sweep, con un sol colpo4 [u] (fig.) campo; ambito; portata5 distesa; tratto: a long sweep of meadows, una lunga distesa di prati; a sweep of mountain country, un tratto di terreno montagnoso6 ampia curva; viale d'accesso che fa un'ampia curva: The house is approached by a fine sweep ( o carriage sweep), un bel viale ad ampie curve dà accesso alla casa; The river makes a great sweep to the right, il fiume descrive un'ampia curva a destra14 (spesso al pl.) (TV, USA) rilevazione periodica dei dati di ascolto ( per determinare le tariffe pubblicitarie)15 (mil., aeron.) penetrazione ( in territorio nemico); operazione su vasta scala; rastrellamento; bombardamento a tappeto16 [u] (elettron.) deflessione; deviazione; scansione ( della TV): horizontal sweep, scansione orizzontale17 (metall.) sagoma18 (fam.) vittoria completa; grande successo22 ( cricket) tiro orizzontale ( all'altezza del terreno): reverse sweep, colpo (simile allo «sweep», ma eseguito con il rovescio della mazza)23 (fam.) ► sweepstake● ( pesca) sweep net, rete a strascico □ sweep of one's eyes, occhiata (o sguardo) intorno; colpo d'occhio □ the sweep of a scythe, un colpo di falce; una falciata □ sweep-out (o sweep-up) = def. 1 ► sopra □ to make a clean sweep, far piazza pulita; fare un repulisti (fam.).♦ (to) sweep /swi:p/(pass. e p. p. swept)A v. t.1 spazzare ( anche fig.); scopare; spazzare via, portare via; eliminare; distruggere; liberare; fare piazza pulita di (fam.): to sweep the floor, spazzare il pavimento; to sweep a room, spazzare una stanza; The upper deck was swept by a billow, il ponte superiore è stato spazzato da un maroso; The machine-guns swept the ground before the trenches, le mitragliatrici spazzavano il terreno davanti alle trincee; Dust storms swept the barren plain, tempeste di sabbia spazzavano l'arido piano; to sweep the seas of pirates, liberare il mare dai pirati; The Great Fire of 1666 swept the City, il Grande Incendio del 1666 distrusse la City2 scorrere (su); percorrere; scorrere (lett.); sfiorare; toccare leggermente; strisciare su: She swept her hand through her hair, si è passata la mano fra i capelli; His fingers swept the keyboard of the organ, le sue dita scorrevano sulla tastiera dell'organo; to sweep the strings of a guitar, sfiorare le corde d'una chitarra; Armed bands swept the countryside, bande armate scorrevano la campagna; Her skirt swept the floor, la gonna le strisciava sul pavimento4 sospingere; sballottare; trascinare6 trascinare; portare via9 (fam.) vincere facilmente; stravincere: The Democrats swept the election, i Democratici vinsero le elezioni con un largo margine di votiB v. i.1 stendersi; estendersi; allargarsi: The shore sweeps to the south in a wide arc, la spiaggia descrive un ampio arco verso il sud; The plain sweeps away to the sea, la pianura si stende verso il mare2 incedere (o camminare) maestosamente; entrare (uscire, ecc.) con passo altero (o maestoso): The leading lady swept onto the stage, la primadonna è entrata in scena con passo maestoso● (fig.) to sweep all before one, conseguire un successo travolgente □ (fig.) to sweep the board, vincere tutte le poste ( del gioco), far saltare il banco; (fig.) avere un grande successo, fare piazza pulita; trionfare □ to sweep sb. a bow, fare un inchino (o una riverenza) a q. □ to sweep the chimneys, sbrattare (o pulire) i camini □ (polit.) to sweep a constituency, conquistare un collegio elettorale con largo margine di voti □ (polit.: di un partito) to sweep the country, vincere le elezioni politiche □ (fig.) to sweep everything into one's net, fare piazza pulita; arraffare tutto □ to sweep one's hand over sb. 's hair, passare la mano sui capelli di q. □ to sweep a path, aprire un sentiero ( nella giungla, ecc.) □ (naut., mil.) to sweep the seas, battere i mari □ to sweep a space, fare spazio; sgombrare □ (naut.) swept way, rotta di sicurezza □ The road sweeps up the hill, la strada sale a larghe curve sino alla cima del colle □ (prov.) A new broom sweeps clean, scopa nuova spazza bene.* * *I [swiːp]to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs
2) (movement)3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.to make a sweep of — (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare
6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.II 1. [swiːp]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)to sweep the crumbs off the table — spazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo
3) (push)to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)
to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.
4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)2.to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine
verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)1) (clean) spazzare, scopare2) (move)to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente
to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]
to sweep (in)to power — pol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)
to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in
to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere
3) (extend)•- sweep up••to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o
rug — AE nascondere o insabbiare qcs
-
31 na
praep. 1. (wskazuje na kontakt z powierzchnią) [znajdować się] on- na stole/kanapie/krześle on the table/sofa/chair- na ścianie/drzwiach on the wall/door- na Ziemi/Księżycu on the Earth/Moon- na niebie in the sky- na jeziorze/rzece on the lake/river- na morzu at sea- na zdjęciu/obrazie (jako temat) in a photo/picture- na środku czegoś in the middle a. centre of sth- na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth- rana na nodze a wound on a a. in the leg- mieć na sobie marynarkę/płaszcz to be wearing a jacket/coat- nosiła pierścionek na małym palcu, a na szyi korale she had a ring on her little finger and beads (a)round her neck- włóż płaszcz na sweter put your coat on over your sweater2. (wskazuje na pomieszczenie, miejsce) at, in- na stadionie at the stadium- na korytarzu in the corridor- na ulicy in the street, outside- na ulicy Klonowej in a. on Klonowa Street- na dworcu/przystanku autobusowym at the station/bus stop- na staromiejskim rynku in the Old Town marketplace- na wschodzie/południu in the East/South- na Bliskim Wschodzie in the Middle East- na Ukrainie/Węgrzech in (the) Ukraine/in Hungary- na Śląsku/Mazowszu in Silesia/Mazovia- na wyspie/Borneo on an island/in Borneo- na wsi in the country- na uniwersytecie at (the) university/in the university- na wykładzie/przedstawieniu at a lecture/performance- na górze/dole (wysokość) at the top/bottom; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs3. (wskazuje na kierunek) [pójść, prowadzić] to- na plażę/bagna to the beach/marshes- na stację/salę operacyjną to the station/the operating theatre- na Łotwę/Pomorze to Latvia/Pomerania- na Sycylię/Krym to Sicily/the Crimea- wyprawa na Mount Everest an expedition to Mount Everest- wspinać się na Giewont to climb Giewont- robotnicy wylegli na ulice workers took to the streets- dostał się na uniwersytet/prawo he entered university a. was admitted to university/he entered the law department- poszła na zebranie/koncert she went to a meeting/concert- iść/skręcać na północ/wschód to go/turn north/east- okna wychodzą na południe/na ogród the windows face south/look onto the garden- na północ/wschód od czegoś to the north/east of sth- na górę/dół (wyżej/niżej) up/down; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs- patrzeć na kogoś to look at sb- postawić wazon na stół a. na stole to put a vase on the table- ładować meble na ciężarówkę to load furniture onto a lorry- przenosić się z miejsca na miejsce to move from place to place4. (wskazuje na odcinek czasu) for- wyjechać na tydzień/dwa dni to go away for a week/two days- na krótko for a bit a. a short while- na zawsze forever, for ever- muszę was na chwilę zostawić I’ll have to leave you for a moment- ptaki odleciały na zimę the birds have flown off for the winter- na pół godziny przed odlotem samolotu half an hour before the plane’s departure5. (wskazuje na termin) przygotuję ten referat na środę I’ll prepare the paper for Wednesday- miałeś zrobić tłumaczenie na wczoraj you were supposed to finish the translation by yesterday- przesuńmy zebranie na jutro let’s postpone the meeting till tomorrow- masz przyjść na drugą/lunch you must come at two/for lunch- jestem z nim umówiony na siedemnastą/na piątego stycznia I’m seeing him at 5 p.m./on January the fifth6. (wskazuje na okazję) for- na tę okazję for the occasion- sukienka na specjalne okazje a dress for special occasions- zjeść coś na śniadanie/lunch to have a. eat sth for breakfast/lunch- kupić komuś prezent na urodziny to buy sb a present for his/her birthday- zaprosić kogoś na imieniny/wigilię to invite sb to one’s name day party/for Christmas Eve- pójść na wesele/pogrzeb to go to a wedding/funeral- pocałować/pomachać komuś na pożegnanie to kiss/wave sb goodbye7. (z nazwami środków lokomocji) na nartach/rowerze on skis/on a bike- policjanci na koniach policemen on horseback- jechać na rowerze to cycle, to ride a bike- latać na lotni to go hang-gliding- jeździć na łyżwach/wrotkach to skate a. go skating/to (roller) skate a. go (roller) skating- chodzić/stać na rękach to walk/stand on one’s hands- skakać na jednej nodze to hop on one foot- zjechał na nartach ze zbocza he skied down the slope- dziecko poruszało się na pupie po całym pokoju the baby shuffled around the room on his/her bottom8. (wskazujące na podporę) on- stolik na kółkach a table on a. with wheels- pantofle na wysokim obcasie highheeled shoes- pantofle na płaskim obcasie low-heeled shoes, flats US- fotel/konik na biegunach a rocking chair/horse- spodnie na szelkach/pasku trousers with braces/with a belt- prowadzić psa na smyczy to lead a dog on a leash- leżeć na brzuchu/plecach to lie on one’s stomach/back- oprzeć się na łokciu/na lasce to lean on one’s elbow/a cane9. (z nazwami narzędzi, urządzeń, instrumentów) on- na komputerze/kalkulatorze on a computer/calculator- pisać na maszynie to type, to write on a typewriter- uszyć sukienkę na maszynie to machine(-sew) a dress- grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play (on) the violin/piano- zagrać jakąś melodię na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play a tune on the violin/piano- robić na drutach to knit10. (wskazuje na sposób) pranie na sucho dry-cleaning- jajka na twardo/miękko hard-boiled/soft-boiled eggs- usmażyć coś na maśle/oleju to fry sth in butter/oil- ten rosół jest na wołowinie, nie na kurczaku this is beef broth, not chicken broth- nalewka na wiśniach cherry brandy- sprzedawać coś na sztuki/tuziny to sell sth by the piece/dozen- kupić coś na raty to pay for sth by a. in instalments- pomalować coś na niebiesko/zielono to paint sth blue/green- ubierać się na biało/czarno to dress in white/black- „podawać na zimno/gorąco” ‘serve cold/hot’- (ona) uczy się na piątki she always gets top marks11. (wskazuje na przeznaczenie) for- mięso na befsztyki/zupę meat for steak/soup- butelka na mleko a milk bottle- materiał na sukienkę dress material- stojak na buty a shoe rack- syrop na kaszel cough syrup- koncert na skrzypce i fortepian a concerto for violin and piano- dom na sprzedaż a house for sale- sztućce/stół na cztery osoby cutlery/a table for four (people)- brała krople na serce she took drops for her heart- nie mam już miejsca na książki I don’t have any more room for books- na dokończenie tego mieliśmy tylko dwie godziny we only had two hours to finish it- nie trać czasu na głupstwa don’t waste time on trifles- brakuje pieniędzy na zasiłki there’s a shortage of money for benefits12. (wskazuje na cel) for- zabrali go do szpitala na operację they took him to hospital for an operation- poszedł na egzamin he went to take a. went off for his exam- idę do znajomych na brydża I’m going to my friends to play (some) bridge a. for a game of bridge- umówmy się na piwo let’s meet for a beer- muszę pójść na zakupy I have to do some a. go shopping- na co chcesz pójść (do kina)? what (film) would you like to see?- wybrać się na grzyby/ryby to go mushroom picking/fishing- skoczył do wody jemu/jej na ratunek he jumped into the water to save him/her13. (wskazuje na skutek) to, into- podarł spodnie na strzępy he tore his trousers to shreds- wazon rozbił się na kawałki the vase smashed to pieces- porąbał drewno na kawałki he chopped the wood into pieces- pokrój mięso na plastry/kawałki cut the meat into slices/chunks- gips strwardniał na kamień the plaster set as hard as rock- przerobiła sukienkę na spódnicę she turned the dress into a skirt- przebudowali piwnicę na sklep they converted the cellar into a shop- rodzice wychowali go na uczciwego człowieka his parents brought him up to be an honest man14. (wskazuje na przyczynę) at- na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie at sb’s request/invitation- na czyjś rozkaz at sb’s order- na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth- na dźwięk dzwonka wyskoczył z wanny at the sound of the bell he jumped out of the bath- na myśl o tym zrobiło mu się słabo he felt faint at the (very) thought of it- śledztwo rozpoczęto na wniosek poszkodowanego the investigation was opened at the request of the injured party- na nasz apel zgłosiło się wielu ochotników many volunteers responded to our appeal- oskarżeni utrzymują, że strzelali na rozkaz the accused claim that they were ordered to shoot- chorować na grypę to be ill with flu- przystanek na żądanie a request stop GB, a flagstop US15. (w pomiarach, obliczeniach) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometres per a. an hour- dwa razy na tydzień/rok twice a week/year- jeden student na dziesięciu one student in ten a. out of ten- na jedno miejsce było sześciu kandydatów there were six candidates per place- bieg na 100 metrów the 100 metres sprint- głęboki/długi na sześć metrów six metres deep/long- drzwi były otwarte na całą szerokość the door was wide open- podszedłem do niego na odległość kilku kroków I came to within several steps of him- poziom wody podniósł się na wysokość pierwszego piętra the level of the water rose up to the first floor- jak na swoje lata, jest w doskonałej formie he’s in excellent form for his years- jak na emeryta, ma spore dochody for a pensioner he has quite a large income- pomidory, jak na krajowe, są znakomite for Polish tomatoes they’re delicious- suma, jak na owe czasy, ogromna a huge sum for a. in those days a. times- na ówczesne warunki (for) the way things were at the time; for the conditions prevailing at that time książk.- na co? what for?- na co ci ołówek? what do you need a pencil for?- i na co wam to było? what did you have to do that for?* * *prep(+acc) ( kierunek) tona plażę/wieś — to the beach/country
na Węgry/Kubę — to Hungary/Cuba
wchodzić (wejść perf) na drzewo — to climb a tree
na zachód/północ — west/north, westward(s)/northward(s)
wpadać (wpaść perf) na kogoś — to bump into sb ( okres)
na 5 minut przed na — +loc five minutes before... ( termin)
na czwartą — ( zrobić coś) by four (o'clock); ( przyjść) at four (o'clock) ( okazja)
na sztuki/tuziny — by the piece/the dozen
na raty — on hire purchase (BRIT) lub installments (US)
na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie — at sb's request/invitation
na czyjś sygnał/życzenie — on sb's signal/wish
chory na grypę — ill lub sick (US) with flu ( miara)
dwa razy na tydzień — twice a lub per week
jeden na dziesięć — one in ten, one out of ten
malować (pomalować perf) coś na biało — to paint sth white ( przeznaczenie)
kosz na śmieci — dustbin (BRIT), garbage can (US)
jechać na wakacje/wycieczkę — to go on holiday/a trip
iść na wykład/koncert — to go to a lecture/concert ( z przysłówkami)
* * *naprep.+ Loc.1. ( miejsce) on, at, in ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na stole on the table; na ścianie on the wall; na górze/na dole up/down; at the top/bottom ( czegoś of sth); (= na piętrze/na parterze) upstairs/downstairs; na ulicy on the street; Br. in the street; na Siódmej Ulicy on Seventh Street; Br. in Seventh Street; na Pennsylvania Avenue pod numerem 10 Br. at 10 Pennsylvania Avenue; na Alasce/Litwie in Alaska/Lithuania; na deszczu (out) in the rain; na dworze (= na zewnątrz) outside, outdoors; na koniu on a horse, on horseback; na korytarzu in the corridor; na palcu/głowie on one's finger/head; mieć mnóstwo spraw na głowie przen. have a lot on one's mind l. shoulders; na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth; na polu in the field; na uniwersytecie/poczcie at the university/post office; na zachodzie in the west.3. (= podczas) at, during, on; na zebraniu/koncercie at a meeting/concert; na wakacjach on vacation; Br. on holiday; na wycieczce on a trip l. excursion; spędzać czas na czytaniu spend one's time reading.4. ( środek lokomocji) on; jechać na koniu ride (on) a horse; jeździć na nartach ski, go skiing; jeździć na rowerze ride (on) a bicycle, ride a bike.5. ( ruch lub pozycja ciała) on; chodzić na rękach walk on one's hands; leżeć na boku lie on one's side; na nogach (t. przen. = w dobrej kondycji) on one's feet.6. ( instrument) on; grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie play the violin/piano; grać melodię na fortepianie play a tune on the piano.8. ( precyzowanie znaczenia rzeczownika) buty na wysokich obcasach high-heeled shoes; ciasto na drożdżach yeast dough; nalewka na wiśniach cherry liqueur; koń na biegunach rocking horse.9. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) oszczędzać na czymś economize on sth; wprawiać się na czymś cut one's teeth on sth; wychowany na czymś brought up l. raised on sth.prep.+ Acc.1. (kierunek l. cel) to, toward(s), on, upon ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na Alaskę/Litwę to Alaska/Lithuania; na stolicę (o celu marszu, operacji wojskowej) toward l. on the capital; na górę/na dół up/down; ( po schodach) upstairs/downstairs; na pocztę/dworzec kolejowy to the post office/railroad station; na ulicę (out) into the street; na zachód west, westward(s); wyjść na ulicę (euf. = zacząć uprawiać prostytucję) go on the streets.2. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) chory na głowę (pot. = szalony) sick in the head, brainsick; chorować l. cierpieć na coś suffer from sth; cieszyć się na coś look forward to sth; krzyczeć na kogoś shout at sb; patrzeć na kogoś/coś look at sb/sth; zanosi się na deszcz it's going to rain; zły na kogoś/coś angry at/with sb/sth.5. (termin, wyznaczony czas) (dokładnie) na czas (right) on time; obiad będzie na piątą dinner will be (ready) at five; umówić się na środę agree to meet on Wednesday, schedule an appointment for Wednesday; wracam na Wielkanoc I'll be back l. returning for Easter; zrobię to na jutro I'll do it for tomorrow.7. ( przeznaczenie) kosz na śmieci waste-paper basket; materiał na sukienkę dress material; koncert na fortepian muz. piano concerto; skrzynka na listy mailbox; Br. letter-box.8. ( sposób) with, by; walczyć na miecze fight with swords; kupować na raty buy on installments; kupować/sprzedawać na sztuki buy/sell by the piece.9. ( miara) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometers an hour/per hour; szeroki na dwa metry two meters wide; raz na rok once a year.10. (przyczyna, bodziec) on, upon, at, to; co ty na to? what do you say?, what would you say to that?; na żądanie on demand; na czyjąś prośbę/czyjś rozkaz on l. at sb's request/order; na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth; na wieść o wypadku upon the news of the accident; odpowiedzieć na pytanie answer a question.11. ( podział) into, in; drzeć coś na kawałki tear sth into l. to pieces; dzielenie włosa na czworo przen. hair-splitting; dzielić/łamać/składać coś na pół divide/break/fold sth in half.14. ( cel) to, for, into; być przyjętym na (Uniwersytet) Yale be accepted at l. by Yale (University); dostać się na wydział chemii get into the chemistry department; iść na przyjęcie/zebranie go to a party/meeting; iść na ryby go fishing; iść na spacer go for a walk; jechać na wycieczkę go on an excursion; wyskoczyć na miasto go out, go into town.15. ( w utarych zwrotach) na dobitkę to crown it all, to top it (all) off, on top of all that; na domiar złego to make matters worse; na przykład for example, for instance; jak na złość ironically; na zakończenie finally; na złamanie karku at breakneck speed l. pace, helter-skelter.16. ( w równoważnikach zdań) na pomoc! help!; na koń! mount up!; na zdrowie! ( toast) cheers!; ( odpowiedź na kichnięcie) bless you!prep.z przysłówkami, przymiotnikami i wyrazami nieodmiennymi3. ( sposób) na czczo on an empty stomach; na leżąco lying (down), reclining, prone; jajko na twardo hard-boiled egg; na wznak on the back.4. ( relacje przestrzenne) na zewnątrz (czegoś) outside (sth); na wprost (straight) on l. ahead; (= naprzeciw) opposite; na zachód/lewo ( o położeniu) to the west/left ( od czegoś of sth).5. ( w utartych zwrotach) wszystko na nic/na próżno (it's) all for nothing/in vain.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > na
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32 hacia
prep.1 toward.hacia aquí/allí this/that wayhacia abajo downwardshacia arriba upwardhacia adelante forwardhacia atrás backwardhacia la izquierda/derecha to the left/right2 around, about (time).hacia las diez around o about ten o'clockempezó a perder la vista hacia los sesenta años he started to lose his sight at around the age of sixtyhacia finales de año toward the end of the yearHacia la medianoche.. Around midnight....3 toward (sentimiento).siente hostilidad hacia las reformas he is hostile toward the reforms4 toward (tendencia).un paso más hacia la guerra civil a further step toward civil war* * *1 (dirección) towards, to2 (tiempo) at about, at around\hacia abajo downward(s), downhacia acá this wayhacia adelante forward(s)hacia allá that wayhacia atrás backward(s), backhacia casa home, homeward, towards home* * *prep.1) towards, toward2) near, about•- hacia adelante* * *PREP1) [indicando dirección] towards, in the direction ofeso está más hacia el este — that's further (over) to the east, that's more in an easterly direction
vamos hacia allá — let's go in that direction, let's go over that way
¿hacia dónde vamos? — where are we going?
hacia abajo — down, downwards
hacia arriba — up, upwards
2) [con expresiones temporales] about, nearhacia las cinco — about five, around five
hacia mediodía — about noon, around noon
3) (=ante) towards* * *a) ( indicando dirección) toward, towards[el inglés norteamericano prefiere la forma toward mientras que el inglés británico prefiere la forma towards]hacia el sur — southward(s), toward(s) the south
¿hacia dónde tenemos que ir? — which way do we have to go?
empujar hacia arriba/atrás — to push upward(s)/backward(s)
b) ( indicando aproximación) toward(s)llegaremos hacia las dos — we'll arrive towards o at around two
c) ( con respecto a) toward(s)su actitud hacia mí — his attitude toward(s) o to me
* * *= in the direction of, into, toward(s).Ex. Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.Ex. And thirdly and most importantly, I am concerned about some movements which I think symptomatize ideological deterioration and would have us, as someone put it, march boldly backwards into the future.Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.----* dar un paso hacia delante = step up.* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.* de miras hacia el exterior = outward looking.* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.* desde hace mucho tiempo = for a long time.* desplazar hacia la derecha = inset.* desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.* desplazarse hacia atrás = draw back, move + backwards.* directamente hacia el este = due east.* directamente hacia el norte = due north.* directamente hacia el oeste = due west.* directamente hacia el sur = due south.* enumerar hacia atrás = list + backwards.* enumerar hacia delante = list + forwards.* hacia abajo = downward.* hacia adelante = onward(s), straight ahead, straight on.* hacia adelante y hacia atrás = to and fro.* hacia arriba = upwards, upward.* hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down, up and down.* hacia atrás = backwards, backward(s).* hacia dentro = inward.* ¿hacia dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.* ¿hacia dónde va(n)...? = whither?, whither?.* hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.* hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.* hacia el frente = ahead.* hacia el futuro = onward(s).* hacia el interior y el exterior de = in and out of.* hacia el norte = northbound.* hacia el oeste = westward(s), westbound.* hacia el sur = southward(s), southbound.* hacia finales del + Siglo = later + Siglo, the.* hacia fuera = outwards.* hacia la izquierda = leftwards, leftward.* hacia la proa = abaft.* hacia proa = abaft.* hacia un lado(s) = sideways.* inclinarse hacia delante = tip forward.* mirando hacia atrás = in retrospect.* moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth, move back and forth.* tambalearse hacia delante y hacia atrás = wobble back and forth, wobble back and forth.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia abajo = ↓ (Down) key, down arrow key.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.* viajar hacia atrás en el tiempo = travel back in + time.* * *a) ( indicando dirección) toward, towards[el inglés norteamericano prefiere la forma toward mientras que el inglés británico prefiere la forma towards]hacia el sur — southward(s), toward(s) the south
¿hacia dónde tenemos que ir? — which way do we have to go?
empujar hacia arriba/atrás — to push upward(s)/backward(s)
b) ( indicando aproximación) toward(s)llegaremos hacia las dos — we'll arrive towards o at around two
c) ( con respecto a) toward(s)su actitud hacia mí — his attitude toward(s) o to me
* * *= in the direction of, into, toward(s).Ex: Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.
Ex: And thirdly and most importantly, I am concerned about some movements which I think symptomatize ideological deterioration and would have us, as someone put it, march boldly backwards into the future.Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.* dar un paso hacia delante = step up.* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.* de miras hacia el exterior = outward looking.* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.* desde hace mucho tiempo = for a long time.* desplazar hacia la derecha = inset.* desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.* desplazarse hacia atrás = draw back, move + backwards.* directamente hacia el este = due east.* directamente hacia el norte = due north.* directamente hacia el oeste = due west.* directamente hacia el sur = due south.* enumerar hacia atrás = list + backwards.* enumerar hacia delante = list + forwards.* hacia abajo = downward.* hacia adelante = onward(s), straight ahead, straight on.* hacia adelante y hacia atrás = to and fro.* hacia arriba = upwards, upward.* hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down, up and down.* hacia atrás = backwards, backward(s).* hacia dentro = inward.* ¿hacia dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.* ¿hacia dónde va(n)...? = whither?, whither?.* hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.* hacia el este = eastward(s), eastbound.* hacia el frente = ahead.* hacia el futuro = onward(s).* hacia el interior y el exterior de = in and out of.* hacia el norte = northbound.* hacia el oeste = westward(s), westbound.* hacia el sur = southward(s), southbound.* hacia finales del + Siglo = later + Siglo, the.* hacia fuera = outwards.* hacia la izquierda = leftwards, leftward.* hacia la proa = abaft.* hacia proa = abaft.* hacia un lado(s) = sideways.* inclinarse hacia delante = tip forward.* mirando hacia atrás = in retrospect.* moverse hacia atrás y hacia delante = move back and forth, move back and forth.* tambalearse hacia delante y hacia atrás = wobble back and forth, wobble back and forth.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia abajo = ↓ (Down) key, down arrow key.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.* viajar hacia atrás en el tiempo = travel back in + time.* * *1(indicando dirección) toward, towards [ el inglés norteamericano prefiere la forma,etc] se dirigían hacia el sur they were heading south o southward(s) o toward(s) the southla puerta se abre hacia adentro the door opens inward(s)el país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving toward(s) democracyla fuga de capitales hacia el exterior the flight of capital abroadel centro queda hacia allá the center is (over) that way¿hacia dónde tenemos que ir? which way do we have to go?un movimiento hacia arriba/atrás an upward/backward movementempujar hacia arriba/atrás to push upward(s)/backward(s)2(indicando aproximación) toward(s) [ ver nota en la sección a] hacia finales de siglo/el final del primer acto toward(s) the end of the century/of the first acthacia el límite con el Brasil toward(s) the Brazilian borderllegaremos hacia las dos we'll arrive (at) about twoesto sucedió hacia las nueve de la mañana this occurred at approximately o toward(s) nine in the morning3 (con respecto a) toward(s)su actitud hacia mí his attitude toward(s) o to me* * *
Del verbo hacer: ( conjugate hacer)
hacía es:
1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto indicativo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto indicativo
Multiple Entries:
hacer
hacia
hacer ( conjugate hacer) verbo transitivo
1
‹casa/carretera› to build;
‹ nido› to build, make;
‹ túnel› to make, dig;
‹dibujo/plano› to do, draw;
‹ lista› to make, draw up;
‹ resumen› to do, make;
‹ película› to make;
‹nudo/lazo› to tie;
‹pan/pastel› to make, bake;
‹vino/café/tortilla› to make;
‹ cerveza› to make, brew;
hacen buena pareja they make a lovely couple
estos zapatos me hacen daño these shoes hurt my feet
2
‹ milagro› to work, perform;
‹deberes/ejercicios/limpieza› to do;
‹ mandado› to run;
‹transacción/investigación› to carry out;
‹ experimento› to do, perform;
‹ entrevista› to conduct;
‹gira/viaje› to do;
‹ regalo› to give;
‹ favor› to do;
‹ trato› to make;
aún queda mucho por hacia there is still a lot (left) to do;
dar que hacia to make a lot of work
3 (formular, expresar) ‹declaración/promesa/oferta› to make;
‹proyecto/plan› to make, draw up;
‹crítica/comentario› to make, voice;
‹ pregunta› to ask;
4
◊ hacia caca (fam) to do a poop (AmE) o (BrE) a pooh (colloq);
hacia pis or pipí (fam) to have a pee (colloq);
hacia sus necesidades (euf) to go to the bathroom o toilet (euph)
◊ las vacas hacen `mu' cows go `moo'
5 ( adquirir) ‹dinero/fortuna› to make;
‹ amigo› to make
6 (preparar, arreglar) ‹ cama› to make;
‹ maleta› to pack;◊ hice el pescado al horno I did o cooked the fish in the oven;
tengo que hacia la comida I must make lunch;
ver tb comida b
7 ( recorrer) ‹trayecto/distancia› to do, cover
8 (en cálculos, enumeraciones):◊ son 180 … y 320 hacen 500 that's 180 … and 320 is o makes 500
1
¿hacemos algo esta noche? shall we do something tonight?;
hacia ejercicio to do (some) exercise;
¿hace algún deporte? do you play o do any sports?;
See Also→ amor 1b
◊ ¿qué hace tu padre? what does your father do?
2 (realizar cierta acción, actuar de cierta manera) to do;◊ ¡eso no se hace! you shouldn't do that!;
¡qué le vamos a hacia! what can you o (frml) one do?;
toca bien el piano — antes lo hacía mejor she plays the piano well — she used to play better;
haciala buena (fam): ¡ahora sí que la hice! now I've really done it!;
See Also→ tonto sustantivo masculino, femenino
1 (transformar en, volver) to make;
hizo pedazos la carta she tore the letter into tiny pieces;
ese vestido te hace más delgada that dress makes you look thinner;
hacia algo de algo to turn sth into sth;
quiero hacia de ti un gran actor I want to make a great actor of you
2a) (obligar a, ser causa de que)
me hizo abrirla he made me open it;
me hizo llorar it made me cry;
hágalo pasar tell him to come in;
me hizo esperar tres horas she kept me waiting for three hours;
hacia que algo/algn haga algo to make sth/sb do sthb)◊ hacer hacer algo to have o get sth done/made;
hice acortar las cortinas I had o got the curtains shortened
verbo intransitivo
1 (obrar, actuar):◊ déjame hacia a mí just let me handle this o take care of this;
¿cómo se hace para que te den la beca? what do you have to do to get the scholarship?;
hiciste bien en decírmelo you did o were right to tell me;
haces mal en mentir it's wrong of you to lie
2 (fingir, simular):
haz como si no lo conocieras act as if o pretend you don't know him
3 ( servir):◊ esta sábana hará de toldo this sheet will do for o as an awning;
la escuela hizo de hospital the school served as o was used as a hospital
4 ( interpretar personaje) hacia de algo/algn to play (the part of) sth/sb
(+ compl) ( sentar):
(+ me/te/le etc)
la trucha me hizo mal (AmL) the trout didn't agree with me
hacia v impers
1 ( refiriéndose al tiempo atmosférico):◊ hace frío/sol it's cold/sunny;
hace tres grados it's three degrees;
(nos) hizo un tiempo espantoso the weather was terrible
2 ( expresando tiempo transcurrido):
hace mucho que lo conozco I've known him for a long time;
hacía años que no lo veía I hadn't seen him for o in years;
¿cuánto hace que se fue? how long ago did she leave?;
hace poco/un año a short time/a year ago;
hasta hace poco until recently
hacerse verbo pronominal
1 ( producirse) (+ me/te/le etc):
se le hizo una ampolla she got a blister;
hacérsele algo a algn (Méx): por fin se le hizo ganar el premio she finally got to win the award
2
se hizo la cirugía estética she had plastic surgery
3 ( causarse):◊ ¿qué te hiciste en el brazo? what did you do to your arm?;
¿te hiciste daño? did you hurt yourself?
4 ( refiriéndose a necesidades fisiológicas):◊ todavía se hace pis/caca (fam) she still wets/messes herself
5 ( refl) ( adquirir) to make;
1
se están haciendo viejos they are getting o growing oldb) ( resultar):
(+ me/te/le etc)
se me hace difícil creerlo I find it very hard to believec) ( impers):
se está haciendo tarde it's getting late
e) (AmL) ( pasarle a):◊ ¿qué se habrá hecho María? what can have happened to María?
2 ( acostumbrarse) haciase a algo to get used to sth
3 ( fingirse):
¿es bobo o se (lo) hace? (fam) is he stupid or just a good actor? (colloq);
haciase pasar por algn (por periodista, doctor) to pass oneself off as sb
4 ( moverse) (+ compl) to move;
5
( de amigos) to make
hacia preposición
hacia adelante forward(s);
hacia adentro/arriba inward(s)/upward(s);
el centro queda hacia allá the center is (over) that way;
¿hacia dónde tenemos que ir? which way do we have to go?
◊ llegaremos hacia las dos we'll arrive toward(s) o at around two
◊ su actitud hacia mí his attitude toward(s) o to me
hacer
I verbo transitivo
1 (crear, fabricar, construir) to make
hacer un jersey, to make a sweater
hacer un puente, to build a bridge
2 (una acción) to do: eso no se hace, it isn't done
haz lo que quieras, do what you want
¿qué estás haciendo?, (en este momento) what are you doing?
(para vivir) what do you do (for a living)?
hace atletismo, he does athletics
hacer una carrera/ medicina, to do a degree/ medicine
3 (amigos, dinero) to make
4 (obligar, forzar) to make: hazle entrar en razón, make him see reason
5 (causar, provocar) to make: ese hombre me hace reír, that man makes me laugh
estos zapatos me hacen daño, these shoes are hurting me
no hagas llorar a tu hermana, don't make your sister cry
6 (arreglar) to make
hacer la cama, to make the bed
hacer la casa, to do the housework
7 Mat (sumar, dar como resultado) to make: y con éste hacen cincuenta, and that makes fifty
8 (producir una impresión) to make... look: ese vestido la hace mayor, that dress makes her look older
9 (en sustitución de otro verbo) to do: cuido mi jardín, me gusta hacerlo, I look after my garden, I like doing it
10 (representar) to play: Juan hizo un papel en Fuenteovejuna, Juan played a part in Fuenteovejuna
11 (actuar como) to play: no hagas el tonto, don't play the fool
12 (suponer) te hacía en casa, I thought you were at home
II verbo intransitivo
1 (en el teatro, etc) to play: hizo de Electra, she played Electra
2 ( hacer por + infinitivo) to try to: hice por ayudar, I tried to help
3 (simular) to pretend: hice como si no lo conociera, I acted as if I didn't know him
4 fam (venir bien, convenir) to be suitable: si te hace, nos vamos a verle mañana, if it's all right for you, we'll visit him tomorrow
III verbo impersonal
1 (tiempo transcurrido) ago: hace mucho (tiempo), a long time ago
hace tres semanas que no veo la televisión, I haven't watched TV for three weeks
hace tres años que comenzaron las obras, the building works started three years ago
2 (condición atmosférica) hacía mucho frío, it was very cold
¿To make o to do?
El significado básico del verbo to make es construir, fabricar algo juntando los componentes (aquí hacen unos pasteles maravillosos, they make marvellous cakes here), obligar (hazle callar, make him shut up) o convertir: Te hará más fuerte. It'll make you stronger. También se emplea en expresiones compuestas por palabras tales como dinero ( money), ruido ( a noise), cama ( the bed), esfuerzo ( an effort), promesa ( a promise), c omentario ( a comment), amor ( love), guerra ( war).
El significado del verbo to do es cumplir o ejecutar una tarea o actividad, especialmente tratándose de los deportes y las tareas domésticas: Hago mis deberes por la noche. I do my homework in the evening. ¿Quién hace la plancha en tu casa? Who does the ironing in your house? También se emplea con palabras tales como deber ( duty), deportes ( sports), examen ( an exam), favor ( a favour), sumas ( sums).
hacia preposición
1 (en dirección a) towards, to
hacia abajo, down, downwards
hacia adelante, forwards
hacia arriba, up, upwards
hacia atrás, back, backwards
2 (en torno a) at about, at around: estaré allí hacia las cinco, I'll be there at about five o'clock
' hacia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abajo
- abalanzarse
- aire
- añales
- animadversión
- arriba
- atrás
- calor
- contingente
- correrse
- delante
- derivar
- descender
- desprecio
- dirigir
- dirigirse
- empañar
- empujar
- encaminarse
- enfilar
- fogosidad
- frente
- fuera
- hacer
- infundio
- invencible
- llevar
- malsana
- malsano
- monetaria
- monetario
- orientar
- orientarse
- proyectar
- que
- recta
- recto
- retroceder
- saber
- siglo
- sobre
- subir
- sur
- tambalearse
- tirar
- volver
- volverse
- abatible
- adelante
- boca
English:
ahead
- aim
- antagonism
- antipathy
- ashore
- at
- back
- backward
- backwards
- beat down
- beeline
- bent
- bias
- boost
- care for
- come forward
- cool
- crowd
- cruelty
- curve
- deflect
- disdain
- dislike
- dispose
- disregard
- doubtless
- down
- downstairs
- downward
- downwards
- due
- East
- eastward
- eastwards
- extend
- face
- facing
- fast forward
- flash
- flippant
- floodlight
- for
- forward
- glance down
- go
- guise
- head
- home in
- ill-disposed
- incline
* * *hacia prep1. [dirección] towards;hacia aquí/allí this/that way;hacia abajo downwards;hacia arriba upwards;hacia adelante forwards;hacia atrás backwards;hacia la izquierda/derecha to the left/right;viajar hacia el norte to travel north;hacia el norte del país towards the north of the country;miró hacia el otro lado she looked the other way;muévete hacia un lado move to one side2. [tiempo] around, about;hacia las diez around o about ten o'clock;empezó a perder la vista hacia los sesenta años he started to lose his sight at around the age of sixty;hacia finales de año towards the end of the year3. [sentimiento] towards;siente hostilidad hacia las reformas he is hostile towards the reforms;su actitud hacia el trabajo es muy seria she has a very serious attitude towards her work, she takes her work very seriously4. [tendencia] towards;este año se marcha hacia una cosecha excepcional we are heading for a bumper crop this year;un paso más hacia la guerra civil a further step towards civil war* * *prphacia adelante forward;hacia abajo down;hacia arriba up;hacia atrás back(ward);hacia aquí in this direction, this way:hacia las cuatro about four (o’clock)* * *hacia prep1) : toward, towardshacia abajo: downwardhacia adelante: forward2) : near, around, abouthacia las seis: about six o'clock* * *hacia prep1. (dirección) towards2. (tiempo) at about -
33 eastern
adjective (of the east or the East: an eastern custom.) orientaleastern adj del este / orientaltr['iːstən]1 oriental, del este\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLEastern Bloc SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL el Este nombre masculino, bloque nombre masculino de los países del Esteeastern ['i:stərn] adj1) : Oriental, del EsteEastern Europe: Europa del Este2) : oriental, esteadj.• oriental adj.'iːstərn, 'iːstəna) ( Geog) (before n) oriental, este adj invthe eastern areas of the country — las zonas orientales or este del país
heavy rain over eastern England — fuertes lluvias en or sobre el este de Inglaterra
East Europe — Europa Oriental or del Este
b) ( oriental) <appearance/custom> oriental['iːstǝn]1.ADJ del este, orientalthe eastern part of the island — la parte oriental or la parte este de la isla
the eastern coast — la costa este or oriental
in eastern Spain — en el este or al este de España
2.CPDthe Eastern bloc N — (Pol Hist) el bloque del Este
Eastern Europe N — Europa f del Este, Europa f Oriental
* * *['iːstərn, 'iːstən]a) ( Geog) (before n) oriental, este adj invthe eastern areas of the country — las zonas orientales or este del país
heavy rain over eastern England — fuertes lluvias en or sobre el este de Inglaterra
East Europe — Europa Oriental or del Este
b) ( oriental) <appearance/custom> oriental -
34 प्राच्य _prācya
प्राच्य a. [प्राचि भवः यत्]1 Being or situated in front.-2 Being or living in the east, eastern, easterly.-3 Prior, preceding, previous.-4 Ancient, old.-च्याः (pl.)1 'The eastern country', the country south or east of the river Sarasvatī.-2 The people of this country.-Comp. -पदवृत्तिः a term applied to the rule according to which ए remains in particular cases unchanged before अ-भाषा the eastern dialect, language spoken in the east of India.-वृत्तिः a kind of metre. -
35 страна
сущ.country;( государство) state;( нация) nationвыезжать из \странаы (покидать \странау) — to leave a country
высылать из \странаы — to deport (expel) from a country
запрещать въезд в \странау — to bar (deny) entry into a country
посещать \странау — to pay a visit to a country
по всей \странае — all over (throughout) the country
- страна-бенефициарийстрана, в которой произведена покупка — country of purchase
страна, в которой произведена продажа — country of sale
- страна временного пребывания
- страна выдачи
- страна-дебитор
- страна-должник
- страна-донор
- страна заказчика
- страна-кредитор
- страна лицензиата
- страна местопребывания
- страна назначениястрана, не имеющая выхода к морю — land-locked country
страна, не имеющая рыночной экономики — non-market economy (NME)
страна, не являющаяся членом — ( организации) non-member country
- страна патентовладельцастрана, подписавшая — (договор и т.п.) signatory country
- страна-получатель
- страна-поставщик
- страна-потребитель
- страна пребываниястрана, предоставляющая помощь — aid-giving country
страна, предоставляющая преференции — preference-giving country
страна, применяющая ограничительные меры — restraining country
страна проведения совещания (конференции) — country hosting a conference; host-country (for the conference)
- страна-производитель
- страна происхождения
- страна транзита
- страна-участница
- страна-член\странаы Востока — (countries of) the Orient; Oriental countries
\странаы Запада — countries of the West; Western countries
\странаы, недавно вступившие на путь индустриального развития — ( новые индустриальные страны) newly industrialized countries
\странаы “Общего Рынка --” Common Market countries; countries of the Common Market; countries of the EEC (European Economic Community); EEC countries
\странаы Содружества — Commonwealth countries; countries of the Commonwealth
\странаы Содружества независимых государств (СНГ) — CIS countries; countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
\странаы “третьего мира” — countries of the Third World; Third World countries
страна-члены Организации Объединённых Наций (ООН) — countries members of the United Nations (Organization); UN member nations (countries, states)
- аграрная странабольшие, средние и малые \странаы — big, medium-sized and small countries
ведущие индустриальные \странаы мира — world’s leading (major) industrial (industrialized) countries
восточноевропейские \странаы — countries of Eastern Europe; East European countries
восточные \странаы (страны Востока) — (countries of) the Orient; Oriental countries
- зависимая страна
- заинтересованная страназападноевропейские \странаы — countries of Western Europe; West European countries
западные \странаы (страны Запада) — countries of the West; Western countries
- капиталистическая страна
- колониальная страна
- материковая страна
- менее развитая страна
- молодая развивающаяся страна
- наименее развитая странанаправляющая — (делегацию и т.п.) страна — sending country
- недавно освободившаяся страна
- неприсоединившаяся страна
- новая индустриальная страна
- островная развивающаяся страна
- побеждённая страна
- полуколониальная страна
- прибрежная страна
- принимающая страна
- промышленно развитая страна
- развивающаяся странаразвивающаяся страна, не имеющая выхода к морю — land-locked developing country
развивающаяся страна открытой регистрации — ( судов) open registry developing country
- соседняя страна
- третья страна
- экономически независимая страна
- ядерная страна -
36 down
I noun II noun2) (hair) Flaum, derIII 1. adverb1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht[right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter
go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen
get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren
come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen
pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen
4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern
5) (on to paper)6) (on programme)put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen
down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!
8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) untendown on the floor — auf dem Fußboden
low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten
down there/here — da/hier unten
his flat is on the next floor down — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk tiefer
down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande
down south — unten im Süden (ugs.)
down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten
down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern
down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)
9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde10) (on paper)be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein
11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden13) (in depression)down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen
14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger15)be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...
we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund
now it's down to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun
the water had boiled right down — das Wasser war fast verdampft
17) (including lower limit)from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter
18) (in position of lagging or loss) wenigerbe three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen
2. prepositionbe down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also academic.ru/79258/up">up 1.
1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)lower down the river — weiter unten am Fluss
fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen
walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen
2) (downwards through) durchfall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen
4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen
5) (downwards in time)the tradition has continued down the ages — die Tradition ist von Generation zu Generation weitergegeben worden
6) (along)come down the street — die Straße herunter- od. entlangkommen
go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen
7) (at or in a lower position in or on) [weiter] untenfurther down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste
8) (from top to bottom along) an (+ Dat.)9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee
10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)3. adjectivedown the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt
(directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]4. transitive verb(coll.)1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]3)down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen
4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]5. noun(coll.)•• Cultural note:have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.
Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist* * *I 1. adverb1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) hinunter2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) zum/auf den Boden3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) weiter4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) gefallen5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) hinunter2. preposition1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) hinunter2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) hinunter3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) entlang3. verb(to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) hinunterkippen- downward- downwards
- downward
- down-and-out
- down-at-heel
- downcast
- downfall
- downgrade
- downhearted
- downhill
- downhill racing
- downhill skiing
- down-in-the-mouth
- down payment
- downpour
- downright 4. adjective- downstairs- downstream
- down-to-earth
- downtown
- downtown
- down-trodden
- be/go down with
- down on one's luck
- down tools
- down with
- get down to
- suit someone down to the ground
- suit down to the ground II noun- downie®- downy* * *down1[daʊn]I. ADVERBget \down off that table! komm sofort vom Tisch herunter!the leaflet slipped \down behind the wardrobe die Broschüre ist hinter den Kleiderschrank gerutschtcome further \down [the steps] komm noch etwas weiter [die Treppe] runter fam“\down!” (to a dog) „Platz!“▪ to let sth \down etw herunterlassento lie sth \down etw hinlegen [o ablegen]to pull sth \down etw nach unten ziehento put \down sth etw hinstellen [o abstellen2. (downwards) nach untenhead \down mit dem Kopf nach untento point down nach unten zeigen3. (in a lower position) unten\down here/there hier/dort unten\down at/by/in sth unten an/bei/in etw datthings are much more expensive \down [in the] south unten im Süden ist alles viel teurerhow often do you come \down to Cornwall? wie oft kommen Sie nach Cornwall runter? fammy parents live \down in Worcestershire meine Eltern leben außerhalb [von hier] in Worcestershirehe has a house \down by the harbour er hat ein Haus draußen am Hafen\down our way hier in unserem Viertel [o unserer Gegend] [o SCHWEIZ Quartiershe's certainly come \down in the world! mit ihr ist es ganz schön bergab gegangen! famto be \down on one's luck eine Pechsträhne habenshe's been \down on her luck recently in letzter Zeit ist sie vom Pech verfolgt7. (have only)▪ to be \down to sth nur noch etw habenwhen the rescue party found her, she was \down to her last bar of chocolate als die Rettungsmannschaft sie fand, hatte sie nur noch einen Riegel Schokolade8. (ill)to be \down with sth an etw dat erkrankt seinshe's \down with flu sie liegt mit einer Grippe im BettI think I'm going \down with a cold ich glaube, ich kriege eine Erkältung fam9. SPORT im RückstandMilan were three goals \down at half-time zur Halbzeit lag Mailand [um] drei Tore zurück10. (back in time, to a later time)Joan of Arc's fame has echoed \down [through] the centuries Jeanne d'Arcs Ruhm hat die Jahrhunderte überdauert\down to the last century bis ins vorige Jahrhundert [hinein]to come \down myths überliefert werden11. (at/to a lower amount) niedrigerthe pay offer is \down 2% from last year das Lohnangebot liegt 2 % unter dem vom Vorjahrhe quit the poker game when he was only $50 \down er hörte mit dem Pokerspiel auf, als er erst 50 Dollar verloren hatteto get the price \down den Preis drücken [o herunterhandeln]to go \down sinkenthe number of students has gone \down die Zahl der Studierenden ist gesunken12. (in/to a less intense degree) herunterlet the fire burn \down lass das Feuer herunterbrennensettle \down, you two gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe, ihr zweito turn the music/radio \down die Musik/das Radio leiser stellen [o machen]to water a drink \down ein Getränk verwässern13. (including) bis einschließlichthe entire administration has come under suspicion, from the mayor \down das gesamte Verwaltungspersonal, angefangen beim Bürgermeister, ist in Verdacht gerateneveryone, from the director \down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police vom Direktor angefangen bis hin zu den Sekretärinnen, wurde jeder von der Polizei verhört14. (on paper)we've got you \down for five tickets wir haben fünf Karten für Sie vorbestelltto get sth \down etw [hinunter]schluckenshe couldn't get the pill \down sie brachte die Tablette nicht hinunter famyou'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hast16. (thoroughly) gründlichhe washed the car \down er wusch den Wagen von oben bis unten17. (already finished) vorbeitwo lectures \down, eight to go zwei Vorlesungen haben wir schon besucht, es bleiben also noch acht18. (as initial payment) als Anzahlung19. (attributable)the problem is \down to her inexperience, not any lack of intelligence es liegt an ihrer Unerfahrenheit, nicht an mangelnder Intelligenzit's all \down to you now to make it work nun ist es an Ihnen, die Sache in Gang zu bringen20. (reduce to)to come \down to sth auf etw akk hinauslaufenwhat the problem comes \down to is this:... die entscheidende Frage ist:...well, if I bring it \down to its simplest level,... also, stark vereinfacht könnte man sagen,...21. (in crossword puzzles) senkrecht22.that suits me \down to the ground das ist genau das Richtige für michII. PREPOSITIONmy uncle's in hospital after falling \down some stairs mein Onkel ist im Krankenhaus, nachdem er die Treppe heruntergefallen [o hinuntergefallen] istup and \down the stairs die Treppe rauf und runter famshe poured the liquid \down the sink sie schüttete die Flüssigkeit in den Abflussto come \down the hill den Hügel heruntersteigen [o geh herabsteigen]to go \down the mountain den Berg hinuntersteigen [o geh hinabsteigen3. (along) entlanggo \down the street gehen Sie die Straße entlang [o hinunter]her office is \down the corridor on the right ihr Büro ist weiter den Gang entlang auf der rechten Seitewe drove \down the motorway as far as Bristol wir fuhren auf der Schnellstraße bis BristolI ran my finger \down the list of ingredients ich ging mit dem Finger die Zutatenliste durchher long red hair reached most of the way \down her back ihre langen roten Haare bedeckten fast ihren ganzen Rückento sail the boat \down the river mit dem Boot flussabwärts segeln4. (in a particular place)\down sb's way in jds Gegendthey speak with a peculiar accent \down his way in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent fam\down the ages von Generation zu Generation\down the centuries die Jahrhunderte hindurch\down the generations über Generationen hinwegI went \down the pub with my mates ich ging mit meinen Freunden in die Kneipeto go \down the shops einkaufen gehenyou'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down you du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe im Magen hast8.we don't want all their hard work to go \down the drain ich möchte nicht, dass ihre harte Arbeit ganz umsonst istIII. ADJECTIVE<more \down, most \down>the \down escalator die Rolltreppe nach untenthe computer will be \down for an hour der Computer wird für eine Stunde abgeschaltetI'm afraid the [telephone] lines are \down ich fürchte, die Telefonleitungen sind tot6. (sunk to a low level) niedrigthe river is \down der Fluss hat [o geh führt] NiedrigwasserIV. TRANSITIVE VERB1. (knock down)2. (shoot down)to \down tools (cease work) mit der Arbeit aufhören; (have a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (during a strike) die Arbeit niederlegenthe printers are threatening to \down tools die Drucker drohen mit Arbeitsniederlegungen5.▪ to \down sth (swallow) etw hinunterschlucken; (eat) etw essen; (eat quickly) etw verschlingen [o hinunterschlingen]; (drink) etw trinken; (drink quickly) etw hinunterkippen [o fam runterschütten] [o SCHWEIZ runterleeren]V. NOUNups and \downs Auf und Ab ntwell, we've had our ups and \downs wir haben schon Höhen und Tiefen durchgemachtwhy do you have a \down on him? was hast du gegen ihn?it's second \down es ist der zweite VersuchVI. INTERJECTION\down with taxes! weg mit den Steuern!\down with the dictator! nieder mit dem Diktator!down2[daʊn]\down jacket/quilt Daunenjacke f/-decke fdown3[daʊn]* * *I [daʊn]1. ADVERBWhen down is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get down, sit down, stand down, write down, look up the verb.1) indicating movement towards speaker herunter; (away from speaker) hinunter; (downstairs) nach untento jump down — herunter-/hinunterspringen
on his way down from the summit — auf seinem Weg vom Gipfel herab/hinab
2) indicating static position untendown there — da unten
I'll stay down here —
it needs a bit of paint down at the bottom — es muss unten herum neu gestrichen werden
don't kick a man when he's down (fig) — man soll jemanden nicht fertigmachen, wenn er schon angeschlagen ist or wenns ihm dreckig geht (inf)
the sun was down —
I'll be down in a minute —
3)= to or in another place
usu not translated he came down from London yesterday — er kam gestern aus Londonhe's down in London/at his brother's — er ist in London/bei seinem Bruder
we're going down to the seaside/to Dover — wir fahren an die See/nach Dover
4)= below previous level
his temperature is down —his shoes were worn down the price of meat is down on last week — seine Schuhe waren abgetragen der Fleischpreis ist gegenüber der letzten Woche gefallen
interest rates are down to/by 3% — der Zinssatz ist auf/um 3% gefallen
I'm £20 down on what I expected — ich habe £ 20 weniger als ich dachte
he's down to his last £10 — er hat nur noch £ 10
See:→ luck5)I've got it down in my diary — ich habe es in meinem Kalender notiertlet's get it down on paper — schreiben wir es auf, halten wir es schriftlich fest
when you see it down on paper — wenn man es schwarz auf weiß sieht
6)from the biggest down — vom Größten angefangenfrom 1700 down to the present —
8)to pay £20 down — £ 20 anzahlenI've put down a deposit on a new bike —
2. PREPOSITION1)to go/come down the hill/the stairs etc — den Berg/die Treppe etc hinuntergehen/herunterkommenher hair fell loose down her back — sie trug ihr Haar offen über die Schultern
2)he's already halfway down the hill — er ist schon auf halbem Wege nach unten3)= along
he was walking/coming down the street — er ging/kam die Straße entlangif you look down this road, you can see... — wenn Sie diese Straße hinunterblicken, können Sie... sehen
4)= throughout
down the centuries — durch die Jahrhunderte (hindurch)5)= to, in, at Brit inf
he's gone down the pub — er ist in die Kneipe gegangen3. NOUN(= dislike) __diams; to have a down on sb (inf) jdn auf dem Kieker haben (inf) → upSee:→ up4. ADJECTIVE (inf)1)= depressed
he was (feeling) a bit down — er fühlte sich ein wenig down (inf) or niedergeschlagen2)= not working
to be down — außer Betrieb sein; (Comput) abgestürzt sein5. TRANSITIVE VERBopponent niederschlagen, zu Fall bringen; enemy planes abschießen, (he)runterholen (inf); (FTBL ETC, inf) player legen (inf); beer etc runterkippen or -schütten (inf) IIn(= feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl; (= fine hair) Flaum m IIIn usu pl (GEOG)Hügelland nt no pl* * *down1 [daʊn]A adv1. nach unten, herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, ab-, niederwärts, zum Boden, zum Grund, (in Kreuzworträtseln) senkrecht:down from fort von, von … herab;paralysed from the waist down von der Hüfte abwärts gelähmt;down to our times bis in unsere Zeit;down to the last detail bis ins letzte Detail;down to the last man bis zum letzten Mann;from … down to von … bis hinunter zu;down to the ground umg vollständig, absolut, ganz und gar;suit sb down to the ground umg genau das Richtige für jemanden sein;be down on sb umga) über jemanden herfallen,b) jemanden auf dem Kieker haben umg3. (in) bar, sofort:5. vorgemerkt, angesetzt:the bill is down for the third reading today heute steht die dritte Lesung der Gesetzesvorlage auf der Tagesordnung;be down for Friday für Freitag angesetzt sein6. von einer großen Stadt ( in England: von London) weg:7. besonders USa) zu einer großen Stadt hinb) zur Endstation hinc) ins Geschäftsviertel8. (nach Süden) hinunter9. a) mit dem Strom, flussabwärtsb) mit dem Wind11. nieder!:down with the capitalists! nieder mit den Kapitalisten!;down on your knees! auf die Knie (mit dir)!12. (dr)unten:down there dort unten;13. unten (im Hause), aufgestanden:he is not down yet er ist noch oben oder im Schlafzimmer14. untergegangen (Sonne)15. a) heruntergegangen, gefallen (Preise)b) billiger (Waren)16. gefallen (Thermometer etc):be down by 10 degrees um 10 Grad gefallen sein17. Bra) nicht in Londonb) nicht an der Universität18. a) nieder-, hingestreckt, am Boden (liegend)c) erschöpft, kaputt, fix und fertig (beide umg)f) außer Betrieb (Computer)19. bettlägerig:be down with influenza mit Grippe im Bett liegen20. SPORT (um Punkte etc) zurück:he was two points down er war oder lag 2 Punkte zurück;they are 1-4 down sie liegen mit 1:4 im Rückstand (to gegen)B adj1. nach unten oder abwärtsgerichtet, Abwärts…:a down jump ein Sprung nach unten2. unten befindlich3. deprimiert, niedergeschlagendown platform Abfahrtsbahnsteig m (in London)5. besonders USa) in Richtung nach einer großen Stadtb) zum Geschäftsviertel (hin), in die Stadtmitte7. besonders US sl deprimierendC präp1. herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, entlang:down the hill den Hügel hinunter;down the river den Fluss hinunter, flussab(wärts);down the middle durch die Mitte;down the street die Straße entlang oder hinunter2. (in derselben Richtung) mit:down the wind mit dem Wind3. a) hinunter in (akk)b) hinein in (akk)4. unten an (dat):further down the Rhine weiter unten am RheinD s1. figa) Abstieg mb) Nieder-, Rückgang m2. Tiefpunkt m, -stand m3. Depression f, (seelischer) Tiefpunkt4. umg Groll m:have a down on sb jemanden auf dem Kieker habenE v/t2. niederschlagen3. niederlegen:down tools die Arbeit niederlegen, in den Streik treten5. einen Reiter abwerfen6. umg ein Getränk runterkippenF v/i1. umga) hinunterrutschen (Speise)b) (gut) schmecken2. besonders US sl Beruhigungsmittel nehmendown2 [daʊn] s1. ORNa) Daunen pl, flaumiges Gefieder:dead down Raufdaunen;live down Nestdaunen;down quilt Daunendecke fb) Daune f, Flaumfeder f:in the down noch nicht flügge3. BOTa) feiner Flaumb) haarige Samenkrone, Pappus m4. weiche, flaumige Massedown3 [daʊn] s1. obsa) Hügel mb) Sandhügel m, besonders Düne fb) Reede an der Südostküste Englands, vor der Stadt Deal* * *I noun(Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)II noun2) (hair) Flaum, derIII 1. adverb1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht[right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter
go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen
get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren
come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen
3) (of money): (at once) sofortpay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen
4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern
put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen
down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!
8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) untenlow/lower down — tief/tiefer unten
down there/here — da/hier unten
down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande
down south — unten im Süden (ugs.)
down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten
down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern
down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)
9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde10) (on paper)be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein
11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Bodenbe down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen
13) (in depression)down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen
14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger15)be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...
we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund
now it's down to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun
17) (including lower limit)from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter
18) (in position of lagging or loss) wenigerbe three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen
2. prepositionbe down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also up 1.
1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen
walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen
2) (downwards through) durchfall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen
4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen
the tradition has continued down the ages — die Tradition ist von Generation zu Generation weitergegeben worden
6) (along)come down the street — die Straße herunter- od. entlangkommen
go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen
7) (at or in a lower position in or on) [weiter] untenfurther down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste
8) (from top to bottom along) an (+ Dat.)9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee
10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)3. adjectivedown the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt
(directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]4. transitive verb(coll.)1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]3)down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen
4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]5. noun(coll.)•• Cultural note:have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.
Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist* * *(fluff) n.Flaum nur sing. m. (feathers) n.Daune -n f. adj.abwärts adj.herab adj.herunter adj.hinab adj.hinunter adj.nieder adj.rückwärts adj.unten adj.zusammengebrochen (alt.Rechtschreibung) adj. -
37 run
I [rʌn]1) (act of running) corsa f.to go for a run — andare a correre, fare una corsa
to take a run at — prendere la rincorsa per saltare [ hedge]
to give sb. a clear run — fig. lasciare campo libero a qcn
2) (flight)on the run — [ prisoner] in fuga
to have sb. on the run — mettere qcn. in fuga; fig. riuscire a spaventare qcn.
3) (series) serie f., sfilza f.to have a run of (good) luck, bad luck — avere una fortuna, una sventura dopo l'altra
4) teatr. repliche f.pl., programmazione f.5) (trend) (of events, market) tendenza f., andamento m.6) (series of thing produced) (in printing) tiratura f.; (in industry) serie f., produzione f.7) (on the stock exchange) corsa f., assalto m.9) (in cricket, baseball) punto m.10) (for rabbit, chickens) recinto m.11) (in tights, material) smagliatura f.12) (for skiing etc.) pista f.13) (in cards) serie f., scala f.••to give sb. the run of sth. — mettere qcs. a disposizione di qcn.
in the long run — a lungo andare, alla lunga
II 1. [rʌn]in the short run — a breve scadenza o termine
1) (cover by running) correre per [ distance]; fare, correre [ marathon]2) (drive)to run sb. to the station — portare qcn. alla stazione
to run sth. over to sb.'s house — portare qcs. a casa di qcn.
3) (pass, move)to run one's hand over sth. — passare la mano su qcs.
to run one's eye(s) over sth. — percorrere qcs. con lo sguardo
to run one's pen through sth. — cancellare qcs. con la penna
to run tests on sth. — effettuare dei test su qcs.
to run a check on sb. — raccogliere informazioni su qcn
6) (organize, offer) organizzare [ competition]; organizzare, tenere [ course]; mettere a disposizione [ bus]8) (cause to flow) preparare [ bath]; aprire [ tap]9) giorn. pubblicare [ article]10) (pass through) discendere [ rapids]; forzare [ blockade]; passare con [ red light]11) (smuggle) introdurre [qcs.] di contrabbando [guns, drugs]2.1) (move quickly) correreto run for o to catch the bus fare una corsa per prendere l'autobus; to run across sth. attraversare qcs. di corsa; to run for the exit precipitarsi verso l'uscita; to run in the 100 metres — partecipare alla gara dei 100 metri
2) (flee) fuggirerun for your life! — colloq. mettetevi in salvo!
run for it — colloq. correte!
3) colloq. (rush off)4) (function) [ machine] andare, funzionareto run off — andare a [mains, battery]
to run on — andare a [diesel, unleaded]
to run fast slow [ clock] andare avanti, restare indietro; the organization runs very smoothly — l'organizzazione procede senza intoppi
5) (continue, last) [contract, lease] essere valido, valereto run from... to... — [school year, season] andare da... a
6) teatr. [play, musical] restare in cartellone, essere in programma7) (pass)to run past through sth. [frontier, path] passare, attraversare qcs.; to run (from) east to west estendersi da est a ovest; the road runs north for about 10 kilometres la strada prosegue a nord per circa 10 chilometri; a scar runs down her arm — ha una cicatrice lungo tutto il braccio
to run through sb.'s hands — [ rope] scivolare tra le mani di qcn.
9) (operate regularly) [ buses] circolare; [ train] viaggiaretears ran down his face — le lacrime gli scorrevano sul viso, aveva il volto rigato di lacrime
the streets will be running with blood — fig. le strade saranno macchiate di sangue
11) (flow when wet or melted) [garment, makeup, butter] colare12) (as candidate) candidarsi, concorrere, presentarsi alle elezioni13) (be worded)•- run at- run away- run down- run in- run into- run off- run on- run out- run over- run to- run up* * *1. present participle - running; verb1) ((of a person or animal) to move quickly, faster than walking: He ran down the road.) correre2) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) transitare3) ((of water etc) to flow: Rivers run to the sea; The tap is running.) scorrere4) ((of a machine etc) to work or operate: The engine is running; He ran the motor to see if it was working.) funzionare5) (to organize or manage: He runs the business very efficiently.) dirigere6) (to race: Is your horse running this afternoon?) correre7) ((of buses, trains etc) to travel regularly: The buses run every half hour; The train is running late.) passare, circolare8) (to last or continue; to go on: The play ran for six weeks.) (essere in programmazione)9) (to own and use, especially of cars: He runs a Rolls Royce.) avere10) ((of colour) to spread: When I washed my new dress the colour ran.)11) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) accompagnare12) (to move (something): She ran her fingers through his hair; He ran his eyes over the letter.) passare13) ((in certain phrases) to be or become: The river ran dry; My blood ran cold (= I was afraid).) diventare2. noun1) (the act of running: He went for a run before breakfast.) corsa2) (a trip or drive: We went for a run in the country.) gita3) (a length of time (for which something continues): He's had a run of bad luck.) periodo4) (a ladder (in a stocking etc): I've got a run in my tights.) smagliatura5) (the free use (of a place): He gave me the run of his house.) (libero accesso)6) (in cricket, a batsman's act of running from one end of the wicket to the other, representing a single score: He scored/made 50 runs for his team.) punto7) (an enclosure or pen: a chicken-run.) pollaio•- runner- running 3. adverb(one after another; continuously: We travelled for four days running.) di seguito- runny- runaway
- rundown
- runner-up
- runway
- in
- out of the running
- on the run
- run across
- run after
- run aground
- run along
- run away
- run down
- run for
- run for it
- run in
- run into
- run its course
- run off
- run out
- run over
- run a temperature
- run through
- run to
- run up
- run wild* * *I [rʌn]1) (act of running) corsa f.to go for a run — andare a correre, fare una corsa
to take a run at — prendere la rincorsa per saltare [ hedge]
to give sb. a clear run — fig. lasciare campo libero a qcn
2) (flight)on the run — [ prisoner] in fuga
to have sb. on the run — mettere qcn. in fuga; fig. riuscire a spaventare qcn.
3) (series) serie f., sfilza f.to have a run of (good) luck, bad luck — avere una fortuna, una sventura dopo l'altra
4) teatr. repliche f.pl., programmazione f.5) (trend) (of events, market) tendenza f., andamento m.6) (series of thing produced) (in printing) tiratura f.; (in industry) serie f., produzione f.7) (on the stock exchange) corsa f., assalto m.9) (in cricket, baseball) punto m.10) (for rabbit, chickens) recinto m.11) (in tights, material) smagliatura f.12) (for skiing etc.) pista f.13) (in cards) serie f., scala f.••to give sb. the run of sth. — mettere qcs. a disposizione di qcn.
in the long run — a lungo andare, alla lunga
II 1. [rʌn]in the short run — a breve scadenza o termine
1) (cover by running) correre per [ distance]; fare, correre [ marathon]2) (drive)to run sb. to the station — portare qcn. alla stazione
to run sth. over to sb.'s house — portare qcs. a casa di qcn.
3) (pass, move)to run one's hand over sth. — passare la mano su qcs.
to run one's eye(s) over sth. — percorrere qcs. con lo sguardo
to run one's pen through sth. — cancellare qcs. con la penna
to run tests on sth. — effettuare dei test su qcs.
to run a check on sb. — raccogliere informazioni su qcn
6) (organize, offer) organizzare [ competition]; organizzare, tenere [ course]; mettere a disposizione [ bus]8) (cause to flow) preparare [ bath]; aprire [ tap]9) giorn. pubblicare [ article]10) (pass through) discendere [ rapids]; forzare [ blockade]; passare con [ red light]11) (smuggle) introdurre [qcs.] di contrabbando [guns, drugs]2.1) (move quickly) correreto run for o to catch the bus fare una corsa per prendere l'autobus; to run across sth. attraversare qcs. di corsa; to run for the exit precipitarsi verso l'uscita; to run in the 100 metres — partecipare alla gara dei 100 metri
2) (flee) fuggirerun for your life! — colloq. mettetevi in salvo!
run for it — colloq. correte!
3) colloq. (rush off)4) (function) [ machine] andare, funzionareto run off — andare a [mains, battery]
to run on — andare a [diesel, unleaded]
to run fast slow [ clock] andare avanti, restare indietro; the organization runs very smoothly — l'organizzazione procede senza intoppi
5) (continue, last) [contract, lease] essere valido, valereto run from... to... — [school year, season] andare da... a
6) teatr. [play, musical] restare in cartellone, essere in programma7) (pass)to run past through sth. [frontier, path] passare, attraversare qcs.; to run (from) east to west estendersi da est a ovest; the road runs north for about 10 kilometres la strada prosegue a nord per circa 10 chilometri; a scar runs down her arm — ha una cicatrice lungo tutto il braccio
to run through sb.'s hands — [ rope] scivolare tra le mani di qcn.
9) (operate regularly) [ buses] circolare; [ train] viaggiaretears ran down his face — le lacrime gli scorrevano sul viso, aveva il volto rigato di lacrime
the streets will be running with blood — fig. le strade saranno macchiate di sangue
11) (flow when wet or melted) [garment, makeup, butter] colare12) (as candidate) candidarsi, concorrere, presentarsi alle elezioni13) (be worded)•- run at- run away- run down- run in- run into- run off- run on- run out- run over- run to- run up -
38 look
1. Ilook! (посмотрите!; look, the sun is up! глядите, солнце встало /взошло/!; we looked but saw nothing мы (подсмотрели, но ничего не (увидели; it is no good looking какой смысл смотреть?; I did it while he wasn't looking я это сделал, пока он не смотрел; look who's here! посмотри, кто пришел!2. II1) look around оглядываться, осматриваться, все оглядывать; look aside смотреть в сторону, отводить глаза, отворачиваться; he looked aside when I spoke to him когда я с ним разговаривал, он отворачивался; look away отворачиваться, отводить взгляд; look back [behind, round] оборачиваться, оглядываться; don't look round, I don't want him to notice us не оглядывайся, я не хочу, чтобы он нас заметил; look down смотреть вниз; look forward /ahead/ смотреть вперед; look in /inside/ заглядывать внутрь; look out выглядывать, высовываться; look up /upward/ поднять глаза. взглянуть; he looked up and saw me он поднял глаза и увидел меня; look up from one's writing (from his book, etc.) бросить писать и т. д. и поднять голову; look right and left (this way, that way, etc.) (по-) смотреть направо и налево и т. д.; look the other way отвернуться, смотреть в другую сторону. сделать вид, что ты кого-л. не узнал /не заметил/; I happened to be looking another way я в этот момент смотрел в другую сторону2) the house (the window, the terrace, etc.) looks south (west, east, etc.) дом и т. д. выходит на юг /обращен к югу/ и т. д., which way does the house look? куда выходит дом?3. IIIlook smb. look an honest man (every inch a gentleman, every inch a king, a queen, a rascal, a clown, a dandy, etc.) иметь вид честного человека и т. д.; look one's usual again снова принять свой обычный вид, оправиться, поправиться; you don't look yourself ты на себя не похож; he looked a perfect fool у него был совершенно дурацкий вид; look smth. look a perfect sight ужасно выглядеть; look the very picture of health быть воплощением / олицетворением/ здоровья; look the very picture of his father быть вылитым портретом своего отца; the actor looked his part актер выглядел так, как и требовалось по роли; look one's age (one's years, sixteen. etc.) выглядеть на свой годы /не старше сваях лет/ и т. д., he is only thirty but he looks fifty ему только тридцать, а на вид можно дать все пятьдесят; she is forty but she doesn't look it ей уже сорок, но она выглядит моложе /на вид ей столько не дашь/; this investment looked a sure profit казалось, что это капиталовложение сулит верный доход4. IVlook smb. in some mariner look smb. all over осмотреть кого-л. с ног до головы /с головы до пят/; look smb. up and down смерить кого-л. взглядом, окинуть кого-л. взглядом с головы до пят5. Xlook to be in some state look pleased (alarmed, worried, worn out, unconcerned, disheartened, etc.) выглядеть довольным и т. д.6. XI1) be looked at the house, looked at from the outside... дом, если смотреть на него снаружи...2) be looked upon as smb., smth. he is looked upon as an absolute authority (as an impartial judge, as a judicious critic, etc.) его считают /он считается/ непререкаемым авторитетом и т. д., he is looked upon as a likely candidate его рассматривают, как возможную /вероятную/ кандидатуру3) be looked after he is wonderfully looked after there он получает там прекрасный уход; be looked over the brakes need to be looked over тормоза требуют осмотра /проверки/7. XVlook to be in some quality or of some state look young (old, tired, angry, sad, grave, happy, guilty, innocent, etc.) выглядеть молодым /молодо/ и т. д.; look to be of some kind look foolish (pale, wise, brave, good-natured, thin, charming, uninviting, etc.) иметь глупый и т. д. вид, выглядеть глупо и т. д., he looked trustworthy у него был вид человека, которому можно доверять; look blank выглядеть /казаться/ рассеянным или растерянным; this book looks very tempting эту книгу очень хочется почитать; look well (ill) хорошо (плохо) выглядеть; he looks well in uniform ему идет форма; the hat looks well on you шляпа вам к лицу; things look very ugly /black/ дела обстоят плохо /не сулят ничего хорошего/; things are looking a little better дела понемногу поправляются; you look blue with cold вы посинели от холода; the clouds look rainy судя по тучам, будет дождь8. XVI1) look at smb., smth. look at each other (at his fellow-traveller, at the watch, at the ceiling, at the illustrations, etc.) смотреть друг на друга и т. д., look at oneself in the glass (поосмотреться в зеркало; what are you looking at? куда /на что/ вы смотрите?; look at me! взгляните на меня! I enjoy looking at old family portraits я люблю рассматривать старые фамильные портреты; look [up] at the stars (at the roof, at the tree-tops, etc.) взглянуть на звезды и т. д.; let me look at your work (at your results, at this sentence, etc.) дайте мне взглянуть на вашу работу и т. д., just look at this! [вы] только посмотрите!; to come to look at the pipes (at the drains, at the roof, etc.) прийти, чтобы осмотреть /проверить/ трубы и т. д., what sort of a man is he to look at? что он собой представляет внешне, как он выглядит?; the man is not much to look at внешне он ничего собой не представляет; to look at him one would say... судя по его виду можно сказать...; to look at the illustrations it will be observed... судя по иллюстрациям можно отметить...; she will /would/ not look at him (at his offer, at my proposals etc.) она и смотреть на него и т. д. не хочет; look at smb., smth. in some manner look at the boy (at the picture, etc.) closely (critically, questioningly. threateningly, keenly, reproachfully, wistfully, significantly, etc.) смотреть на мальчика и т. д. пристально и т. д.; he looked at me vacantly он посмотрел на меня пустым /ничего не выражающим/ взглядом; look at smb., smth. with (in) smth. look at smb., smth. with pity (with respect, with kindness, with interest, etc.) смотреть на кого-л., что-л. с жалостью и т. д.; look at me in embarrassment (in fear, in admiration, etc.) посмотреть на меня в смущении и т. д.; look about (round, before, behind, etc.) smb., smth. we hardly had time to look about us мы едва успели осмотреться; the boy was looking before him мальчик смотрел перед собой; look round the room (round the shop, etc.) окинуть комнату и т. д. взглядом; look after the train (after the ship, after the girl as she left the room, etc.) смотреть вслед поезду и т. д., провожать поезд и т. д. взглядом /глазами/; the child looked behind me to make sure that I was alone ребенок посмотрел, нет ли кого-л. сзади меня; look behind the door посмотреть за дверью; look down (up) smth. look down the well [внимательно] (подсмотреть в колодец; look down the list просмотреть весь список, проверить список сверху донизу; look down (up) the street внимательно осмотреть улицу, посмотреть вниз (вверх) no улице; look from /out of/ smth. look from /out of/ a window смотреть из окна; look out of the corner of one's eye посмотреть краешком глаза; look in /into/ smth. look in a mirror (посмотреться в зеркало; look in smb.'s face (in smb.'s eyes) (подсмотреть кому-л. в лицо (в глаза); look into smb.'s face (into smb.'s eyes) заглядывать кому-л. в лицо (в глаза); look in that direction смотреть в том /в указанном/ направлении; look into a well (into a shop window, into the darkness of the forest, into the fire, into a mirror, into the garden, into the sky, etc.) всматриваться /вглядываться, смотреть/ в колодец и т. д.; look into a room заглядывать в комнату; look into the future (into the hearts of other people, etc.) заглянуть в будущее и т. д.; he looked [down] into my face он [нагнулся и] посмотрел мне в лицо; look over smth. look over one's spectacles посмотреть поверх очков; look over one's shoulder посмотреть /кинуть взгляд/ через плечо; look over their heads смотреть поверх их голов; look over the wall (over the fence, etc.) заглядывать через стену и т. д.; look to smth. look to the right (to the left) посмотреть направо (налево); look [up] to heaven посмотреть [вверх] на небо; look through smth. look through the window (through a telescope, etc.) смотреть в окно и т. д., look through the keyhole смотреть /подсматривать/ в замочную скважину; his greed looked through his eyes в его глазах горела /светилась/ жадность; his toes look out through the shoe у него пальцы из ботинок вылезают, у него ботинки "каши просят"; look towards smth. look towards the horizon (towards the sea, etc.) смотреть в сторону горизонта /по направлению к горизонту/ и т. д.2) look on (upon, to, towards, etc.) smth. the drawing-room (the window, the house, etc.) looks on the river (on the sea, on the street, upon the garden, on the park, to the east, towards the south, towards the Pacific, across the garden, etc.) гостиная и т. д. выходит /выходит окнами, обращена/ на реку и т. д., look [down] into the street (down on the lake, down on the river, etc.) стоять на возвышенности /возвышенном месте/, откуда открывается вид на улицу и т. д., the castle looks down on the valley замок стоит на вершине, откуда открывается вид на долину3) look after smb., smth. look after children (after the old man, after a dog, after a garden, after smb.'s house, etc.) ухаживать /следить, присматривать/ за детьми и т. д.; who will look after the shop while we are away? на чьем попечении / на кого/ останется магазин на время нашего отсутствия?; I look after the саг myself я сам ухаживаю за машиной; he is able to look after himself a) он в состоянии обслужить [самого] себя; б) он может постоять за себя; look after her when I am gone присмотрите за ней, пока меня не будет; he is young and needs looking after он еще мал, и за ним нужен присмотр /уход/; did you get someone to look after the child? вы нашли кого-нибудь для ухода за ребенком?; look after smb.'s interests блюсти /соблюдать/ чьи-л. интересы; look after smb.'s rights охранять /оберегать, защищать/ чьи-л. права; look after smb.'s wants ухаживать за кем-л., исполнять чьи-л. желания; look after the affair веста какое-л. дело; look to smth. look to smb.'s tools (to the fastenings, to the water-bottles, etc.) отвечать за инструменты и т. д., следить, за инструментами и т.д., look to your manners следи за своими манерами /за тем, как ты себя ведешь/; the country must look to its defences страна должна заботиться об обороне; look to the future (подумать /(побеспокоиться/ о будущем: look to it that this does not happen again (that everything is ready, etc.) смотря, чтобы это не повторилось /чтобы этого больше не было/ и т. д.4) look for smb., smth. look for one's brother (for smb.'s hat, for the lost money, for employment, for a job, for gold, for a shorter route to the East, etc.) искать брата и т. д., what are you looking for? что вы ищете?; что вам надо?; I am looking for а, room мне нужна комната, я ищу комнату; look for trouble напрашиваться на неприятности; look for smth. somewhere look for spectacles in the bureau drawers (in the jar, around the room, etc.) искать очки в ящиках стола и т. д., one has not to look very far for the answer за ответом далеко ходить не, надо; look to smb. for smth. look to smb. for help (for advice, for guidance, for comfort, for a loan of money, etc.) прибегать /обращаться/ к кому-л. за помощью и т. д., искать у кого-л. помощи и т. д.; he looks to me for protection он ищет защиты у меня; it is no good looking to them for support нечего ждать от них поддержки; ' look to smb. to do smth. look to smb. to put things right (to make the arrangement, to protect them from aggression, etc.) рассчитывать, что кто-л. все уладит и т. д.; he looks to me to help him он полагается на то, что я помогу ему5) look at /on, upon/ smth. look at all the facts (at /upon/ the offer, at smb.'s motives, at this matter seriously, on smb.'s proposal from this point of view, etc.) рассматривать все факты и т. д., it is a new way of looking at things это новый подход к вопросу; look upon death without fear относиться к смерти без страха; look only at /on/ the surface of things поверхностно подходить к вопросу; look (up)on smb., smth. as smb., smth. look upon him as my teacher считать его своим учителем, смотреть на него как на своего учителя; I look on that as an insult я рассматриваю это как оскорбление; I look on it as an honour to work with you для меня большая честь работать с вами; look on smth., as being in some state look on smth. as useless (as necessary, as unusual, as unfortunate, etc.) считать что-л. бесполезным и т. д.; you can look upon it as done можешь считать это [уже] сделанным /выполненным, готовым/6) look into smth. look into a problem рассматривать проблему, разбираться в вопросе; will you look into the question of supplies? вы займетесь вопросом снабжения?; the police will look into the theft полиция займется расследованием этой кражи7) look for smth., smb. look for the arrival of the heir (for a great victory, for much profit from the business, for no recompense, for the news, for a line from you, etc.) ожидать приезда наследника и т. д., I'll be looking for you at the reception я надеюсь увидеть вас на приеме; I never looked for such a result as this я и не ожидал такого результата /не рассчитывал на такой результат/; death steals upon us when we least look for it смерть подкрадывается к нам, когда мы ее меньше всего ждем; look to /towards/ smth. look to the future (to greater advances in science and technology, towards the day when world peace will be a reality, to a quiet time in my old age, etc.) надеяться на будущее и т. д., стремиться к будущему и т. д.9. XIX1look like smb., smth. look like a sailor (like a gentleman, like an elderly clerk, like a perfect fool, etc.) быть похожим на матроса и т. д., he looks like an honest (a clever, etc.) man у него вид честного и т. д. человека; this dog doesn't look much like a hunting dog этот пес мало похож на охотничью собаку; I have no idea what it (he) looks like понятия не имею, как это (он) выглядит; it looks like granite (like business, like a dream coming true, etc.) это похоже на гранит и т. д.; it looks like rain (like snow, like storm) похоже, что будет /собирается/ дождь (снег, буря); it looks like a fine day день обещает быть хорошим10. Х1Х3look like doing smth. he looks like winning похоже, что он выигрывает; which country looks like winning? у какой страны больше шансов на успех?; do I look like jesting? разве похоже, что я шучу?11. XXI1look smb., smth. in smth. look smb. full (straight. squarely, frankly, etc.) in the face (in the eyes) смотреть кому-л. прямо и т. д. в лицо (в глаза); look death in the face смотреть смерти в лице; look smb. (in)to (out of, etc.) smth. look smb. into silence взглядом заставить кого-л. (замолчать; look smb. to shame пристыдить кого-л. взглядом; look smb. out of countenance взглядом смутить кого-л. /заставить кого-л. смутиться/; look smth. at smb. look daggers at smb. смотреть на кого-л. убийственным взглядом; look one's annoyance at a person смотреть на кого-л. с раздражением; he looked a query at me он посмотрел на меня вопросительно12. XXV1) look what... (when..., where..., whether..., etc.) look what time the train arrives /when the train arrives (when the train starts, where you are, whether the postman has come yet, etc.) посмотреть, когда прибывает поезд и т. д., look what time it is посмотри, который час; don't look till I tell you не смотри /не поворачивайся, не поворачивай головы/, пока я не скажу2) look as if... (as though...) look as if he wanted to join us (as if you had slept badly, as though he were thinking of mischief, ere.) похоже на то, что он хочет присоединиться к нам и т. д.; he looks as if he had seen a ghost у него такой вид, [как] будто он увидел привидение3) look that... (how..., etc.) look that everything is ready (that he is on time, how you behave, etc.) проследить за тем, чтобы все было готово и т. д.; look that you do not fall смотри, не упади; it looks as if they were afraid (as if he wouldn't go, as if trouble were brewing, etc.) создается такое впечатление /кажется/, что они боялись и т. д.13. XXVII2look to smb. as if... /as though. / it looks to me as if the skirt is too long мне кажется, что юбка слишком длинна; it looks as if it is going to turn wet (as if it were going to be fine, as though we should have a storm, etc.) похоже, пойдут дожди и т. д. -
39 south
1. noun1) (the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He stood facing towards the south; She lives in the south of France.) sur2) (one of the four main points of the compass.) sur
2. adjective1) (in the south: She works on the south coast.) sur, meridional2) (from the direction of the south: a south wind.) del sur
3. adverb(towards the south: This window faces south.) hacia el sur- southern
- southerner
- southernmost
- southward
- southwards
- southward
- southbound
- south-east / south-west
4. adjective1) (in the south-east or south-west: the south-east coast.) sudeste; sudoeste2) (from the direction of the south-east or south-west: a south-east wind.) sudeste; sudoeste
5. adverb(towards the south-east or south-west: The gateway faces south-west.) hacia el sudeste; hacia el sudoeste- south-eastern / south-western
- the South Pole
south n adj adv surtr[saʊɵ]1 sur nombre masculino1 sur, del sur, meridional1 (direction) hacia el sur; (location) al sur1 el Sur nombre masculino, el sur nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLSouth American sudamericano,-athe South Pacific el Pacífico Surthe South Pole el Polo Surthe South Seas los mares del SurSouth Wales Gales del Sursouth ['saʊɵ] adv: al sur, hacia el surthe window looks south: la ventana mira al surshe continued south: continuó hacia el sursouth adj: sur, del surthe south entrance: la entrada surSouth America: Sudamérica, América del Sursouth n: sur madj.• del sur adj.• meridional adj.• sur adj.adv.• al sur adv.• hacia el sur adv.n.• mediodía s.m.• sud s.m.• sur s.m.
I saʊθmass noun1)a) (point of the compass, direction) sur mthe south, the South — el sur, el Sur
b) ( region)the south, the South — el sur
a town in the south of Texas — una ciudad del sur or en el sur de Texas
2)the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas
3)
II
III
adverb al surthe house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur
[saʊθ]down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur
1.N (=direction) sur m ; (=region) sur m, mediodía mthe South of France — el sur de Francia, el mediodía francés, la Francia meridional
in the south of England — al sur or en el sur de Inglaterra
the wind is from the or in the south — el viento sopla or viene del sur
in the south of the country — al sur or en el sur del país
2.ADJ del sur, sureño, meridional3.ADV (=southward) hacia el sur; (=in the south) al sur, en el surthis house faces south — esta casa mira al sur or tiene vista hacia el sur
to sail due south — (Naut) ir proa al sur, navegar rumbo al sur
4.CPDSouth AfricanSouth Africa N — Suráfrica f, Sudáfrica f
South America N — América f del Sur, Sudamérica f ; South American
South Atlantic N — Atlántico m Sur
South Australia N — Australia f del Sur
South Carolina N — Carolina f del Sur
South Dakota N — Dakota f del Sur
South Georgia N — Georgia f del Sur
South Korea N — Corea f del Sur; South Korean
South Pacific N — Pacífico m Sur
the South Seas NPL — los mares del Sur, el mar austral
South VietnameseSouth Vietnam N — Vietnam m del Sur
South Wales N — Gales m del Sur
South West Africa N — África f del Suroeste
* * *
I [saʊθ]mass noun1)a) (point of the compass, direction) sur mthe south, the South — el sur, el Sur
b) ( region)the south, the South — el sur
a town in the south of Texas — una ciudad del sur or en el sur de Texas
2)the South — ( in US history) el Sur, los estados sudistas
3)
II
III
adverb al surthe house faces south — la casa da or mira al sur
down south: they live down south viven en el sur; let's go down south — vayamos al sur
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жен. country;
land;
commonwealth;
nation;
поэт. (край) clime страна, оказывающая экономическую помощь ≈ donor country запрещение въезда в страну ≈ exclusion страны, не имеющин выхода к морю ≈ inland countries американские страны с испанским языком ≈ Spanish America четыре страны света ≈ the four cardinal points страны третьего мира ≈ Third World countries внутренние районы страны ≈ up-country сборная страны ≈ national team северные страны ≈ the North, northlands страны Запада ≈ the Occident страны Востока ≈ the Orient полуколониальная страна ≈ semicolony южные страны ≈ the South южная стоана ≈ auster страна происхождения ≈ (при импорте) country of consignment, country of origin страны Балканского полуострова ≈ Balkan States страны Балтики, страны Балтии ≈ Baltic States страны света ≈ cardinals сказочная страна ≈ (мир грез) cloud-cuckoo-land, cloud-cuckoo-town, cloudland, dreamland население страны ≈ commonwealth через всю страну ≈ cross-country демократическая страна ≈ democracy зависимая страна ≈ dependency восток страны ≈ East страны Персидского залива ≈ Gulf States горная страна ≈ highlands, uplands страна назначения ≈ (при экспорте) country of consignment родная страна ≈ homeland вглубь страны ≈ inland миролюбивые страны ≈ peace-loving nations
См. также в других словарях:
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