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1 πινυτός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `intelligent, sensible, reaonable, prudent, rational' (Od.).Other forms: Variant forms are πνυτός ἔμφρων, σώφρων H., often in Cypr. PN, e.g. Πνυτ-αγόρας (Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7, 238ff.).Derivatives: - ύσσω (late epic) from * pinut-y-, aor. ind. ἐπίνυσσεν Ξ 249), ptc. pass. πινυσθείς (Pythag.) `to make deliberate, to warn to be clear-minded' with πινυ-τή f. `prudence, reason' (Η 289, υ 71 a. 228, Hp. Ep.), with - τότης f. (Eust.); besides - τάς, - τᾶτος f. (Dor., AP), after ταχυ-τής a. o. (Schwyzer 529 n. 1); πίνυσις σύνεσις, πινυμένην συνετήν H. Also ἀπινύσσω `to be thoughtless, rash' (Ο 10, ε 342 = ζ 258), = ἀπινυτέω (Apollon. Lex.), from *ἀ-πίνυτος; adv. ἀπινύτως H. s. ἀπινύσσων. Beside it pres. πινύσκω, - ομαι (Simon., A., Call., Orph.); this will be *πινυτ-σκ-.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The relation between the relevant forms is not satisfactorily explained. If one may derive πινυ-τή as abstractformation from *πενυ-τή with transition of ε to ι (Schulze Q. 323 n. 3), πενυ- could be taken as a disyllabic ablaut grade of πνεϜ-, beside the monosyllabic πνῡ- (with long vowel) in πέ-πνῡ-μαι (Frisk Eranos 43, 215 ff.). Assuming a dissimilation πι- from πυ- or a basic form *πε-νε-υ-μι (Nehring ClassPhil. 42, 108 ff.) one connected since Fick 2, 152 Lat. pŭ-tāre, OCS py-tati `scrutari' (also with νήπιος, νηπύτιος). One connects πέπνυμαι with πνέω, s.v. w. further analysis. Details w. lit. in Frisk l.c.; older etymology, to be rejected, in Bq s. πινυτός. - However, a form penu- posited as a root variant, is improbable and not attested; also a root ending in two semivowels is not permitted; also the transition ε \> ι is not explained. So the form πινυτός cannot be explained from IE. Also the variation πινυτός\/ πνυτο- cannot be explained. But a variation ι\/zero is known from Pre-Greek: it indicated a palatalized consonant, so pnyut-; the palatalisation could also be ignored, which gave πνυτο-; cf. Beekes, Evidence an Counterevidence, FS Kortlandt. So the words are Pre-Greek and have nothing to do with πνέω.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πινυτός
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2 ῥίζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).Page in Frisk: 2,655-656Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥίζα
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3 ὀφθαλμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `eye' (Il.).Other forms: Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος.Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. μον-όφθαλμος ( μουν-) `with a single eye, one-eyed' (Hdt., Plb., Str.), ἑτερ-όφθαλμος `bereft of one eye' (D., Arist.); also as 1. member, e.g. ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος `digging out the eyes' (A.).Derivatives: 1. ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον n. dimin. (Ar.); 2. - ία, Ion. - ίη f. `eye-disease' (s. Scheller Oxytonierung 42f.) with - ιάω `suffering from an eye-disease' (IA.), with - ίασις f. (Plu., H.); 3. - ίας m. name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.; because of the fixed glance, Strömberg Fischnamen 42); 4. - ικός `belonging to the eyes', m. `eye-doctor' (Gal., Dsc.); 5. - ηδόν `like eyes' (gloss.). -- 6. Verbs ὀφθαλμίζομαι `to be inoculated' (Thphr.), `to suffer from ὀ-ία' (Plu.); with prep. ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω `to inoculate' (Thphr.), - ίζομαι pass. (Delos) with - ισμός (Thphr.); also - ιάζομαι (Plu.); ἐξ-οφθαλμ-ιάζω `to disregard, to disparage' (pap. IVp); ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω (Pherecyd., Plu.), - ιάω (Plu., pap. IIIp), - έω (pap. IVp) `to ogle, to peep at'.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Understandably the word has been derived from the root ὀπ- `see'. Variants are Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος. The group κτ: πτ: φθ ("mit altem κτ [but see below], analogischem πτ und expressivem φθ" (Frisk) [Schwyzer 299 bzw. Benveniste Origines 48]?) has been connected with the group kṣ in Skt. ákṣi `eye' Schwyzer 317 w. lit.). With the suppletive n-stem e.g. in gen. akṣ-ṇ-ás the l-stem in ὀφθ-αλ-μός would correspond (Specht 351n.1). "Die lautlichen Einzelheiten sind indessen nicht endgültig und eindeutig aufgeklärt" (Frisk). An IE laibo-velar before consonat became a labial, Lejeune Phonét. $ 42, so Frisks "mit altem κτ" is wrong. The rise of - αλ(λ)- cannot be explained from IE. The repeated attempts, to explain ὀφθαλμός as a compound, are all wrong (to θάλαμος Brugmann, s. Bq and WP. 1, 864). The variation cannot well be explained as IE, nor can the formation of ὀφθαλμός. ὄκταλλος has a Pre-Greek suffix, Beekes FS Kortlandt.; already Devel. 193); it continues a palatalized l (i.e. *ly, which was represented as a geminate). This leads to a PGr. reconstruction *akʷt-aly-(m)- (with *a- = [ο] before the labiovelar). Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which gave ὀκτ-. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant ὀφθ- is unproblematic. In ὀπτίλ(λ)ος apparently the (second) *a became i through the following labialized consonant. The fact that PGr. * akʷ- strongly resembles IE * h₃ekʷ- is a mere coincidence, an accident that may be expected to occur here and there. -- Note the expressive geminate in ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν H. (to Arm. akn? Meillet BSL 26, 15f.; s. also Lejeune Traité de phon. 72 n. 1); this word may well be of IE origin. -- For words derived from the IE root ὀπ- `see', s. ὄμμα, ὄσσε, ὄπωπα; cf. WP. 1, 169ff., Pok. 775ff., W.-Hofmann s. oculus etc.Page in Frisk: 2,452-453Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφθαλμός
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4 σῑγαλόεις
σῑγαλόειςGrammatical information: adj.Meaning: ep. adjunct of ἡνία, χιτών, εἵματα, θρόνος a. o., approx. `brilliant, gleaming' (Hom.), later of ἀμύγδαλα, μνία (Hermipp., Numen. ap. Ath.).Derivatives: Besides νεο-σίγαλος `with a new brilliance' ( τρόπος; Pi.), which may have been built to σιγαλόεις after the pattern of παιπαλόεις: πολυ-παίπαλος a. o. (Leumann Hom. Wörter 214 n. 8). Denom. verb σιγαλόω `to smoothen, to polish' (Apollon. Lex. s. σιγαλόεντα, sch. Pi.); σιγάλωμα n. `polishing tools of a cobbler' (Apollon. ibd., H. s. σιγαλόεν), also `border, edging of a pelt' (H.: τὰ περιαπτόμενα ταῖς ᾤαις); beside it with loss of the γ (Schwyzer 209) σιάλωμα `iron mountings of a roman longshield' (Plb. 6, 23, 4; H.). The ep. adj. resembles the also epic αἰθαλόεις, ὀμφαλόεις a. o. The technical expression σιγάλωμα, which belongs stilistically to a quite diff. category and as opposed to νεο-σίγαλος cannot be explained from σιγαλόεις, can be derived from σιγαλόω (if this is not a construction of grammarians) but also be an enlargement of a subst. *σίγαλος (cf. e.g. ἀέτωμα to ἀετός).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The ep. adj. resembles the also epic αἰθαλόεις, ὀμφαλόεις a. o. The technical expression σιγάλωμα, which belongs stilistically to a quite diff. category and as opposed to νεο-σίγαλος cannot be explained from σιγαλόεις, can be derived from σιγαλόω (if this is not a construction of grammarians) but also be an enlargement of a subst. *σίγαλος (cf. e.g. ἀέτωμα to ἀετός). -- Etymolog. unclear. After Brugmann IF 39, 143 f. to γελεῖν λάμπειν a. cogn. (s. γαλήνη) with enforcing σῐ- (s. Σίσυφος; σῑ- metr. lengthening); a diff. supposition on σι- in Hofmann Et. Wb. s. v. Diff. Bechtel Lex. s. v.; by Brugmann l. c. rightly rejected. Older attempts in Bq. See also Szemerényi, Studia Pagliaro 3, 243-5.Page in Frisk: 2,701-702Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σῑγαλόεις
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5 ἄλοξ
ἄλοξ, - κοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `furrow' (Trag., Com.).Other forms: Also αὖλαξ (Hes.), ὦλκα, - ας acc. sg., pl. (Hom.), Dor. ὦλαξ EM 625, 37and in ὁμ-ώλακες (A. R. 2, 396). Further εὑλάκᾱ `plough' with the Lacon. fut. inf. εὑλαξεῖν (Orac. ap. Th. 5, 16); and αὑλάχα ἡ ὕννις H. and *ὄλοκες (cod. ὀλοκεύς) αὔλακες H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The relation between these forms was unclear. Solmsen Unt. 258ff. explained ὦλκα from *ἄϜολκα ( κατὰ ὦλκα Ν 707 for original *κατ' ἄϜολκα); it is strange that this form did not live on. Beside *ἀ-Ϝολκ- the zero grade would give *ἀ-Ϝλακ- in αὖλαξ. The root was supposed in Lith. velkù, OCS vlěkǫ, Av. varǝk- `draw'; one could assume * h₂uelk-. This is tempting, but must not be correct. If the Balto-Slavic words are isolated (there is further only Av. vǝrǝc-), the verb may be non-IE; also it is rather * uelkʷ-, which makes the connection with Greek impossible; further there is no trace of the verb in Greek, which has ἔλκω \< *selk-. εὑλάκα can no longer be explained from different prothesis, *ἐ-Ϝλακ-. But ἄλοξ cannot be explained in this way: metathesis of *αϜολκ- would give *αυλοκ-; an after the F had disappeared, metathesis was no longer possible (only contraction to *ωλκ-). - I see no reason to reject ὀλοκ-. ὦλαξ was perhaps taken from a compound, like ὁμώλακ-, which would give *ολακ-. - Pisani JF 53, 29 derived αὖλαξ from αὑλός and separated it from ἄλοξ etc., which is improbable. - The variants are strongly reminiscent of substr. words, as Beekes Dev. 40 held (withdrawn ib. 275-7). Variation of prothetic ε\/α\/ο\/αυ\/ευ is typical of substr. words, as is κ\/χ ( αὐλάχα). So more probably we have to assume a substr. word. The start with the Homeric form was wrong: it is the only form that has no vowel between λ and κ, and is therefore suspect. If we assume labialised phonemes, like lʷ, a reconstruction * alʷak- gives all forms: αὖλαξ (by anticipation of the labial feature; which gives ὦλαξ by contraction), ἄλοξ (influence on the second vowel ; ὀλοκ- on both vowels), interchange α\/ε gave εὐλακ-; see Beekes Pre-Gr., and cf. ἀρασχάδες etc. Homer might have had *κατ' ὠλακ(α), which became unclear during the tradition.Page in Frisk: 1,77Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλοξ
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6 βδελυρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `disgusting, loathsome' (Ar.)Derivatives: βδελύσσομαι (- ττ-), fut. βδελύξομαι `feel a loathing' (Hp.), act. - ύσσω, - ύττω (LXX) with βδελυγμία (Cratin.) etc. Vb. adj. βδελυκτός ( βδελύκτροπος from *βδελυκτο-τροπος A.). PN Βδελυ-κλέων (Ar.). βδελυχρός (Epich.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: βδελυρός is mostly explained as formed from βδέ-ω with a λυ-suffix (as in θῆ-λυ-ς), but this is hardly possible. A verb in - εω does not give a stem in -ε to which suffixes can be added. Then, a suffix - λυ- probably does not exist: θῆλυς seems rather built on an λ-stem (DELG, Frisk); and - λυ- was certainly no longer productive (Chantr. Form. 121). Here an λ-suffix was seen in βδέλλων τρέμων η βδέων, βδέλεσθαι κοιλιολυτεῖν H. (forms which are doubted) and in βδόλος `stench' (Com. Adesp. 781; cf. γαλεόβδολον, s. γαλέη). But these form are as difficult: there was no stem βδε- to which a suffix could be added. Also, it seems not clear from the meaning that βδελυρός was derived from βδέω (in H. forms are often explained with μισέω): that later the verb influenced by the meaning is easy to understand. Therefore the word cannot be explained as a Greek formation. It then seems probable to analyse βδελ-υρ-, both components of which are prob. Pre-Greek: βδ- and the suffix - υρ- (s. Beekes, Pre-Greek).Page in Frisk: 1,229-230Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βδελυρός
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7 ἀθέλγειν
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: ἀμέλγειν H., EM. ( ἐξ)αθέλγεται (Hp.), explained as παρίεται, διεκλύεται by Galen. Also ἀθέλγηται θηλάζεται η θλίβηται H., cf. Erotian. 20, 1 ἀθέλγηται Βακχεῖός φησι θηλάζεται η ἐπισπᾶται, καὶ ἐκθλὶβηται ὡς καὶ Νίκανδρος (see Hp., de med. off. 11).Other forms: Cf. ἀθέλβεται διηθεῖται (AB); ἀθελβεῖ ἕλκει H. and ἀθελβάζειν διηθεῖν H.; further ἀθέλδεται διηθεῖται (Diokl. Com. fr. 7 Kock, An. Bekk. 350).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: No etym. Verbs for `to press, draw off, filter'. See Fick BB 16, 287, 290; 18, 142, Solmsen Wortforschung 9 n.1. The variation β\/δ\/γ cannot be explained from an IE labio-velar; contamination leading to three forms is improbable. But Pre-Greek had also labio-velars, cf. βασιλεύς, Myc. qasireu; lastly Beekes Gl. 73, 1995\/6, 12f.Page in Frisk: 1,27Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀθέλγειν
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8 ἁρπάζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `snatch away' (Il.).Derivatives: ἅρπαξ f. `plunder' (Hes.), m. `robber' (Ar.); ἁρπαγή `robbery' (Sol.), ἁρπάγη `hook, rake' (E.); ἅρπαγος m. `hook' (A.); from here Lat. LW [loanword] harpagō `hook' (Plaut.), harpaga, harpax `rapacious'. - ἁρπακτήρ m. `robber' (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: ἁρπάζω seems a denominative to a stem ἁρπαγ-. This may be based on ἅρπ- (from which ἁρπάζω can have been derived directly, s. Schwyzer 734); this is perhaps found in ἅρπη `sickle', and a bird of prey. - Cf. ἅρπυς, ἅρπυια, ἁρπαλέος. (Connection with ἐρέπτομαι, Szemerényi Syncope 210ff., is impossible because of the ἐ-.) No cognates. The suffix - αγ- cannot be explained from PIE; forms with it seem substr. words (Chantr. Form. 397). ἁρπ- too can hardly be explained from an IE form; *sr̥p- would have given ῥαπ-.Page in Frisk: 1,148-149Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἁρπάζω
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9 εἵλη 2
εἵλη 2.Grammatical information: f.Other forms: ( εἴλη, ἕλη), βέλα (= Ϝέλα) ἥλιος, καὶ αὑγή, ὑπὸ Λακώνων H. (idem to ἔλα); unclear γέλαν (= Ϝέλαν?) αὑγην ἡλίου, because of γελεῖν λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν H. perh. to γελάω, γαλήνη (s. vv.), but γελοδυτία ἡλιοδυσία H. belongs to Ϝέλα.Compounds: As 1. member in εἱλη-θερής `warmed by the sun' (Hp., Gal.), ἐλαθερές ἡλιοθαλπές H., rather to θέρομαι then to θέρος (s. Schwyzer 513); from there εἱληθερέω, - έομαι `warm (oneself) in the sun' (Hp.); εἱλι-κρινής, εἱλό-πεδον, s. vv. As 2. member in πρός-ειλος `exposed to the heat of the sun, sunny' (A.), εὔ-ειλος `id.' (Ar.), ἄ-ειλος `sunless' (A. Fr. 334).Derivatives: εἰλήϊον ἐν ἡλίῳ θερμανθέν H. (false explanation of Ίλήϊον Φ 558 ?); denomin. verb ἐλᾶται ἡλιοῦται, fut. βελ[λ]άσεται ἡλιωθήσεται H. εἰληθέντες `warmed in the sun', εἰλέω Eust.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1045] *su̯el(H)- `burn, singe'Etymology: PGr. *Ϝhέλᾱ (*hϜέλα; cf. Schwyzer 226f.), from where Ϝέλᾱ, ἕλᾱ beside which one assumed a form with prothetic vowel: *ἐ-Ϝhέλᾱ \> εἵλη, εἴλη, belongs as verbal noun IE *su̯elā to a verb `burn slowly, singe', which is still existent in Germanic and Baltic, e. g. OE swelan, NHG schwelen (full grade), Lith. svìlti (zero grade of a disyllabic root: *su̯elH-) `singe (intr.), burn without flame' with many derivatives. The Greek forms present εἱλ- beside ἑλ-, which cannot be explained. From a root *su̯el- a form h₁u̯el- is hardly possible. Unless there is an unknown phonetic development, the problem cannot be solved: analogical spread of εἱλ-? From Greek also here 1. ἀλέα ( ἁλ-) `heat of the sun', s. v. - On more cognates further away, e. g. OHG swelzan `burn', OE sweltan `die', ONord. svelta `hunger, die' from IE *su̯eld- (also Arm. k`aɫc`), the last certainly an independent root, s. WP. 2, 531f., esp. Solmsen Unt. 248ff. - S. also ἥλιος. On ἑλάνη `torch' s. v.Page in Frisk: 1,458-459Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἵλη 2
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10 κνάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `card, comb, full (cloth)' as thechnical term, also metaph. `mangle, tear' in gen. (IA)Other forms: rarely κνάμπτω, cf. γνάμπτω and Güntert Reimwortbildungen 115f.), young Att., hell., also Ion. γνάπτω,Derivatives: Young Att. γν- for κν- (here not noted): κνάφος m. `teasel of the fuller', also `bur(r), folter-instrument' (Hdt., Hp., Com.) with κναφεύς `fuller' (IA.), also as fish-name (Dorio; on the motive Strömberg Fischnamen 93); κναφεῖον, -ήϊον `fuller's shop' (IA.), κναφευτική ( τέχνη) `art of fulling' (Pl.), κναφεύω `full' (Ar.) and, as late feminine formation, κνάφισσα `fuller-ess' (pap.; Chantraine Formation 110); κναφικός `belonging to fulling' (Dsc., pap.). - γνάψις `fulling' (Pl.), γνάπτωρ = κναφεύς (Man.). - γνάφαλλον `flocken, cushion of wool' (pap. a. ostr.) with γναφαλ(λ)ώδης `γ.-like', γναφάλλιον, - αλλίς plant-name, `Diotis maritima' (Dsc., Plin.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 105); also κνέφαλλον `cushion' (com., E.; vv. ll. κναφ-, γναφ-) and γνόφαλλον (Alc. Ζ 14, 8; beside μόλθακον). - Verbal adj.: ἄ-γναπτος (Pl. com., Plu.) and ἄ-γναφος (NT, pap.) `unfulled, new', ἐπί-γναφος (: ἐπι-γνάπτω) `fulled again', of clothes (Poll.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Cf. κναίω, κνῆν, κνίζω, κνύω (s. vv.) with ending as in ῥάπτω, σκάπτω, ἅπτω etc.; κνάφος as ῥαφή etc. The forms with γν- cannot be explained as Greek, so they point to Pre-Greek; cf. Schwyzer 414 (who unconvincingly takes κνάπτω as assimilated from γνάπτω. Note the typical ο for α in γνόφαλλον bei Alc. ( κνέφαλλον cannot be old ablaut (cf. Persson Beitr. 1, 139f., Schwyzer 343). - As non-Greek cognate one cites a Celtic word for `fleece', e. g. Welsh cnaif (s. Vendryes WuS 12, 243); other forms in Germanic and Baltic are semantically further off, e. g. OWNo. * hnafa, pret. hnof `cut off' (with gemination hneppa `pinch, press'), Lith. knabénti `pick in, off', s. Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. The variation κ\/γ, α\/ο shows quite clearly Pre-Greek origin. (Not in Fur.) S. further κνήφη and κνώψ.Page in Frisk: 1,881-882Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κνάπτω
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11 πλάγιος
Grammatical information: adj.Compounds: Some compp., e.g. πλαγιό-καυλος `with side-stalks' (Thphr.; Strömberg Theophrastea 108f.), παρα-πλάγιος `sideways, oblique' (Thphr.).Derivatives: πλαγι-άζω `to turn amiss, sideward, to lead astray' (LXX, Ph., Plu.) with - ασμός m. `lateral direction, aberrance' (Epicur.); - όω `id.' (X.) with - ωσις H. as explanation of λόξωσις. --Besides, either as backformation (after πλάτος a.o.) or as independent verbal noun (cf. bel.), πλάγος n. `side' (Tab. Heracl.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation with ιο-suffix (Schwyzer 466) from a noun `horizontal plain, obliquity' (cf. Lat. plag-a `quarter, region etc.') or from a verb `flatten', which is also assumed in πέλαγος (s. v.); here from Germ. e.g. OHG flah ' flach', OS flaka f. `sole of the foot'; with monosyll. full grade also OWNo. flōki m., OE flōc n. `flounder' (IE * plāg- = * pleh₂g- beside * pelǝg- = * pelh₂g-(?) in πέλαγος). -- WP. 2, 90f., Pok. 832, W.-Hofmann s. plaga w. further forms a. lit. -- Cf. πλάξ, also πλήσσω. - The form cannot be IE, a the short α cannot be explained; so Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,547Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλάγιος
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12 ἀλινδέω
ἀλινδέω, ἀλίνδωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `make to roll'; med. `roll (in the dust); roam' (Ar.).Other forms: aor. ἤλῑσαOrigin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation like κυλινδέω, κυλίνδω, which are also close in meaning, but their relation is unknown. One connects the word with εἰλέω, ἴλλω etc., comparing Ϝάλη (cod. ὑάλη) σκώληξ H. DELG assumes the root * uel- (Pok. 1140) which, lengthened with -d-, is seen in OS wealtan, OHG walzan. Taillardat, REA 58, 1956, 191 n. 3, reconstructs *uol-n-ed-mi, with anaptyictic -i-. The i-epenthesis is without parallel, and an old nasal-present is improbable. Rather the suffix - ind- is non-IE. In that case the root could still be IE. But Fur. 130 n. 59 compares καλινδέομαι `id.' as a variant with k-; there are several variants with k\/zero among substr. words (the change κ\/zero cannot be explained from an IE laryngeal).Page in Frisk: 1,73Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλινδέω
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13 ἀλίνδω
ἀλινδέω, ἀλίνδωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `make to roll'; med. `roll (in the dust); roam' (Ar.).Other forms: aor. ἤλῑσαOrigin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation like κυλινδέω, κυλίνδω, which are also close in meaning, but their relation is unknown. One connects the word with εἰλέω, ἴλλω etc., comparing Ϝάλη (cod. ὑάλη) σκώληξ H. DELG assumes the root * uel- (Pok. 1140) which, lengthened with -d-, is seen in OS wealtan, OHG walzan. Taillardat, REA 58, 1956, 191 n. 3, reconstructs *uol-n-ed-mi, with anaptyictic -i-. The i-epenthesis is without parallel, and an old nasal-present is improbable. Rather the suffix - ind- is non-IE. In that case the root could still be IE. But Fur. 130 n. 59 compares καλινδέομαι `id.' as a variant with k-; there are several variants with k\/zero among substr. words (the change κ\/zero cannot be explained from an IE laryngeal).Page in Frisk: 1,73Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλίνδω
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14 ἀλφός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `dull-white leprosy' (Hes.).Derivatives: ἀλφώδης `leprosus' (Gal.). As adj.: ἀλφούς λευκούς H.; besides ἀλωφούς λευκούς (s. below).Etymology: Identical with Lat. albus, Umbr. alfu `alba'. (Forms with PIE d (s. κεμάς) prob. in the word for `swan', e.g. OHG albiz, OCS lebedь prob. not here). Many geogr. names are compared, esp. river-names like Άλφειός, Lat. Albula; Lat. Albis = NHG. Elbe; also ONo. elfr `river'. On the river-names Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 40ff. However, most of these names are probably of non-IE origin. - The form ἀλωφός (H.) was compared with Arm. aɫawni `pigeon' (IE. * alǝ-bh-n-), but there is now a different explanation of this word (*pl̥h₂-bʰ-ni-, Klingenschmitt 1982, 68 n. 11). The relation ἀλφός: ἀλωφός cannot be explained within IE; perhaps ἀλωφός is a simple mistake: φ misread as ω?). On ἀλφός Osthoff IF 8, 64ff. - IE bʰ in colour names is frequent ( ἄργυφος).Page in Frisk: 1,81-82Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλφός
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15 ἄμπελος
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `grape-vine, Vitis vinifera' (Il.).Derivatives: ἀμπελόεις (Ιλ.); ἀμπελών m. `vineyard' (Aeschin. 2, 156 [v. l.]; ἀμπελίων m. name of an unknown bird (Dionys. Av., s. Thompson Birds s. v.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Cannot be explained from IE; generally considered as a substratum word. - On pre-Rom. * ampua s. Hubschmid Zeitschr. f. rom. Phil. 66, 15ff.Page in Frisk: 1,95Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄμπελος
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16 ἀστεροπή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `lightning' (Il.).Other forms: στεροπή (Il.), ἀστραπή (Hdt.); στροπά ἀστραπή. Πάφιοι and στορπάν (cod. - τιάν) την ἀστραπήν H.; epithet of Zeus Στορπᾶος (Tegea). Note στροφαί. ἀστραπαίH.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Mostly taken as `star-eye' from ἀστήρ and ὀπ- (in ὄψ `eye', ὄψομαι) with -η ( ὀπή `opening'), what seemed confirmed by Arm. p` ayl-akn `lightning' (cf. p` ayl `gleam, splendour' and akn `eye') and areg-akn `sun' (from arew `sun' and akn), Meillet Handes Amsorya 41, 757ff., s. Idg. Jb. 13 VIII 98). - Diff. Winter Prothet. Vokal 35. - στεροπή cannot be explained in this way, nor ἀστραπη (for ἀστράπτω one would expect *ἀστρασσω, Chantr.) or στροφή. The word, therefore, must be a substr. word; after Kuiper, Fur. s. Beekes, MSS 48 (1987) 15-20.Page in Frisk: 1,170Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀστεροπή
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17 αὐχήν
αὐχήν, - ένοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `neck, throat; isthmus' (Il.).Other forms: Aeol. acc. ἄμφενα (Theoc. 30. 28). αὔφην in Jo. Gramm. Comp. 3, 16 is very doubtful, cf. Solmsen, Wortforsch. 118 n. 2. ἄμφην· αὐχήν, τράχηλος H.; also ἀμφήν· αὐλήν H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On ἄμφην beside αὐχήν see Pisani, RiLi 1 (1950) 182f. Schwyzer 296 assumed for ἄμφην *ἀγχϜ-ήν, connecting Skt. aṃhú- `narrow' etc. (s. ἄγχω), which with anticipation of the labial would have given αὐχήν. This is an improbable construction, the process unparallelled. One connects Arm. awji-k` (pl.) `neck', but the connection is quite difficult, Clackson 1994, 107ff. - The variants cannot be explained as Greek or IE, so the word will come from the substr. Variation labial\/velar is rare (Fur. 388, φωριαμός \/ χ.; but cf. γέφυρα \/ βέφυρα); also α\/αυ is rare; m\/w occurs mostly before n or intervocalic (Fur. 242 - 247). Therefore I think we must compare the type δάφνη \/ δαυχνα-, which Furnée 229 - 233 explains as showing variation labial\/w. I think that these forms had a labio-velar, gʷ, which either gave φ (in Aeolic) or - υχ- with anticipation of the labial element (Beekes Pre-Greek). Thus we have *ἀφ-ην\/ αὐ-χήν; ἄμφ-ην then has the well-known prenasalisation. Whatever the exact development, it is clear that substr. origin, and only that, can explain the variants. The Armenian form does not prove IE origin, as it can be a loan from an Anatolian language, cf. γέφυρα - kamurǰ (Beekes, Glotta 2003?).Page in Frisk: 1,192Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὐχήν
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18 βάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `immerse, so as to temper or colour' (Od.).Other forms: Aor. βάψαιDerivatives: 1. βαφή `dipping, temper, dye' (Ion.-Att.); 2. βάμμα `dye' (Pl.); 3. βάψις `id' (Antiph.). - βαφεύς `dyer' (Pl.), βαφεῖον (Str.). - βαπτίζω. Metathesis in βιπτάζω (Epich.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Generally considered a yod-present like ON kvefja `press down, immerse, choke' (OSwed. kvaf n. `depth'). But in this way the - α- cannot be explained. ( βύπτειν βαπτίζειν H. after δύπτειν (s. δύω) or κύπτειν (not zero grade as Schwyzer).Page in Frisk: 1,218-219Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βάπτω
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19 γέφῡρα
γέφῡραGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `bridge'; on other meanings in Homer s. below (Il.)Derivatives: γεφυρίς πόρνη τις ἐπὶ γεφύρας, ὡς ` Ηρακλέων H. (also with another meaning); denomin. γεφυρόω `make a bridge' (Ion.-Att.; Il. `dam up' s. below',) with γεφύρωσις (Str.), γεφύρωμα `bridge' (J.), γεφυρωτής `builder of b.' (Plu.); γεφυρίζω `abuse' (Plu.), acc. to H. "ἐπεὶ ἐν Έλευσῖνι ἐπὶ τῆς γεφύρας τοῖς μυστηρίοις καθεζόμενοι ἔσκωπτον τοὺς παριόντας"; from there γεφυρισμός (Str.), γεφυριστής (Plu.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The variation of the first consonant suggests labiovelar gʷ-, but then the γ- cannot be explained. The evidently cognate Arm. kamurǰ `bridge' gives also unsurmountable problems if the word were IE. Beekes, Glotta ?? (2004), ??-?? follows Fur. 97 etc. in connecting Hattic hammuruwa `beam'. The word is an Anatolian loan (or Pre-Greek?). An original meaning `beam' fits all passages in Homer, and notably the expression πολέμοιο γεφύρας, where it has the same meaning as phalanx (`tree, beam'). The form with - ι- and - ου- point to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,302-303Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γέφῡρα
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20 εὔληρα
Grammatical information: n. pl.Meaning: `rein' (Ψ 481, Q. S.);Dialectal forms: Dor. αὔληρα (Epich. 178, H.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unclear εὐληρωσίων πληγῶν H. (from *εὐλήρωσις to *εὐληρόομαι, - όω?). - One assumed *ἐ-Ϝληρ-ο-, *ἀ-Ϝληρ-ο- (Schwyzer 224), with prothesis to Lat. lōrum `rein', Arm. lar `strick, rope, band', from IE *u̯lēr-, *u̯lōr-, *u̯lǝr-, r-derivation from a primary verb for `turn, wind, twine' in 2. εἰλέω. S. W.-Hofmann s. lōrum, Pok. 1143. S. also λῶμα. - Given the variation, which cannot be explained as IE, prob. Pre-Greek; for ἀ-\/ἐ- cf. ἀμύς \/ ἐμύς and Furnée 347ff.Page in Frisk: 1,588Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εὔληρα
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