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a+wealthy+family

  • 61 τεθριπποτρόφος

    A keeping a team of four horses, οἰκίη τ., i.e. a wealthy family that could support this the most expensive contest in the games, ib.35.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τεθριπποτρόφος

  • 62 dinero

    m.
    1 money.
    ¿pagará con dinero o con tarjeta? will you be paying in cash or by credit card?
    andar bien/mal de dinero to be well off for/short of money
    una familia de dinero a family of means
    dinero de curso legal legal tender
    dinero fácil easy money
    dinero falso counterfeit money
    dinero negro undeclared income/payment
    dinero sucio dirty money
    dinero suelto loose change
    2 ready money, ready cash.
    * * *
    1 money
    2 (fortuna) wealth
    \
    andar bien de dinero to have plenty of money
    andar mal/escaso,-a de dinero to be short of money
    de dinero wealthy, rich
    dinero llama dinero money makes money
    ganar dinero a espuertas to make a pile
    hacer dinero to make money
    tirar el dinero por la ventana to throw money down the drain
    dinero contante (y sonante) ready money, cash
    dinero falso counterfeit money
    dinero negro/sucio dirty money
    dinero suelto loose change, change
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *

    ¿cuánto es en dinero finlandés? — how much is that in Finnish money?

    el dinero lo puede todo — money can do anything, money talks

    • hacer dinero — to make money

    • tirar el dinero — to throw money away

    dinero barato — cheap money, easy money

    dinero caro — dear money, expensive money (EEUU)

    dinero en circulación — currency, money in circulation

    dinero sucio — dirty money, money from crime

    * * *
    masculino money

    gente de dinero — well-off o wealthy people

    dinero contante y sonante — (fam) hard cash

    hacer dinero — to make money

    tirar el dinero — (fam) to throw money away

    * * *
    = hard currency, money [monies, -pl.], monies [money, -sing.], funds, wealth.
    Ex. This could also be attributed to limited hard currency or other means of international payment.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS can then tell which borrowers owe the library money.
    Ex. Accurate records must be kept of all monies received and disbursed and normally the cash is balanced at weekly intervals.
    Ex. Funds received from federal or foundation grants are allocated for specific projects or programs on a one-time or temporary basis, and such funds are considered 'soft' money as compared to funds for permanently authorized positions.
    Ex. In rural areas, too, great variations in wealth exist side by side, from affluent farmers and landowners on the one hand, to extremely low-paid farm workers on the other.
    ----
    * administrar dinero = manage + funds.
    * ahorrar dinero = save + money.
    * ahorrar un montón de dinero = save + a ton of money.
    * ahorro de dinero = savings in money.
    * andar apurado de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar corto de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar falto de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) apurado de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) corto de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) falto de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * apoquinar dinero = shell out + money, fork over + money.
    * aprovechar mejor el dinero = get + more for + Posesivo + money.
    * apurado de dinero = strapped, cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money.
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignar dinero = commit + fund.
    * blanquear dinero = launder + money.
    * blanquear dinero sucio = launder + dirty money.
    * blanqueo de dinero = money laundering.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * buen tocho de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * casarse con alguien de dinero = marry into + money, marry + a fortune, marry + money.
    * casarse por dinero = marry + money.
    * cobro de dinero = collection of fees.
    * comprometer dinero = commit + money, lien + funds.
    * con poco dinero = on the cheap.
    * conseguir el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * contar dinero = count + money.
    * conversión en dinero = monetisation [monetization, -USA].
    * convertido a dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * convertir en dinero = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * corto de dinero = strapped, cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money.
    * costar dinero = cost + money, take + money.
    * costar muchísimo dinero = break + the bank.
    * culto al dinero = cult of money.
    * dar dinero = pay + money, donate + Posesivo + money.
    * dedicar dinero = dedicate + money.
    * de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.
    * derrochar dinero = waste + money.
    * derroche de dinero = waste of money, spending spree.
    * desembolsar dinero = disburse + cash, disburse + monies, shell out + money, shell out, fork over + money.
    * desperdicio de dinero = money waster.
    * despilfarrar dinero = squander + money.
    * despilfarro de dinero = spending spree.
    * destinado a ahorrar dinero = money-saving.
    * dinero atrae al dinero, el = riches attract riches.
    * dinero contante y sonante = readies, the ready.
    * dinero de bolsillo = pocket change, pocket money.
    * dinero + dedicarse a = money + go towards.
    * dinero del premio = prize money.
    * dinero del rescate = ransom money.
    * dinero de soborno = hush money.
    * dinero de sobra para otros gastos = disposable income.
    * dinero, el = green, the.
    * dinero electrónico = electronic money.
    * dinero en efectivo = cash.
    * dinero en metálico = cash.
    * dinero fácil = get-rich-quick.
    * dinero ganado con el sudor de la frente = hard-earned money.
    * dinero inesperado = windfall, windfall moneys.
    * dinero mal habido = ill-gotten gains.
    * dinero negro = undeclared income, grey money [gray money], black money.
    * dinero para acallar la conciencia = conscience money.
    * dinero para acallar la consciencia = conscience money.
    * dinero para caprichos = pin money.
    * dinero para gastos = per diem allowance.
    * dinero para gastos imprevistos = cash float, petty cash.
    * dinero para gastos iniciales = seeding money, seed money.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * dinero para pequeños gastos = out of pocket allowance.
    * dinero procedente de los impuestos = tax money (tax monies).
    * dinero propio = private means.
    * dinero público = public tax money, tax dollars, public money, public funds, public funding.
    * dinero público, el = public's dollars, the.
    * dinero que tanto ha costado ganar = hard-earned money.
    * dinero + ser para = money + go towards.
    * dinero sucio = dirty money.
    * dinero suelto = change, loose change.
    * dinero voluble = soft money.
    * donar dinero = donate + Posesivo + money.
    * el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero mueve al mundo = money makes the world go (a)round.
    * el dinero no crece en los árboles = money doesn't grow on trees.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, be strapped for + cash, short of money, strapped.
    * estrategia que ahorra dinero = money saver.
    * falto de dinero = short of money, strapped, financially strapped, cash strapped.
    * financiado con dinero público = publicly financed, publicly funded [publicly-funded], public funded [public-funded].
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * ganar dinero = make + money, earn + money.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * gastar dinero = expend + funds, spend + money.
    * gastarse más dinero = dig + deep.
    * gastarse un montón de dinero = lash out (on), go to + town on.
    * gasto de dinero = expenditure of money.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * hacer dinero = make + money.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money.
    * ingreso de dinero = cash deposit.
    * interés por ganar dinero = profit motive.
    * invertir dinero = invest + money, commit + money.
    * invertir más dinero = dig + deep.
    * inyección de dinero = cash injection, injection of money.
    * inyectar dinero en = pump + money into.
    * inyectar dinero en la economía = pump + money into the economy.
    * malgastar dinero = waste + money.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * no escatimar dinero = lavish + money.
    * pagar dinero = fork over + money.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * pedir dinero prestado = borrow + money.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * privilegio concedido por el dinero = moneyed privilege.
    * que ahorran dinero = dollar-saving.
    * quedarse sin dinero = run out of + cash.
    * recaudar dinero = pump prime + funds, raise + money, collect + money.
    * recolectar dinero = pass + the bucket (around).
    * remesa de dinero = remittance.
    * repartir dinero dadivosamente = shell out + money.
    * retirada de dinero = cash withdrawal.
    * retirar dinero = withdraw + cash.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir el dinero, encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * sacar dinero = draw + cash, draw out + cash.
    * sacar el mayor partido al dinero de uno = get + the most for + Posesivo + money.
    * sacarle dinero a Alguien = wrestle + money from.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * sin dinero = impecunious.
    * sin dinero en metálico = cashless.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * tirar el dinero = throw + Posesivo + money down the drain.
    * tirar el dinero por la ventana = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * transferencia de dinero = money transfer.
    * transferir dinero = transfer + money.
    * un montonazo de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un montón de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * utilizar el dinero sabiamente = spend + wisely.
    * * *
    masculino money

    gente de dinero — well-off o wealthy people

    dinero contante y sonante — (fam) hard cash

    hacer dinero — to make money

    tirar el dinero — (fam) to throw money away

    * * *
    el dinero
    = green, the

    Ex: I've been living with it for nearly six years, so listen to the voice of experience -- the green will creep into your life and you will eventually hate it.

    = hard currency, money [monies, -pl.], monies [money, -sing.], funds, wealth.

    Ex: This could also be attributed to limited hard currency or other means of international payment.

    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS can then tell which borrowers owe the library money.
    Ex: Accurate records must be kept of all monies received and disbursed and normally the cash is balanced at weekly intervals.
    Ex: Funds received from federal or foundation grants are allocated for specific projects or programs on a one-time or temporary basis, and such funds are considered 'soft' money as compared to funds for permanently authorized positions.
    Ex: In rural areas, too, great variations in wealth exist side by side, from affluent farmers and landowners on the one hand, to extremely low-paid farm workers on the other.
    * administrar dinero = manage + funds.
    * ahorrar dinero = save + money.
    * ahorrar un montón de dinero = save + a ton of money.
    * ahorro de dinero = savings in money.
    * andar apurado de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar corto de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar falto de dinero = be strapped for + cash.
    * andar (muy) apurado de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) corto de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) escaso de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * andar (muy) falto de dinero = be (hard) pressed for + money.
    * apoquinar dinero = shell out + money, fork over + money.
    * aprovechar mejor el dinero = get + more for + Posesivo + money.
    * apurado de dinero = strapped, cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money.
    * asignación de dinero público = tax support.
    * asignar dinero = commit + fund.
    * blanquear dinero = launder + money.
    * blanquear dinero sucio = launder + dirty money.
    * blanqueo de dinero = money laundering.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * buen tocho de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * casarse con alguien de dinero = marry into + money, marry + a fortune, marry + money.
    * casarse por dinero = marry + money.
    * cobro de dinero = collection of fees.
    * comprometer dinero = commit + money, lien + funds.
    * con poco dinero = on the cheap.
    * conseguir el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * contar dinero = count + money.
    * conversión en dinero = monetisation [monetization, -USA].
    * convertido a dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * convertir en dinero = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * corto de dinero = strapped, cash strapped, financially strapped, short of money.
    * costar dinero = cost + money, take + money.
    * costar muchísimo dinero = break + the bank.
    * culto al dinero = cult of money.
    * dar dinero = pay + money, donate + Posesivo + money.
    * dedicar dinero = dedicate + money.
    * de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.
    * derrochar dinero = waste + money.
    * derroche de dinero = waste of money, spending spree.
    * desembolsar dinero = disburse + cash, disburse + monies, shell out + money, shell out, fork over + money.
    * desperdicio de dinero = money waster.
    * despilfarrar dinero = squander + money.
    * despilfarro de dinero = spending spree.
    * destinado a ahorrar dinero = money-saving.
    * dinero atrae al dinero, el = riches attract riches.
    * dinero contante y sonante = readies, the ready.
    * dinero de bolsillo = pocket change, pocket money.
    * dinero + dedicarse a = money + go towards.
    * dinero del premio = prize money.
    * dinero del rescate = ransom money.
    * dinero de soborno = hush money.
    * dinero de sobra para otros gastos = disposable income.
    * dinero, el = green, the.
    * dinero electrónico = electronic money.
    * dinero en efectivo = cash.
    * dinero en metálico = cash.
    * dinero fácil = get-rich-quick.
    * dinero ganado con el sudor de la frente = hard-earned money.
    * dinero inesperado = windfall, windfall moneys.
    * dinero mal habido = ill-gotten gains.
    * dinero negro = undeclared income, grey money [gray money], black money.
    * dinero para acallar la conciencia = conscience money.
    * dinero para acallar la consciencia = conscience money.
    * dinero para caprichos = pin money.
    * dinero para gastos = per diem allowance.
    * dinero para gastos imprevistos = cash float, petty cash.
    * dinero para gastos iniciales = seeding money, seed money.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * dinero para pequeños gastos = out of pocket allowance.
    * dinero procedente de los impuestos = tax money (tax monies).
    * dinero propio = private means.
    * dinero público = public tax money, tax dollars, public money, public funds, public funding.
    * dinero público, el = public's dollars, the.
    * dinero que tanto ha costado ganar = hard-earned money.
    * dinero + ser para = money + go towards.
    * dinero sucio = dirty money.
    * dinero suelto = change, loose change.
    * dinero voluble = soft money.
    * donar dinero = donate + Posesivo + money.
    * el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero mueve al mundo = money makes the world go (a)round.
    * el dinero no crece en los árboles = money doesn't grow on trees.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * escaso de dinero = cash strapped, financially strapped, be strapped for + cash, short of money, strapped.
    * estrategia que ahorra dinero = money saver.
    * falto de dinero = short of money, strapped, financially strapped, cash strapped.
    * financiado con dinero público = publicly financed, publicly funded [publicly-funded], public funded [public-funded].
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * ganar dinero = make + money, earn + money.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * gastar dinero = expend + funds, spend + money.
    * gastarse más dinero = dig + deep.
    * gastarse un montón de dinero = lash out (on), go to + town on.
    * gasto de dinero = expenditure of money.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * hacer dinero = make + money.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money.
    * ingreso de dinero = cash deposit.
    * interés por ganar dinero = profit motive.
    * invertir dinero = invest + money, commit + money.
    * invertir más dinero = dig + deep.
    * inyección de dinero = cash injection, injection of money.
    * inyectar dinero en = pump + money into.
    * inyectar dinero en la economía = pump + money into the economy.
    * malgastar dinero = waste + money.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * no escatimar dinero = lavish + money.
    * pagar dinero = fork over + money.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * pedir dinero prestado = borrow + money.
    * pérdida de dinero = cash drain.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * privilegio concedido por el dinero = moneyed privilege.
    * que ahorran dinero = dollar-saving.
    * quedarse sin dinero = run out of + cash.
    * recaudar dinero = pump prime + funds, raise + money, collect + money.
    * recolectar dinero = pass + the bucket (around).
    * remesa de dinero = remittance.
    * repartir dinero dadivosamente = shell out + money.
    * retirada de dinero = cash withdrawal.
    * retirar dinero = withdraw + cash.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir el dinero, encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * sacar dinero = draw + cash, draw out + cash.
    * sacar el mayor partido al dinero de uno = get + the most for + Posesivo + money.
    * sacarle dinero a Alguien = wrestle + money from.
    * seguir malgastando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * seguir tirando el dinero = throw + good money after bad.
    * ser una pérdida de dinero = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * sin dinero = impecunious.
    * sin dinero en metálico = cashless.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * tirar el dinero = throw + Posesivo + money down the drain.
    * tirar el dinero por la ventana = be money and effort down the drain, throw + Posesivo + money down the drain, be money down the drain.
    * transferencia de dinero = money transfer.
    * transferir dinero = transfer + money.
    * un montonazo de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * un montón de dinero = a huge amount of money.
    * utilizar el dinero sabiamente = spend + wisely.

    * * *
    money
    no llevaba nada de dinero encima I didn't have any money on me
    siempre anda escaso de dinero he's always short of money
    gente de dinero well-off o wealthy people
    tirar el dinero ( fam); to throw money away
    el dinero llama al dinero money begets money, money goes where money is
    Compuestos:
    hot money
    pocket money
    old money
    ● dinero efectivo or en efectivo
    cash
    undeclared income ( o profits etc)
    dirty money
    change
    * * *

     

    dinero sustantivo masculino
    money;

    gente de dinero well-off o wealthy people;
    hacer dinero to make money;
    dinero de bolsillo pocket money;
    dinero (en) efectivo cash;
    dinero suelto change;
    dinero contante y sonante (fam) hard cash
    dinero sustantivo masculino money
    dinero en efectivo, cash
    dinero negro, undeclared income
    dinero suelto, (loose) change
    ♦ Locuciones: andar bien de dinero, to be well-off
    andar mal de dinero, to be short of money

    ' dinero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuciante
    - ahorrarse
    - alcanzar
    - apurada
    - apurado
    - apuro
    - arca
    - barbaridad
    - bastante
    - billete
    - blanquear
    - blanqueo
    - bolsillo
    - braga
    - buena
    - bueno
    - cambio
    - cantidad
    - cielo
    - contante
    - costar
    - cuarta
    - cuarto
    - dar
    - desplumar
    - devolver
    - escasa
    - escaso
    - estirar
    - evadir
    - evasión
    - falsa
    - falso
    - flete
    - fortuna
    - gastar
    - gasto
    - girar
    - gratificar
    - hacer
    - holgada
    - holgado
    - indemnización
    - inversión
    - invertir
    - irse
    - juntar
    - limitación
    - llevar
    - llevarse
    English:
    account for
    - administration
    - advance
    - advantage
    - after
    - allow
    - amass
    - amount
    - appropriate
    - aside
    - ask for
    - attraction
    - badly
    - bare
    - beg
    - blow
    - boat
    - borrower
    - bread
    - buck
    - bundle
    - buy
    - cash
    - cash box
    - catch
    - chain letter
    - change
    - chip in
    - colour
    - come in
    - come into
    - congregation
    - contribute
    - contribution
    - contributor
    - cough up
    - credit
    - cult
    - dash
    - dole out
    - dough
    - draw
    - dud
    - earn
    - enough
    - equate
    - evenly
    - exist
    - extravagance
    - extravagant
    * * *
    dinero nm
    money;
    llevaba algo de dinero encima she had some money on her;
    ¿pagará con dinero o con tarjeta? will you be paying in cash or by credit card?;
    una familia de dinero a family of means;
    se junta con gente de dinero she mixes with wealthy people;
    andar bien/mal de dinero to be well off for/short of money;
    hacer dinero to make money;
    hacer algo por dinero to do sth for money;
    tirar el dinero to waste money;
    (el) dinero llama a(l) dinero money goes where money is
    Econ dinero en circulación money in circulation;
    dinero circulante money in circulation;
    dinero de curso legal legal tender;
    Informát dinero electrónico e-cash;
    dinero fácil easy money;
    dinero falso counterfeit money;
    dinero negro undeclared income/payment;
    dinero plástico plastic money;
    dinero sucio dirty money;
    dinero suelto loose change;
    Fin dinero a la vista call money
    * * *
    m money;
    estar mal de dinero be short of money o cash;
    el dinero no hace la felicidad money doesn’t bring happiness
    * * *
    dinero nm
    : money
    * * *
    dinero n money
    ¿tienes dinero? have you got any money?
    de dinero wealthy [comp. wealthier; super. wealthiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dinero

  • 63 riche

    riche [ʀi∫]
    1. adjective
       a. rich
    ► riche de [+ possibilités] full of
    • riche de cette expérience, il... thanks to this experience, he...► riche en [+ calories, gibier, monuments] rich in
       b. [collection] large
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    • de riche(s) [maison, voiture, nourriture] fancy
    * * *
    ʀiʃ
    1.
    1) [personne] rich, wealthy, well-off; [pays, ville] rich
    2) [faune, collection, vocabulaire] rich; [bibliothèque] well-stocked
    3) [minerai, langue, aliment] rich (en in); [décor] elaborate, rich
    4) [bijoux, habit] fine; [étoffe] rich; [demeure] sumptuous; [cadeau] magnificent

    aliment riche en fibres — food that is high ou rich in fibre [BrE]


    2.
    nom masculin et féminin rich man/woman

    les riches — the rich (+ v pl), the wealthy (+ v pl)

    ••

    on ne prête qu'aux riches — Proverbe unto those that have shall more be given

    * * *
    ʀiʃ adj
    1) (personne, pays) rich, wealthy
    2) (culture, langue) rich
    3) (= abondant) (documentation) extensive
    5)

    riche de [promesses, possibilités] — full of, [détails] rich in

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( fortuné) [personne] rich, wealthy, well-off; ( prospère) [pays, région, ville] rich; je ne suis pas bien riche I'm not very well-off; être riche à millions to be extremely rich;
    2 ( considérable) [végétation, faune, palette, collection, vocabulaire, style] rich; [bibliothèque] well-stocked; disposer d'une documentation très riche to have a wealth of information at one's disposal;
    3 ( par son contenu) [terre, sujet, minerai, pensée, langue, aliment] rich (en in); [architecture, décoration] elaborate, rich; [roman] richly textured;
    4 ( luxueuse) [bijoux, habit] fine; [étoffe] rich; [demeure] sumptuous; [cadeau] magnificent; une riche idée an excellent idea; être trop riche en oxygène/fer to contain too much oxygen/iron; aliment riche en fibres/protéines food that is high ou rich in fibreGB/protein; un pays riche en pétrole/uranium an oil-/uranium-rich country; c'est une expérience riche d'enseignements it's an educational experience; riche de promesses full of promise; riche de tout un passé médiéval, la petite ville with its medieval past, the small town; riche de son diplôme armed with his diploma.
    B nmf rich man/woman; les riches the rich, the wealthy; un gosse○ de riches a rich kid; club/loisir de riches a club/hobby for the rich; quartier de riches wealthy part of town; nouveau riche nouveau riche; la parabole du mauvais riche Relig, Bible the parable of Lazarus and the rich man.
    on ne prête qu'aux riches Prov unto those that have shall more be given.
    [riʃ] adjectif
    1. [fortuné - famille, personne] rich, wealthy, well-off ; [ - nation] rich, wealthy
    je suis plus riche de 5 000 euros maintenant I'm 5,000 euros better off now
    2. (avant le nom) [demeure, décor] lavish, sumptuous, luxurious
    [étoffe, enluminure] magnificent, splendid
    3. [végétation] lush, luxuriant, profuse
    [terre] fertile, rich
    [aliment] rich
    [vie] rich
    c'est une riche idée que tu as eue là (familier & ironique) that's a wonderful ou great idea you've just had
    4. [complexe] rich
    elle a un vocabulaire/une langue riche she has a rich vocabulary/a tremendous command of the language
    a. [vitamines, minerais] rich in
    b. [événements] full of
    je ne suis pas riche en papier/farine! (familier) I'm not very well-off for paper/flour!
    ————————
    [riʃ] nom masculin et féminin
    les riches the rich, the wealthy
    ————————
    [riʃ] adverbe

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > riche

  • 64 poor

    puə
    1. adjective
    1) (having little money or property: She is too poor to buy clothes for the children; the poor nations of the world.) pobre
    2) (not good; of bad quality: His work is very poor; a poor effort.) malo; escaso
    3) (deserving pity: Poor fellow!) pobre
    •
    - poorly
    2. adjective
    (ill: He is very poorly.) pachucho, malo, indispuesto
    poor adj pobre
    tr[pʊəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (person, family, country) pobre
    2 (inadequate) pobre, escaso,-a; (bad quality) malo,-a; (inferior) inferior
    ■ you poor thing! ¡pobrecito!
    poor ['pʊr, 'por] adj
    1) : pobre
    poor people: los pobres
    2) scanty: pobre, escaso
    poor attendance: baja asistencia
    3) unfortunate: pobre
    poor thing!: ¡pobrecito!
    4) bad: malo
    to be in poor health: estar mal de salud
    adj.
    • aporreado, -a adj.
    • arrancado, -a adj.
    • arrastrado, -a adj.
    • descamisado, -a adj.
    • malo, -a adj.
    • mezquino, -a adj.
    • necesitado, -a adj.
    • pobre adj.
    • pobrete adj.

    I pɔːr, pɔːr, pʊə(r)
    adjective -er, -est
    1) ( not wealthy) pobre
    2) (unsatisfactory, bad) < harvest> pobre, escaso; <diet/quality> malo; < imitation> burdo

    to be in very poor health — estar* muy delicado or muy mal de salud

    3) ( unfortunate) (before n) pobre

    II
    [pʊǝ(r)]
    1. ADJ
    (compar poorer) (superl poorest)
    1) (=not rich) [person, family, country] pobre

    poor people — gente f pobre, personas fpl pobres

    • pewter was the poor man's silver — el peltre era la plata de los pobres

    • they thought that cinema was a or the poor relation of theatre — pensaban que el cine era el pariente pobre del teatro

    • to be the poorer (for sth), the nation is the poorer for her death — la nación ha sufrido una gran pérdida con su muerte

    it left me £5 the poorer — me dejó con 5 libras de menos

    - be as poor as a church mouse
    2) (=inferior, bad) [goods, service] malo, de mala calidad

    the wine was poor — el vino era malo or de mala calidad

    • to be a poor imitation of sth — ser una burda or pobre imitación de algo

    • his decision shows poor judgment — su decisión denota poco juicio

    • to have a poor opinion of sb — tener un concepto poco favorable de algn

    • to come a poor second (to sth/sb), he came a poor second in the final race — quedó el segundo en la carrera final, a bastante distancia del primero

    3) (=deficient) [memory] malo; [soil] pobre, estéril; [harvest] pobre, escaso

    poor — (Scol) (as mark) deficiente

    • soils that are poor in zinc — suelos que son pobres en zinc or que tienen bajo contenido en zinc

    4) (=untalented)

    • to be poor at maths — no ser muy bueno en matemáticas

    5) (=unfortunate) pobre

    poor little thing! — ¡pobrecito!, ¡pobre criaturita!

    poor (old) you!, you poor (old) thing! — ¡pobrecito!

    he's very ill, poor chap — está grave el pobre

    devil 1., 2)
    2.
    NPL

    • the poor — los pobres

    the rural/urban poor — los pobres de las zonas rurales/urbanas

    3.
    CPD

    poor box N — cepillo m de las limosnas

    poor law N — (Hist) ley f de asistencia pública

    poor white N — (US) persona pobre de raza blanca

    relief 1., 4) POOR
    Position of "pobre"
    You should generally put p obre {after} the noun when you mean poor in the sense of "not rich" and {before} the noun in the sense of "unfortunate":
    It's a poor area Es una región pobre
    The poor boy was trembling El pobre chico estaba temblando For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I [pɔːr, pɔːr, pʊə(r)]
    adjective -er, -est
    1) ( not wealthy) pobre
    2) (unsatisfactory, bad) < harvest> pobre, escaso; <diet/quality> malo; < imitation> burdo

    to be in very poor health — estar* muy delicado or muy mal de salud

    3) ( unfortunate) (before n) pobre

    II

    English-spanish dictionary > poor

  • 65 rica

    adj.
    1 noble, of an ancient and illustrious family.
    2 rich, wealthy, opulent.
    3 pleasing to the taste, delicious (sabroso).
    4 choice, select; able.
    5 valuable (jewel), precious; luxurious (muebles).
    6 bonny (child); cute, lovely.
    ¡Oye, rico hey, man
    f.
    feminine of RICO.
    * * *
    f., (m. - rico)
    * * *

    rico,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (suntuoso) sumptuous: se puso un rico vestido, she put on a gorgeous dress
    2 (acaudalado) wealthy: es un hombre rico, he's a rich man
    3 (sabroso) delicious
    4 (un niño, bebé, una mascota) lovely, adorable
    5 (tierra, sustancia) rich: es un alimento rico en proteínas, it's a high-protein food
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino rich o wealthy person
    los ricos, the wealthy
    ' rica' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    Costa Rica
    - hierro
    English:
    Costa Rica
    - diet
    - extremely
    - make out
    - nutrient
    - so
    - than
    - nouveau riche
    - people
    * * *
    f rich woman

    Spanish-English dictionary > rica

  • 66 well off

    1.
    1) (wealthy) [person, family] agiato, benestante
    3)

    to be well off for — avere molto [space, provisions etc.]

    2.
    nome + verbo pl.
    * * *
    (poor, rich: The family was quite well off.) povero/benestante
    * * *
    1.
    1) (wealthy) [person, family] agiato, benestante
    3)

    to be well off for — avere molto [space, provisions etc.]

    2.
    nome + verbo pl.

    English-Italian dictionary > well off

  • 67 residencia

    f.
    residencia (de ancianos) old people's home
    2 boarding house (hotel).
    3 hospital (hospital).
    4 residence permit (permiso para extranjeros).
    5 residency.
    6 stay (estancia).
    7 residence (localidad, domicilio).
    8 permanence, residence, residency.
    9 dormitory, hall of residence, living quarters for students.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: residenciar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: residenciar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) residence
    \
    hotel residencia residential hotel
    residencia de ancianos old people's home
    residencia de estudiantes hall of residence, US dormitory
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=casa) residence

    residencia canina — dogs' home, kennels pl, kennel (EEUU)

    residencia para ancianos, residencia para jubilados — residential home, old people's home

    2) (=domicilio) residence
    3) (=hotel) guest house, boarding house
    4) (=estancia) residence

    la conoció durante su residencia en Madrid — frm he got to know her during his residence o while he was living in Madrid

    5) (Jur) (=investigación) investigation, inquiry
    6) And
    (Jur)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (en país, ciudad) residence
    b) ( derecho) right of residence
    c) ( documento) tb
    2)
    a) ( casa) residence
    b) ( de estudiantes) dormitory (AmE), hall of residence (BrE); ( de enfermeras) hostel, home
    c) (hostal, fonda) boarding house, guest house ( not providing meals)
    3) (AmL) (Med) residency (AmE), time spent as a houseman (BrE)
    * * *
    = residence, abode, quarters, lodging, living quarters, hostel.
    Ex. This applies not only to trade but free movement of goods, rights of residence and work and many other aspects of life.
    Ex. The forest, therefore, is regarded as the abode of robbers & sundry miscreants, implying its relation to the forces of chaos & disorder.
    Ex. Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex. All these CD-ROM software products provide highly customized itineraries; very good route maps; and listings of lodgings, amusement parks, zoos, aquariums, and other sights along the way.
    Ex. The captain's living quarters in a warship were furnished according to his pocket, the bare necessities in the case of an officer without private means, and luxury for a noble or wealthy man.
    Ex. The author discusses the design of information management systems for Assistance Centres for Homeless People, which include hostels for homeless people, soup kitchens and other services.
    ----
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * curso intensivo con residencia = residential programme.
    * habitación de residencia de estudiantes = dorm room.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * residencia asistida = residential care home.
    * residencia canina = boarding kennel.
    * residencia de ancianos = elderly persons' home, old people's home, elderly housing unit, nursing home, residential home, rest home.
    * residencia de estudiantes = dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, students' home, hall of residence, residence hall, student residence.
    * residencia de verano = summer residence.
    * residencia fiscal = tax residence.
    * residencia legal = legal residence.
    * residencia para familias = family residence.
    * ser residencia de = be home to.
    * sin residencia fija = of no fixed abode.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (en país, ciudad) residence
    b) ( derecho) right of residence
    c) ( documento) tb
    2)
    a) ( casa) residence
    b) ( de estudiantes) dormitory (AmE), hall of residence (BrE); ( de enfermeras) hostel, home
    c) (hostal, fonda) boarding house, guest house ( not providing meals)
    3) (AmL) (Med) residency (AmE), time spent as a houseman (BrE)
    * * *
    = residence, abode, quarters, lodging, living quarters, hostel.

    Ex: This applies not only to trade but free movement of goods, rights of residence and work and many other aspects of life.

    Ex: The forest, therefore, is regarded as the abode of robbers & sundry miscreants, implying its relation to the forces of chaos & disorder.
    Ex: Soon, however, the collection outgrew its meagre quarters and a full-fledged library occupying a 40x60 foot area came into being.
    Ex: All these CD-ROM software products provide highly customized itineraries; very good route maps; and listings of lodgings, amusement parks, zoos, aquariums, and other sights along the way.
    Ex: The captain's living quarters in a warship were furnished according to his pocket, the bare necessities in the case of an officer without private means, and luxury for a noble or wealthy man.
    Ex: The author discusses the design of information management systems for Assistance Centres for Homeless People, which include hostels for homeless people, soup kitchens and other services.
    * cambiar de residencia = relocate.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * curso intensivo con residencia = residential programme.
    * habitación de residencia de estudiantes = dorm room.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * residencia asistida = residential care home.
    * residencia canina = boarding kennel.
    * residencia de ancianos = elderly persons' home, old people's home, elderly housing unit, nursing home, residential home, rest home.
    * residencia de estudiantes = dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, students' home, hall of residence, residence hall, student residence.
    * residencia de verano = summer residence.
    * residencia fiscal = tax residence.
    * residencia legal = legal residence.
    * residencia para familias = family residence.
    * ser residencia de = be home to.
    * sin residencia fija = of no fixed abode.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.

    * * *
    A
    1 (en un país, una ciudad) residence
    fijaron or establecieron su residencia en León they took up residence in León, they settled in León
    dos alemanes con residencia en Florida two Germans resident in Florida
    2 (derecho) right of residence
    permiso de residencia residence permit
    1 (de una persona, familia) residence
    la residencia del Primer Ministro the Prime Minister's residence
    segundas residencias or viviendas de segunda residencia second homes
    2 (de estudiantes) dormitory ( AmE), residence ( BrE), hall of residence ( BrE); (de enfermeras) hostel, home
    la residencia de oficiales the officers' quarters
    3 (hostal, fonda) boarding house, guest house ( not providing meals)
    Compuestos:
    kennels ( sing or pl)
    old people's home, residential home for the elderly o for older people
    hospital
    college dormitory ( AmE), university hall of residence ( BrE), student residence ( BrE)
    C ( AmL) ( Med) internship ( AmE), residency ( AmE), time spent as a houseman ( BrE)
    * * *

     

    residencia sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (en país, ciudad) residence;


    b) ( documento) tb


    2


    ( de enfermeras) hostel, home;


    3 (AmL) (Med) residency (AmE), time spent as a houseman (BrE)
    residencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (estancia, casa) residence
    permiso de residencia, residence permit
    residencia habitual, normal place of residence
    2 (hospital) hospital
    3 (en hostelería) boarding house
    4 residencia de ancianos o de la tercera edad, old people's home
    residencia de estudiantes, hall of residence, US dorm
    ' residencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    benéfica
    - benéfico
    - corte
    - dormitorio
    - permiso
    - establecer
    - fijar
    - hostal
    - hotel
    - palacio
    English:
    fraternity
    - hall
    - home
    - hospice
    - nursing home
    - old-folk's home
    - residence
    - residence permit
    - rest home
    - seat
    - sheltered
    - warden
    - commute
    - commuter
    - dormitory
    - Downing Street
    - green
    - hostel
    - kennel
    - nursing
    - old
    - permit
    * * *
    1. [establecimiento] [de oficiales] residence;
    residencia (de ancianos) retirement home, old people's home;
    residencia (de estudiantes) Br hall of residence, US dormitory
    residencia de animales kennels;
    residencia universitaria Br hall of residence, US dormitory
    2. [vivienda] residence;
    su residencia de verano their summer residence
    3. [localidad, domicilio] residence;
    fijaron su residencia en la costa they took up residence on the coast;
    certificado de residencia = official document confirming one's residence in a country, city etc;
    permiso de residencia residence permit
    4. [permiso para extranjeros] residence permit
    5. [hotel] boarding house
    6. [hospital] hospital
    7. [estancia] stay;
    durante su residencia en Alemania conoció a mucha gente she met a lot of people while she was in Germany
    * * *
    f residence;
    segunda residencia second home;
    * * *
    1) : residence
    2) : boarding house
    * * *
    1. (domicilio) residence
    2. (hospital) hospital

    Spanish-English dictionary > residencia

  • 68 man

    mæn
    1. сущ.
    1) человек fat man ≈ толстый человек short man ≈ человек низкого роста tall man ≈ высокий человек thin man ≈ тоненький, худой человек handsome man ≈ красивый человек ugly man ≈ некрасивый человек straight man ≈ честный человек, простак wise man ≈ мудрый человек grown man ≈ взрослый человек young man ≈ молодой человек middle-aged man ≈ человек среднего возраста old man ≈ старик divorced man ≈ разведенный человек married man ≈ женатый человек single man ≈ одинокий, неженатый человек the man in the street ≈ "человек с улицы", рядовой человек - average man - Cro-Magnon man - Java man - Neanderthal man - Paleolithic man - Peking man - fancy man - hatchet man - hit man - idea man - ladies' man - organization man - self-made man - man on horseback - straw man - Renaissance man - right-hand man - professional man - family man - marked man Syn: individual, person, human being, human, living being, living soul, soul, one;
    anyone, somebody, someone
    2) в устойчивых сочетаниях: а) как представитель профессии;
    б) как обладатель определенных качеств man of law ≈ адвокат, юрист man of letters ≈ литератор, писатель, автор, сочинитель man of office ≈ чиновник man of ideas ≈ изобретательный, находчивый человек man of motley ≈ шут university man ≈ человек с университетским образованием advance man enlisted men maintenance man newspaperman rewrite man stunt man second-story man man of the pen man of character man of no scruples man of sense man of great ambition
    3) мужчина The average man is taller than the average woman. ≈ Средний мужчина выше средней женщины. Syn: male, masculine person
    4) человеческий род, человечество Man cannot live by bread alone. ≈ Не хлебом единым жив человек. Syn: mankind, the human race, men and women, human beings, humankind, people, humanity, homo sapiens
    5) слуга;
    рабочий Hire a man to take care of the garden. ≈ Найми садовника, который будет следить за садом. Syn: handyman, workman, hired hand, hand, labourer;
    employee, worker;
    manservant, male servant, boy, waiter
    6) муж The minister pronounced them man and wife. ≈ Священник объявил их мужем и женой. Syn: married man, husband, spouse
    7) мн. солдаты, рядовые;
    матросы
    8) ист. вассал
    9) пешка, шашка( в игре) ∙ be one's own man
    2. гл.
    1) а) укомплектовывать кадрами;
    воен., мор. укомплектовывать личным составом б) размещать людей;
    ставить людей (к орудию и т. п.) ;
    сажать людей (на корабль и т. п.) в) занимать( позиции и т. п.) ;
    становиться( к орудиям и т. п.) The crew was ordered to man the lifeboats. ≈ Команде было приказано занять места в шлюпке. ∙ Syn: attend, staff, take up one's position in, take one's place at, get to one's post;
    supply with hands, furnish with men;
    equip, fit out, outfit;
    garrison
    2) мужаться, брать себя в руки Syn: encourage, cheer up
    3) охот. приручать мужчина, человек - there were three men and two women in the room в комнате было трое мужчин и две женщины - to play the * поступать /вести себя/, как подобает мужчине - to make a * of smb. сделать из кого-л. настоящего мужчину /человека/ - to bear smth. like a * мужественно переносить что-л. - be a *! будь мужчиной! - he is only half a * он не настоящий мужчина - * to *, between * and * как мужчина с мужчиной - a good * хороший /добрый, порядочный/ человек - a * of thirty мужчина /человек/ тридцати лет;
    тридцатилетний мужчина - a * of action человек дела /действия/, энергичный человек - a * of character волевой человек, сильная личность - a * of moods человек настроения - a * of peace мирный /миролюбивый/ человек - a * of principle принципиальный человек - a * of sense разумный /здравомыслящий/ человек - a * of wisdom мудрый /умный/ человек - a * of ideas изобретательный /находчивый/ человек - a * of many parts разносторонний человек - a * of genius гениальный человек - a * of honour честный /порядочный/ человек - a * of distinction /of mark, of note/ выдающийся /знаменитый/ человек - a * of taste человек со вкусом - a * of few words немногословный /немногоречивый/ человек - a * of many words многословный человек - a * of his word человек слова, господин /хозяин/ своего слова - a * of family семейный человек - a * of means /of property/ человек со средствами, состоятельный человек - a * of business деловой человек;
    агент;
    поверенный - you'll have to speak to my * of business вам придется поговорить с моим поверенным - a * of law законник;
    адвокат;
    юрист - a * of letters писатель, литератор;
    (устаревшее) ученый - he is the very * for this job он самый подходящий человек для этого дела - if you want a good music teacher, here's your * если вам нужен хороший учитель музыки, вот он( самый подходящий для вас человек) - if you want to sell the car, I'm your * если вы хотите продать машину, я куплю /я согласен купить/ - I feel a new * я чувствую себя обновленным, я как заново родился - if any * comes... если кто-нибудь /какой-нибудь человек/ придет... муж - * and wife муж и жена - to live as * and wife жить как муж с женой - he made them * and wife он обвенчал их (университетское) студент: окончивший, выпускник - a University * человек с университетским образованием - an Oxford * студент из Оксфорда;
    человек, окончивший Оксфордский университет, выпускник Оксфорда - senior * старшекурсник( пренебрежительное) приятель (в обращении) - speak up, *!, speak up, my (good) *! ну, говори же, друг! - hurry up, *!, hurry up, my (good) *! да поскорей же, приятель! - come along, *!, come along, my ( good) *! ну пошли, мой милый! - nonsense, *!, nonsense, my (good) *! чепуха! - well, * /my (good) */, where is it? ну, милый мой, так где же это? человек - the rights of * права человека - food not fit for * or beast пища, не пригодная для людей или животных - board at - per * пансион (стоит) один доллар с человека - *'s sense of himself самосознание - men say that... люди говорят, что... - any * could do that любой( человек) может это сделать - what can a * do? что (тут) поделаешь? - all men are brothers все люди братья - as one /a/ * все как один - to a * все до одного, все как один ( человек), все без исключения;
    единогласно - to the last * все до одного, все до последнего человека - all sorts and conditions of men, men of all conditions люди всякого рода, самые разные люди - to mistake one's * ошибиться в человеке - * overboard! человек за бортом! (без артикля) человечество, человеческий род слуга рабочий - the manager spoke to the men управляющий поговорил с рабочим - this factory employs 300 men на этой фабрике работает триста рабочих солдат, рядовой, матрос рядовой состав - officers and men офицеры и солдаты пешка шашка (в игре), фишка - to jump a * брать шашку игрок (в спорт. команде) (историческое) вассал сокр. от man-of-war, merchantman и т. п. (-man) как компонент сложных слов означает занятие, профессию - clergyman священник - postman почтальон - sportsman спортсмен - workman рабочий > the inner * внутреннее "я", душа;
    желудок > to refresh the inner * поесть, подкрепиться > the outer * плоть;
    внешность, костюм > to clothe the outer * одеться > odd * решающий голос;
    человек, выполняющий случайную работу > odd * out "третий лишний" (игра) > heavy * (театроведение) (профессионализм) актер, исполняющий трагические роли > one-dollar-a-year * (американизм) крупный капиталист, участвующий в деятельности правительственных органов и получающий номинальный оклад в один доллар в год > * of the house глава семьи > my old * мой отец > men of the day герои дня > a * of the world человек, умудренный опытом, бывалый человек;
    светский человек > a * about town светский человек, богатый повеса, жуир > a * of the turf завсегдатай скачек > a * of straw соломенное чучело;
    человек с небольшими средствами;
    ненадежный человек;
    подставное /фиктивное/ лицо;
    воображаемый противник > a * of God святой;
    духовное лицо > M. of Sorrows( библеизм) Муж скорбей > a * in a thousand редкий /исключительный/ человек;
    таких людей мало, такого человека редко встретишь;
    такого человека поискать надо > * in blue полицейский;
    моряк > men in blue (американизм) (историческое) федеральные войска > the * in the street( американизм) тж. the * in the car "человек с улицы", средний /рядовой/ гражданин > the next * (американизм) всякий другой, любой;
    первый встречный > a run-of-the-mill * заурядный человек > the * in the moon вымышленное лицо > * and boy с юных лет;
    (устаревшее) все как один > he lived there * and boy он всю жизнь прожил там > I have known him * and boy я его знаю с детства > * and boy turned out into the street все как один высыпали на улицу > the * for me, the * for my money этот человек мне подходит, этот человек меня устраивает > the * higher up начальник, хозяин, босс;
    высшая инстанция > the * at the wheel руководитель > M. Friday Пятница, верный /преданный/ слуга > no *'s land нейтральная територрия > to hit a * when he is down бить лежачего > to be one's own * прийти в себя;
    быть в норме;
    держать себя в руках;
    ни от кого не зависеть, свободно распоряжаться собой, быть хозяином своей судьбы > he is his own * он сам себе хозяин > a * or a mouse либо пан, либо пропал > like master like * у хорошего хозяина и работники хороши > every * to his (own) taste на вкус и цвет товарищей нет;
    о вкусах не спорят > (so) many men, (so) many minds (пословица) сколько голов, столько умов > a drowning * will catch at a straw (пословица) утопающий за соломинку хватается > every * has his hobby-horse у каждого есть свой конек /своя страсть, своя прихоть/;
    у каждого есть свои маленькие слабости > a * is known by the company he keeps (пословица) скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу (тебе), кто ты > one *'s meat is another *'s poison( пословица) что полезно одному, то вредно другому;
    усопшему мир, а лекарю пир > a * can die but once двум смертям не бывать, а одной не миновать > * proposes but God disposes( пословица) человек предполагает, а Бог располагает > * alive! боже милостивый!, боже правый!;
    вот те на!, вот так так! укомплектовывать кадрами, персоналом( военное) (морское) укомплектовывать личным составом;
    занимать людьми;
    ставить людей (к орудию и т. п.) ;
    посадить людей (на транспорт) - to * a unit укомплектовать часть личным составом - to * a boat сажать гребцов на шлюпку - to * the pumps поставить людей к насосам /к помпам/ занять (позиции) ;
    стать( к орудиям) - to * the defenses занимать оборонительные позиции - to * the guns занимать места у орудий собрать все свое мужество, мужаться, взять себя в руки (охота) приручать (сокола и т. п.) ad ~ рекламный агент ad ~ специалист по рекламе to be one's own ~ быть независимым, самостоятельным;
    свободно распоряжаться собой to be one's own ~ прийти в себя, быть в норме;
    держать себя в руках contact ~ контактный человек contact ~ посредник contact ~ представитель delivery ~ курьер delivery ~ разносчик delivery ~ рассыльный delivery ~ экспедитор every ~ to his own taste = на вкус на цвет товарищей нет good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения ~ слуга, человек;
    I'm your man разг. я к вашим услугам, я согласен ideas ~ рекл. носитель идей insurance ~ страховой агент maintenance ~ механик, выполняющий техническое обслуживание maintenance ~ техник по обслуживанию оборудования ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни town: ~ attr. городской;
    town house городская квартира;
    town water вода из городского водопровода;
    a man about town человек, ведущий светский образ жизни good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения ~ муж;
    man and wife муж и жена ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни street: street: the man in the ~ обыватель;
    заурядный человек;
    to walk the streets, to be on the streets заниматься проституцией ~ of courage храбрый, мужественный человек;
    man of decision решительный человек ~ of distinction (или mark, note) выдающийся, знаменитый человек ~ of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек;
    man of pleasure сластолюбец ~ в устойчивых сочетаниях: как представитель профессии: man of law адвокат, юрист ~ of means состоятельный человек mean: ~ pl средства, состояние, богатство;
    means of subsistence средства к существованию;
    a man of means человек со средствами, состоятельный человек ~ of principle принципиальный человек;
    man of no principles беспринципный человек principle: man of high(est) ~ высокопринципиальный человек;
    a man of no principles беспринципный человек ~ of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек;
    man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек ~ of letters писатель, литератор, ученый;
    man of office чиновник;
    man of the pen литератор ~ of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек;
    man of pleasure сластолюбец pleasure: ~ удовольствие, наслаждение;
    развлечение;
    to take pleasure (in smth.) находить удовольствие( в чем-л.) ;
    man of pleasure жуир, сибарит ~ of principle принципиальный человек;
    man of no principles беспринципный человек ~ of property собственник property: ~ имущество;
    собственность;
    хозяйство;
    a property земельная собственность, поместье;
    имение;
    a man of property собственник;
    богач ~ of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек;
    man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек sense: sense здравый смысл (тж. common sense, good sense) ;
    ум;
    a man of sense разумный человек ~ of straw воображаемый противник ~ of straw ненадежный человек ~ of straw подставное, фиктивное лицо ~ of straw соломенное чучело straw: a man of ~ воображаемый противник;
    not to care a straw относиться совершенно безразлично;
    a straw in the wind намек, указание a man of ~ ненадежный человек a man of ~ подставное, фиктивное лицо a man of ~ соломенное чучело ~ of taste человек со вкусом ~ of letters писатель, литератор, ученый;
    man of office чиновник;
    man of the pen литератор ~ of the world светский человек ~ of the world человек, умудренный жизненным опытом ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. worth: ~ достоинства;
    a man of worth достойный, заслуживающий уважения человек;
    he was never aware of her worth он никогда не ценил ее по заслугам ~ подбодрять;
    to man oneself мужаться, брать себя в руки media ~ работник средств массовой информации ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: medical врачебный, медицинский;
    medical aid медицинская помощь;
    the medical profession медицинские работники, врачи ~ врачебный, медицинский ~ разг. студент-медик ~ терапевтический;
    medical ward терапевтическое отделение больницы ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: ~ man врач meter ~ весовщик meter ~ землемер meter ~ контролер на платной автостоянке reasonable ~ благоразумный человек reasonably prudent ~ осторожный человек prudent: reasonably ~ man расчетливый человек ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. tally ~ контролер при погрузке и выгрузке товара tally ~ лицо, продающее товар по образцам tally ~ лицо, продающее товар в рассрочку tally ~ лицо, продающее товар в кредит tally ~ счетчик tally ~ тальман good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения wealthy ~ богатый человек

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > man

  • 69 aberats

    iz. rich person, wealthy man gizonezkoa., wealthy woman emakumezkoa. ; \aberatsa banintz... if I were a rich {man || woman}; \aberats berri nouveau riche; \aberatsak the rich; \aberatsak pobreei lagundu behar lieke the rich man should help the poor; \aberatsa gezur hutsa, beharduna amets hutsa (atsot.) the rich man may dine when he will, the poor man when he may io.
    1. ( diru asko duena) rich, wealthy, affluent, prosperous; oinordeko \aberats batekin ezkondu nahi zuen he wanted to marry a rich heiress; etxe \aberatseko semea a son of a well-to-do family; \aberats {okitua || porrokatua} da he's filthy rich
    2. (irud.)
    a. ( lurra) rich
    b. ( joria) rich, abundant; uzta \aberats bounteous crops; burdinan \aberatsa rich in iron
    c. ( lurraldea, etxaldea, baserria) rich, well-off
    d. ( hizkera, estiloa) rich, lavish
    e. ( itxura) well-off, well-heeled; gizon gazte bat itxura \aberatsetakoa a young man with a well-heeled look
    3. ( zabal) bihotz \aberatseko gizona a kind-hearted man

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > aberats

  • 70 man

    [mæn]
    ad man рекламный агент ad man специалист по рекламе to be one's own man быть независимым, самостоятельным; свободно распоряжаться собой to be one's own man прийти в себя, быть в норме; держать себя в руках contact man контактный человек contact man посредник contact man представитель delivery man курьер delivery man разносчик delivery man рассыльный delivery man экспедитор every man to his own taste = на вкус на цвет товарищей нет good man! здорово!, здравствуй!; man and boy с юных лет; (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения man слуга, человек; I'm your man разг. я к вашим услугам, я согласен ideas man рекл. носитель идей insurance man страховой агент maintenance man механик, выполняющий техническое обслуживание maintenance man техник по обслуживанию оборудования man in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель; man about town светский человек; прожигатель жизни town: man attr. городской; town house городская квартира; town water вода из городского водопровода; a man about town человек, ведущий светский образ жизни good man! здорово!, здравствуй!; man and boy с юных лет; (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения man муж; man and wife муж и жена man in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель; man about town светский человек; прожигатель жизни man in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель; man about town светский человек; прожигатель жизни street: street: the man in the man обыватель; заурядный человек; to walk the streets, to be on the streets заниматься проституцией man of courage храбрый, мужественный человек; man of decision решительный человек man of distinction (или mark, note) выдающийся, знаменитый человек man of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек; man of pleasure сластолюбец man в устойчивых сочетаниях: как представитель профессии: man of law адвокат, юрист man of means состоятельный человек mean: man pl средства, состояние, богатство; means of subsistence средства к существованию; a man of means человек со средствами, состоятельный человек man of principle принципиальный человек; man of no principles беспринципный человек principle: man of high(est) man высокопринципиальный человек; a man of no principles беспринципный человек man of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек; man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек man of letters писатель, литератор, ученый; man of office чиновник; man of the pen литератор man of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек; man of pleasure сластолюбец pleasure: man удовольствие, наслаждение; развлечение; to take pleasure (in smth.) находить удовольствие (в чем-л.); man of pleasure жуир, сибарит man of principle принципиальный человек; man of no principles беспринципный человек man of property собственник property: man имущество; собственность; хозяйство; a property земельная собственность, поместье; имение; a man of property собственник; богач man of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек; man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек sense: sense здравый смысл (тж. common sense, good sense); ум; a man of sense разумный человек man of straw воображаемый противник man of straw ненадежный человек man of straw подставное, фиктивное лицо man of straw соломенное чучело straw: a man of man воображаемый противник; not to care a straw относиться совершенно безразлично; a straw in the wind намек, указание a man of man ненадежный человек a man of man подставное, фиктивное лицо a man of man соломенное чучело man of taste человек со вкусом man of letters писатель, литератор, ученый; man of office чиновник; man of the pen литератор man of the world светский человек man of the world человек, умудренный жизненным опытом man of worth достойный, почтенный человек; сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. worth: man достоинства; a man of worth достойный, заслуживающий уважения человек; he was never aware of her worth он никогда не ценил ее по заслугам man подбодрять; to man oneself мужаться, брать себя в руки media man работник средств массовой информации man of worth достойный, почтенный человек; сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: medical врачебный, медицинский; medical aid медицинская помощь; the medical profession медицинские работники, врачи man врачебный, медицинский man разг. студент-медик man терапевтический; medical ward терапевтическое отделение больницы man of worth достойный, почтенный человек; сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: man man врач meter man весовщик meter man землемер meter man контролер на платной автостоянке reasonable man благоразумный человек reasonably prudent man осторожный человек prudent: reasonably man man расчетливый человек man of worth достойный, почтенный человек; сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. man of worth достойный, почтенный человек; сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. tally man контролер при погрузке и выгрузке товара tally man лицо, продающее товар по образцам tally man лицо, продающее товар в рассрочку tally man лицо, продающее товар в кредит tally man счетчик tally man тальман good man! здорово!, здравствуй!; man and boy с юных лет; (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения wealthy man богатый человек

    English-Russian short dictionary > man

  • 71 Kreis

    m; -es, -e
    1. MATH., fig. circle; (Ring) ring; ASTRON. orbit; im Kreis in a circle; mir dreht sich alles im Kreis my head’s spinning; einen Kreis schließen um form a circle around; sich im Kreis drehen revolve, rotate; Kind: spin (a)round (in circles); Diskussion etc.: go (a)round in circles; Kreise ziehen Vogel etc.: circle; immer weitere Kreise ziehen Gerücht: spread further and further (afield); Affäre etc.: have far-reaching implications; in weiten Kreisen widely; der Kreis schließt sich we’ve come full circle
    2. ETECH. (Stromkreis) circuit
    3. (Kreislauf) cycle
    4. (Gruppe) circle; (Wirkungskreis) sphere; der Kreis seiner Anhänger the circle of his supporters; in den besten Kreisen verkehren move in the best circles; im kleinen oder engsten Kreis with a few close friends ( der Familie: relatives)
    5. (Bezirk) district; der Kreis Unna the Unna district
    * * *
    der Kreis
    circle; ring; round
    * * *
    [krais]
    m -es, -e
    [-zə]

    einen Kréís beschreiben or schlagen or ziehen — to describe a circle

    einen Kréís um jdn bilden or schließen — to form or make a circle around sb, to encircle sb

    im Kréís (gehen/sitzen) — (to go (a)round/sit) in a circle

    Kréíse ziehen (lit) — to circle

    (weite) Kréíse ziehen (fig) — to have (wide) repercussions

    sich im Kréís bewegen or drehen (lit) — to go or turn (a)round in a circle; (fig) to go (a)round in circles

    mir dreht sich alles im Kréíse — everything's going (a)round and (a)round, my head is reeling or spinning

    der Kréís schließt sich (fig) — we etc come full circle, the wheel turns full circle

    störe meine Kréíse nicht! (fig) — leave me in peace!

    2) (ELEC = Stromkreis) circuit
    3) (= Stadtkreis, Landkreis) district; (= Gemeindewahlkreis) ward; (= Landeswahlkreis) constituency

    Kréís Leipzig — Leipzig District, the District of Leipzig

    4) (fig von Menschen) circle

    der Kréís seiner Leser — his readership, his readers pl

    weite Kréíse der Bevölkerung — wide sections of the population

    im Kréíse von Freunden/seiner Familie — among or with friends/his family, in the family circle

    eine Feier im engen or kleinen Kréíse — a celebration for a few close friends and relatives

    in seinen/ihren etc Kréísen — in the circles in which he/she etc moves

    das kommt ( auch) in den besten Kréísen vor — that happens even in the best society or the best of circles

    5) (=Bereich von Interessen, Tätigkeit etc) sphere; (= Ideenkreis) body of ideas; (= Sagenkreis) cycle

    im Kréís des Scheinwerferlichtes — in the arc or pool of light thrown by the headlamps

    * * *
    der
    1) (a figure (O) bounded by one line, every point on which is equally distant from the centre.) circle
    2) (something in the form of a circle: She was surrounded by a circle of admirers.) circle
    3) (a group of people: a circle of close friends; wealthy circles.) circle
    4) (a group of people: the musical set.) set
    * * *
    Kreis1
    <-es, -e>
    [krais, pl ˈkraizə]
    m
    1. MATH circle
    einen \Kreis beschreiben [o schlagen] [o ziehen] to draw a circle
    einen \Kreis um jdn bilden to form a circle around [or encircle] sb
    sich akk im \Kreis[e] drehen [o bewegen] to turn round in a circle, to move in circles
    im \Kreis gehen to go round in circles
    den \Kreis um etw akk schließen to close the circle around sth
    im \Kreis in a circle
    ein Vogel zieht seine \Kreise (geh) a bird is circling
    2. (Gruppe) circle
    aus den besten \Kreisen from the best circles
    in den besten \Kreisen vorkommen to happen in the best of circles
    im engen [o kleinen] /engeren/engsten \Kreise in a small/smaller/very small circle
    die Hochzeit fand im engsten Kreise statt only close friends and family were invited to the wedding
    im \Kreise seiner Familie in the bosom of his family
    4. (umgrenzter Bereich) range, scope
    5.
    ▶ jdm dreht sich alles im \Kreise everything is going round and round in sb's head, sb's head is spinning
    ▶ ein magischer \Kreis a magic circle
    ▶ den \Kreis schließen to close the circle
    ▶ der \Kreis schließt sich the wheel turns [or we've come] full circle
    ▶ störe meine \Kreise nicht! (hum) leave me in peace!
    ▶ weite \Kreise wide sections
    ▶ \Kreise ziehen to have repercussions
    Kreis2
    <-es, -e>
    [krais, pl ˈkraizə]
    m ADMIN district
    * * *
    der; Kreises, Kreise

    einen Kreis schlagen od. beschreiben — describe a circle

    einen Kreis bilden od. schließen — form or make a circle

    in einem od. im Kreis sitzen — sit in a circle

    sich im Kreis drehen od. bewegen — go or turn round in a circle; (fig.) go round in circles

    Kreise ziehen — (fig.) < court case> have [wide] repercussions; < movement> grow in size and influence

    2) (Gruppe) circle

    im Kreise der Freunde/Familie — among or with friends/within the family

    im kleinen od. engsten Kreis — with a few close friends [and relatives]

    der Kreis seiner Leser/Anhänger — his readers pl./followers pl.

    in weiten od. breiten Kreisen der Bevölkerung — amongst wide sections of the population

    die besseren/besten Kreise — the best circles

    3) (von Problemen, Lösungen usw.) range
    4) (Verwaltungsbezirk) district; (WahlKreis) ward

    der Kreis Heidelberg — the Heidelberg district or district of Heidelberg

    5) (Elektrot.) circuit
    * * *
    Kreis m; -es, -e
    1. MATH, fig circle; (Ring) ring; ASTRON orbit;
    im Kreis in a circle;
    einen Kreis schließen um form a circle around;
    sich im Kreis drehen revolve, rotate; Kind: spin (a)round (in circles); Diskussion etc: go (a)round in circles;
    Kreise ziehen Vogel etc: circle;
    immer weitere Kreise ziehen Gerücht: spread further and further (afield); Affäre etc: have far-reaching implications;
    der Kreis schließt sich we’ve come full circle
    2. ELEK (Stromkreis) circuit
    3. (Kreislauf) cycle
    4. (Gruppe) circle; (Wirkungskreis) sphere;
    der Kreis seiner Anhänger the circle of his supporters;
    in den besten Kreisen verkehren move in the best circles;
    engsten Kreis with a few close friends ( der Familie: relatives)
    5. (Bezirk) district;
    der Kreis Unna the Unna district
    * * *
    der; Kreises, Kreise

    einen Kreis schlagen od. beschreiben — describe a circle

    einen Kreis bilden od. schließen — form or make a circle

    in einem od. im Kreis sitzen — sit in a circle

    sich im Kreis drehen od. bewegen — go or turn round in a circle; (fig.) go round in circles

    Kreise ziehen — (fig.) < court case> have [wide] repercussions; < movement> grow in size and influence

    2) (Gruppe) circle

    im Kreise der Freunde/Familie — among or with friends/within the family

    im kleinen od. engsten Kreis — with a few close friends [and relatives]

    der Kreis seiner Leser/Anhänger — his readers pl./followers pl.

    in seinen Kreisen — in the circles in which he moves/moved

    in weiten od. breiten Kreisen der Bevölkerung — amongst wide sections of the population

    die besseren/besten Kreise — the best circles

    3) (von Problemen, Lösungen usw.) range

    der Kreis Heidelberg — the Heidelberg district or district of Heidelberg

    5) (Elektrot.) circuit
    * * *
    -e m.
    circle n.
    circuit n.
    cycle n.
    district n.
    ring n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kreis

  • 72 वसिष्ठ


    vásishṭha
    mfn. (superl. fr. 1. vásu;

    cf. vásīyas andﾠ under 3. vas) most excellent, best, richest RV. AV. Br. ChUp. MBh. ;
    m. (wrongly written vaṡishṭha), « the most wealthy»
    N. of a celebrated Vedic Ṛishi orﾠ sage (owner of the « cow of plenty», called Nandinī, offspring of Surabhi, which by gransing all desires made him, as his name implies, master of every vasu orﾠ desirable object;
    he was the typical representative of Brāhmanical rank, andﾠ the legends of his conflict with Viṡvā-mitra, who raised himself from the kingly orﾠ Kshatriya to the Brāhmanical class, were probably founded on the actual struggles which took place between the Brāhmans andﾠ Kshatriyas;
    a great many hymns of the RV. are ascribed to these two great rivals;
    those of the seventh Maṇḍala, besides some others, being attributed to Vasishṭha, while those of the third Maṇḍala are assigned to Viṡvā-mitra;
    in one of Vasishtha's hymns he is represented as king Su-dās, family priest, an office to which Viṡvā-mitra alsoﾠ aspired;
    in another hymn Vasishṭha claims to have been inspired by Varuṇa, andﾠ in another RV. VII, 33, 11 he is called the son of the Apsaras Urvaṡī by Mitra andﾠ Varuṇa, whence his patronymic Maitrāvaruṇi;
    in Manu I, 35, he is enumerated among the ten Prajā-patis orﾠ Patriarchs produced by Manu Svāyambhuva for the peopling of the universe;
    in the MBh. he is mentioned as the family priest of the solar race orﾠ family of Ikshvāku andﾠ Rāma-candra, andﾠ in the Purāṇas as one of the arrangers of the Vedas in the Dvāpara age;
    he is, moreover, called the father of Aurva < Hariv. >, of the Sukālins Mn., of seven sons < Hariv. Pur. >, andﾠ the husband of Aksha-mālā orﾠ Arundhatī MBh. andﾠ of Ūrjā < Pur. >;
    other legends make him one of the 7 patriarchal sages regarded as forming the Great Bear in which he represents the star ( seeﾠ ṛishi) RV. etc. etc. (cf. IW. 361; 402 n. 1 etc..);
    N. of the author of a law-book andﾠ other wks. (prob. intended to be ascribed to the Vedic Ṛishi above);
    pl. the family of Vasishṭha RV. ṠBr. ṠrS. (vasishṭhasyâ̱ṅkuṡaḥ etc. N. of Sāmans ĀrshBr.);
    N. of an Anuvāka Pat. on Pāṇ. 4-3, 131 Vārtt. 2 ;
    n. flesh Gal
    vasishṭha

    - वसिष्ठकाल्प
    - वसिष्ठकश्यपिका
    - वसिष्ठतन्त्र
    - वसिष्ठत्व
    - वसिष्ठनिहव
    - वसिष्ठपुत्र
    - वसिष्ठप्रमुख
    - वसिष्ठप्राची
    - वसिष्ठभृग्वत्रिसम
    - वसिष्ठयज्ञ
    - वसिष्ठलिङ्गपुराण
    - वसिष्ठवत्
    - वसिष्ठशफ
    - वसिष्ठशिक्षा
    - वसिष्ठशिला
    - वसिष्ठश्राद्धकल्प
    - वसिष्ठसंसर्प
    - वसिष्ठसंहिता
    - वसिष्ठसिद्धान्त
    - वसिष्ठस्मृति
    - वसिष्ठहोमप्रकार

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > वसिष्ठ

  • 73 circle

    'sə:kl
    1. noun
    1) (a figure (O) bounded by one line, every point on which is equally distant from the centre.) círculo
    2) (something in the form of a circle: She was surrounded by a circle of admirers.) círculo
    3) (a group of people: a circle of close friends; wealthy circles.) círculo
    4) (a balcony in a theatre etc: We sat in the circle at the opera.) anfiteatro

    2. verb
    1) (to move in a circle round something: The chickens circled round the farmer who was bringing their food.) rodear
    2) (to draw a circle round: Please circle the word you think is wrong.) trazar un círculo
    circle n círculo
    tr['sɜːkəl]
    1 (shape) círculo; (in geometry) circunferencia
    2 (ring) círculo; (of people) corro
    3 (group) círculo
    4 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL piso
    1 (encircle) rodear, cercar; (move in a circle) dar vueltas alrededor de
    2 (ring with pen, pencil) trazar un círculo alrededor de, marcar con un círculo
    1 (gen) dar vueltas ( around, alrededor de)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to come/go full circle volver al punto de partida
    to go round (and round) in circles (person) volver sobre lo mismo 2 (discussion) no ir a ninguna parte
    to run round in circles dar vueltas como loco,-a
    circle ['sərkəl] v, - cled ; - cling vt
    1) : encerrar en un círculo, poner un círculo alrededor de
    2) : girar alrededor de, dar vueltas a
    we circled the building twice: le dimos vueltas al edificio dos veces
    circle vi
    : dar vueltas
    1) : círculo m
    2) cycle: ciclo m
    to come full circle: volver al punto de partida
    3) group: círculo m, grupo m (social)
    n.
    • anfiteatro (ESP) s.m.
    n.
    • cerco s.m.
    • círculo s.m.
    • peña s.f.
    • tertulia s.f.
    v.
    • circundar v.
    • dar la vuelta a v.
    • girar alrededor de v.
    'sɜːrkəl, 'sɜːkəl
    I
    1)
    a) ( shape) círculo m

    to come/go full circle — volver* al punto de partida

    to go around in circles: the negotiations seem to be going around in circles las negociaciones están estancadas or en un (or una) impasse; to run around in circles: I was running around in circles trying to get everything ready — estaba (dando vueltas) como loco tratando de tenerlo todo listo

    b) (of trees, houses) círculo m, cinturón m
    c) ( around eye) ojera f
    2) (BrE Theat)

    dress circle — primer piso m, platea f alta

    3) ( group) círculo m

    II
    1.
    1) ( move around) dar* vueltas alrededor de; ( be around) rodear, cercar*
    2) ( draw circle around) trazar* un círculo alrededor de

    2.
    vi dar* vueltas; \<\<aircraft/bird\>\> volar* en círculos, circunvolar* (frml)

    to circle AROUND something — dar* vueltas alrededor de algo

    ['sɜːkl]
    1. N
    1) (gen) círculo m
    - come full circle
    - go round in circles
    vicious
    2) (=set of people) círculo m, grupo m

    John and his circle — Juan y sus amigos, Juan y su peña

    3) (Brit) (Theat) anfiteatro m
    2. VT
    1) (=surround) cercar, rodear; (=move round) girar alrededor de, dar vueltas alrededor de
    2) (=draw round) poner un círculo alrededor de, rodear con un círculo
    3.
    * * *
    ['sɜːrkəl, 'sɜːkəl]
    I
    1)
    a) ( shape) círculo m

    to come/go full circle — volver* al punto de partida

    to go around in circles: the negotiations seem to be going around in circles las negociaciones están estancadas or en un (or una) impasse; to run around in circles: I was running around in circles trying to get everything ready — estaba (dando vueltas) como loco tratando de tenerlo todo listo

    b) (of trees, houses) círculo m, cinturón m
    c) ( around eye) ojera f
    2) (BrE Theat)

    dress circle — primer piso m, platea f alta

    3) ( group) círculo m

    II
    1.
    1) ( move around) dar* vueltas alrededor de; ( be around) rodear, cercar*
    2) ( draw circle around) trazar* un círculo alrededor de

    2.
    vi dar* vueltas; \<\<aircraft/bird\>\> volar* en círculos, circunvolar* (frml)

    to circle AROUND something — dar* vueltas alrededor de algo

    English-spanish dictionary > circle

  • 74 abbiente

    abbiente agg. well-to-do, well-off
    ◆ s.m.pl. the well-to-do, the well-off.
    * * *
    [ab'bjɛnte]
    1. agg
    well-to-do, well-off
    2.
    * * *
    [ab'bjɛnte] 1.
    aggettivo wealthy, well off
    2.
    sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile
    * * *
    abbiente
    /ab'bjεnte/
     wealthy, well off; le classi -i the well-off
    II m. e f.
      i meno -i the less well-off.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > abbiente

  • 75 ricco

    ['rikko] ricco -a, -chi, -che
    1. agg
    1) (gen), fig rich, (facoltoso) rich, wealthy, (fertile: terra) rich, fertile
    2)

    ricco di — (illustrazioni, idee) full of, (fauna, risorse, proteine, calorie) rich in

    2. sm/f

    i ricchi — the rich, the wealthy

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ricco

  • 76 Blanchard, Helen Augusta

    [br]
    b. 25 October 1840 Portland, Maine, USA
    d. 1922 USA
    [br]
    American inventor who made improvements in the sewing machine.
    [br]
    Blanchard was the daughter of a wealthy ship owner. She was said to have had inventive talents but seems to have had no technical training. She patented nothing until she was over 30, although that may have been due to shortage of funds. Inheriting the family wealth after the death of her father brought her talents out into the open. She moved to Boston, Massachusetts, and made and patented a number of mechanical devices to improve the sewing machine: these included the "over seaming" machine, a crochet attachment and methods of making knitwear. In 1881, with an unmarried sister, she founded the Blanchard Overseam Machine Company to exploit her sewing machine inventions. Her company seems to have prospered, for in 1891 she was said to own "great estates", a factory and many patent rights, the returns from which made her a wealthy woman. Patents for sewing machine improvements and attachments continued to flow until 1915. She suffered a stroke in 1916, and died six years later; no will was ever probated, so the fate of her wealth can only be surmised.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Stanley, 1993, Mothers and Daughters of Invention, Meruchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, pp. 518–21.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Blanchard, Helen Augusta

  • 77 circle

    1. noun
    1) (also Geom.) Kreis, der

    fly/stand in a circle — im Kreis fliegen/stehen

    run round in circles — (fig. coll.) hektisch herumlaufen (ugs.)

    go round in circles — im Kreis laufen; (fig.) sich im Kreis drehen

    circle of friends — Freundeskreis, der

    come full circle — (fig.) zum Ausgangspunkt zurückkehren

    2) (seats in theatre or cinema) Rang, der
    2. intransitive verb
    kreisen; (walk in a circle) im Kreis gehen
    3. transitive verb
    1) (move in a circle round) umkreisen
    2) (draw circle round) einkreisen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/119712/circle_back">circle back
    * * *
    ['sə:kl] 1. noun
    1) (a figure (O) bounded by one line, every point on which is equally distant from the centre.) der Kreis
    2) (something in the form of a circle: She was surrounded by a circle of admirers.) der Kreis
    3) (a group of people: a circle of close friends; wealthy circles.) der Kreis
    4) (a balcony in a theatre etc: We sat in the circle at the opera.) der Rang
    2. verb
    1) (to move in a circle round something: The chickens circled round the farmer who was bringing their food.) umkreisen
    2) (to draw a circle round: Please circle the word you think is wrong.) umkreisen
    * * *
    cir·cle
    [ˈsɜ:kl̩, AM ˈsɜ:r-]
    I. n
    1. (round shape) Kreis m
    to have \circles under one's eyes Ringe unter den Augen haben
    to go round in \circles [or in a \circle] sich akk im Kreis drehen a. fig; ( fig)
    to run round in \circles am Rotieren sein
    2. (group of people) Kreis m, Runde f
    the family \circle der Familienkreis
    \circle of friends Freundeskreis m
    an intellectual/political \circle ein intellektueller/politischer Zirkel geh
    to move in different \circles sich akk in unterschiedlichen Kreisen bewegen
    to move in exalted \circles in gehobenen Kreisen verkehren
    to move in the right \circles in den richtigen Kreisen verkehren
    3. no pl (in theatre) Rang m
    4.
    ▶ to come full \circle zum Ausgangspunkt zurückkehren
    now we've come full \circle jetzt ist wieder alles beim Alten
    ▶ to square the \circle etw Unmögliches versuchen
    ▶ a vicious \circle ein Teufelskreis m
    II. vt
    ▪ to \circle sth um etw akk einen Kringel machen, etw umkringeln
    ▪ to \circle sth/sb etw/jdn umkreisen
    III. vi kreisen
    * * *
    ['sɜːkl]
    1. n
    1) Kreis m

    to go round in ever decreasing circles (lit) — Spiralen drehen; (fig) sich unablässig im Kreis drehen

    to have come or turned full circle (lit) — sich ganz herumgedreht haben, eine Volldrehung gemacht haben; (fig) wieder da sein, wo man angefangen hat

    2) (of hills etc) Ring m, Kette f; (round the eyes) Ring m (round unter +dat); (in gymnastics) Welle f
    See:
    → dress circle, upper circle
    4) (= group of persons) Kreis m, Zirkel m (geh)

    the family circle —

    the whole family circle — die ganze Familie

    he's moving in different circles now — er verkehrt jetzt in anderen Kreisen

    2. vt
    1) (= surround) umgeben
    2) (= move around) kreisen um
    3) (= draw a circle round) einen Kreis or Kringel machen um

    circled in red — rot umkringelt

    3. vi
    (= fly in a circle) kreisen
    * * *
    circle [ˈsɜːkl; US ˈsɜrkəl]
    A s
    1. MATH
    a) Kreis m
    b) Kreisfläche f, -inhalt m
    c) Kreisumfang m:
    circle of curvature Krümmungskreis;
    go ( oder run) round in circles fig sich im Kreis bewegen oder drehen;
    square the circle den Kreis quadrieren (a. fig das Unmögliche vollbringen);
    a) sich schließen (Zyklus etc),
    b) zum Ausgangspunkt zurückkehren (Entwicklung etc);
    things have come full circle fig der Kreis hat sich geschlossen
    2. Kreis m, Kranz m, Ring m (von Dingen)
    3. Zirkusmanege f
    4. THEAT Rang m:
    upper circle zweiter Rang; → dress circle
    5. Wirkungskreis m, Einflusssphäre f
    6. fig Kreislauf m:
    the circle of the seasons der Zyklus der Jahreszeiten
    7. PHIL Zirkelschluss m:
    argue in a circle im Kreis argumentieren; → vicious circle
    8. Serie f, Zyklus m, Ring m
    9. a) Zirkel m:
    b) (Familien- etc) Kreis m:
    have a large circle of friends einen großen Freundeskreis haben
    10. (Verwaltungs) Kreis m
    11. Umkreis m
    12. SCHIFF (Längen- oder Breiten) Kreis m:
    circle of longitude (latitude)
    13. ASTRON
    a) Bahn f oder Umdrehungsperiode f (eines Himmelskörpers)
    b) Hof m (besonders des Mondes)
    14. Krone f, Diadem n
    15. a) Hockey: (Schuss) Kreis m
    b) Handball: (Wurf) Kreis m
    B v/t
    1. umgeben, umringen
    2. umkreisen
    3. einkreisen, -schließen, umzingeln
    4. umwinden
    5. kreisförmig machen
    6. einringeln, umringeln
    C v/i
    1. kreisen ( auch FLUG), sich im Kreis bewegen, die Runde machen (auch Pokal etc)
    2. MIL eine Schwenkung ausführen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (also Geom.) Kreis, der

    fly/stand in a circle — im Kreis fliegen/stehen

    run round in circles — (fig. coll.) hektisch herumlaufen (ugs.)

    go round in circles — im Kreis laufen; (fig.) sich im Kreis drehen

    circle of friends — Freundeskreis, der

    come full circle — (fig.) zum Ausgangspunkt zurückkehren

    2. intransitive verb
    kreisen; (walk in a circle) im Kreis gehen
    3. transitive verb
    2) (draw circle round) einkreisen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Kreis -e m.
    Personenkreis m. v.
    kreisen v.

    English-german dictionary > circle

  • 78 महा _mahā

    1
    महा A cow.
    2
    महा The substitute of महत् at the beginning of Karmadhāraya and Bahuvrīhi compounds, and also at the beginning of some other irregular words. (Note: The number of compounds of which महा is the first mem- ber is very large, and may be multiplied ad infinitum. The more important of them, or such as have peculiar significations, are given below.)
    -Comp. -अक्षः an epithet of Śiva. ˚पटलिक a chief keeper of archives.
    -अङ्ग a. huge, bulky.
    -(ङ्गः) 1 a camel.
    -2 a kind of rat.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -अञ्जनः N. of a mountain.
    -अत्ययः a great danger or calamity.
    -अध्वनिक a. 'having gone a long way', dead.
    -अध्वरः a great sacrifice.
    -अनसम् 1 a heavy carriage.
    -2 cooking utensils. (
    -सी) a kitchen-maid. (
    -सः, -सम्) a kitchen; सूपानस्य करिष्यामि कुशलो$स्मि महानसे Mb.4.2.2.
    -अनिलः a whirl- wind; महानिलेनेव निदाघजं रजः Ki.14.59.
    -अनुभाव a.
    1 of great prowess, dignified, noble, glorious, magnanimous, exalted, illustrious; ग्रहीतुमार्यान् परिचर्यया मुहुर्महानु- भावा हि नितान्तमर्थिनः Śi.1.17; Ś.3.
    -2 virtuous, righteous, just.
    (-वः) 1 a worthy or respectable person.
    -2 (pl.) people of a religious sect in Mahārāṣtra founded by Chakradhara in the 13th century.
    -अन्तकः 1 death.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -अन्धकारः 1 thick darkness.
    -2 gross (spiritual) ignorance.
    -अन्ध्राः (pl.) N. of a people and their country.
    -अन्वय, -अभिजन a. nobly-born, of noble birth. (
    -यः, -नः) noble birth, high descent.
    -अभिषवः the great extraction of Soma.
    -अमात्यः the chief or prime minister (of a king).
    -अम्बुकः an epithet of Śiva.
    -अम्बुजम् a billion.
    -अम्ल a. very sour. (
    -म्लम्) the fruit of the tamarind tree. अरण्यम् a great (dreary) forest, large forest.
    -अर्घ a. very costly, costing a high price; महार्घस्तीर्थानामिव हि महतां को$प्यतिशयः U.6.11. (
    -र्घः) a kind of quail.
    -अर्घ्य a.
    1 valuable, precious.
    -2 invaluable; ines- timable; see महार्ह below.
    -अर्चिस् a. flaming high.
    -अर्णवः 1 the great ocean.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 rich.
    -2 great, noble, dignified.
    -3 important, weighty.
    -4 significant.
    -अर्बुदम् one thousand millions.
    -अर्ह a.
    1 very valuable, very costly; महार्हशय्यापरिवर्तनच्युतैः स्वकेशपुष्पैरपि या स्म दूयते Ku.5.12.
    -2 invaluable, inestimable; महार्हशयनोपेत किं शेषे निहतो भुवि Rām.6.19. 2. (
    -र्हम्) white sandal-wood.
    -अवरोहः the fig-tree.
    -अशनिध्वजः a great banner in the form of the thunderbolt; जहार चान्येन मयूरपत्रिणा शरेण शक्रस्य महाशनि- ध्वजम् R.3.56.
    - अशन a. voracious, gluttonous; Mb. 4.
    -अश्मन् m. a precious stone, ruby.
    -अष्टमी the eighth day in the bright half of Āśvina sacred to Durgā; आश्विने शुक्लपक्षस्य भवेद् या तिथिरष्टमी । महाष्टमीति सा प्रोक्ता......
    -असिः a large sword.
    -असुरी N. of Durgā.
    -अह्नः the afternoon.
    -आकार a. extensive, large, great.
    -आचार्यः 1 a great teacher.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -आढ्य a. wealthy, very rich. (
    -ढ्यः) the Kadamba tree.
    -आत्मन् a.
    1 high-souled, high-minded, magnanimous, noble; अयं दुरात्मा अथवा महात्मा कौटिल्यः Mu.7; द्विषन्ति मन्दाश्चरितं महात्मनाम् Ku.5.75; U.1.49; प्रकृतिसिद्धमिदं हि महात्मनाम् Bh.1.63.
    -2 illustrious, distinguished, exalted, eminent; किमाचाराः किमाहाराः क्व च वासो महात्मनाम् Mb.3. 1.4.
    -3 mighty (महाबल); अथायमस्यां कृतवान् महात्मा लङ्केश्वरः कष्टमनार्यकर्म Rām.5.9.74. (-m.)
    1 the Supreme Spirit; युगपत्तु प्रलीयन्ते यदा तस्मिन् महात्मनि Ms.1.54.
    -2 the great principle, i. e. intellect of the Sāṅkhyas. (महात्मवत् means the same as महात्मन्).
    -आनकः a kind of large drum.
    -आनन्दः, -नन्दः 1 great joy or bliss.
    -2 espe- cially, the great bliss of final beatitude.
    (-न्दा) 1 spirituous liquor.
    -2 a festival on the ninth day in the bright half of Māgha.
    -आपगा a great river.
    -आयुधः an epithet of Śiva.
    -आरम्भ a. undertaking great works, enterprizing. (
    -म्भः) any great enterprize.
    -आलयः 1 a temple in general.
    -2 a sanctuary, an asylum.
    -3 a great dwelling.
    -4 a place of pilgrimage.
    -5 the world of Brahman.
    -6 the Supreme Spirit.
    -7 a tree &c. sacred to a deity.
    -8 N. of a particular dark fortnight.
    -9 पितृश्राद्ध in the month of Bhādra- pada. (
    -या) N. of a particular deity.
    - आशय a. high- souled, nobleminded, magnanimous, noble; दैवात् प्रबुद्धः शुश्राव वराहो हि महाशयः Ks; राजा हिरण्यगर्भो महाशयः H.4; see महात्मन्.
    (-यः) 1 a noble-minded or magnanimous person; महाशयचक्रवर्ती Bv.1.7.
    -2 the ocean.
    -आस्पद a.
    1 occupying a great position.
    -2 mighty, powerful.
    -आहवः a great or tumultuous fight.
    -इच्छ a.
    1 magnanimous, noble-minded, high-souled, noble; मही महेच्छः परिकीर्य सूनौ R.18.33.
    -2 having lofty aims or aspirations, ambitious; विद्यावतां महेच्छानां...... नाश्रयः पार्थिवं विना Pt.1.37.
    -इन्द्रः 1 'the great Indra', N. of Indra; इयं महेन्द्रप्रभृतीनधिश्रियः Ku.5.53; R.13.2; Ms.7.7.
    -2 a chief or leader in general.
    -3 N. of a mountain range; पतिर्महेन्द्रस्य महोदधेश्च R.6.54;4.39,43. ˚चापः rain-bow. ˚नगरी N. of Amarāvatī, the capital of Indra. ˚मन्त्रिन् m. an epithet of Bṛihaspati. ˚वाहः the elephant Airāvata; महेन्द्रवाहप्रतिमो महात्मा Mb.9.17.52.
    -इभ्य a. very rich.
    -इषुः a great archer; अधिरोहति गाण्डीवं महेषौ Ki.13.16.
    -इष्वासः a great archer, a great warrior; अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भामार्जुनसमा युधि Bg.1.4.
    -ईशः, -ईशानः N. of Śiva; महेशस्त्वां धत्ते शिरसि रसराजस्य जयिनीम् Udb. ˚बन्धुः the Bilva tree.
    -ईशानी N. of Pārvatī.
    -ईश्वरः 1 a great lord, sovereign; महेश्वरस्त्र्यम्बक एव नापरः R.; गोप्तारं न निधीनां कथयन्ति महेश्वरं विबुधाः Pt.2.74.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu.
    -4 a god (opp. प्रकृति).
    -5 the Supreme Being (परमात्मा); मायां तु प्रकृतिं विद्यान्मायिनं तु महेश्वरम् Śvet. Up.4.1. ˚सखः N. of Kubera; यया कैलासभवने महेश्वरसखं बली Mb.9.11.55.
    (-री) 1 N. of Durgā.
    -2 a kind of bell-metal.
    -उक्षः (for उक्षन्) a large bull; a full grown or strong bull; महोक्षतां वत्सतरः स्पृशन्निव R.3.32;4.22;6.72; Śi.5.63.
    -उत्पलम् a large blue lotus. (
    -लः) the Sārasa bird.
    -उत्सवः 1 a great festival or occasion of joy; नयनविषयं जन्मन्येकः स एव महोत्सवः Māl.1.36.
    -2 the god of love.
    -उत्साह a. possessed of great energy, energetic, persevering; अहं च कर्णं जानामि...... सत्यसंधं महोत्साहं...... Mb.3.91.2.
    (-हः) 1 perseverance.
    -2 great pride; ये जात्यादिमहो- त्साहान्नरेन्द्रान्नोपयान्ति च । तेषामामरणं भिक्षा प्रायश्चितं विनिर्मितम् ॥ Pt.1.38.
    -उदधिः 1 the great ocean; महोदधेः पूर इवेन्दु- दर्शनात् R.3.17.
    -2 an epithet of Indra. ˚जः a conch- shell, shell.
    - उदय a. very prosperous or lucky, very glorious or splendid, of great prosperity.
    (-यः) 1 (a) great elevation or rise, greatness, prosperity; नन्दस्त्वतीन्द्रियं दृष्ट्वा लोकपालमहोदयम् Bhāg.1.28.1; अपवर्ग- महोदयार्थयोर्भुवमंशाविव धर्मयोर्गतौ R.8.16. (b) great fortune or good luck. (c) greatness, pre-eminence.
    -2 final beatitude.
    -3 a lord, master.
    -4 N. of the district called Kānyakubja or Kanouja; see App.
    -5 N. of the capital of Kanouja.
    -6 sour milk mixed with honey.
    -7 = महात्मन् q. v.; संसक्तौ किमसुलभं महोदयानाम Ki.7.27. ˚पर्वन् a time of union of the middle of श्रवण नक्षत्र and the end of व्यतिपात (generally in the month of माघ or पौष at the beginning of अमावास्या).
    - उदर a. big-bellied, corpulent.
    -(रम्) 1 a big belly.
    -2 dropsy.
    -उदार a.
    1 very generous or magnanimous.
    -2 mighty, powerful.
    -उद्यम a. = महोत्साह q. v; महोद्यमाः कर्म समा- रभन्ते.
    -उद्योग a. very industrious or diligent, hard- working.
    -उद्रेकः a particular measure (= 4 प्रस्थs).
    -उन्नत a. exceedingly lofty. (
    -तः) the palmyra tree.
    -उन्नतिः f. great rise or elevation (fig. also), high rank.
    -उपकारः a great obligation.
    -उपाध्यायः a great preceptor, a learned teacher.
    -उरगः a great serpent; वपुर्महोरगस्येव करालफणमण्डलम् R.12.98.
    -उरस्क a. broad-chested. (
    -स्कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -उर्मिन् m. the ocean; ततः सागरमासाद्य कुक्षौ तस्य महोर्मिणः Mb.3.2.17.
    -उल्का 1 a great meteor.
    -2 a great fire-brand.
    -ऋत्विज् m. 'great priest', N. of the four chief sacri- ficial priests.
    -ऋद्धि a. very prosperous, opulent. (-f.) great prosperity or affluence.
    -ऋषभः a great bull.
    -ऋषिः 1 a great sage or saint; यस्मादृषिः परत्वेन महांस्त- स्मान्महर्षयः; (the term is applied in Ms.1.34 to the ten Prajāpatis or patriarchs of mankind, but it is also used in the general sense of 'a great sage').
    -2 N. of Sacute;iva.
    -3 of Buddha.
    -ओघ a. having a strong current.
    -घः a very large number; शतं खर्व- सहस्राणां समुद्रमभिधीयते । शतं समुद्रसाहस्रं महौघमिति विश्रुतम् ॥ Rām.6.28.37.
    -ओष्ठ (महोष्ठ) a. having large lips. (
    -ष्ठः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -ओजस् a. very mighty or powerful, possessed of great splendour or glory; महौजसा मानधना धनार्चिताः Ki.1.19. (-m.) a great hero or warrior, a champion. (-n.) great vigour.
    -ओजसम् the discus of Viṣṇu (सुदर्शन). (
    -सी) N. of plant (Mar. कांगणी).
    -ओदनी Asparagus Racemosus (Mar. शतावरी).
    -ओषधिः f.
    1 a very efficacious medicinal plant, a sovereign drug.
    -2 the Dūrvā grass.
    -3 N. of various plants ब्राह्मी, श्वेतकण्टकारी, कटुका, अतिविष &c. ˚गणः a collection of great or medicinal herbs:-- पृश्निपर्णी श्यामलता भृङ्गराजः शतावरी । गुड्चा सहदेवी च महौषधिगणः स्मृतः ॥ cf. also सहदेवी तथा व्याघ्री बला चातिबला त्वचा । शङ्खपुष्पी तथा सिंही अष्टमी च सुवर्चला ॥ महौषध्यष्टकं प्रोक्तं....
    -औषधम् 1 a sovereign remedy, panacea.
    -2 ginger.
    -3 garlic.
    -4 a kind of poison (वत्सनाभ).
    -कच्छः 1 the sea.
    -2 N. of Varuṇa.
    -3 a mountain.
    -कन्दः garlic.
    -कपर्दः a kind of shell.
    -कपित्थः 1 the Bilva tree.
    -2 red garlic.
    -कम्बु a. stark naked. (
    -म्बुः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -कर a.
    1 large-handed.
    -2 having a large revenue.
    -कर्णः an epithet of Śiva.
    -कर्मन् a. doing great works. (-m.) an epithet of Śiva.
    -कला the night of the new moon.
    -कल्पः a great cycle of time (1 years of Brahman); Bhāg.7.15.69.
    -कविः 1 a great poet, a classical poet, such as कालिदास, भवभूति, बाण, भारवि &c.
    -2 an epithet of Śukra.
    -कषायः N. of a plant (Mar. कायफळ).
    -कान्तः an epithet of Śiva. (
    -ता) the earth.
    -काय a. big-bodied, big, gigantic, bulky.
    (-यः) 1 an elephant.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu.
    -4 of a being attending on Śiva (= नन्दि).
    -कारुणिक a. exceedingly compassionate.
    -कार्तिकी the night of full-moon in the month of Kārtika.
    -कालः 1 a form of Śiva in his character as the destroyer of the world; महाकालं यजेद्देव्या दक्षिणे धूम्रवर्णकम् Kālītantram.
    -2 N. of a cele- brated shrine or temple of Śiva (Mahākāla) (one of the 12 celebrated Jyotirliṅgas) established at Ujjayinī (immortalized by Kālidāsa in his Meghadūta, which gives a very beautiful description of the god, his temple, worship &c., together with a graphic picture of the city; cf. Me.3-38; also R.6.34); महाकालनिवासिनं कालीविलासिनमनश्वरं महेश्वरं समाराध्य Dk.1.1.
    -3 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -4 N. of a kind of gourd.
    -5 N. of Śiva's servant (नन्दि). ˚पुरम् the city of Ujjayinī. ˚फलम् a red fruit with black seeds; पक्वं महाकालफलं किलासीत् N.22.29.
    -काली an epithet of Durgā in her terrific form.
    -काव्यम् a great or classical poem; (for a full description of its nature, contents &c., according to Rhetoricians see S. D.559). (The number of Mahākāvyas is usually said to be five:-- रघुवंश, कुमारसंभव, किरातार्जुनीय, शिशुपालवध and नैषधचरित or six, if मेघदूत-- a very small poem or खण़्डकाव्य-- be added to the list. But this enumeration is apparently only traditional, as there are several other poems, such as the भट्टिकाव्य, विक्रमाङ्कदेवचरित, हरविजय &c. which have an equal claim to be considered as Mahākāvyas).
    -कीर्तनम् a house.
    -कुमारः the eldest son of a reigning prince, heir-apparent.
    -कुल, -कुलीन a. of noble birth or descent, sprung from a noble family, nobly born. (
    -लम्) a noble birth or family, high descent.
    -कुहः a species of parasitical worm.
    -कृच्छ्रम् a great penance.
    -केतुः N. of Śiva.
    -केशः, -कोशः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 a large sheath.
    -क्रतुः a great sacrifice; e. g. a horse-sacrifice; तदङ्गमग्ऱ्यं मघवन् महाक्रतोरमुं तुरङ्गं प्रतिमोक्तुमर्हसि R.3.46.
    -क्रमः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -क्रोधः an epithet of Śiva.
    -क्षत्रपः a great satrap.
    -क्षीरः sugar-cane.
    -क्षीरा f. a She-buffalo; Nighaṇṭaratnākara.
    -खर्वः, -र्वम् a high number (ten billions ?).
    -गजः a great elephant; see दिक्करिन्.
    -गणपतिः a form of the god Gaṇeśa.
    -गदः fever.
    -गन्ध a. exceedingly fragrant. (
    -न्धः) a kind of cane. (
    -न्धम्) a kind of sandal- wood. (
    -न्धा) N. of Chāmuṇḍā.
    -गर्तः, -गर्भः -गीतः N. of Śiva.
    -गर्दभगन्धिका N. of a plant, भारङ्गी.
    -गल a. longnecked.
    -गवः Bos gavaeus.
    -गुण a. very efficacious, sovereign (as a medicine); त्वया ममैष संबन्धः कपिमुख्य महागुणः Rām.5.1.12. (
    -णः) a chief quality, cardinal virtue.
    -गुरुः a highly respectable or venerable person; (these are three, the father, mother and preceptor; पिता माता तथाचार्यो महागुरुरिति स्मृतः).
    -गुल्मा the Soma plant.
    -गृष्टिः f. a cow with a large hump.
    -ग्रहः 1 an epithet of Rāhu.
    -2 the sun; महाग्रहग्राहविनष्टपङ्कः Rām.5.5.6.
    -ग्रामः N. of the ancient capital of Ceylon, the modern Māgama.
    -ग्रीवः 1 a camel.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -ग्रीविन् m. a camel.
    -घूर्णा spirituous liquor.
    -घृतम् ghee kept for a long time (for medicinal purposes).
    -घोष a. noisy, loud-sounding. (
    -षम्) a market, fair. (
    -षः) a loud noise, clamour.
    -चक्रम् the mystic circle in the शाक्त ceremonial.
    -चक्रवर्तिन् m. a universal monarch.
    -चण्डा N. of Chāmuṇḍā.
    -चपला a kind of metre.
    -चमूः f. a large army.
    -छायः the fig-tree.
    -जङ्घः a camel.
    -जटः an epithet of Śiva.
    -जटा 1 a great braid of hair.
    -2 the matted hair of Śiva.
    -जत्रु a. having a great collar-bone. (
    -त्रुः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -जनः 1 a multitude of men, a great many beings, the general populace or public; महाजनो येन गतः स पन्थाः Mb.3.313. 117; आगम्य तु ततो राजा विसृज्य च महाजनम् 6.98.25.
    -2 the populace, mob; विलोक्य वृद्धोक्षमधिष्ठितं त्वया महाजनः स्मेरमुखो भविष्यति Ku.5.7.
    -3 a great man, a distinguished or eminent man; महाजनस्य संसर्गः कस्य नोन्नतिकारकः । पद्मपत्रस्थितं तोयं धत्ते मुक्ताफलश्रियम् Pt.3.6.
    -4 the chief of a caste or trade.
    -5 a merchant, tradesman.
    -जवः an antelope.
    -जातीय a.
    1 rather large.
    -2 of an excellent kind.
    -जालिः, -ली N. of a plant (Mar. सोनामुखी)
    -जिह्वः an epithet of Śiva.
    -ज्ञानिन् m.
    1 a very learned man.
    -2 a great sage.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -ज्यैष्ठी the day of fullmoon in the month of Jyeṣṭha; ताभिर्दृश्यत एष यान् पथि महाज्यैष्ठीमहे मन्महे N.15.89; पूर्णिमा रविवारेण महाज्यैष्ठी प्रकीर्तिता Agni P.121.63.
    -ज्योतिस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -ज्वरः great affliction.
    -ज्वाल a. very brilliant or shining.
    (-लः) 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 a sacrificial fire.
    -डीनम् a kind of flight; 'यानं महाडीनमाहुः पवित्रामूर्जितां गतिम्' Mb.8.41.27 (com.).
    -तपस् m.
    1 a great ascetic.
    -2 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -तलम् N. of one of the seven lower regions; see पाताल.
    -तारा N. of a Buddhist goddess.
    -तिक्तः the Nimba tree.
    -तिथिः the 6th day of a lunation.
    -तीक्ष्ण a. exceedingly sharp or pungent. (
    -क्ष्णा) the marking- nut plant.
    -तेजस् a.
    1 possessed of great lustre or splendour.
    -2 very vigorous or powerful, heroic. (-m.)
    1 a hero, warrior.
    -2 fire.
    -3 an epithet of Kārtikeya. (-n.) quick-silver.
    -त्याग, -त्यागिन् a. very generous. (-m.) N. of Śiva.
    -दंष्ट्रः a species of big tiger.
    -दन्तः 1 an elephant with large tusks.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -दण्डः 1 a long arm.
    -2 a severe punishment.
    -दम्भः an epithet of Śiva.
    -दशा the influence exercised (over a man's destiny) by a predominant planet.
    -दानम् the gift of gold equal to one's own weight; अथातः संप्रवक्ष्यामि महादानस्य लक्षणम्.
    -दारु n. the devadāru tree.
    -दुर्गम् a great calamity; Pt.
    -दूषकः a kind of grain.
    -देवः N. of Śiva.
    (-वी) 1 N. of Pārvatī.
    -2 the chief queen.
    -द्रुमः the sacred fig-tree.
    -द्वारम् a large gate, the chief or outer gate of a temple.
    -धन a.
    1 rich.
    -2 expensive, costly; हेमदण्डैर्महाधनैः Rām.7. 77.13.
    (-नम्) 1 gold.
    -2 incense.
    -3 a costly or rich dress.
    -4 agriculture, husbandry.
    -5 anything costly or precious.
    -6 great booty.
    -7 a great battle (Ved.).
    -धनुस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -धातुः 1 gold.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 lymph.
    -4 N. of Meru.
    -धी a. having a great understanding.
    -धुर्यः a full-grown draught ox.
    -ध्वजः a camel.
    -ध्वनिक a. dead.
    -नग्नः an athlete; Buddh.
    -नटः an epithet of Śiva; महानटः किं नु...... तनोति...... साम्प्रतमङ्गहारम् N.22.7; महानटबाहुनेव बद्धभुजाङ्केन Vās.
    -नदः a great river.
    -नदी 1 a great river, such as Gaṅgā, Kṛiṣṇā; मन्दरः पर्वतश्चाक्षो जङ्घा तस्य महानदी Mb.8.34.2; संभूयाम्भोधिमभ्येति महानद्या नगापगा Śi.2.1.
    -2 N. of a river falling into the bay of Bengal.
    -नन्दा 1 spirituous liquor.
    -2 N. of a river.
    -3 ninth day of the bright half of the month of Māgha; माघमासस्य या शुक्ला नवमी लोकपूजिचा । महानन्देति सा प्रोक्ता....
    -नरकः N. of one of the 21 hells.
    -नलः a kind of reed.
    -नवमी the ninth day in the bright half of Āśvina, sacred to the worship of Durgā ततो$नु नवमी यस्मात् सा महानवमी स्मृता.
    -नाटकम् 'the great drama', N. of a drama, also called Hanumannāṭaka, (being popularly ascribed to Hanumat); thus defined by S. D.:-- एतदेव यदा सर्वैः पताकास्थानकैर्युतम् । अङ्कैश्च दशभिर्धीरा महानाटकमूचिरे ॥
    -नाडी sinew, tendon.
    -नादः 1 a loud sound, uproar.
    -2 a great drum.
    -3 a thunder-cloud.
    -4 a shell.
    -5 an elephant.
    -6 a lion.
    -7 the ear.
    -8 a camel.
    -9 an epithet of Śiva. (
    -दम्) a musical instrument.
    -नाम्नी 1 N. of a परिशिष्ट of Sāmaveda.
    -2 (pl.) N. of 9 verses of Sāmaveda beginning with विदा मघवन् विदा.
    -नायकः 1 a great gem in the centre of a string of pearls.
    -2 a great head or chief.
    -नासः an epithet of Śiva.
    -निद्र a. fast asleep. (
    -द्रा) 'the great sleep', death.
    -निम्नम् intestines, abdomen.
    -नियमः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -निर्वाणम् total extinction of individuality (according to the Buddhists).
    -निशा 1 the dead of night, the second and third watches of the night; महानिशा तु विज्ञेया मध्यमं प्रहरद्वयम्
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -नीचः a washerman.
    -नील a. dark-blue. (
    -लः) a kind of sapphire or emerald; इन्द्रनीलमहानीलमणिप्रवरवेदिकम् Rām.5.9.16; महा- महानीलशिलारुचः Śi.1.16;4.44; R.18.42; Kau. A.2.11. 29. ˚उपलः a sapphire.
    -नृत्यः, -नेत्रः an epithet of Śiva.
    -नेमिः a crow.
    -न्यायः the chief rule.
    -पक्ष a.
    1 having many adherents.
    -2 having a large family or retinue; महापक्षे धनिन्यार्थे निक्षेपं निक्षिपेद् बुधः Ms.8.179.
    (-क्षः) 1 an epithet of Garuḍa.
    -2 a kind of duck. (
    -क्षी) an owl.
    -पङ्क्तिः, -पदपङ्क्तिः a kind of metre.
    -पञ्चमूलम् the five great roots:-- बिल्वो$ग्निमन्थः श्योनाकः काश्मरी पाटला तथा । सर्वैस्तु मिलितैरेतैः स्यान्महापञ्चमूलकम् ॥
    -पञ्चविषम् the five great or deadly poisons:-- शृङ्गी च कालकूटश्च मुस्तको वत्सनाभकः । शङ्खकर्णीति योगो$यं महापञ्चविषाभिधः ॥
    -पटः the skin.
    -पथः 1 chief road, principal street, high or main road; संतानकाकीर्णमहापथं तत् Ku.7.3.
    -2 the passage into the next world, i. e. death.
    -3 N. of certain mountain-tops from which devout persons used to throw themselves down to secure entrance into heaven.
    -4 an epithet of Śiva.
    -5 the long pilgrimage to mount Ke- dāra.
    -6 the way to heaven.
    -7 the knowledge of the essence of Śiva acquired in the pilgrimage to Kedāra.
    -पथिक a.
    1 undertaking great journeys.
    -2 one receiving Śulka (toll) on the high way; cf. Mb.12.76.6 (com. महापथिकः समुद्रे नौयानेन गच्छन् यद्वा महापथि शुल्कग्राहकः)
    -पद्मः 1 a particular high number.
    -2 N. of Nārada.
    -3 N. of one of the nine treasures of Kubera.
    -4 N. of the southernmost elephant supporting the world.
    -5 an epithet of Nanda.
    -6 a Kinnara attendant on Kubera.
    (-द्मम्) 1 a white lotus.
    -2 N. of a city. ˚पतिः N. of Nanda.
    -पराकः a. a particular penance; Hch.
    -पराङ्णः a late hour in the afternoon.
    -पवित्रः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -पशुः large cattle; महापशूनां हरणे... दण्डं प्रकल्पयेत् Ms.8.324.
    -पातः a long flight; Pt.2.58.
    -पातकम् 1 a great sin, a heinous crime; ब्रह्महत्या सुरापानं स्तेयं गुर्वङ्गनागमः । महान्ति पातकान्याहुस्तत्संसर्गश्च पञ्चमम् ॥ Ms.1154.
    -2 any great sin or transgression.
    -पात्रः a prime minister.
    -पादः an epithet of Śiva.
    -पाप्मन् a. very sinful or wicked.
    -पुराणम् N. of a Purāṇa; महापुराणं विज्ञेयमेकादशकलक्षणम् Brav. P.
    -पुंसः a great man.
    -पुरुषः 1 a great man, an eminent or distinguished personage; शब्दं महापुरुषसंविहितं निशम्य U. 6.7.
    -2 the Supreme Spirit.
    -3 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -पौरुषिकः a worshipper of Viṣṇu; तदहं ते$भिधास्यामि महापौरुषिको भवान् Bhāg.2.1.1.
    -पुष्पः a kind of worm.
    -पूजा great worship; any solemn worship performed on extraordinary occasions.
    -पृष्ठः a camel.
    -पोटगलः a kind of large reed.
    -प्रजापतिः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -प्रतीहारः a chief door-keeper.
    -प्रपञ्चः the great universe.
    -प्रभ a. of great lustre. (
    -भः) the light of a lamp.
    -प्रभुः 1 a great lord.
    -2 a king, sovereign.
    -3 a chief.
    -4 an epithet of Indra.
    -5 of Śiva
    -6 of Viṣṇu.
    -7 a great saint or holy man.
    -प्रलयः 'the great dissolution', the total annihilation of the universe at the end of the life of Brahman, when all the lokas with their inha- bitants, the gods, saints &c. including Brahman himself are annihilated; महाप्रलयमारुत...... Ve.3.4.
    -प्रश्नः a knotty question.
    -प्रसादः 1 a great favour.
    -2 a great present (of food offered to an idol); पादोदकं च निर्माल्यं नैवेद्यं च विशेषतः । महाप्रसाद इत्युक्त्वा ग्राह्यं विष्णोः प्रयत्नतः
    -प्रस्थानम् 1 departing this life, death.
    -2 setting out on a great journey for ending life; इहैव निधनं याम महाप्रस्थानमेव वा Rām.2.47.7 (com. महाप्रस्थानं मरणदीक्षा- पूर्वकमुत्तराभिमुखगमनम्); Mb.1.2.365.
    -प्राणः 1 the hard breathing or aspirate sound made in the pronunciation of the aspirates.
    -2 the aspirated letters themselves (pl.); they are:-- ख्, घ्, छ्, झ्, ठ्, ढ्, थ्, ध्, फ्, भ्, श्, ष्, स्, ह्.
    -3 a raven.
    -प्राणता possession of great strength or essence; अन्यांश्च जीवत एव महाप्राणतया स्फुरतो जग्राह K.
    -प्रेतः a noble departed spirit.
    -प्लवः a great flood, deluge;... क्षिप्तसागरमहाप्लवामयम् Śi.14.71.
    -फल a.
    1 bearing much fruit.
    -2 bringing much reward.
    (-ला) 1 a bitter gourd.
    -2 a kind of spear.
    (-लम्) 1 a great fruit or reward.
    -2 a testicle.
    -फेना the cuttle-fish bone.
    -बन्धः a peculiar position of hands or feet.
    -बभ्रुः a kind of animal living in holes.
    -बल a. very strong; नियुज्यमानो राज्याय नैच्छद्राज्यं महाबलः Rām
    (-लः) 1 wind, storm.
    -2 a Buddha.
    -3 a solid bamboo.
    -4 a palm.
    -5 a crocodile.
    -बला N. of a plant; महाबला च पीतपुष्पा सहदेवी च सा स्मृता Bhāva. P. (
    -लम्) lead. ˚ईश्वरः N. of a Liṅga of Śiva near the modern Mahābaleśwara.
    -बाध a. causing great pain or damage.
    -बाहु a. long-armed, powerful. (
    -हुः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -बि(वि)लम् 1 the atmosphere.
    -2 the heart.
    -3 a water-jar, pitcher.
    -4 a hole, cave.
    -बिसी a variety of skin (चर्म), a product of द्वादशग्राम in the Himālayas.
    -बी(वी)जः an epithet of Śiva.
    -बी (वी)ज्यम् the perinæum.
    -बुध्न a. having a great bottom or base (as a mountain).
    -बुशः barley.
    -बृहती a kind of metre.
    -बोधिः 1 the great intelligence of a Buddha.
    -2 a Buddha.
    -ब्रह्मम्, -ब्रह्मन् n. the Supreme Spirit.
    -ब्राह्मणः 1 a great or learned Brāhmaṇa.
    -2 a low or contemptible Brāhmaṇa.
    -भटः a great warrior; तदोजसा दैत्यमहाभटार्पितम् Bhāg.
    -भद्रा N. of the river Gaṅgā.
    -भाग a.
    1 very fortunate or blessed, very lucky or prosperous.
    -2 illustrious, distinguished, glo- rious; उभौ धर्मौ महाभागौ Mb.12.268.3; महाभागः कामं नरपतिरभिन्नस्थितिरसौ Ś.5.1; Ms.3.192.
    -3 very pure or holy, highly virtuous; पतिव्रता महाभागा कथं नु विचरिष्यति Mb.4.3.16.
    -भागता, -त्वम्, -भाग्यम् 1 extreme good fortune, great good luck, prosperity.
    -2 great excel- lence or merit.
    -भागवतम् the great Bhāgavata, one of the 18 Purāṇas. (
    -तः) a great worshipper of Viṣṇu.
    -भागिन् a. very fortunate or prosperous.
    -भाण्डम् a chief treasury.
    -भारतम् N. of the celebrated epic which describes the rivalries and contests of the sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Pāṇḍu. (It consists of 18 Parvans or books, and is said to be the composition of Vyāsa; cf. the word भारत also); महत्त्वाद्भारतत्वाच्च महाभारतमुच्यते
    -भाष्यम् 1 a great commentary.
    -2 particularly, the great commentary of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini.
    -भासुरः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -भिक्षुः N. of Śākyamuni.
    -भीता a kind of sensitive plant (लाजाळू).
    -भीमः an epithet of king Śantanu.
    -भीरुः a sort of beetle or fly.
    -भुज a. long-armed, powerful.
    -भूतम् a great or primary element; see भूत; तस्यैतस्य महाभूतस्य निःश्वसितमेतद्यदृग्वेदः Up.; तं वेधा विदधे नूनं महाभूतसमाधिना R.1. 29; Ms.1.6.
    (-तः) 1 the Supreme Being.
    -2 a great creature.
    -भोगः 1 a great enjoyment.
    -2 a great coil or hood; great winding.
    -3 a serpent. (
    -गा) an epi- thet of Durgā.
    -मणिः 1 a costly or precious jewel; संस्कारोल्लिखितो महामणिरिव क्षीणो$पि नालक्ष्यते Ś.6.5.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -मति a.
    1 high-minded.
    -2 clever. (
    -तिः) N. of Bṛihaspati or Jupiter.
    -मत्स्यः a large fish, sea-monster.
    -मद a. greatly intoxicated. (
    -दः) an elephant in rut.
    -मनस्, -मनस्क a.
    1 high-minded, noble- minded, magnanimous; ततो युधिष्ठिरो राजा धर्मपुत्रो महामनाः Mb.4.1.7.
    -2 liberal.
    -3 proud, haughty. (-m) a fabulous animal called शरभ q. v.
    -मन्त्रः 1 any sacred text of the Vedas.
    -2 a great or efficacious charm, a powerful spell.
    -मन्त्रिन् m. the prime-minister, premier.
    -मयूरी N. of Buddhist goddess.
    -मलहारी a kind of Rāgiṇi.
    -महः a great festive procession; Sinhās.
    -महस् n. a great light (seen in the sky).
    -महोपाध्यायः 1 a very great preceptor.
    -2 a title given to learned men and reputed scholars; e. g. महामहो- पाध्यायमल्लिनाथसूरि &c.
    -मांसम् 'costly flesh', especially human flesh; न खलु महामांसविक्रयादन्यमुपायं पश्यामि Māl.4; अशस्त्रपूतं निर्व्याजं पुरुषाङ्गोपकल्पितम् । विक्रीयते महामांसं गृह्यतां गृह्यतामिदम् 5.12 (see Jagaddhara ad loc.).
    -माघी the full-moon day in the month of Māgha.
    -मात्र a.
    1 great in measure, very great or large.
    -2 most excellent, best; वृष्ण्यन्धकमहामात्रैः सह Mb.1.221.27; 5.22.37.
    (-त्रः) 1 a great officer of state, high state- official, a chief minister; (मन्त्रे कर्मणि भूषायां वित्ते माने परिच्छदे । मात्रा च महती येषां महामात्रास्तु ते स्मृताः); Ms. 9.259; गूढपुरुषप्रणिधिः कृतमहामात्रापसर्पः (v. l. महामात्यापसर्पः) पौरजानपदानपसर्पयेत् Kau. A.1.13.9; Rām.2.37.1.
    -2 an elephant-driver or keeper; मदोन्मत्तस्य भूपस्य कुञ्जरस्य च गच्छतः । उन्मार्गं वाच्यतां यान्ति महामात्राः समीपगाः ॥ Pt.1.161.
    -3 a superintendent of elephants.
    (-त्री) 1 the wife of a chief minister.
    -2 the wife of a spiritual teacher.
    -मानसी N. of a Jain goddess.
    -मान्य a. being in great honour with; मकरन्दतुन्दिलानामरविन्दानामयं महामान्यः Bv.1.6.
    -मायः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -माया 1 worldly illusion, which makes the material world appear really existent.
    -2 N. of Durgā; महामाया हरेश्चैषा यया संमोह्यते जगत् Devīmāhātmya.
    -मायूरम् a particular drug. (
    -री) N. of an amulet and a goddess; Buddh.
    -मारी 1 cholera, an epidemic.
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -मार्गः high road, main street. ˚पतिः a superintendent of roads.
    -मालः N. of Śiva.
    -माहेश्वरः a great worshipper of Maheśvara or Śiva.
    -मुखः a crocodile.
    -मुद्रा a parti- cular position of hands or feet (in practice of yoga).
    -मुनिः 1 a great sage.
    -2 N. of Vyāsa.
    -3 an epithet of Buddha.
    -4 of Agastya.
    -5 the coriander plant. (
    -नि n.)
    1 coriander seed.
    -2 any medicinal herb or drug.
    -मूर्तिः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मूर्धन् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -मूलम् a large radish. (
    -लः) a kind of onion.
    -मूल्य a. very costly. (
    -ल्यः) a ruby.
    -मृगः 1 any large animal.
    -2 an elephant,
    -3 the fabulous animal called शरभ.
    -मृत्युः, -मेधः N. of Śiva.
    -मृत्युंजयः a kind of drug.
    -मृधम् a great battle.
    -मेदः the coral tree; महामेदाभिधो ज्ञेयः Bhāva. P.
    -मेधा an epithet of Durgā.
    -मोहः great infatuation or confusion of mind. (ससर्ज) महामोहं च मोहं च तमश्चाज्ञानवृत्तयः Bhāg.3.12.2. (
    -हा) an epithet of Durgā.
    -यज्ञः 'a great sacrifice', a term applied to the five daily sacrifices or acts of piety to be performed by a house-holder; अध्यापनं ब्रह्मयज्ञः पितृयज्ञस्तु तर्पणम् । होमो दैवो (or देवयज्ञः) बलिर्भौतो (or भूतयज्ञः) नृयज्ञो$तिथिपूजनम् ॥ Ms.3.7,71, (for explanation, see the words s. v.).
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -यमकम् 'a great Yamaka', i. e. a stanza all the four lines of which have exactly the same words, though different in sense; e. g. see Ki.15.52, where विकाशमीयुर्जगतीशमार्गणाः has four different senses; cf. also बभौ मरुत्वान् विकृतः समुद्रः Bk.1.19.
    -यशस् a. very famous, renowned, celebrated.
    -यात्रा 'the great pilgrimage', the pilgrimage to Benares.
    -यानम् N. of the later system of Buddhist teaching, firstly promul- gated by Nāgārjuna (opp. हीनयान).
    -याम्यः an epi- thet of Viṣṇu.
    -युगम् 'a great Yuga', consisting of the four Yugas of mortals, or comprising 4,32, years of men.
    -योगिन् m.
    1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -3 a cock.
    -योनिः f. excessive dilation of the female organ.
    -रक्तम् coral.
    -रङ्गः a large stage.
    -रजतम् 1 gold; उच्चैर्महारजतराजिविराजितासौ Śi.4.28.
    -2 the thorn-apple.
    -रजनम् 1 safflower.
    -2 gold.
    -3 turmeric; तस्य हैतस्य पुरुषस्य रूपं यथा महारजनं वासः Bṛi. Up.2.3.6.
    -रत्नम् 1 a precious jewel; वज्रं मुक्ता प्रवालं च गोमेदश्चेन्द्रनीलकः ॥ वैडूर्यः पुष्करागश्च पाचिर्माणिक्यमेव च । महारत्नानि चैतानि नव प्रोक्तानि सूरिभिः ॥ Śukra.4.155-56.
    -रथः 1 a great chariot.
    -2 a great warrior or hero; द्रुपदश्च महारथः Bg.1.4; कुतः प्रभावो धनंजयस्य महारथजयद्रथस्य विपत्तिमुत्पादयितुम् Ve.2; दशरथः प्रशशास महारथः R.9.1; Śi.3.22; (a महारथ is thus defined:-- एको दशसहस्राणि योधयेद्यस्तु धन्विनाम् ॥ शस्त्रशास्त्र- प्रवीणश्च विज्ञेयः स महारथः ॥).
    -3 desire, longing; cf. मनोरथ.
    -रवः a frog.
    -रस a. very savoury.
    (-सः) 1 a sugar- cane.
    -2 quicksilver.
    -3 a precious mineral.
    -4 the fruit of the date tree.
    -5 any one of the eight substan- ces given below:-- दरदः पारदं शस्ये वैक्रान्तं कान्तमभ्रकम् । माक्षिकं विमलश्चेति स्युरेते$ष्टौ महारसाः ॥ (
    -सम्) sour ricewater.
    -राजः 1 a great king, sovereign or supreme ruler; पञ्चाशल्लक्षपर्यन्तो महाराजः प्रकीर्तितः Śukra.1.184.
    -2 a respect- ful mode of addressing kings or other great personages (my lord, your majesty, your highness); इति सत्यं महाराज बद्धो$स्म्यर्थेन कौरवैः Mb.
    -3 a deified Jaina teacher.
    -4 a fingernail. ˚अधिराजः a universal emperor, para- mount sovereign. ˚चूतः a kind of mango tree.
    -राजिकः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -राजिकाः (m. pl.) an epithet of a class of gods (said to be 22 or 236 in number.).
    -राज्यम् the rank or title of a reigning sovereign.
    -राज्ञी 1 the reigning or chief queen, principal wife of a king.
    -2 N. of Durgā.
    -रात्रम् midnight, dead of night.
    -रात्रिः, -त्री f.
    1 see महाप्रलय; ब्रह्मणश्च निपाते च महाकल्पो भवेन्नृप । प्रकीर्तिता महारात्रिः.
    -2 midnight.
    -3 the eighth night in the bright half of Āśvina.
    -राष्ट्रः 'the great kingdom', N. of a country in the west of India, the country of the Marāṭhās.
    -2 the people of Mahārāṣṭra; the Marāṭhās (pl.). (
    -ष्ट्री) N. of the principal Prākṛita; dialect, the language of the people of the Mahārāṣṭra; cf. Daṇḍin:-- महाराष्ट्राश्रयां भाषां प्रकृष्टं प्राकृतं विदुः Kāv.1.34.
    -रिष्टः a kind of Nimba tree growing on mountains.
    -रुज्, -ज a. very painful.
    -रुद्रः a form of Śiva.
    -रुरुः a species of antelope.
    -रूप a. mighty in form.
    (-पः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 resin.
    -रूपकम् a kind of drama.
    -रेतस् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -रोगः a dangerous illness, grievous malady; (these are eight:-- उन्मादो राजयक्ष्मा च श्वासस्त्वग्दोष एव च । मधुमेहश्चाश्मरी च तथो- दरभगन्दरौ ॥).
    -रौद्र a. very dreadful. (
    -द्री) an epithet of Durgā.
    -रौरवः N. of one of the 21 hells; Ms.4.88-9.
    -लक्ष्मी 1 the great Lakṣmī, or Śakti of Nārāyaṇa; सेवे सैरिभमर्दिनीमिह महालक्ष्मीं सरोजस्थिताम्.
    -2 a young girl who represents the goddess Durgā at the Durgā festival.
    -लयः 1 a great world destruction.
    -2 the Supreme Being (महदादीनां लयो यस्मिन्).
    -लिङ्गम् the great Liṅga or Phallus. (
    -ङ्गः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -लोलः a crow.
    -लोहम् a magnet.
    -वंशः N. of a wellknown work in Pali (of the 5th century).
    -वक्षस् m. epithet of Śiva.
    -वनम् a large forest in Vṛindāvana.
    -वरा Dūrvā grass.
    -वराहः 'the great boar', an epithet of Viṣṇu in his third or boar incarnation.
    -वर्तनम् high wages;
    -वल्ली 1 the Mādhavī creeper.
    -2 a large creeping plant.
    -वसः the porpoise.
    -वसुः silver; Gīrvāṇa.
    -वाक्यम् 1 a long sentence.
    -2 any continuous composition or literary work.
    -3 a great proposition, principal sentence; such as तत्त्वमसि, ब्रह्मैवेदं सर्वम् &c.
    -4 a complete sentence (opp. अवान्तरवाक्य q. v.); न च महावाक्ये सति अवान्तरवाक्यं प्रमाणं भवति ŚB. on MS.6.4.25.
    -वातः a stormy wind, violent wind; महावाता<?>तैर्महिषकुलनीलैर्जलधरैः Mk.5.22.
    -वादिन् m. a great or powerful disputant.
    -वायुः 1 air (as an element).
    -2 stormy wind, hur- ricane, tempest.
    -वार्तिकम् N. of the Vārtikas of Kātyāyana on Pāṇini's Sūtras.
    -विडम् a kind of factitious salt.
    -विदेहा N. of a certain वृत्ति or condition of the mind in the Yoga system of philosophy.
    -विद्या the great lores; काली तारा महाविद्या षोडशी भुवनेश्वरी । भैरवी छिन्नमस्ता च विद्या धूमवती तथा । बगला सिद्धविद्या च मातङ्गी कमला- त्मिका । एता दश महाविद्याः... ॥
    -विपुला a kind of metre.
    -विभाषा a rule giving a general option or alternative; इति महाविभाषया साधुः.
    -विभूतिः an epithet of Śiva.
    -विषः a serpent having two mouths.
    -विषुवम् the vernal equinox. ˚संक्रान्तिः f. the vernal equinox (the sun's entering the sign Aries).
    -विस्तर a. very extensive or copious.
    -वीचिः N. of a hell.
    -वीरः 1 a great hero or warrior.
    -2 a lion.
    -3 the thunderbolt of Indra.
    -4 an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -5 of Garuḍa.
    -6 of Hanumat.
    -7 a cuckoo.
    -8 a white horse.
    -9 a sacrificial fire.
    -1 a sacrificial vessel.
    -11 a kind of hawk. ˚चरितम् N. of a celebrated drama by Bhavabhūti.
    -वीर्य a. of great valour, very powerful.
    (-र्यः) 1 N. of Brah- man.
    -2 the Supreme Being. (
    -र्या) the wild cotton shrub.
    -2 an epithet of संज्ञा, the wife of the sun.
    -वृषः a great bull.
    -वेग a.
    1 very swift or fleet.
    (-गः) 1 great speed, excessive velocity.
    -2 an ape.
    -3 the bird Garuḍa.
    -वेघः a particular position of hands or feet (in the practice of Yoga).
    -वेल a. billowy.
    -व्याधिः f.
    1 a great disease.
    -2 a very bad kind of leprosy (black leprosy).
    -व्याहृतिः f. a great mystical word, i. e. भूर्, भुवस् and स्वर्.
    -व्रत a. very devotional, rigidly observing vows.
    (-तम्) 1 a great vow, a great reli- gious observance; a vow for not taking even water for a month; महाव्रतं चरेद्यस्तु Mb.12.35.22 (com. महाव्रतं मासमात्रं जलस्यापि त्यागः).
    -2 any great or funda- mental duty; प्राणैरपि हिता वृत्तिरद्रोहो व्याजवर्जनम् । आत्मनीव प्रियाधानमेतन्मैत्रीमहाव्रतम् Mv.5.59; क्रतौ महाव्रते पश्यन् ब्रह्मचारी- त्वरीरतम् N.17.23.
    -व्रतिन् m.
    1 a devotee, an ascetic.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -शक्तिः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Kārtikeya.
    -शङ्कुः the sine of the sun's eleva- tion.
    -शङ्खः 1 a great conch-shell; पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं Bg.1.15; महाशङ्खमयी माला ताराविद्याजपे प्रिया Tantra.
    -2 the temporal bone, forehead.
    -3 a human bone.
    -4 a particular high number.
    -5 one of Kubera's treasures.
    -शठः a kind of thorn-apple.
    -शब्द a. making a loud sound, very noisy, boisterous.
    -शल्कः a kind of sea- crab or prawn; Ms.3.272.
    -शालः a great householder.
    -शालिः a kind of large and sweetsmelling rice.
    -शाल्वणम् ('great fomentation') N. of a remedy; Suśr.
    -शासन a.
    1 exercising great power.
    -2 whose commands are great; त्रैलोक्यघिपतित्वमेव विरसं यस्मिन् महा- शासने Bh.3.8.
    (-नम्) 1 the knowledge of Brahma as expounded in the Upaniṣadas.
    -2 great order of government.
    -शिरस् m. a kind of serpent.
    -शिवरात्रिः N. of a festival on the 14th day of the dark half of Māgha,
    -शुक्तिः f. a pearl-shell.
    -शुक्ला an epithet of Sarasvatī.
    -शुभ्रम् silver.
    -शूद्रः (-द्री f.)
    1 a Sūdra in a high position.
    -2 a cowherd.
    -3 an upper servant. (
    -द्री) a female cow-keeper. (
    -द्रा) a Śudra woman in a high position.
    -शून्यम् a particular mental condi- tion of a Yogin.
    -शृङ्गः 1 a species of stag.
    -2 the शरभ animal.
    -श्मशानम् an epithet of Benares.
    -श्यामा the Sissoo tree. (Mar. शिसवी).
    -श्रमणः 1 an epithet of Buddha.
    -2 a Jain monk.
    -श्लक्ष्णा sand.
    -श्वासः a kind of asthma.
    -श्वेता 1 an epithet of Sarasvatī.
    -2 of Durgā.
    -3 white sugar.
    -संहिता great combi- nation.
    -संक्रान्तिः f. the winter solstice.
    -सती a very chaste woman.
    -सत्ता absolute existence.
    -सत्यः an epithet of Yama.
    -सत्त्व a.
    1 noble.
    -2 very strong or powerful.
    -3 just, righteous.
    (-त्त्वः) 1 a large animal.
    -2 N. of Sākyamuni.
    -3 an epithet of Kubera.
    -संधिविग्रहः the office of the minister of peace and war.
    -सन्नः an epithet of Kubera.
    -सन्निः m. (in music) a kind of measure.
    -समुद्रः the great ocean.
    -सर्गः a great or completely new creation (after a complete destruction of the world).
    -सर्जः the bread- fruit or jack-tree.
    -साधनभागः a great executive officer.
    -सांतपनः a kind of very rigid penance; see Ms.11. 218.
    -सांधिविग्रहिकः a minister of peace and war.
    -सामन्तः a great vassal.
    -सामान्यम् the widest genera- lity.
    -सारः a kind of Khadira tree.
    -सारथिः an epithet of Aruṇa.
    -साहसम् great violence or outrage, great audacity.
    -साहसिकः a dacoit, highwayman, a daring robber.
    -सिंहः the fabulous animal called Śarabha.
    -सिद्धिः f. a kind of magical power.
    -सुखम् 1 great pleasure.
    -2 copulation. (
    -खः) a Buddha.
    -सुगन्धम् a fragrant unguent.
    -सुगन्धिः a kind of antidote.
    -सुधा silver; Gīrvāṇa.
    -सुभिक्षम् good times.
    -सूक्तः the composer of the great Sūktas or hymns of the 1th Maṇḍala of the Ṛigveda.
    -सूक्ष्मा sand.
    -सूतः a mili- tary drum.
    -सेनः 1 an epithet of Kārtikeya; महासेन- प्रसूतिं तद्ययौ शरवणं महत् Rām.7.16.1.
    -2 the commander of a large army. (
    -ना) a great army.
    -स्कन्धः a camel.
    -स्थली the earth.
    -स्थानम् a great position.
    -स्नेहः a combination of the 4 kinds of fat.
    -स्मृतिः the Ṣaḍaṅgas and Smṛitis; महास्मृतिं पठेद्यस्तु तथैवानुस्मृतिं शुभाम् Mb.12.2.3.
    -स्रोतस् n. the bowels.
    -स्रग्विन् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -स्वनः a kind of drum.
    -हंसः an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -हविस् n. clarified butter.
    -हस्तः an epithet of Śiva.
    -हासः a loud or boisterous laughter, cachinnation.
    -हिमवत् m. N. of a mountain.
    -ह्रस्वा N. of a plant (Mar. कुहिली).

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > महा _mahā

  • 79 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 80 average

    'ævəri‹
    1. noun
    (the result of adding several amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts: The average of 3, 7, 9 and 13 is 8 (= 32:4).) media

    2. adjective
    1) (obtained by finding the average of amounts etc: average price; the average temperature for the week.) medio, promedio
    2) (ordinary; not exceptional: The average person is not wealthy; His work is average.) medio; corriente, común

    3. verb
    (to form an average: His expenses averaged (out at) 15 dollars a day.) sumar una media de
    average1 adj
    1. medio
    2. regular / normal
    average2 n promedio / media
    how do you calculate the average? ¿cómo se calcula el promedio?
    tr['ævərɪʤ]
    1 promedio, media
    1 medio,-a
    2 (not special) corriente, regular
    1 hacer un promedio de
    2 (calculate) determinar el promedio de
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    above average por encima de la media
    below average por debajo de la media
    on average por término medio
    average ['ævrɪʤ, 'ævə-] vt, - aged ; - aging
    1) : hacer un promedio de
    he averages 8 hours a day: hace un promedio de 8 horas diarias
    2) : calcular el promedio de, promediar (en matemáticas)
    average adj
    1) mean: medio
    the average temperature: la temperatura media
    2) ordinary: común, ordinario
    the average man: el hombre común
    : promedio m
    n.
    • avería s.f.
    adj.
    • mediano, -a adj.
    • medio, -a adj.
    • ordinario, -a adj.
    • promedio (Matemática) adj.
    • valor medio (Matemática) adj.
    n.
    • media (Matemática) s.f.
    • medianía s.f.
    • promedio s.m.
    • término medio s.m.
    v.
    • promediar v.
    • prorratear v.

    I 'ævrɪdʒ, 'ævərɪdʒ
    noun ( Math) promedio m, media f

    $600 a week on (an) average — un promedio or una media de 600 dólares a la or por semana

    above/below (the) average — por encima/por debajo de la media


    II
    a) ( Math) <time/age> medio, promedio adj inv
    b) ( typical)

    she's not your average pop singer — (colloq) no es la típica cantante pop

    c) ( ordinary)

    how was the movie? - average — ¿qué tal la película? - normal or nada del otro mundo


    III
    transitive verb (do, get on average)

    we averaged 80 miles a day — hicimos un promedio or una media de 80 millas al día

    Phrasal Verbs:
    ['ævǝrɪdʒ]
    1. ADJ
    1) (Math, Statistics) [age, wage, price, speed] medio, promedio inv
    2) (=normal, typical) medio

    the average American drives 10,000 miles per year — el americano medio hace unas 10.000 millas al año con su coche

    • of average ability — de capacidad media

    • of average height — de estatura mediana or media

    • the average man — el hombre medio

    • he's not your average footballer * — no es el típico futbolista

    3) (=mediocre) mediocre

    "how was the film?" - "average" — -¿qué tal fue la película? -nada del otro mundo

    2.
    N media f, promedio m

    to do an average of 150kph — hacer una media or un promedio de 150kph

    it takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed — como promedio la venta de una casa se lleva a término en unas diez semanas

    • above average — superior a la media or al promedio, por encima de la media or del promedio

    • below average — inferior a la media or al promedio, por debajo de la media or del promedio

    • on average — como promedio, por término medio

    • a rough average — una media aproximada

    • to take an average of sth — calcular la media or el promedio de algo

    3. VT
    1) (also: average out) (=calculate average of) calcular la media de, calcular el promedio de
    2) (=reach an average of)

    pay increases are averaging 9.75% — los aumentos de sueldo son, como media or promedio, del 9,75%

    we average eight hours' work a day — trabajamos por término medio unas ocho horas diarias, trabajamos una media or un promedio de unas ocho horas diarias

    the temperature averaged 13 degrees over the month — la temperatura media or promedio fue de unos 13 grados a lo largo del mes, la temperatura alcanzó una media or un promedio de unos 13 grados a lo largo del mes

    he averaged 140kph all the way — (Aut) hizo un promedio or una media de 140kph en todo el recorrido

    4.
    ADV * regular
    AVERAGE, HALF
    Position of "medio"
    You should generally put m edio after the noun when you mean "average" and before the noun when you mean "half":
    ... the average citizen...... el ciudadano medio...
    ... the average salary...... el salario medio...
    ... half a kilo of tomatoes...... medio kilo de tomates... For further uses and examples, see average, half
    * * *

    I ['ævrɪdʒ, 'ævərɪdʒ]
    noun ( Math) promedio m, media f

    $600 a week on (an) average — un promedio or una media de 600 dólares a la or por semana

    above/below (the) average — por encima/por debajo de la media


    II
    a) ( Math) <time/age> medio, promedio adj inv
    b) ( typical)

    she's not your average pop singer — (colloq) no es la típica cantante pop

    c) ( ordinary)

    how was the movie? - average — ¿qué tal la película? - normal or nada del otro mundo


    III
    transitive verb (do, get on average)

    we averaged 80 miles a day — hicimos un promedio or una media de 80 millas al día

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > average

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