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1 αἴξ
Aαἴγεσιν Il.10.486
, ; also [dialect] Boeot. ἤγυς, = αἴγοις, IG7.3171:— goat, mostly fem.,μηκάδας αἶγας Od.9.124
;λεύκας αἶγος Sapph.7
(s.v.l.), cf. Ar.Nu.71, Pl.Lg. 639a, etc., but masc. in Od.14.106, 530; alsoτῶν αἰγῶν τῶν τραγῶν Hdt.3.112
:—once in Trag., S.Fr. 793 (anap.).2 αἲξ ἄγριος wild goat, prob. ibex (cf. αἴγαγρος), ἰονθάς Od.14.50
;ἴξαλος Il.4.105
;αἶγες ὀρεσκῷοι Od.9.155
;ἀγρότεραι 17.295
:—proverbs, αἲξ οὐρανία in Com. as a source of mysterious and suspected wealth, in allusion to the horn of Amalthea, Cratin.244;οὐράνιον αἶγα πλουτοφόρον Com.Adesp.8
; αἲξ τὴν μάχαιραν (sc. ηὗρε), of those who 'ask for trouble', Zen.1.27; αἲξ οὔπω τέτοκεν 'don't count your chickens before they are hatched', 1.42;αἲξ Σκυρία· ἐπὶ τῶν τὰς εὐεργεσίας ἀνατρεπόντων· ἀνατρέπει γὰρ τὸ ἀγγεῖον ἀμελ χθεῖσα Diogenian.2.33
;αἲξ ἐς θάλασσαν· ἀτενὲς ὁρᾷς, ἐπὶ τῶν φιληδούντων 3.8
; ;οὐ δύναμαι τὴν αἶγα φέρειν, ἐπί μοι θέτε τὸν βοῦν Plu.2.830a
;ἐλεύθεραι αἶγες ἀρότρων· ἐπὶ τῶν βάρους τινὸς ἀπηλλαγμένων Zen.3.69
; κατ' αἶγας ἀγρίας, = ἐς κόρακας, Hsch., Diogenian.5.49;νοῦσος, αἶγας ἐς ἀγριάδας τὴν ἀποπεμπόμεθα Call.Aet.3.1.13
; αἰγῶν ὀνόματα, of worthless objects, Suid. -
2 δαλός
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3 δοκός
A bearing-beam, main beam, esp. in the roof or floor of a house, Od.22.176, Ar.Nu. 1496; any balk or beam, Il.17.744, Th.4.112; bar of a gate or door, Ar.V. 201: also, in pl., firewood, PFlor.127.5 (iii A. D.): prov., one who has 'swallowed a poker',Arist.
Rh. 1413b28; ἐν δοκοῖσι is prob. f. l. for ἐνδόκοισι in Archil.66.3, cf. Hsch. s.v. ἔνδοκος. -
4 κίων
Aἡ; ὁ Od.8.66
, 473, 19.38, cf. Eumel.11, Ar.V. 105, Hdt.4.184, etc.; ἡ Id.1.92, Pi.P.1.19, IG9(2).258.12 (Cierium, ii B.C.), al.:— pillar, freq. in Od. of roof- pillars, 19.38, al., cf. h.Ap.8;οἱ κ. οἱ ἐν τῷ Λυκείῳ Pl.Euthd. 303b
, cf. SIG969.10 (Piraeus, iv B.C.), al.; used as a flogging-post, S.Aj. 108, Aeschin. 1.59: prov., ἔσθι' ἐλθὼν τοὺς Μεγακλέους κίονας eat the pillars of his hall, for, being a spendthrift, he had nothing else left to give, Ar.Nu. 815.2 of natural objects, [Ἄτλας] ἔχει.. κίονας αὐτὸς μακράς, αἳ γαῖάν τε καὶ οὐρανὸν ἀμφὶς ἔχουσι Od.1.53
; [Ἄτλας] ἕστηκε κίον ' (dual)οὐρανοῦ τε καὶ χθονὸς.. ἐρείδων A.Pr. 351
; ὁ κ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ (of Mount Atlas) Hdt.4.184; κίων οὐρανία, of Aetna, Pi.P.1.19; for the Pillars of Hercules, v. Ἡράκλειος 1.II columnar gravestone, AP7.163 (Leon.): distd.from στήλη, And.1.38; κ. τετράπλευρος an obelisk, Epigr.Gr. 1061 ([place name] Constantinople); any column bearing an inscription, ἀγγράψαι ἐγ κίονα λιθίναν IGl.c. (cf. p.xii); ἔσται ἡ στήλη ἐπὶ τοῦ κείονος ib.22.1368.29 (ii A.D.).IV division of the nostrils, cartilage of the nose, Ruf.Onom.37, Poll.2.79, 80.V kind of meteor, Placit.3.2.5. -
5 λαμπάς
A torch, A.Th. 433, Th.3.24, etc.;πευκίνη λ. S. Tr. 1198
; beacon-light, A.Ag.8, 28, etc.; λαμπάδας ἅψασθαι light torches, Ar.Th. 655; λαμπάδας τινάσσων, in Bacchic ceremonies, Id.Ra. 340 (lyr.); used in festal processions, φαίνετε τούτῳ (sc. τῷ Αἰσχύλῳ) λαμπάδας ἱεράς ib. 1525 (anap.), cf. Th. 102 (lyr.).2 faggot, Plb.3.93.4; any light, lamp,λαμπάδες ἀργυραῖ LXX Ju.10.22
; wax-light, Plu.2.263f;λ. κηροχίτων AP6.249
(Antip.); later of oillamps, Ev.Matt.25.3.3 metaph., of the sun, Parm.10.3, S. Ant. 879 (lyr.), etc.; ἡ 'πιοῦσα λ. the coming light, i.e. the next day, E.Med. 352; of lightning,δαμασθεὶς λαμπάσιν κεραυνίοις Id.Supp. 1011
, cf. Ba. 244, 594 (lyr.); of the Cyclops' eye, Cratin.459.II torch-race, = λαμπαδηδρομία, Hdt.6.105, X.Vect.4.52; λαμπάδα δραμεῖν, τρέχειν, run the race, Ar.V. 1203, Thphr.Char.27.4;τὰς λ. δραμεῖν IG22.1030.9
; ἐν ταῖς λ. διηγωνίσθαι ib.1039.20;λαμπάδα φέρειν Ar.Ra. 1087
(anap.); ἀφιεμένην τὴν λ. θεῶ see the start, ib. 131;τὰς λ. συντελεῖν IG 22.1011.9
;λ. ἔσται.. ἀφ' ἵππων τῇ θεῷ Pl.R. 328a
; λαμπάδι νικᾶν win in it, And.4.42, cf. IG22.957, al.; λαμπάδα ν. win it, ib.3.106, al.; οἱ νικήσαντες τὴν λ. ib.122, cf. Milet.1(7).203a14 (ii B. C.).2 metaph., of life,λαμπάδα γὰρ ζωᾶς με δραμεῖν.. ἤθελε δαίμων Epigr.Gr. 231
([place name] Chios);καθάπερ λαμπάδα τὸν βίον παραδιδόντας ἄλλοις ἐξ ἄλλων Pl.Lg. 776b
.III = λυχνὶς ἀγρία, Ps.-Dsc.3.101.------------------------------------ -
6 σέλας
Aσέλαϊ Il.17.739
, [var] contr.σέλᾳ Od.21.246
; gen.σέλαος Plot.6.7.33
, : pl. , al., Plu.Caes.63, AP9.289 (Bass.); gen. codd. ( σελῶν ap.Stob.):—light, brightness, flame,πυρός Il.19.366
, al.; καιομένοιο πυρός, π. αἰθομένοιο, ib. 375, 8.563; ἐν σέλαϊ μεγάλῳ, without any word added, 17.739; δαΐδων ς. Od.18.354, Hes.Sc. 275;σ. λάβρον Ἡφαίστου Pi.P. 3.39
;ἀπὸ.. λάμπε γυίων σ. ὧτε πυρός B.16.104
; Ἥφαιστος.. λαμπρὸν ἐκπέμπων ς., of a beacon fire, A.Ag. 281, cf. 289; Ἡφαιστότευκτον, of a volcano, S.Ph. 986; ; ἐφέστιον ς. S.Tr. 607; of the heavenly bodies,σ. γένετ' ἠΰτε μήνης Il.19.374
; ἁλίου ς. A.Eu. 926 (lyr.), S.El.17, Ar.Av. 1711; of day light, καθαρὸν ἁμέρας ς. Pi.Fr.142.4, cf. S.Aj. 856; πρὶν θεοῦ δῦναι ς. E.Supp. 469;τὸ σ. καὶ τὸ φῶς ταὐτόν Pl.Cra. 409b
; lightning, flash of lightning, δαιόμενον ς. Il.8.76, cf. Democr.152; Διὸς ς. S.OC95;σ. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ Hdt.3.28
; meteor, Arist.Mu. 395a31; torchlight, h.Cer.52, A.R.4.808, cf. AP9.46, etc., the flash of an angry eye, ἐξ ὀμμάτων ἤστραπτε γοργωπὸν ς. A.Pr. 358, cf. E.Cyc. 663 (so in Hom., ὄσσε λαμπέσθην ὡς εἴ τε πυρὸς ς. Il.19.366; ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑπὸ βλεφάρων ὡς εἰ σ. ἐξεφάανθεν ib.17): metaph. of love, Theoc.2.134, cf. AP12.93 (Rhian.). -
7 σπινθήρ
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σπινθήρ
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8 ἀκοντίας
III a plant, Hsch., EM50.53.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀκοντίας
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9 ἀστήρ
Aἀστράσι Il.22.28
, 317 (Aristarch.; ἄστρασι Sch.Ven., Choerob.):— star (v. ἄστρον), ἀστέρ' ὀπωρινῷ Il. 5.5
;οὔλιος ἀ. 11.62
;Σείριος ἀ. Hes.Op. 417
; ἀ. Ἀρκτοῦρος the chief star in the constellation, ib. 565, etc.; shooting star or meteor, Il.4.75; ;ᾄττοντας ὥσπερ ἀστέρας Pl.R. 621b
, cf. Arist.Mete. 341a33, Plu. Agis11.3 ἀστὴρ πέτρινος meteoric stone, Placit.2.13.9.II metaph. of illustrious persons, etc.,φανερώτατον ἀστέρ' Ἀθήνας E.Hipp. 1122
(lyr.);Μουσάων ἀστέρα καὶ Χαρίτων AP7.1.8
(Alc. Mess.)IV name of a bird, perh. goldfinch, Dionys.Av.3.2.V blue daisy, Aster Amellus, Nic.Fr.74.66, Dsc.4.119.VII architectural ornament, IG4.1484.83 (Epid.), SIG 241B111 (Delph., iv B. C.).VIII bandage, Gal.18 (1).823.2 name of various remedies, Id.12.761, al. -
10 ὁλκός
A drawing to oneself, attractive,θερμόν τε καὶ ὁ. Arist.Pr. 931a25
; ; ὁλκὸν.. ψυχῆς πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ib. 527b ;ὁλκοτέρας τὰς ῥίζας ποιεῖν Thphr. CP3.17.3
( ἑλκοτέρας cod. A: ἑλκτικωτέρας Wimmer).IV [voice] Pass., liable to be attracted, having a propensity,ὁ. διάνοιαι παρθένων πρὸς ἀρετήν Ph.2.229
.------------------------------------I machine for hauling ships on land, hauling-engine, prob. a fixed capstan, windlass, Hdt.2.154, 159, E.Rh. 146, 673 ; but also of movable engines of like kind, for hauling ships across the Isthmus of Corinth, Th.3.15.II furrow, track, trace,αἵματι δ' ὁλκοὶ.. πλήθοντο A.R.3.1391
; σμίλης ὁλκός the traces of a chisel in the wood, Ar.Th. 779(lyr.) ; ὁ. τοῦ ξύλου the furrow made by the wood, X.Cyn.9.18 ; path, track, or orbit of a star or meteor, A.R.3.141, 4.296, Nonn.D. 24.90 ; ἁμάξης ib.1.96 ; ditch or channel, A.R.1.375 ; οἴδματος ὁλκοί the waves, ib. 1167 ;ὁλκοὶ καλλιρόων ὑδάτων Milet.1(9).343
; body-coils of a serpent, Nic.Th. 266, al., Luc.Herm.79 ; but, coiling movement of a serpent, Nic.Th. 162, al. ; cf.ὁ. γλώσσης Id.Al.79
, 281 ; of hair, coil, ὁλκὸς ἐθείρης, πλοκάμων.. ὁλκοί, Nonn.D.3.413, 32.168 : generally, of anything drawn, αἵματος ὁλκῷ ib.4.329, al. ; draught of wine, Antiph. 237.4(pl.).2 in periphrases, δάφνης ὁλκοί drawings, i. e. laurelboughs (or brooms made of them) drawn along, E. Ion 145 (lyr.) ; τερπνὸς ἀκούεται ὁ. ἁμάξης a chariot drawn, D.P.191.3 aqueduct, Cod.Just.1.4.26 ;ὁ. ὑδάτων Lyd.Mens.3.23
.IV a kind of grass, mouse-barley, Plin.HN 27.90. -
11 αἴξ
αἴξ, αἰγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `goat' rarely m. `he-goat' (Il.). Also a waterbird (Janzén [s. below] 17), a meteor (Arist.) and a star (Aratos).Compounds: αἰπόλος `goatherd' \< *αἰγ-πολος s. s.v. πέλω (cf. Meier-Brügger Gr. Sprachw. 1, 92). αἰγί-βοτος `browsed by goats' (Od.) Unclear αἰπόλος κάπηλος παρὰ Κυπρίοις H (see Leumann Hom. W. 271ff; to be rejected Latte's corr. ἀί- = ἀεί).Derivatives: αἰγίς `goatskin', q.v.;Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [13] *h₂eiǵ-Etymology: The compounds in - ι- are unexplained (unclear Heubeck IF 69 (1963) 13-21); old is in any case the type αἰπόλος. αἴξ is cognate with Arm. ayc `goat' (i-stem); see Clackson 88-90, who reconstructs, with Meillet, *h₂eiǵ-ih₂. Zero grade is mostly supposed in Av. ī̆zaēna- `of leather', but it is not certain that it refers to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word would be IE; the word is often considered as an Anatolian loanword in both Greek and Armenian. - See A. Janzén Bock und Ziege (GHÅ 43 [1937: 5]) 9ff.and EIEC s.v. - The gloss αἶγες τὰ κύματα, Δωριεῖς H. may be a metaphor, s. αἰγιαλός. In Greek geogr. names ( Αἰγαί, Αἰγαῖος, Αἴγινα etc.) we may have not the word for `goat', Sommer IF 55, 259f. (Pre-Greek), V. Burr Nostrum mare (Würzb. Stud. zur Altertumswiss.) Stuttgart 1932. Connection with * h₂eig- as `to jump' is rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 264 as éjati had a labio-velar (also it does not mean `jump'). Not to Skt. ajá- `goat'.Page in Frisk: 1,41-42Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἴξ
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12 αἰγός
αἴξ, αἰγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `goat' rarely m. `he-goat' (Il.). Also a waterbird (Janzén [s. below] 17), a meteor (Arist.) and a star (Aratos).Compounds: αἰπόλος `goatherd' \< *αἰγ-πολος s. s.v. πέλω (cf. Meier-Brügger Gr. Sprachw. 1, 92). αἰγί-βοτος `browsed by goats' (Od.) Unclear αἰπόλος κάπηλος παρὰ Κυπρίοις H (see Leumann Hom. W. 271ff; to be rejected Latte's corr. ἀί- = ἀεί).Derivatives: αἰγίς `goatskin', q.v.;Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [13] *h₂eiǵ-Etymology: The compounds in - ι- are unexplained (unclear Heubeck IF 69 (1963) 13-21); old is in any case the type αἰπόλος. αἴξ is cognate with Arm. ayc `goat' (i-stem); see Clackson 88-90, who reconstructs, with Meillet, *h₂eiǵ-ih₂. Zero grade is mostly supposed in Av. ī̆zaēna- `of leather', but it is not certain that it refers to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word would be IE; the word is often considered as an Anatolian loanword in both Greek and Armenian. - See A. Janzén Bock und Ziege (GHÅ 43 [1937: 5]) 9ff.and EIEC s.v. - The gloss αἶγες τὰ κύματα, Δωριεῖς H. may be a metaphor, s. αἰγιαλός. In Greek geogr. names ( Αἰγαί, Αἰγαῖος, Αἴγινα etc.) we may have not the word for `goat', Sommer IF 55, 259f. (Pre-Greek), V. Burr Nostrum mare (Würzb. Stud. zur Altertumswiss.) Stuttgart 1932. Connection with * h₂eig- as `to jump' is rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 264 as éjati had a labio-velar (also it does not mean `jump'). Not to Skt. ajá- `goat'.Page in Frisk: 1,41-42Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἰγός
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13 ἄκων
ἄκων, - οντοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `javelin, dart' (Il.).Derivatives: ἀκοντίας m. `kind of snake', `meteor' (for its rapidity; Nic.), ἀκοντίλος m. = ἀκοντίας (H.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [18] *h₂eḱ- `sharp'Etymology: ἄκων is considered an n-derivative of the root in ἀκ-ή etc. But there is no proof for this, as ἄκαινα (q.v.) must not be a derivation of the stem of ἄκων. - From other languages cf.: Skt. aśáni- `point of an arrow', Lat. agna `ear (of corn)', Germ., e.g. Goth. ahana `chaff', ON ǫgn, pl. agnar id.Page in Frisk: 1,62Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄκων
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14 σύρω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to draw, to trail, to drag, to pull, to ravish, to sweep'(IA.).Other forms: Aor. σῦραι, pass. σῠρῆναι (late), fut. συρῶ (LXX), perf. σέσυρμαι, - κα (hell. a. late).Compounds: Very often w. prefix in diff. shades of meaning, e.g. δια- (also `to hackle, to mock'), ἐπι- (also `to be, treat neglectful etc.'), κατα-, παρα-. As 1. member in σύργαστρος (s.v.)?Derivatives: 1. σύρμα ( ἀπό-, ἐπί-, παρά-, περί-) n. `train-dress, sweepings, dragging movement' (Ion., X., hell. a. late) with συρμα-τῖτις κόπρος `manure-heap consisting of sweepings' (Thphr.; Redard 109), - τικη φωνή `drawn-out accent' (VIIp), - τὶς στρατιά ἡ τὰ συμψήγματα καὶ φρύγανα σύρουσα καὶ συλλέγουσα H. 2. συρμός ( ἐπι-, περι-, ὑπο-) m. `grinding, dragging, pulling movement' (of a wind, a gulf, a meteor, a snake a.o.; Arist. etc), `the vomiting' (Nic.); δια- σύρω `the pulling apart, to bemock' (hell. a. late); from this συρ-μάδες f. pl. `snowdrifts' (late), - μαία, Ion. - μαίη f. `vomitive, radish' (Ion., Ar. etc.), also name of a Lacon. priestrank (inscr., H.), with - μαΐζω `to take a vomitive', -μαϊσμός m. (Hdt., medic.), - μίον λάχανόν τι σελίνῳ ἐοικός H., - μιστήρ ξυλο-πώλης H. 3. συρμή f. `trailing tail of a snake' (sch.). -- 4. σύρ-της m. `towing-rope' (Man., H.), - τῶν gen. pl. (nom. sg. - της or - τός) name of a dance (Akraiphia Ip), διασύρ-της m. `slanderer' (Ptol.), δια-, ἐκ-συρτικός (hell. a. late). 5. ἀνασυρτ-όλις f. `lewd woman' (Hippon.; cf. οἰφόλις and Chantraine Form. 237 f.). 6. Prob. also Σύρτις f. name of a sea-gulf on the northcoast of Africa with sandy shores and dangerous breakers (Hdt. etc.) as "the pulling one" (cf. v. Wilamowitz on Tim. Pers. 99); metaph. `destruction' (Tim. Pers. 99, H.). 7. σύρσις f. ( διά- σύρω) `the drawing of a plough' (late). -- With φ -enlargement: 8. σύρφη φρύγανα H. 9. συρφ-ετός m. `sweepings, filth' (Hes., Call., Plu. a.o.), `rabble' (Pl. a.o.) with - ετώδης `vulgar' (Plb., Luc. a.o.); cf. νιφετός a.o. (Chantraine Form. 300, Schwyzer 501). 10. -ᾱξ m. `rabble' (Ar. V. 673 [anap.], Luc.), popular-hypocoristic formation. -- On σύρφος s. σέρφος. Cf. ἀσυρής.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Prob. to σαίρω `sweep' (s. v. w. lit.), but without certain cognates outside Greek. With σύρφ-η, - ετός, - αξ one compares a Germ. word for `sweep, turn (sweep turning), wipe off' in Goth. af-, bi-swairban ' εξαλεῖψαι, ἐκμάξαι', OHG swerban `drive quickly to and fro, whirl, wipe off' etc., to which also Celt., e.g. Welsh chwerfu `whirl, turn around' (Persson Stud. 55, WP. 2, 529f., Pok. 1050f. w. lit.). The semant. certainly possible connection presents the same phonetic problem as σέλας, σῦς etc. (s. vv.). In auslaut agrees σύρφη, prob. not accidentally, to the synonymous κάρφη; so formally influenced by it? An old variation bh: m in σύρ-φη: συρ-μός (Specht Ursprung 269) does not help; but it would show Pre-Greek origin -- The connection with σαίρω, both from *tu̯r̥- is hardly convincing.Page in Frisk: 2,823-824Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σύρω
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15 Καππώτας
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: Ζεὺς Κ., Dorian name of a great unworked stone in Gytheion (Paus. 3, 22, 1).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: - A suggestion is *Καταπώτας "the one fallen down", from *κατα-πωτάομαι ( κατα-πίπτειν), prop. name of a meteor-stone (but is πω-τ- so used?); Pisani Acme 1, 86. Diff. Belardi Doxa 3, 209: like Ζεὺς Καβάτας (Lacon.) = Καταιβάτης prop. name of lightning.Page in Frisk: 1,782Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Καππώτας
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16 βίαιος
βίαιος, α, ον (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo; Jos., Ant. 14, 43; Just., A I, 16, 4 κατά τινα βιαιοτέραν ὁλκήν; Ath., R. 74, 5; βιαίως Ar. 11, 4) pert. to being violent or strong in use of force, violent, forcible.ⓐ of human force συναλλάγματα forcibly exacted agreements B 3:3 (Is 58:6).ⓑ of natural force violent, strong of a wind Ac 2:2 (Aristot., Meteor. 3, 1, 370b, 9; Polyb. 21, 31, 6 ἄνεμος; Diod S 17, 106, 6 βιαίου πνεύματος φερομένου; Paus. 10, 17, 11 νότος; Ex 14:21; Ps 47:8 πνεῦμα; Philo, Somn. 2, 166 πν.; Jos., Bell. 3, 422 πν.).—DELG s.v. βία. M-M. -
17 θάλασσα
θάλασσα, ης, ἡ (Hom.+)① seaⓐ gener. (Hom. et al.) Mk 9:42; 11:23; Lk 17:2, 6; θαλάσσης καὶ σάλου 21:25 (σάλῳ θαλασσῶν PsSol 6:3); Rv 8:8f; 1 Cl 33:3. W. γῆ (Epict. 3, 26, 1; Michel 521, 10; SIG 4, 260b: index IV; PsSol 2:26, 29; Philo; Jos., Ant. 1, 282) Rv 7:1–3 (cp. Artem. 1, 2 p. 6, 8–10 [=Pack p. 7, 11–13] ἡλίου δὲ καὶ σελήνης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων ἀφανισμὸν ἢ τελείαν ἔκλειψιν γῆς τε καὶ θαλάσσης).—W. ἡ ξηρά, the dry land Mt 23:15 (Jon 1:9; En 97:7). W. γῆ and οὐρανός to denote the whole universe (Ex 20:11; Hg 2:6, 21; Ps 145:6; Jos., Ant. 4, 40, C. Ap. 2, 121; Ar. 1, 1al.) Ac 4:24; 14:15; Rv 5:13; 10:6; 14:7; 21:1. W. γῆ and ἀήρ PtK 2 p. 14, 17. κίνδυνοι ἐν θαλάσσῃ 2 Cor 11:26 (cp. BGU 423, 7; Jos., Vi. 14 πολλὰ κινδυνεύσας κατὰ θάλασσαν). τὴν θ. ἐργάζεσθαι have work on the sea Rv 18:17 (s. ἐργάζ. 2d and Polyaenus 6, 24 θαλασσουργέω of a fisher). The sand of the seashore as symbol of numberlessness Ro 9:27 (Is 10:22); Hb 11:12 (Gen 22:17). Waves of the sea Js 1:6; Jd 13. τὸ πέλαγος τῆς θ. the high seas Mt 18:6 (cp. Apollon. Rhod. 2, 608); ἡ ἄπειρος θ. 1 Cl 20:6.ⓑ of specific seasα. of the Red Sea ἡ ἐρυθρὰ θ. (s. ἐρυθρός) Ac 7:36; Hb 11:29. Without adj., but w. ref. to the same sea 1 Cor 10:1f (s. FDölger, Antike u. Christent. II ’31, 63–79; Just., D. 131, 3 al.).β. of the Mediterranean Sea (Hdt. et al.) Ac 10:6, 32; 17:14; 27:30, 38, 40; AcPl Ha 3, 6; 33; 7, 27; 34 (Just., D. 3, 1 al.)② lake (a Semitic usage, s. the expl. in Aristot., Meteor. 1, 13 p. 351a, 8 ἡ ὑπὸ τὸν Καύκασον λίμνη ἣν καλοῦσιν οἱ ἐκεῖ θάλατταν; cp. Num 34:11) of Lake Gennesaret ἡ θ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας the Lake (or Sea; OED s.v. ‘sea’, I 3) of Galilee Mt 4:18; 15:29; Mk 1:16; 7:31. For the same lake ἡ θ. τῆς Τιβεριάδος J 21:1. Both together 6:1 ἡ θ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος the Galilean Lake of Tiberias. Simply θάλασσα Mt 8:24 (Jesus addressed as κύριος vs. 25; cp. IAndrosIsis, Kyme 39: Isis is κυρία τῆς θ.; also IMaronIsis 39); 13:1; 14:24ff (on walking on the θ. cp. Dio Chrys. 3, 30); Mk 2:13; 3:7 al. RKratz, Rettungswunder ’79; EStruthersMalbon, The Jesus of Mark and the Sea of Galilee: JBL 103, ’84, 363–77.—B. 36. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
18 καθαρός
καθαρός, ά, όν (s. καθαρίζω; Hom.+)① pert. to being clean or free of adulterating matter, clean, pure, of a cup Mt 23:26. σινδών clean linen (PGM 4, 1861; 2189; 3095; 5, 217) Mt 27:59. λίνον καθαρὸν λαμπρόν (v.l. λίθον; on this Philo, Mos. 2, 72) Rv 15:6. βύσσινον λαμπρὸν κ. 19:8; cp. vs. 14; ὠμόλινον κ. Hs 8, 4, 1. ὕδωρ pure, clean water (Eur., Hipp. 209; SIG 972, 169; PGM 4, 3252; Ezk 36:25; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 58; Mel., Fgm. 8b, 17; 40 P.) Hb 10:22. Of metals (Hdt. 4, 166; Aristot., Meteor. 383b, 1; Theocr. 15, 36 ἀργύριον; Plut., Alex. 684 [32, 9] ἄργυρος; Sb 4481, 13 σίδηρος) χρυσίον κ. pure gold (Diod S 3, 14, 4; Ex 25:31; 2 Ch 3:5) Rv 21:18a, 21; ὕαλος κ. clear crystal vs. 18b. In the fig. lang. of Ignatius, referring to martyrdom, we have the concept κ. ἄρτος (Hdt. 2, 40; Teles p. 40, 11; Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 76 al.; Jur. Pap. 36, 29; POxy 736, 26) pure (wheat) bread, without admixture IRo 4:1. κ. φῶς pure light IRo 6:2.—ὁ λελουμένος ἐστὶν καθαρὸς ὅλος a person who has bathed is clean all over J 13:10a.② pert. to being cultically/ceremonially pure, ritually pure (ins; PGM 4, 3084; 3085; LXX; Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; Did., Gen. 177, 13) of the temple τὸ ἱερὸν … καθαρόν Ox 840, 17f. πάντα καθαρά everything is ritually pure, hence fit for use Ro 14:20; Tit 1:15ac.③ pert. to being free from moral guilt, pure, free fr. sin (Pind., P. 5, 2; Pla., Rep. 6 p. 496d καθαρὸς ἀδικίας τε καὶ ἀνοσίων ἔργων, Crat. 403e; 405b al.; LXX; PsSol 17:36; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; TestBenj 8:2f; ἔχειν κ. ψυχήν Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 [p. 60, 22]).ⓐ of a pers. as entity οἱ καθαροί Tit 1:15b; cp. J 13:10b, 11; 15:3. Christendom is Christ’s λαὸς κ. Hs 9, 18, 4. οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ (Ps 23:4) Mt 5:8; cp. PEg3 45 (τῇ καρδίᾳ restored), 47f (καρδίας restored). καθαρὸς τῇ συνειδήσει ITr 7:2b; guiltless Ac 18:6. καθαρά εἰμι ἐγὼ καὶ ἄνδρα οὐ γινώσκω I am guiltless and still a virgin GJs 13:3. ἀπό τινος free from (Ps.-Demosth. 59, 78; Cass. Dio 37, 24, 2. Exx. fr. pap and ins in Dssm., NB 24 [BS 196]; PGM 13, 648; 1004; Gen 24:8; Pr 20:9; Tob 3:14; PsSol 17:36; Jos., Ant. 4, 222; Ath. 12, 3; ἀπὸ ἁμαρτίας Orig., C. Cels. 7, 50, 6) ἀπὸ τ. αἵματος (Sus 46 Theod.) Ac 20:26. ἀπὸ ῥύπου 1 Cl 17:4 (Job 14:4). καθαρός εἰμι ἐγὼ ἐξ αὐτῆς I am without guilt as respects her GJs 15:4. Before God ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ 15:3.—Also of the Holy Spirit Hm 5, 1, 2, imagery of brightness.ⓑ of things related to a pers. as a morally or spiritually responsible being κ. καρδία (Lucian, Nigr. 14 κ. ἦθος; Simplicius in Epict. p. 93, 49 ζωὴ κ.; Gen 20:5; Ps 50:12; cp. κ. ψυχή: Pythagoras in Diog. L. 8, 31; Diod S 12, 20, 2; 13, 29, 6; πνεῦμα κ. Ath. 27:1) 1 Ti 1:5; 2 Ti 2:22; 1 Pt 1:22; B 15:1; 1 Cl 18:10; Hv 3, 9, 8; σάρξ Hs 5, 7, 1; κ. συνείδησις (POslo 17, 10 [136 A.D.]) 1 Ti 3:9; 2 Ti 1:3; 1 Cl 45:7 (cp. κ. συνειδός: Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 203, Praem. 84); θρησκεία κ. Js 1:27. χεῖρες καθαραί (Aeschyl., Eum. 313, also Plut., Pericl. 8, 8; SIG 983, 5; Job 9:30; 22:30; Philo, Virt. 57; Jos., Bell. 5, 380, Ant. 4, 222; Just., D. 12, 3) B 15:1. μετάνοια κ. Hm 2:7; 12, 3, 2. διάνοια 1 Cl 1:8; Hs 4:7. αφ.11.6.14. m 5, 1, 3. ἔντευξιν 10, 3, 3.④ pert. to being pure ritually and morally, pure, ritual and moral purity merge (Simplicius in Epict. p. 111, 18) Lk 11:41. After a confession of sins καθαρὰ ἡ θυσία ὑμῶν D 14:1, 3. ὁ ἐντὸς θυσιαστηρίου ὢν καθαρός ἐστιν ITr 7:2a.—TWächter, Reinheitsvorschriften im griech. Kult 1910; FPfister, Katharsis.—M-M. Pauly-W. Suppl. IV ’35, 146ff.—DELG. EDNT. TW. -
19 πλανήτης
πλανήτης, ου, ὁ (πλάνης; Soph. et al.; Vett. Val. 65, 4; Hos 9:17; Jos., Ant. 3, 145; Tat.; Ath. 23, 2) wanderer, roamer used as subst. and adj. in our lit. only in the combination ἀστέρες πλανῆται (Aristot., Meteor. 1, 6; Plut., Mor. 604a; 905c f; Ps.-Lucian. Astrol. 14, Salt. 7 al.; PGM 7, 513, mostly of the planets, which appeared to ‘wander’ across the skies among the fixed stars) in imagery, w. tradition such as En 18:15f as background: wandering stars Jd 13 (the v.l. πλάνητες [s. πλάνης] is by no means rare in other lit., e.g. X., Mem. 4, 7, 5; Aristot., Met. 342b, 28 in just this combination).—S. ἀστήρ end. DELG s.v. πλανάομαι. M-M. TW. -
20 σκηνοποιός
σκηνοποιός, οῦ, ὁ① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.
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