πώποτε

μηδε-πώποτε, Adv.

A never yet, D.18.271.

πήποκα, Adv., [dialect] Dor.

A = πώποτε, IG5(1).213.5 (Sparta, v B. C.), Theoc. 8.34, Com.Adesp.in Gött.Nachr.1922p.28, Epigr. ap. Poll.4.102.

πότε, [dialect] Ion. [full] κότε, [dialect] Dor. [full] πόκα Theoc.4.7, al.:—interrog. Particle used in direct and indirect questions,

A when? at what time? Il.19.227, Od.4.642;

πότ' εἰ μὴ νῦν..; A.Th. 101

(lyr.), cf. Ch. 394 (lyr.); πότ' ἆρα; = πότε with

ἆρα 1.4

or 11, E. Ion 563;

πότε δή; A.Ch. 720

(lyr.);

ἐς πότε λήξει; S.Aj. 1185

(lyr.);

ἐκ πότε.. ἤρξασθε SIG832.9

(Astypalaea, ii A. D.).

II indef. [full] ποτε ([dialect] Att., also Arc. in

οὔποτε IG5(2).343.48

,66 (Orchom., iv B. C.), οὔτε ποτέ Tab.Defix. in Philol. 59.201, and Cypr. in

μήποτε Inscr.Cypr.144H.

), [dialect] Ion. [full] κοτε, [dialect] Dor. [full] ποκα, [dialect] Aeol. [full] ποτα Sapph.1.5, enclit. Particle:

1 at some time or other, at some time,

τάχ' ἄν ποτε θυμὸν ὀλέσσῃ Il.1.205

, cf. Od. 2.76, etc.; π. καὶ ἄλλοτε at certain other times, X.An.6.4.12, Arist. Po. 1451a9, Luc.Herm.24.

2 in hypoth. clauses, questions, etc., at any time, ever, S.Aj. 755, 1133;

εἴ κοτε Call.Aet.Oxy.2080.69

; cf. εἴ ποτε: also with relatives (cf. δήποτε)

, Ζεὺς ὅστις ποτ' ἐστίν A.Ag. 160

(lyr.), etc.; ὅποι ποτέ, ὅπου π., etc., S.Ph. 780, Aj. 194 (lyr.), etc.; after πω, πη, v. πώποτε, πήποκα: very freq. with negatives, οὔτε ποτ' .. Il.1.226;

οὐδέ ποτ' Hes.Th. 759

;

οὐδέν ποτ' ἄλλο A.Ch.16

;

οὐδεὶς ἐρεῖ ποθ' S.Aj. 481

;

οὐκ ἂν δή ποτε Il.19.271

, etc.;

τοῦτο μὴ δόξῃς ποτέ S.Ant. 762

, cf. 648, 750, etc.; cf. οὔποτε, μήποτε, οὐδέποτε, μηδέποτε, οὐπώποτε, μηπώποτε.

3 in correl. clauses it stands first, with accent,

ποτὲ μὲν.., ποτὲ δὲ..

at one time.., at another..,

Pl. Tht. 170c

(s. v. l.), Plb.4.38.6, etc.;

ποτὲ μὲν.., αὖθις δὲ.. Pl.R. 560a

;

ποτὲ.., τοτὲ δ' οὔ Id.Tht. 192d

;

ποτ' εἶχε.., εἶτά γε νῦν D.36.50

;

ποτὲ μὲν.. νῦν δέ Luc.DMort.11.1

; ποτὲ δὲ.., without any preceding Part., Thphr.Char.9.7 (dub.).

III of some unknown point of time,

1 in ref. to the past, once,

ὅν ποτ' Ἀθήνη θρέψε Il.2.547

, etc.; οὕς ποτ' ἀπ' Αἰνείαν ἑλόμην, of the day before, 8.108 (v. Sch.), cf. 14.45;

ἤδη π. 1.260

, S.Aj. 1142, Ar.Nu. 346, Ra. 931;

ποτ' ἤδη A.Eu.50

;

πρόσθε πού ποτ' S.OC 1549

;

χρόνῳ ποτ' Id.Ant. 303

; esp. in telling a story, once upon a time,

οὕτω ποτ' ἦν μῦς καὶ γαλῆ Ar.V. 1182

, cf. Pl. Phdr. 237b: with historic [tense] pres., S.OT 715, E.El. 416, Ba.2: with a Subst.,

εἰς τήν π. φιλίαν And.3.22

;

τυράννου.. πάλαι π. S.OT 1043

, cf.Ph. 677 (lyr.), Tr. 555.

b at length,

μόγις δή κοτε εἶπε Hdt.1.116

;

μόγις οὖν π. Pl.Prt. 314e

, etc.;

ὀψὲ γοῦν π. Hierocl. in CA27p.484M.

2 in ref. to the future, at some time,

καί π. τοι.. παρέσσεται.. δῶρα Il.1.213

, cf. 240, S.OC 386, Ant. 912, etc.: also to denote earnest expectation, at length,

εὔχεταί π. οἶκον ἰδεῖν Pi.P.4.293

;

ἔμελλον ἄρα παύσειν π. Ar.Ra. 268

; esp. with imper.,

μέθες π.

dimitte tandem aliquando,

S.Ph. 816

; τείσασθ', ἀλλὰ τῷ χρόνῳ π. ib. 1041, etc.;

ὀψέ π. Jul.Or.1.31d

.

3 with intensive force, in questions, τίς ποτε; who in the world?

τίνες ποτ' ἐστέ; A.Eu. 408

, cf. S.Ph. 220, etc.; τί ποτ' ἐστὶ τοῦτο τὸ πάθος what it can possibly be, Pl.Tht. 187d;

οὐκ ἐξερεῖς ποτε; S.OT 335

, cf. 754, Aj. 1290, etc.; to strengthen ἀεί, ἀεί ποτε from all time, always in the past,

ἀεί ποτε ζῇ ταῦτα Id.Ant. 456

, cf. Aj. 320, Th.6.82, al., D.C.42.5;

ἀεὶ δή π. Th.1.13

, 8.73.

στέρομαι, [dialect] Dor. imper. [ per.] 3sg. [full] σταρέστω BCH50.15 (Delph., iv B.C.); only used in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., the other tenses being derived from στερέομαι (v. στερέω):—

A to be without, lack, lose,

νίκης τε στέρεται Hes. Op. 211

;

στέρεσθαι τῆς χώρης Hdt.8.140

.α', cf. Th.1.70, al.;

στερομέναν φίλων A.Ag. 1429

(lyr.), cf. E.IA 889 (troch.);

στέρεσθαι κρατός A. Pers. 371

;

στέρομαι δ' οἴκων, σ. παίδων E. Ion 865

(anap.);

φίλτρων στέρομαι Id.El. 1309

(anap.);

στερόμενος ὧν ὁ θεὸς ἔδωκεν Antipho 4.1.3

;

στερέσθω τῆς ἀρχῆς Pl.Lg. 948a

;

ὅπως ἂν.. τῶν αὑτῶν στέρωνται Id.R. 433e

;

στερέσθω τοῦ βοσκήματος IG12(9).90.12

(Eretria, iv B.C.), cf. PHib.1.29.20 (iii B.C.), PRev.Laws 49.22, al. (iii B.C.);

τῶν ὑπαρχόντων στέρεσθαι BGU1812.6

(i B.C.), cf. στερέω: abs.,

χαίρειν τε καὶ στέρεσθαι S.Tr. 136

(lyr.);

ὑπὸ Ἀγησιλάου στέρεσθαι οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν πώποτε ἐνεκάλεσε X.Ages.4.1

.

φεύγω, Il.21.472, etc.: [dialect] Ep. inf. φευγέμεν, φευγέμεναι, 10.147, 21.13; [tense] impf.

A

ἔφευγον 22.158

, etc., Poet.

φεῦγον 9.478

, Tyrt.5.8, Pi.N. 9.13: iter.

φεύγεσκον Il.17.461

, Hdt.4.43: [tense] fut.

φεύξομαι Il.18.307

, etc.; also φευξοῦμαι in E. and Com., E.Med. 341, 346, Hel. 500, 1041, Ba. 659, Ar.Ach. 203 (cod. R), 1129, Pl. 447, Av. 932 ([etym.] ἀπο-), Men. 283 (but dub. where found in [dialect] Att. Prose, Pl.Lg. 635c, al., D.38.19; φευξεῖται is dub. l. in IPE12.24.11 (Olbia, iv B. C.); [tense] fut. [voice] Act. ἐκ-φεύξω only late, v.l. in Aesop.349b, cf. Chambry ii p.479): [tense] aor. ἔφῠγον, [dialect] Ion.

φύγεσκον Od.17.316

: [tense] pf.

πέφευγα Hdt.7.154

codd. (v. infr.11.1a); opt.

πεφεύγοι Il.21.609

(

ἐκ-πεφευγοίην S.OT 840

), part.

πεφευγότες Od.1.12

; part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. πεφυγμένος in act. sense, Il.6.488, Od.1.18, etc. (in pass. sense, Epicur.Fr. 423); [dialect] Ep. πεφυζότες (cf. φύζα) Il.21.6, 528, 532, 22.1, later sg.

πεφυζώς Nic.Th. 128

; [dialect] Aeol. πεφύγγων, v. φυγγάνω:—[voice] Med., μὴ φεύγησθε Anon.Hist. in PLit.Lond. 115: [tense] aor. 1 δια-φεύξασθαι Decr.Ath. in Hp.Ep.25.

I abs., flee, take flight, opp. διώκω, Il.22.157, etc.;

βῆ φεύγων ἐπὶ πόντον 2.665

;

πῇ φεύγεις; 8.94

;

πόσε φεύγετε; 16.422

;

ποῖ φύγωμεν.. χθονός; A.Supp. 777

(lyr.);

ποῖ τις οὖν φύγῃ; S.Aj. 403

(lyr.);

ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε φ. Pl.Tht. 176b

: with Preps.,

φ. ἀπό τινος Od.12.120

;

φεύξονται ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν εἰς φιλοσοφίαν Pl.Tht. 168a

, etc.; ἐκ πολέμοιο, ἐκ θανάτοιο, Il.7.118, 20.350;

ἐκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι S.Ant. 437

, cf. Hdt.1.65;

ὑπὲκ κακοῦ Il.15.700

, cf. 17.461 (rarely c. gen. only, πεφυγμένος ἦεν ἀέθλων (v. infr. 11) Od.1.18;

τῆς νόσου πεφευγέναι S.Ph. 1044

);

φ. ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν Il. 2.140

, 159, al.; ἐπὶ Σάρδεων, ἐπὶ τὸν Ἑλικῶνα, X.Cyr.7.2.1, Ages. 2.11;

πρὸς τὸ ὄρος Id.HG3.5.19

;

ὑπὸ γᾶν A.Eu. 175

(lyr.);

ὑπὸ δελφῖνος ἰχθύες φ. Il.21.23

, cf. 554 (cf. infr. 111.2): c. acc. cogn., φύγε λαιψηρὸν δρόμον ran the course full swiftly, Pi.P.9.121;

τίνα φυγὴν φευξούμεθα; E.Hel. 1041

; φ. τὴν παρὰ θάλασσαν (sc. ὁδόν) flee by the shore route, Hdt.4.12; cf. infr. 111; for φυγῇ φεύγειν, v. infr. 11.1,

φυγή 1.1

.

2 [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. tenses prop. express only the purpose or endeavour to get away: hence part. φεύγων is added to the compd. Verbs καταφεύγω, ἐκφεύγω, προφεύγω, to distinguish the attempt from the accomplishment, βέλτερον, ὃς φεύγων προφύγῃ κακὸν ἠὲ ἁλώῃ it is better that one should flee and escape than stay and be caught, Il.14.81;

φεύγων ἐκφεύγει Hdt.5.95

, cf. Ar.Ach. 177;

φ. καταφυγεῖν Hdt.4.23

.

3 φ. εἰς .. have recourse to.. take refuge in..,

ἐς τοὺς ἀφώνους μάρτυρας E.Hipp. 1076

.

4 c. inf., shun or shrink from doing, Hdt.4.76, Antipho 1.13, Pl.Ap. 26a; with inf. omitted,

φεύγουσι γάρ τοι χοἱ θρασεῖς

shrink back,

S.Ant. 580

.

II c. acc., flee, avoid, escape,

Ἕκτορα Il.11.327

, etc.;

φ. τινὰ ἐκ μάχης Hdt.7.104

;

φ. ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην τοὺς Σκύθας Id.4.12

;

φ. θάνατον Il.1.60

;

ἔνθ' ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες, ὅσοι φύγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον, οἴκοι ἔσαν πόλεμόν τε πεφευγότες ἠδὲ θάλασσαν Od.1.11

; ἔφυγον κακόν, εὗρον ἄμεινον, formula used by μύσται, D.18.259; with modal dat., φ. ὄνειδος λόγοις, ἀμαχανίαν ἔργῳ, Pi.O.6.90, P.9.92; avoid, shun,

χρὴ.. φεύγειν τὰ παχύνοντα Gal.Vict.Att.12

;

τὴν ἀργίαν καὶ τὴν ἀκινησίαν τοῦ σώματος Sor.1.93

, cf. 46, al.; φόνον φ. flee the consequences of the murder, E.Med. 796;

αἷμα συγγενὲς φ. χθονός Id.Supp. 148

;

τὰν Διὸς μῆτιν φ. A.Pr. 906

(lyr.);

ὀσμὴν.., μὴ βάλῃ, πεφευγότες S.Ant. 412

;

φεύγων φυγῇ τὸ γῆρας Pl.Smp. 195b

;

ἐς πόντον.. φύγε πέτρας νηῦς Od. 10.131

; οὐδεμία [πόλις] πέφευγε (sed fort. leg. ἀπέφυγε) δουλοσύνην πρὸς Ἱπποκράτεος at the hands of.., Hdt.7.154: part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. also retains the acc. in Hom. in periphrastic phrases,

μοῖραν δ' οὔ τινά φημι πεφυγμένον ἔμμεναι ἀνδρῶν Il.6.488

;

πεφυγμένον ἔμμεν ὄλεθρον Od.9.455

;

οὔ οἱ νῦν ἔτι γ' ἔστι πεφυγμένον ἄμμε γενέσθαι Il.22.219

, cf. h.Ven. 34:—but in pass. sense, τὸ πάραυτα πεφυγμένον κακόν Epicur.l.c.

b seek to avoid, shirk,

στρατείαν D.21.162

;

εἰ τοῦτο φεύξονται καὶ μὴ 'θελήσουσι ποιεῖν Id.20.138

; so in [tense] aor.,

ἢν φύγῃ τις, ζημιοῦν Ar.Ach. 717

.

2 of things,

ἡνίοχον φύγον ἡνία

escaped, slipped from his hands,

Il.23.465

;

Νέστορα δ' ἐκ χειρῶν φύγον ἡνία 8.137

, cf. 11.128; τὸ φεῦγον the part which slips, X.Eq. 10.9, cf. Hp.Off.9, Gal.18(2).735: c. dupl. acc.,

ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων Il.4.350

, Od.1.64, etc.

b of wine, 'go off', turn sour, Gp.7.7.8.

III flee one's country, Il. 9.478, Od.13.259; οἱ φεύγοντες the exiles, Th.1.24, X.Ages.7.6;

πατρίδα φ. Od.15.228

, X.Cyr.3.1.24;

τὴν αὑτοῦ Th.5.26

;

ἅπασαν τὴν Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχίδα IG12.10.30

;

φ. ἐξ Ἄργεος Od.15.224

, cf. Th.8.85; ἐξ Ἀθηνέων, ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος, Hdt.6.103, X.An.1.3.3.

2 φ. ὑπὸ Σκυθέων to be expelled, driven out by.. Hdt.4.125: but esp. to be exiled,

φ. ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου Id.5.30

, X.HG1.1.27; φ. ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου by their sentence, Din.1.44: also c. acc.,

φ. Πεισιστρατίδας Hdt. 5.62

.

3 abs., go into exile, live in banishment, A.Ag. 1668 (troch.), Antipho 2.2.9, Pl.Mx. 242b;

δύο ἔτη φευγέτω Id.Lg. 867c

; φ. ἀειφυγίαν to be banished for life, ib. 871d, al.;

φεόγειν Ἀμφίπολιν ἀειφυγίην SIG194.3

, cf. 24 (Amphipolis, iv B. C.); but also

ἐν ἀειφυγίᾳ Pl.Lg. 877e

;

φεύγων ἀπ' οἴκων ἃς ἐγὼ φεύγω φυγάς E.Andr. 976

; φεύγοντες being in exile, opp.

φυγόντες

having gone into exile,

Lys.14.33

; with play on words, "μέχρι τίνος φεύξῃ, Ἀρκαδίων; καὶ ὅς, ἔς τ' ἂν τοὺς ἀφίκωμαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι Φίλιππον" Duris 3 J.

IV as law-term (mostly in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., but cf. Lys.12.4 (v. infr.)), to be accused or prosecuted at law: ὁ φεύγων the accused, defendant, Ar.V. 893, Pl.R. 405b, etc.; opp.

διώκω, οὔτε φεύγων ἁλοὺς οὔτε διώκων ἡττηθείς D.23.66

; c. acc., φ. γραφάς, δίκην, Ar.Eq. 442 (lyr.), Nu. 167;

ὑπό τινος δίκας φ. Pl.Ap. 19c

, cf. D.49.1;

οὐδενὶ πώποτε οὔτε ἡμεῖς οὔτε ἐκεῖνος δίκην οὔτε ἐδικασάμεθα οὔτε ἐφύγομεν Lys.

l. c.;

φ. ἀπολογίας Aeschin.3.201

; the crime being added in gen.,

φόνου δίκην φ. Antipho 5.9

;

γραφὰς φ. παρανόμων D.18.235

; more freq. c. gen. only, φ. φόνου to be charged with murder, Lys.10.31, Lycurg.133, etc.;

φ. δειλίας Ar. Ach. 1129

;

ξενίας Id.V. 718

(anap.); with gen. of the penalty,

ἐὰν.. φεύγῃ δεσμῶν OGI218.92

(Ilium, iii B. C.); also

περὶ θανάτου φ. Antipho 5.95

;

φ. ἐπὶ μηνύσει τινός And.1.18

; ἀσεβείας φ. ὑπό τινος is accused of impiety by.., Pl.Ap. 35d; rarely of things, τὸ φεῦγον ψήφισμα the decree that is on its defence, the decree in question, D.23.58:—in Hdt.7.214 αἰτίην φ. has the older sense, flee from a charge, quit one's country on account of a charge.

2 plead in defence, δεῖ τοί σε φεύγειν.. ὡς οὐκ ἔχουσι κῦρος [οἱ νόμοι] A.Supp. 390; ἔφευγε μὴ εἰδέναι pleaded ignorance, S.Ant. 263, (Cf. Lat.fugio, Goth. biugan 'bend', etc.)

φθον-έω, [tense] aor. ἐφθόνησα, later

A

ἐφθόνεσα LXX To.4.7

, JHS46.45 (Athens, iii/iv A.D.), AP5.303, 7.607 (Pall.), Nonn.D.3.159:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. in pass. sense

φθονήσομαι D.47.70

:—[voice] Pass., fut

φθονηθήσομαι X.Hier.11.15

: [tense] aor.

ἐφθονήθην E.El.30

, X.Mem.4.2.33, etc.: [tense] pf. part.

ἐφθονημένος J.AJ6.11.10

, Vett.Val.330.2: ([etym.] φθόνος):— bear ill-will or malice, grudge, be envious or jealous,

I abs.,

εἴ περ γὰρ φθονέω τε καὶ οὐκ εἰῶ διαπέρσαι, οὐκ ἀνύω φθονέουσα Il.4.55

,56; κρείττων δόξα τῶν φθονούντων too high for envy, D.3.24; εἰ πέφυκε φθονεῖν τὸ θεῖον (cf.

φθονερός 1.2

) Arist.Metaph. 982b32: c. acc. etinf., οὔτε τινὰ φθονέω δόμεναι I do not grudge that any should give thee, Od. 18.16;

οὐ φθονῶ σ' ὑπεκφυγεῖν S.Ant. 553

;

τὸ μὲν σὸν οὐ φθονῶ καλῶς ἔχειν E.Med. 312

;

ἐφθόνησαν [οἱ θεοὶ] ἄνδρα ἕνα βασιλεῦσαι Hdt.8.109

; ἔφη (sc. ὁ Σωκράτης)

φθονεῖν τοῦς ἐπὶ ταῖς φίλων εὐπραξίαις ἀνιωμένους X.Mem.3.9.8

;

ὁ φθονῶν ἐπὶ κακοῖς τοῖς τῶν πέλας ἡδόμενος Pl.Phlb. 48b

.

2 c. dat. pers.,

πτωχὸς πτωχῷ φθονέει καὶ ἀοιδὸς ἀοιδῷ Hes.Op.26

;

οὐ φ. ἀγαθοῖς Pi. P.3.71

;

φ. φασὶ μητρυιὰς τέκνοις E. Ion 1025

;

τισὶ φ. καὶ δυσμενῶς ἔχειν Isoc.12.241

, cf. 8.13; freq. with part. added, φ. τινὶ εὖ πρήσσοντι to envy him for his good fortune, Hdt.7.236, 237;

παιδικοῖς φ. οὐσίαν κεκτημένοις Pl.Phdr. 240a

, cf. Lys.27.11; without a Noun expressed, καλῶς πράττουσι, πλουτοῦντι φ., Isoc.1.26, Lys.21.15, etc.: c. dat. rei,

φ. τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς τινος X.Cyr.2.4.10

(v.l. ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀγ., cf. Isoc. 1.26;

ἐφ' οἷς ἕτεροι ποιήσαντες ἐτιμήθησαν φ. D.20.151

): c. gen. rei,

τοῦ εὐτυχέειν φθονέουσι καὶ τὸ κρέσσον στυγέουσι Hdt.7.236

; οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ ἀλλοτρίων φθονέειν to be envious because of other men's goods Od.18.18: c. dat. pers. et gen. rei, bear a grudge against a person on account of a thing, E.HF 1309.

3 resent, c. gen.,

τῆς δοκήσεως τῶν κερδῶν Th.3.43

: c. dat. rei, feel righteous indignation at,

ταῖς εὐπραγίαις τινῶν Isoc.8.124

; also c. dat. pers., Id.4.184, D.28.18.

b φ. τινὶ folld. by ει .., or ἐάν .. take it ill or amiss that.., Hdt.3.146, X.HG2.4.29; μή μοι φθονήσητ', ει .. Ar.Ach. 496: abs., φ. ἐάν τις .. Lys.3.9; φθονεῖς ἄπαις οὖσ', εἰ .. E. Ion 1302; also φ. τινὶ ὅτι .., X.Cyr.3.1.39; φ. ὅτι .. Lys. 24.3, dub.l. in 18.16.

II refuse from feelings of envy or ill-will, grudge, c. inf.,

οὐκ ἂν φθονέοιμι ἀγορεῦσαι Od.11.381

;

μὴ φθόνει κιρνάμεν Pi.I.5(4).24

;

φράσαι E.Med.63

;

σαυτὸν ἐπιδοῦναι Ar.Th. 249

; μὴ φθονήσῃς is freq. in dialogue, do not refuse to do a thing,

μὴ φ. διδάξαι Pl.R. 338a

, cf. Hp.Mi. 372e, Smp. 223a; also

μὴ φθόνει μοι ἀποκρίνασθαι Id.Grg. 489a

; μὴ φθονήσῃς alone, Id.Prt. 320c;

δῆλον ὅτι οὐ φθονήσει Ἱππίας ἀποκρίνεσθαι Id.Hp.Mi. 363c

;

οὐδενὶ πώποτε ἐφθόνησα Id.Ap. 33a

: c. part.,

μηδέ μοι φθόνει λέγων A.Th. 480

(nisi leg. λόγων): c. acc. et inf.,

τί φθονέεις.. ἀοιδὸν τέρπειν; Od.1.346

: c. dat. et inf.,

τῇ δ' οὐκ ἂν φθονέοιμι.. ἅψασθαι 19.348

;

οὔτοι φθονῶ σοι δαιμόνων τιμᾶν γένος A.Th. 236

.

2 grudge, refuse to grant a thing,

φθονήσας μήτ' ἀπ' οἰωνῶν φάτιν, μήτ' εἴ τινα.. μαντικῆς ἔχεις ὁδόν S.OT 310

: c. dat. pers. et gen. rei,

οὔ τοι ἡμιόνων φθονέω Od.6.68

;

μηδέ μοι φθονήσῃς εὐγμάτων A.Pr. 583

(lyr.), cf. E.Hec. 238;

μή μοι φθονήσῃς τοῦ μαθήματος Pl.Euthd. 297b

, cf. X.Cyr.8.4.16;

φ. τοῖς ἑαλωκόσι τῆς σωτηρίας Plb.6.58.5

: c. gen. rei only, to be grudging of a thing, πέπλων, καρποῦ, E.HF 333, Pl.Mx. 238a; μηδ' ὀλίγης φθονέσῃς γαίης JHS l. c.

III [voice] Pass., to be envied or begrudged, Hdt.3.52, S.Fr. 188, E.El.30;

διὰ σοφίαν φ. ὑπό τινος X.Mem.4.2.33

;

ἐπ' ἐσθλοῖς E.Fr. 814

(lyr.);

φθονηθέντα ὑπὸ Μοίρης JRS18.30

([place name] Phrygia): c. gen., to be grudged a thing,

φ. τοῦ γάμου ὑπὸ δαιμονίου τινός Plu.2.772b

.

ἀνιάω [ᾰν], S.Aj. 266, etc.: [ per.] 3sg. [tense] impf. ἠνία ib. 273, Pl.Grg. 502a: [tense] fut. ἀνιάσω [ᾱς] X.An.3.3.19, [dialect] Ep.

A

ἀνιήσω Hom.

: [tense] aor.

ἠνίᾱσα And.1.50

, etc.; [dialect] Dor.

ἀνίᾱσα Theoc.2.23

: [tense] pf.

ἠνίᾱκα Hld.7.22

:—[voice] Pass.,

ἀνιῶμαι Od.15.335

, etc., [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl. opt.

ἀνιῴατο Hdt.4.130

: [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf.

ἠνιῶντο X.Cyr.6.3.10

: [tense] fut.

ἀνιάσομαι Ar.Fr.488.11

, X.Mem.1.1.8 ( ἀνιαθήσομαι only in Gal.Anim.Pass.9); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 2sg.

ἀνιήσεαι Thgn.991

: [tense] aor.

ἠνιάθην X.HG6.4.20

; [dialect] Ion.

- ήθην Il.2.291

: [tense] pf.

ἠνΐημαι Mosch. 4.3

: the [tense] aor. [voice] Med. ἀνιάσασθαι is v.l. for ἀνιᾶσθαι in Gal.UP6.16: ([etym.] ἀνία) . [ῑ always in Hom. and S.; ῐ ¯ in Thgn. and late Poets; [pron. full] ῐ in Ar. l. c., etc.]:—commoner form of the [dialect] Ep. ἀνιάζω, grieve, distress, c. acc. pers.,

ἀνιήσει.. υἷας Ἀχαιῶν Od.2.115

, cf. 20.178;

μηδὲ φίλους ἀνία Thgn.1032

;

φίλους ἀνιῶν S.Aj. 266

: c. acc. rei, ἀνιᾷ μου τὰ ὦτα Pl.Grg. 485b: c. dupl. acc.,

ὁ δρῶν σ' ἀνιᾷ τὰς φρένας S.Ant. 319

: c. acc. pers. et neut. Adj., τί ταῦτ' ἀνιᾷς με; ib. 550; παῦρ' ἀνιάσας, πόλλ' εὐφράνας (sc. ὑμᾶς) Ar. Pax 764;

ἠνίασά σε οὐδὲν πώποτε And. 1.50

:—[voice] Pass., to be grieved, distressed, c. dat. pers. vel rei, ἀνιᾶται παρεόντι he is vexed by one's presence, Od.15.335;

ἀ. ὀρυμαγδῷ 1.133

;

σύν σοι.. παθόντι κακῶς ἀνιώμεθα Thgn.655

;

πάσχων ἀνιήσεαι Id.991

;

ἀ. ὑπομιμνῄσκων Lys.13.43

;

δαπανὼντα ἀνιᾶσθαι X.Cyr.8.3.44

;

περί τινος Ar.Lys. 593

: c. neut. Adj., τοῦτ' ἀνιῶμαι πάλαι I have long been vexed at tnis, S.Ph. 906; πολλὰ μὲν αὐτοὺς ἀνιωμένους, πολλὰ δὲ ἀνιῶντας τοὺς οἰκέτας X.Oec.3.2: abs.,

οὐδ' ἂν.. ἀνιῷτο Thgn.1205

: esp. in [tense] aor. part. [voice] Pass.

ἀνιηθείς

disheartened,

Od.3.117

, Il.2.291.

ἐνίστημι, causal in [tense] pres., [tense] fut.and [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Act., and [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med.:—

A put, place in,

ἵππον ἐν λίθοις ἐνιστάναι X.Eq.Mag.1.16

;

στήλας ἐνίστη ἐς τὰς χώρας Hdt.2.102

; εἰς αὐτὴν (sc. τὴν πόλιν)

ἡνίοχον ἐνστῆσαι Pl.Plt. 266e

; τοὺς ἱπποκόμους εἰς (i.e. amongst)

τοὺς ἱππέας ἐ. X.Eq.Mag. 5.6

: c. dat.,

ἱστὸν ἐνεστήσαντο μεσόδμῃ A.R.1.563

.

2 in Law, institute an heir,

ἐ. κληρονόμους τοὺς υἱούς PMasp.151.75

(vi A. D.).

3 [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., also, begin,

ὅσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα τοῦτ' ἐνεστήσαντο Ar.Lys. 268

;

οὐδὲν πώποτε τῶν πραγμάτων ἐνεστήσασθ' ὀρθῶς D.10.21

; ὁ τοιοῦτον

ἀγῶν' ἐνστησάμενος Id.18.4

; ἐ. τὸ πρᾶγμα, Lat. rem instituere, Arist. Pr. 951a28;

ἀρχὰς τῆς γενέσεως Thphr.HP7.10.4

; ὀργὴν καὶ μῖσος πρός τινα ἐνστήσασθαι to begin to show.., Plb.1.82.9;

πρᾶξιν Plu. Arat.16

: c. inf., D.S.14.53.

4 ἐνστήσασθαι τὸ μέγεθος determine the size, Ph.Bel.50.29.

B [voice] Pass., with [tense] aor. 2, [tense] pf., and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act.:—to be set in, stand in,

λὁχοις E.Supp. 896

;

ἐν τῷ νηῷ Hdt.2.91

: abs.,

πύλαι ἐνεστᾶσι ἑκατόν Id.1.179

, cf. Pl.Ti. 50d, etc.

2 enter upon, take possession of,

ὁ νικάσας ἐν τὰν οὐσίαν ἐνίσταται τὰν τοῦ ἁλόντος

Foed. Delph.Pell.

2

B 14.

II to be appointed,

σοῦ ἐνεστεῶτος βασιλέος Hdt.1.120

, cf. 6.59;

ἐς ἀρχήν Id.3.68

;

ἐς τυραννίδας Id.2.147

.

III to be upon, threaten, c. dat. pers.,

τοιούτων τοῖσι Σπαρτιήτῃσι ἐνεστεώτων πρηγμάτων Id.1.83

;

τὸν πόλεμον τὸν ἐνστάντα σοὶ καὶ τῇ πόλει Isoc.5.2

; in war, press hard,

τινί Plb.3.97.1

: abs., begin, [

τοῦ θέρους] ἐνισταμένου Thphr.HP9.8.2

;

ἐνισταμένου τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ LXX 3 Ki.12.24

; to be at hand, arise,

ὁ τότ' ἐνστὰς πόλεμος D.18.89

, cf. 139, Plb.1.71.4;

τοῦ πολέμου πρὸς Φίλιππον ὑμῖν ἐνεστηκότος Aeschin.2.58

: esp. in [tense] pf. part., pending, present,

μιᾶς ἐνεστώσης δίκης Ar.Nu. 779

, cf. Is.11.45, D.33.14;

ὁ νῦν ἐνεστηκὼς ἀγών Lycurg.7

; so

οὐδενὸς ἡμῖν ἐνεστῶτος πρὸς αὐτούς PStrassb.91.21

(i B.C.); of Time, instant, present, τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος μηνός Philipp. ap. D.18.157; ἡ ἐνεστῶσα κακία, ἀνάγκη, PPetr.2p.60, 1 Ep.Cor.7.26;

κατὰ τὸν ἐ. καιρόν Arist.Rh. 1366b23

;

ἀγαθὸν ἐνεστὼς ἢ μέλλον Stoic.3.94

; cf.

ἐνεστάναι τὸν πάντα χρόνον ὡς τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἐνεστηκέναι λέγομεν Apollod.Stoic.3.260

.

2 esp. Gramm., ὁ ἐνεστὼς (sc. χρόνος ) the present tense, Stoic.2.48, D.T.638.22, A.D.Pron.58.7, al.; also

ἐνεστῶσα συντέλεια

the state of completion expressed by the perfect tense,

Id.Synt.205.15

: also in [tense] aor., τοῦ ποτὲ ἐνστάντος when the moment has arrived, Plot.4.3.13; τὰ ἐνεστηκότα πράγματα present circumstances, X.HG2.1.6; so

τὰ ἐνεστῶτα Plb.2.26.3

.

IV stand in the way, resist, block,

τοῖς ποιουμένοις Th.8.69

;

τῇ φυγῇ Plu.Luc.13

;

τῇ αὐξήσει Id.Rom.25

;

πρὸς πᾶσάν τινι πολιτείαν Id.Arist.3

, cf.Marc.22: abs., stand in the way, Th.3.23; in argument,

ἐνέστηκεν ὃ νυνδὴ Κέβης ἔλεγε Pl.Phd. 77b

; ὁ ἐνεστηκώς the opponent in a lawsuit, SIG45.28 (Halic., v B.C.).

2 in Logic, object,

τῷ καθόλου Arist.Top. 157b3

;

πρὸς τὸν ἔξω λόγον Id.APo. 76b26

: abs., Id.Rh. 1402b24,al.;

ἐ. ὅτι.. Id.APr. 69b6

;

ὡς.. Id.EN 1172b35

, A.D. Synt.176.23.

3 of the Roman tribunes, exercise the right of intercessio, veto, Plb.6.16.4, Plu.TG10,al.

V of fluids, congeal, freeze,

ὕδωρ ἐνεστηκός Thphr.CP5.13.1

; become impacted in, ἐνιστάμενον ἐπὶ τὰ τοῦ στομάχου στενά (sc. γάλα) Dsc.Alex.26.

ἐξίστημι,

A causal in [tense] pres., [tense] impf., [tense] fut., [tense] aor. 1:— displace: hence, change, alter utterly,

τὰν φύσιν Ti.Locr.100c

, Arist.EN 1119a23, cf. Plot.6.2.7;

τὴν πολιτείαν Plu.Cic.10

;

ἐ. τῆς ποιότητος τὸν οἶνον Id.2.702a

.

2 metaph., ἐξιστάναι τινὰ φρενῶν drive one out of his senses, E.Ba. 850;

νοῦ οἶνος ἐξέστησέ με E.Fr. 265

;

τοῦ φρονεῖν X.Mem.1.3.12

;

ταῦτα κινεῖ, ταῦτα ἐξίστησιν ἀνθρώπους αὑτῶν D. 21.72

; simply ἐ. τινά drive one out of his senses, confound, amaze, Hp.Coac. 429;

ἐξιστάντα καὶ φοβοῦντα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους Muson.Fr.8p.35H.

;

ἐξίστησι

diverts the attention,

Arist.Rh. 1408b23

; excite, ib. 36, Ev.Luc.24.22; τὸν λογισμόν, τὴν διάνοιαν, Plu.Sol.21, Crass.23; also

ἐ. τινὰ τῶν λογισμῶν Id.Fab.5

;

εἰς ἀπάθειαν ἐ. τὴν ψυχήν Id.Publ. 6

.

3 get rid of, dispose of the claims of a person, Sammelb.5246.14(i B.C.), etc.

4 ἐξεστᾰκότα ( ἐξεστηκότα cod.): εἰς δίκην κεκληκότα, Hsch.

B intr. in [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., with [tense] aor. 2, [tense] pf., and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act.:

1 of Place, arise out of, become separated,

ἐξ.. ἵστατο Νεῖκος Emp.36

, cf. 35.10; stand aside from, ἐκστάντες τῆς ὁδοῦ out of the way, Hdt.3.76;

ἐκ τοῦ μέσου X.An.1.5.14

; θάκων καὶ ὁδῶν ἐ. [τινί] stand out of the way forhim, make way for him, Id.Smp.4.31;

ἐκστῆναί τινι S.Ph. 1053

, Aj. 672, Ar.Ra. 354, etc.: abs., in same sense, E.IT 1229 (troch.), Ar. Ach. 617, etc.: metaph.,

ἐξ ἕδρας σοι πλόκαμος ἐξέστηχ'

is displaced, disordered,

E.Ba. 928

;

οὐδὲ μένει νοῦς.. ἀλλ' ἐξίσταται S.Ant. 564

.

2 c. acc., shrink from, shun,

νιν οὐκ ἂν ἐξέστην ὄκνῳ Id.Aj.82

;

οὐδέν' ἐξίσταμαι D.18.319

;

οὐδένα πώποτε κίνδυνον ἐξέστησαν Id.20.10

.

3 go out of joint,

ἐ. ἰσχίον Hp.Aph.6.59

, cf. Fract.14,6.

II c. gen. rei, retire from, give up possession of,

τῆς ἀρχῆς Th.2.63

, 4.28; ἐκστῆναι τῆς οὐσίας, ἁπάντων τῶν ὄντων, become bankrupt, Antipho 2.2.9, D.36.50;

τῶν ὑπαρχόντων BGU473.11

(ii A. D.).

2 cease from, abandon, τῆς φιλίας, τῶν μαθημάτων, Lys.8.18, X.Cyr.3.3.54; τῶν

σπουδασμάτων Pl.Phdr. 249c

, etc.;

οἱ τῶν πολιτικῶν ἐξεστηκότες Isoc. 4.171

;

τῆς ὑποθέσεως D.10.46

; τῶν πεπραγμένων, i.e. disown them, Id.19.72;

ἐ. τινὸς εἴς τι Pl.Lg. 907d

; also ἐ. ἄθλου τινί, στρατηγίας τινί, abandon it in his favour, Nic.Dam.73J., Plu.Nic.7;

τῆς Σικελίας τινι Id.Pomp.10

.

3 ἐκστῆναι πατρός lose one's father, give him up, Ar.V. 477; καρδίας ἐξίσταμαι τὸ δρᾶν I depart from my heart's purpose, S.Ant. 1105; esp. φρενῶν ἐκστῆναι lose one's senses. E.Or. 1021, etc.;

διὰ τὸ γῆρας τοῦ φρονεῖν Isoc.5.18

;

ἐμαυτοῦ Aeschin.2.4

, Men.Sam. 276;

ψυχὴ ἐξεστηκυῖα τῶν λογισμῶν Plb.32.15.8

: abs., to be out of one's wits, be distraught,

ἐ. μελαγχολικῶς Hp.Prorrh.1.18

, cf. Men.Sam.64, etc.;

ἐξέστην ἰδών Philippid.27

;

ἐ. ὑπὸ γήρως Com.Adesp.860

; ταῖς διανοίαις Vett. Val.70.25;

ἐξίστασθαι καὶ μαίνεσθαι πρὸς τὴν ὀσμήν Arist.HA 577a12

; of anger,

εὐθέως ἐξστησόμενος Phld. Ir.p.78

W.; to be astonished, amazed, Ev.Matt.12.23, Ev.Marc.2.12, etc.; lose consciousness, of Sisera, LXXJd.4.21.

4 ἐξίστασθαι τῆς αὑτοῦ ἰδέας depart from, degenerate from one's own nature, Pl.R. 380d;

ἐκ τῆς αὑτοῦ φύσεως Arist.HA 488b19

; [

δημοκρατία] ἐξεστηκυῖα τῆς βελτίστης τάξεως Id.Pol. 1309b32

; αἱ δημοκρατίαι ἐ. εἰς τὰς ἐναντίας πολιτείας degenerate into.., ib. 1306b18, cf. Rh. 1390b28: abs.,

ἐ. μὴ μεταφυτευόμενον Thphr.HP6.7.6

, etc., cf. Plu.2.649e;

χυμὸς ἐξιστάμενος

changing its properties, turning,

Hp.VM24

; οἶνος ἐξεστηκώς or ἐξιστάμενος changed, sour wine, D.35.32, Thphr.CP6.7.5; πρόσωπα ἐξεστηκότα disfigured faces, X.Cyr.5.2.34.

5 abs., change one's position, one's opinion,

ἐγὼ μὲν ὁ αὐτός εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἐξίσταμαι Th.2.61

: opp. ἐμμένειν τῇ δόξῃ, Arist.EN 1151b4.

6 of language, to be removed from common usage, Id.Rh. 1404b13.

III stand out, project, ἐξεστηκός convex, opp. κοῖλον, Id.HA 493b4.

ἔξαρν-ος, ον,

A denying: ἔ. εἰμι or γίγνομαι, = ἐξαρνέομαι, abs., Ar. Nu. 1230, Antipho5.51, And.1.12, etc.;

οὐ πώποτε ἔ. ἐγενόμην Pl. Hp.Mi. 372c

;

ἔ. γίγνεσθαι περί τινος D.23.176

;

ὑπέρ τινος D.H.7.34

; also

ἔ. εἶναί τι Lys.3.27

, cf. Pl.Chrm. 158c;

ἔ. ἦν τοῦ φόνου J.AJ14.11.4

: freq. folld. by μή c. inf.,

ἔ. ἦν μὴ.. ἀποκτεῖναι Σμέρδιν Hdt.3.67

, cf. Ar.Pl. 241;

ἔ. γεγονέναι τὸ παράπαν μηδ' εἶναι ψεῦδος Pl.Sph. 260d

;

τὸ καλὸν μὴ καλὸν εἶναι Id.Hp.Ma. 288c

; by μὴ οὐ.., Luc.DMort.14.1; also

ἔ. ἦ μὴν οὐκ ἐγερεῖσθαι τὸ τεῖχος Polyaen.1.30.5

;

ἔ. ἐγένετο ὡς οὐ.. D.34.49

.

ἤδη, Adv.:

1 already, by this time, νὺξ ἤ. τελέθει 'tis already night, Il.7.282; ἤ. Τρώεσσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατ' ἐφῆπται ib. 402: with numerals,

ἤ. γὰρ τρίτον ἔτος Od.2.89

;

τρίτην ἤ. ἡμέραν Pl.Prt. 309d

;

ἔτος τόδ' ἤ. δέκατον S.Ph. 312

; ἦν δ' ἦμαρ ἤ. δεύτερον ib. 354;

τελοῦντες ἕκτον ἕβδομόν τ' ἤ. δρόμον Id.El. 726

;

ἤ. γὰρ πολὺς ἐκτέταται χρόνος Id.Aj. 1402

.

2 forthwith, immediately,

φρονέω δὲ διακρινθήμεναι ἤ. Ἁργείους καὶ Τρῶας Il.3.98

;

λέξον νῦν με τάχιστα, ὄφρα καὶ ἤδη.. ταρπώμεθα κοιμηθέντες Il.24.635

, cf. Od.4.294;

ἤ. νῦν.. μεγάλ' εὔχεο Il.16.844

; στείχοις ἂν ἤ. S.Tr. 624; ἤδη.. στέλλεσθε; Id.Ph. 466; μετὰ τοῦτ' ἤ. Ar.Th. 655; ἤ. ποτέ now at length, Mitteis Chr.87.8 (ii A.D.); on the verso of a letter, urgent, immediate, PCair. Zen.154 (iii B.C.);

ἤ. ἤ. ταχὺ ταχύ PMag.Osl.1.319

.

3 opp. to the future or past, actually, now, οὐκ ὄναρ, ἀλλ' ὕπαρ ἤ. Od.20.90;

τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἤ., τοῖς δ' ἐν ὑστέρῳ χρόνῳ S.OC 614

; οἱ μὲν τάχ', οἱ δ' ἐσαῦθις, οἱ δ' ἤ. E.Supp. 551; οὐ τάχ', ἀλλ' ἤ. Ar.Ra. 527; ἡ ἤ. χάρις present favour, D.23.134;

τὸ ἤ. κολάζειν X.An.7.7.24

.

4 of logical proximity,

ἤ. γὰρ ἂν προστίθεσθαι Pl.Tht. 201e

; τὰ ἐκ τούτων ἤ. συγκείμενα ib. 202b;

πᾶς ἤ. ἂν εὕροι Id.R. 398c

;

ἃν σὺ ὁμολογήσῃς, ταῦτ' ἤ. ἐστὶν αὐτὰ τἀληθῆ Id.Grg. 486e

; τοῦτο τοὔπος δεινὸν ἤ. Ar.Ach. 315; τὰ πάντα τὰ πράγματα διαφθείραντα ταῦτ' ἐστὶν ἤ. D.19.19.

b καὶ ἤ. and further, as well, ἐμέ τε καὶ σὲ καὶ τἆλλ' ἤ. Pl.Tht. 159b, cf. S.E.P.1.53, 219, etc.

c for instance, Aen. Tact.4.1, 10.25.

d only then, then and not before,

τότ' ἤδη A.Pr. 911

, Isoc. 12.25, Ep.6.9; ἐνταῦθ' ἤ. Aeschin.3.140;

κακοπαθοῦντες ἤ. τῶν λόγων ἅπτονται Th.1.78

.

5 with [comp] Sup., ὦ πάντων ἀνδρῶν ἤ. μάλιστα.. κτησάμενε up to this time, Hdt.8.106;

μέγιστος ἤ. διάπλους Th.6.31

: with [comp] Comp.,

ἤδη.. λόγου μέζων Hdt.2.148

.

II joined with other words of time, ἤ. νῦν now already, Il.1.456, A.Ag. 1578; νῦν ἤ. Od.23.54, S.Ant. 801 (anap.);

ἤ. ποτέ Il.1.260

, S.Aj. 1142, Ar.Nu. 346; ποτ' ἤ. A.Eu.50;

ἤ. πώποτε Eup.214

, Pl.R. 493d; πάλαι ἤ. S.OC 510 (lyr.); ἤ. τότε even then, Pl.R. 417b; ἐπεὶ ἤ. Od.4.260; εἰ ἤ. Il.22.52; τὸ τηνίκ' ἤ. S.OC 440; τὸ λοιπὸν ἤ. Id.Ph. 454;

ἄλλοτε ἤ. πολλάκις Pl.R. 507a

; ἤ. γε even now, D.19.52.

III of place, ἀπὸ ταύτης ἤ. Αἴγυπτος after this Egypt begins, Hdt.3.5, cf. 2.15,4.99, E.Hipp. 1200;

Φωκεῦσιν ἤ. ὅμορος ἡ Βοιωτία ἐστίν Th.3.95

. (In general, cf. Arist.Ph. 222b7.)

------------------------------------

ἤδη, [full] ἤδης, [full] ἤδησθα,

A v. Εἴδω. [full] ἥδιστος, [full] ἡδίων, [comp] Sup. and [comp] Comp. of ἡδύς.

ὀλολύζω, Od.22.411, etc.: [tense] fut.

A

- ύξομαι E.El. 691

, later

- ύξω LXX Is.16.7

, Am.8.3 : [tense] aor. ὠλόλυξα, [dialect] Ep. ὀ. (v. infr.):—cry with a loud voice, in Hom. esp. of women crying aloud to the gods in prayer or thanksgiving,

ὣς εἰποῦσ' ὀλόλυξε· θεὰ δέ οἱ ἔκλυεν ἀρῆς Od.4.767

, cf. h.Ap. 445 ; αἱ δ' ὀλόλυξαν, at a sacrifice, Od.3.450 ; of a cry of exultation,

ἴθυσέν ῥ' ὀλολύξαι 22.408

, cf. 411 ; also of the cries of goddesses, h.Ap. 119 ; so later, mostly of women crying to the gods,

ὀλολύξατε νῦν ἐπὶ μολπαῖς A.Eu. 1043

(lyr.) ;

ὠλόλυξεν ἐν μέσαις σταθεῖσα Βάκχαις E.Ba. 689

; mostly in sign of joy (cf. ὀλολυγή),

ἢν μὲν ἔλθῃ πύστις εὐτυχὴς σέθεν, ὀλολύξεται πᾶν δῶμα Id.El. 691

, cf. Ar.Eq. 1327, Theoc. 17.64 ;

μὴ φλαῦρον μηδὲν γρύζειν, ἀλλ' ὀ. Ar. Pax97

;

ἐπὶ τῷ μηδένα πώποτε τηλικοῦτ' ὀλολύξαι σεμνυνόμενος D.18.259

;

ὠλόλυξαν μὲν αἱ γυναῖκες, ἠλάλαξαν δὲ οἱ ἄνδρες Hld.3.5

; of nymphs crying aloud to Hecate, A.R.3.1218.

ῥῠπᾰρός, ά, όν,

A filthy, dirty,

κόλυθρον Telecl.3

;

δάπιδες Pherecr. 185

; ῥ. εἴριον greasy, Hp.Fract.21;

γαστέρας Id.Prorrh.2.23

(s.v.l.); unpurged,

σῶμα Alex.Trall.Febr.7

.

2 metaph., sordid, mean, ἤδη χορηγὸν πώποτε -ώτερον τοῦδ' εἶδες; Eup.306; uncultured,

ῥ. τρόποι Philetaer.18

; βίος δουλοπρεπὴς καὶ ῥ. Arist.VV 1251b13; ῥ. πολῖται, ὄχλος, D.H.7.8,9.44; of style, Longin.43.5. Adv.

- ρῶς Men. 142

, Epicur.Sent.Vat.43, Arr.Epict.2.9.4, AP10.48 (Pall.): [comp] Sup.

- ώτατα D.C.59.4

.

3 of coins, made of base metal, gold or silver alloy,

ἀργυρίου ῥυπαρὰς δραχμάς BGU214.12

(ii A.D.), cf. Ostr.Bodl. ii 32 (ii A.D.), al.

4 κροτὼν ῥ., prob. = ἀδειγμάτιστος, PCair.Zen. 670.6 (iii B.C.); σῖτος ῥ. unwinnowed, PFay.16.10 (i B.C.); κριθὴ ῥ. POxy.1542.7 (iv A.D.).

ἤδη, schon, bereits; c. fut., gleich jetzt; ἤδη νῦν, schon jetzt, ἤδη τότε, schon damals; ἤδη πώποτέ του ἤκουσας; hast du schon jemals gehört?; ἄλλοτε ἤδη πολλάκις εἰρημένα, schon oft gesagt. Bei Zahlwörtern, ἔτος τόδ' ἤδη δέκατον, schon das zehnte Jahr. Bes. bei Imperativen: nun, jetzt; τὸ λοιπὸν ἤδη, in Zukunft nun; οὐ τάχ' ἀλλ' ἤδη, sogleich, jetzt; αἱ ἤδη κολάσεις stehen den Drohungen entgegen, auf der Stelle vollzogene Züchtigungen

Grammatical information: enclit. pcle.

Meaning: `ever, still' (Il.)_, almost always after negation, οὔ-πω, μή-πω, οὑ πώποτε, Dor. (Epich.) οὑ πώποκα, posthom. also in questions with negating sense τί πω etc.

Other forms: Ion. κω; besides Dor. πη in ἄλλη πη `anywhere else' (Cyrene), πήποκα `ever' (Sparta V^a, Theoc. a.o.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [644] * kʷo-h₁ `ever, still'

Etymology: Fixed instr. = OP kā confirming pcle. resp. Goth. ƕe `anyhow', IE * kʷo-h₁, kʷe-h₁ from pron. * kʷo-, s. πόθεν w. lit.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 579, with further details.

Page in Frisk: 2,632

γίνομαι (in the form γίγνομαι [s. below] Hom.+; as γίν. since Aristot.+; and s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 391; Schwyzer I 215; KBrugmann⁴-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 126; Mayser p. 165 and lit. there). Impf. ἐγινόμην; fut. γενήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐγενόμην, 3 sg. opt. γένοιτο; very rare v.l. (B-D-F §81, 3) γενάμενος (GJs 6:1; 16;1; 25:1 [s. deStrycker 249]; also found in Ps.-Callisth. 1, 20, 1; 1, 41, 11; ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 7 Tdf.; Mel., P. 49, 346 [Bodm.]). Pass.: fut. ptc. τῶν γενηθησομένων (Eccl 1:11 v.l.); 1 aor. ἐγενήθην (Doric, H. Gk.; Phryn. 108 Lob.; pap fr. III B.C., Mayser I/2² ’38, 157f [w. lit.]; ins [Schweizer 181; Nachmanson 168; Thieme 13]; LXX), impv. γενηθήτω; pf. γεγένημαι (Meisterhans³-Schw.: Att. ins since 376 B.C.; Mayser 391) uncontested use in NT only J 2:9; GJs 24:3 (γεγένν-pap); apolog. On pf. γέγονα s. Meisterhans³-Schw.: since 464 B.C.; Mayser 372; on the aoristic use of γέγονα s. Mlt. 145f; 238; 239; PChantraine, Histoire du parfait grec 1927, 233–45; 3 pl. γέγοναν Ro 16:7 (v.l. γεγόνασιν) and Rv 21:6; s. KBuresch, Γέγοναν: RhM 46, 1891, 193ff; Mlt. 52 n.; ptc. γεγονώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐγεγόνει (1 Macc. 4:27; 2 Macc. 13:17; J 6:17; Just.), without augment γεγόνει (Ac 4:22; v.l. ἐγεγόνει), s. B-D-F §78; Mlt-H. 190. On the variation γίνομαι and γίγνομαι s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108. A verb with numerous nuances relating to being and manner of being. Its contrast to the more static term εἰμί can be seen in Kaibel 595, 5 οὐκ ἤμην καὶ ἐγενόμην=I was not and then I came to be (cp. Ath. 4, 2 in 3 below).

① to come into being through process of birth or natural production, be born, be produced (SIG 1168, 6; Epict. 2, 17, 8; Wsd 7:3; Sir 44:9; Just., A I, 13, 3; Tat. 26, 2) J 8:58; w. ἔκ τινος foll. (Diod S 3, 64, 1; Appian, Basil. 5 §1; Parthenius 1, 4; Athen. 13, 37 p. 576c ἐξ ἑταίρας; PPetr III, 2, 20; PFlor 382, 38 ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ γενόμενος υἱός; 1 Esdr 4:16; Tob 8:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 216) Ro 1:3; Gal 4:4 (cp. 1QS 11:21). Also of plants 1 Cor 15:37. Of fruits ἔκ τινος be produced by a tree Mt 21:19 (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 13 ὁ ἐκ τ. χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος). W. ἀπό τινος foll. Ox 1081 (SJCh), 11 γε̣[ινόμε]νον, 14 γέγ[ονος], 14f γε[ι]νομεν[ον], 19 γέγονος.

② to come into existence, be made, be created, be manufactured, be performed

ⓐ gener. ὸ̔ γέγονεν J 1:3c (s. ref. to Vawter, below); w. διά τινος vs. 3a (MTeschendorf, D. Schöpfungsged. im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 337–72). W. χωρίς τινος vs. 3b (IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 15 [103 A.D.] Ἐμοῦ δὲ χωρὶς γείνετʼ οὐδὲν πώποτε; Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus 15 [Stoic. I 537=Coll. Alex. no. 1 p. 227] οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον σοῦ δίχα; note the related style 1QH 1:20; on the syntax of J 1:3f see BVawter, CBQ 25, ’63, 401–6, who favors a full stop after οὐδὲ ἕν, s. εἷς 2b and lit. cited there on J 1:3). W. ἔκ τινος Hb 11:3. Of cult images διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι made w. hands Ac 19:26 (cp. PRyl 231, 3 [40 A.D.] τοὺς ἄρτους γενέσθαι). Of miracles: be done, take place (Tob 11:15; Wsd 19:13 v.l. Swete) Mt 11:20f, 23; Lk 10:13; Ac 8:13. ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο on whom this miracle had been performed 4:22. W. mention of the author διά τινος (cp. 4 Macc 17:11) 2:43; 4:16, 30; 12:9; 24:2. διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος Mk 6:2; Ac 14:3. ὑπό τινος (Herodian 8, 4, 2; OGI 168, 46 [115 B.C.] τὰ γεγονότα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φιλάνθρωπα; UPZ III, 3, 7 [116 B.C.]; PTebt 786, 14 [II B.C.]; Wsd 9:2; Jos., Ant. 8, 111; 347; Just., D. 35, 8 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [Jesus] καὶ νῦν γινομένων δυνάμεων) Lk 9:7 v.l.; 13:17; 23:8; Eph 5:12. Of commands, instructions be fulfilled, performed γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου thy will be done (Appian, Liby. 90 §423 τὸ πρόσταγμα δεῖ γενέσθαι; Syntipas p. 25, 3 γενέσθω τὸ αἴτημα) Mt 6:10; 26:42; Lk 11:2; cp. 22:42. γέγονεν ὸ̔ ἐπέταξας your order has been carried out 14:22. γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν that their demand should be granted 23:24. Of institutions: be established, the Sabbath for the sake of humans Mk 2:27 (Crates, Ep. 24 οὐ γεγόνασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τ. ἵππων χάριν, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἵπποι τ. ἀνθρώπων).

ⓑ w. mention of the special nature of an undertaking: ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί in order to have such action taken in my case 1 Cor 9:15. ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ τί γένηται; what will be done when it (the wood) is dry? Lk 23:31.

③ come into being as an event or phenomenon from a point of origin, arise, come about, develop (Alcaeus 23 Diehl² [320 L-P.] καί κʼ οὐδὲν ἐκ δένος γένοιτο=nothing could originate from nothing; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὸ̓ν)

ⓐ of events or phenomena in nature (Sir 40:10; Ex 10:22; Job 40:23; Jos., Ant. 9, 36): lightning, thunder (X., An. 3, 1, 11) J 12:29; Rv 8:5; 11:19; calm (on the sea) Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; Lk 8:24; storm Mk 4:37; a cloud (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 36) 9:7; Lk 9:34; Hv 4, 3, 7; flood Lk 6:48; earthquake (Parian Marbles [III B.C.]=FGrH: 239B, 24) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Ac 16:26; Rv 6:12; 11:13; 16:18; darkness Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; J 6:17; hail, fire Rv 8:7. Of a dawning day ὅτε δὲ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο (cp. περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ‘about dawn’ Jos., Vi 15: in a related story of shipwreck) Ac 27:39.

ⓑ of other occurrences (Arrian, Anab. 4, 4, 3 τὰ ἱερὰ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο=the sacrifice did not turn out [favorably]; 1 Macc 1:25; 4:58; 9:27; 13:44; Jdth 7:29; 14:19 al.): complaining Ac 6:1; persecution, oppression Mt 13:21; 24:21; Mk 4:17; 13:19; Ac 11:19; discussion J 3:25; Ac 15:7; tumult Mt 26:5; 27:24; GJs 21:1 and 25:1; a sound Ac 2:2, 6; weeping 20:37; clamor 23:9; Mt 25:6; AcPl Ha 4, 6; famine Lk 4:25; 15:14; Ac 11:28; ὁρμή (q.v.) 14:5; war Rv 12:7; sharp contention Ac 15:39; tear (in a garment) Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; Lk 6:49; silence (s. σιγή) Ac 21:40; Rv 8:1; στάσις (q.v. 2) Lk 23:19; Ac 15:2; 23:7, 10; concourse 21:30; confusion 19:23; shout, loud voice 2:6; 19:34; Rv 11:15; dispute Lk 22:24; envy, strife 1 Ti 6:4; astonishment AcPl Ha 4, 25; joy 6, 3; prayer 6, 7; offering 6, 37.

ⓒ of the various divisions of a day (Jdth 13:1; 1 Macc 5:30; 4 Macc 3:8 al.) γενομένης ἡμέρας when day came (Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 23:12; cp. Lk 6:13; 22:66; Ac 27:29, 33, 39. Difft. Mk 6:21 γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου when a convenient/opportune day arrived. ὀψέ (cp. Gen 29:25; 1 Km 25:37) 11:19. ὀψίας γενομένης Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 16:2; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32; 6:47; 14:17; 15:42; cp. J 6:16. πρωί̈ας Mt 27:1; J 21:4. νύξ Ac 27:27. ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης when it had grown late Mk 6:35; cp. 15:33; Lk 22:14; Ac 26:4.

④ to occur as process or result, happen, turn out, take place (Dicaearch., Fgm. 102 W.: a campaign ‘takes place’; Diod S 32 Fgm. 9c τὰς εἰς τ. πατέρα γεγενημένας ἁμαρτίας=the misdeeds ‘perpetrated’ against his father; 2 Macc 1:32; 13:17; 3 Macc 1:11; 4:12; 5:17 al.)

ⓐ gener. τοῦτο ὅλον γέγονεν all this took place w. ἵνα foll. Mt 1:22; 26:56. ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται until all has taken place (=is past) 5:18. πάντα τὰ γενόμενα everything that had happened (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 121 §508 τὰ γενόμενα; 1 Esdr 1:10; Jdth 15:1; 1 Macc 4:20; 2 Macc 10:21; 3 Macc 1:17) 18:31; cp. 21:21; 24:6, 20, 34; 26:54; 27:54; 28:11; Mk 5:14. ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός let us see this thing that has taken place Lk 2:15 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 15 [Stone p. 40]) θανάτου γενομένου since a death has occurred, i.e. since he has died Hb 9:15. τούτου γενομένου after this had happened (Jos., Ant. 9, 56; 129) Ac 28:9. τὸ γεγονός what had happened (Diod S 12, 49, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §496; Jos., Ant. 14, 292) Lk 8:34; 24:12. τὰ γεγονότα AcPl Ha 11, 1.—μὴ γένοιτο strong negation, in Paul only after rhet. questions (cp. TestJob 38:1; JosAs 25:8; Epict., index p. 540e; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 2, Dial. Meretr. 13, 4; Achilles Tat. 5, 18, 4; Aristaen., Ep. 1, 27) by no means, far from it, God forbid (Goodsp., Probs., 88; AMalherbe, HTR 73, ’80, 231–41) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21. In more extensive phrasing (the LXX has exx. only of this usage: Gen 44:17; 3 Km 20:3 al.; cp. Josh 22:29; Demosth. 10, 27; Alciphron 2, 5, 3 al.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 80 K.=42 p. 795 D.; 30 p. 578 D.; 54 p. 679 ὸ̔ μὴ γένοιτο) Gal 6:14; w. ἵνα foll. AcPl Ha 7, 40. τί γέγονεν ὅτι (cp. Eccl 7:10) why is it that J 14:22.—Of festivals: be held, take place, come (X., Hell. 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια; 4, 5, 1; 4 Km 23:22f; 2 Macc 6:7) feast of dedication J 10:22; passover Mt 26:2; sabbath Mk 6:2; wedding J 2:1.—Abs. impv. (put twice for emphasis as Lucian, Pisc. 1 βάλλε, βάλλε; Philostrat., Ep. 35, 1 λάβε λάβε; Procop. Soph., Ep. 45) γενηθήτω γενηθήτω so let it be as a closing formula 1 Cor 16:24 v.l. (cp. Herodas 4, 85, where the sacristan closes his prayer to Asclepius with the words: ὧδε ταῦτʼ εἴη=so may it be).—On γένοιτο ἀμήν GJs 6:2 s. ἀμήν 1a.

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. affected

α. w. inf. foll. (UPZ 24, 29 al.; 1 Macc 13:5; Jos., Ant. 6, 232) ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι so that he would not have to lose time Ac 20:16.

β. w. adv. or adv. phrase added (1 Esdr 6:33) κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν according to your faith let it be done to you, i.e. you believe, and you won’t be disappointed Mt 9:29; cp. 8:13. γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου may that happen to me as you have said Lk 1:38. πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ what had happened to the possessed man Mk 5:16. ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται that it may be well w. you Eph 6:3 (Dt 5:16; cp. Epict. 2, 5, 29 εὖ σοι γένοιτο; Aelian, VH 9, 36). γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done for you as you desire, i.e. your wish is granted Mt 15:28.

γ. w. nom. of thing (1 Macc 4:25; Sir 51:17; Ar. 15:5) γίνεταί τινί τι someth. happens to or befalls a person Mk 9:21. ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται lest someth. worse come upon you J 5:14. τί ἐγένετο αὐτῷ what has happened to him Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1, 23; AcPl Ha 5, 20). τὸ γεγενημένον αὐτῷ Ac 3:10 D. ἐγίνετο πάσῃ ψυχῄ φόβος fear came upon everyone (cp. Tob 11:18) 2:43. λύπη AcPl Ha 6, 16. Freq. γέγονε ἐμοί τι someth. has come to me= I have someth.: πώρωσις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν a hardening (of heart) has befallen Israel Ro 11:25; σωτηρία τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γεγένηται GJs 19:2; cp. Lk 19:9; διὰ τὴν ὀπτασίαν τὴν γενομένην Παύλῳ AcPl Ha 3, 15; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα if a man has a hundred sheep Mt 18:12. τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται those outside receive everything in parables Mk 4:11. μήποτε γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι that you may receive no repayment Lk 14:12; cp. 19:9; J 15:7; 1 Cor 4:5.

ⓒ w. gen. of pers. (Diod S 16, 64, 2 τὸν τῆς Ἑλένης γεγενημένον ὅρμον=the necklace that had belonged to Helen): ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν the kingdom of the world has come into the possession of our Lord Rv 11:15.

ⓓ γίνεταί τι ἐπί τινι someth. happens in the case of or to a person Mk 5:33 v.l.; ἐν v.l. This can also be expressed w. εἴς τινα Ac 28:6 or the double nom. τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter 12:18 (cp. Jos., Vi. 296 οἱ εἴκοσι χρυσοῖ τὶ γεγόνασιν).

ⓔ w. inf. foll., to emphasize the actual occurrence of the action denoted by the verb: ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό if it comes about that he finds it= if he actually finds it Mt 18:13 (s. PCatt V, 19f [=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V] ἐὰν γένηταί με ἀποδημεῖν; PAmh 135, 10; BGU 970, 5). ἐγένετο αὐτὸν παραπορεύεσθαι he happened to be passing Mk 2:23; cp. Lk 6:1, 6. ἐγένετο ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν just then the heaven opened Lk 3:21; cp. 16:22 (ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν P⁷⁵); Ac 4:5; 9:3, 32, 37, 43; 11:26; 14:1; 16:16; 19:1; 21:1, 5; 22:6, 17; 27:44; 28:8 (UPZ 62, 29 [161 B.C.] γίνεται γὰρ ἐντραπῆναι).

ⓕ καὶ ἐγένετο (ἐγένετο δέ) periphrastic like וַיְהִי with וַ foll. to indicate the progress of the narrative; it is followed either by a conjunction like ὅτε, ὡς etc., or a gen. abs., or a prepositional constr., and joined to it is a finite verb w. καί (Jdth 5:22; 10:1; Sus 19 Theod.; 1 Macc 1:1; 5:1; Gen 39:7, 13, 19; 42:35; JosAs 11:1; 22:1; AscIs 3:2) Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15 v.l.; Lk 2:15; 5:1, 12, 17; 8:1, 22; 14:1.—Without the second καί (Jdth 2:4; 12:10; 13:12; 1 Macc 6:8; 7:2 v.l.; 9:23; Sus 28 Theod.; Bel 18 Theod.; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 1 [Stone p. 58] and 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 31:1; JosAs 1:1; 3:1) Mt 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 1:9; 4:4; Lk 1:8, 23, 41, 59; 2:1, 6, 46; 6:12 al. At times it is followed by an inf. The phrase is usually omitted in translation; older versions transl. it came to pass.—Mlt. 16f; MJohannessohn, Das bibl. καὶ ἐγένετο u. s. Geschichte: ZVS 53, 1926, 161–212 (LXX); s. MDibelius, Gnomon 3, 1927, 446–50; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 189–99; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 29–62; JReiling, BT 16, ’65, 153–63; EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65.

⑤ to experience a change in nature and so indicate entry into a new condition, become someth.

ⓐ w. nouns (Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915, p. 16, 5 θεὸς ἐγένου ἐξ ἀνθρώπου [IV/III]; Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 5; Sir 51:2; 1 Esdr 4:26; Wsd 8:2; 4 Macc 16:6; En 103:11; Tat. 19, 2 τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γίνεσθε): ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν that you may become sons of your father Mt 5:45; ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων I will turn you into fishers of people Mk 1:17; a traitor Lk 6:16; friends 23:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 121); children of God J 1:12; children of light 12:36; a Christian Ac 26:29; apostle AcPlCor 2:4; a father Ro 4:18; a fool 1 Cor 3:18; a spectacle 4:9; a man, an adult 13:11 (Tob 1:9); a curse Gal 3:13. οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασεν γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα he did not exalt himself to be made high priest Hb 5:5; ἐγένετο ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ Σαμουήλ Samuel became (high priest) in his place GJs 10:2. W. double nom. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 3, 15 δράκων λίθος ἐγένετο; Quint. Smyrn. 12, 507; Bel 28; 4 Macc 18:7) οἱ λίθοι ἄρτοι γίνονται the stones turn into loaves Mt 4:3. τὸ αἵμα αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον GJs 24:3. ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (the reverse PBerl 13044, col. III, 28ff [UWilcken, SBBerlAk 1923, 161f] τί ποιῶν ἄν τις γένοιτο θεός;). τὸ ὕδωρ γενήσεται πηγή 4:14. ἡ περιτομὴ ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν Ro 2:25. ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ διάκονος I became a courier Col 1:23 (cp. Herodian 2, 6, 8 ἀνὴρ ἔπαρχος γενόμενος).—Also γ. εἴς τι (Menand., Peric. 49f Kö. [169f S.] τὸ κακὸν εἰς ἀγαθὸν ῥέπει γινόμενον; 1 Km 4:9; Jdth 5:18; 1 Macc 2:11, 43; 3:58; En 19:2 al.; B-D-F §145, 1): ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον it became a tree Lk 13:19; εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11; 1 Pt 2:7 (all in ref. to Ps 117:22); εἰς χαρὰν γ. change (or, turn) into joy J 16:20. εἰς οὐδέν come to nothing Ac 5:36. εἰς παγίδα Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23); εἰς κενὸν γ. be done in vain 1 Th 3:5. εἰς ἄψινθον Rv 8:11. Cp. AcPl Ha 6, 6. Also w. γίνεσθαι omitted: εἰς κατάκριμα (sc. ἐγένετο τὸ κρίμα) Ro 5:18.

ⓑ used w. an adj. to paraphrase the passive (Jdth 11:11; 1 Esdr 7:3; 2 Macc 3:34; Sus 64 Theod.; En 103:9; Ath. 37, 1 πάντων ὑποχειρίων γιγνομένων): ἁπαλὸν γ. become tender Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; ἀπειθῆ γ. Ac 26:19; ἀποσυνάγωγον γ. be expelled fr. the synagogue J 12:42; ἄφαντον γ. disappear Lk 24:31; σκωληκόβρωτον γ. be eaten by worms Ac 12:23; γνωστόν, φανερὸν γ. become known (Just., A I, 63, 6) Mk 6:14; Ac 1:19; 9:42; 19:17; 1 Cor 3:13; 14:25; Phil 1:13; δόκιμον γ. pass the test Js 1:12; ἑδραῖον γ. 1 Cor 15:58; ἔκδηλον γ. 2 Ti 3:9; AcPlCor 1:16; ἔξυπνον γ. Ac 16:27 (1 Esdr 3:3=Jos., Ant. 11:34); s. ἀπόπληκτος, ἐλεύθερος, ἐμφανής, ἔμφοβος, ἐνεργής, ἔντρομος, καθαρός, μέγας, περιδάκρυτος, περικρατής, πλήρης, πρηνής, τυφλός, ὑγιής, ὑπήκοος, ὑπόδικος, φανερός 1.

ⓒ w. ἐν of a state of being (Stoic. III 221, 16; Diod S 20, 62, 4 ἐν ἀνέσει γ.; Plut., Tit. Flam. 378 [16, 1] ἐν ὀργῇ γ.; Lucian, Tim. 28; PPetr II, 20; III, 12 [252 B.C.] ἐν ἐπισχέσει γ.; BGU 5 II, 19 ἐν νόσῳ; POxy 471 IV, 77f; 4 Km 9:20; 1 Macc 1:27 v.l.; Sus 8 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 320, Ant. 16, 372; Mel., P. 18 ἐν πόνοις … ἐν πληγαῖς etc.) ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ Lk 22:44. ἐν ἐκστάσει Ac 22:17. ἐν πνεύματι under the Spirit’s influence Rv 1:10; 4:2; AcPl Ha 6, 28. ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων be like human beings Phil 2:7. ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, φόβῳ, τρόμῳ 1 Cor 2:3. ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:7. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. come to one’s senses (Soph., Phil. 950; X., An. 1, 5, 17; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11) Ac 12:11; γ. ἐν Χριστῷ be a Christian Ro 16:7. Cp. 7 below.

⑥ to make a change of location in space, move

ⓐ εἴς τι (Hdt. 5, 87 al.; Philo, Op. M. 86; 2 Macc 1:13; also ἐν: Just., A II, 9, 3 ἐγενόμεθα ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ τόπω): εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα γ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 42) Ac 20:16; 21:17; 25:15. εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν Hv 3, 1, 4. Of a voice: ἐγένετο εἰς τὰ ὦτά μου reached my ear Lk 1:44. Fig. (cp. Bar 4:28) of Abraham’s blessing εἰς τὰ ἔθνη come to the Gentiles Gal 3:14; cp. 2 Cor 8:14 (s. περίσσευμα 1, ὑστέρημα 1).

ⓑ ἔκ τινος (Job 28:2): γ. ἐκ μέσου be removed, Lat. e medio tolli (cp. Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6 ἐκ μέσου γενομένων ἐκείνων; Plut., Timol. 238 [5, 3]; Achilles Tat. 2, 27, 2) 2 Th 2:7 (HFulford, ET 23, 1912, 40f: ‘leave the scene’). Of a voice fr. heaven: ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν γ. sound forth fr. heaven (2 Macc 2:21; cp. Da 4:31 Theod.) Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; 9:35; cp. vs. 36.

ⓒ ἐπί τι: ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον go to the tomb Lk 24:22; ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς when he was at the steps Ac 21:35. Of fear that befalls someone (2 Macc 12:22) Lk 1:65; 4:36; Ac 5:5. Of ulcers: break out on someone Rv 16:2 (Ex 9:10f). Of divine commands: go out to someone Lk 3:2. ἐπί is somet. used w. the gen. (Appian, Liby. 93 §440; Alex. Aphr., Mixt. II 2 p. 213, 21) instead of the acc.: γενόμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου when he had arrived at the place 22:40 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18 ἐπὶ τ. τόπων γινόμενος).—J 6:21.

ⓓ w. κατά and gen. of place: τὸ γενόμενον ῥῆμα καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the message that has spread throughout all Judea Ac 10:37. W. acc. of place (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 15; Apollon. Paradox. 3 κατὰ τόπους γ.; Jos., Ant. I, 174; cp. 2 Macc 9:8): γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον Lk 10:32; γενόμενοι κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον Ac 27:7.

ⓔ w. πρός and acc. of the direction and goal (PLond III, 962, 1 p. 210 [III A.D.] γενοῦ πρὸς Ἄταϊν τὸν ποιμένα; PFlor 180, 45) 1 Cor 2:3; 2J 12. Of divine instructions be given to someone (Gen 15:1, 4; Jer 1:2, 11; 13:8; Ezk 6:1; Hos 1:1; cp. ἐπί w. acc.) J 10:35; Ac 7:31 v.l.; 10:13; 13:32.

ⓕ w. σύν and the dat. join someone (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 8; 2 Macc 13:13) Lk 2:13.

ⓖ w. ἐγγύς (X., An. 1, 8, 8, Cyr. 7, 1, 7; cp. γίν. πλησίον Philo, Mos. 1, 228; Jos., Ant. 4, 40): ἐγγὺς τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι come close to the boat J 6:19. Fig. of the relation of believers to Christ: come near Eph 2:13.

ⓗ w. ὧδε come here J 6:25;

ⓘ ἔμπροσθέν τινος γ. J 1:15, 30 s. on ἔμπροσθεν 1bζ and ὀπίσω 2b.

⑦ to come into a certain state or possess certain characteristics, to be, prove to be, turn out to be (on relation to the forms of εἰμί [here and in 8–10] s. ALink, StKr 69, 1896, 420ff). Used w. the nom. (Wsd 16:3; Jdth 16:21; Sir 31:22; 1 Macc 3:58) γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι be prudent Mt 10:16. ἄκαρπος γίνεται 13:22; Mk 4:19.—W. other words: vs. 22; 9:50; Lk 1:2; 2:2; 6:36 and very oft. Freq. the dat. of advantage (dat. commodi) is added (1 Macc 10:47; 2 Macc 7:37; 4 Macc 6:28; 12:17): ἀγαπητόν τινι γ. be dear to someone 1 Th 2:8. ἀπρόσκοπον γ. τινι be inoffensive to someone 1 Cor 10:32; γ. τινι μαθητήν J 15:8; μισθαποδότην γ. τινι be a rewarder of someone Hb 11:6; γ. ὁδηγόν τινι Ac 1:16. Cp. παρηγορία, σημεῖον, τύπος.—γ. ὁμοθυμαδόν come together in unanimity or reach unanimity Ac 15:25.—τὶ γίνεταί τινί τι a thing results in someth. for someone τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγ. θάνατος; Ro 7:13. ἡ ἐξουσία πρόσκομμα τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν 1 Cor 8:9.—γίνομαι ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὡσεί τις (Ps 21:15; 31:9; 37:15; 82:11; 87:5 al.) be, become, show oneself like Mt 6:16; 10:25; 18:3; 28:4; Lk 22:26, 44; 1 Cor 4:13; 9:20f; Gal 4:12. καθὼς ἐγένετο … οὕτως ἔσται as it was … so it will be Lk 17:26, 28. οὐ χρὴ ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι this should not be so Js 3:10. ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν ἐγενήθημεν we proved/showed ourselves … toward you 1 Th 2:10.—In statements pert. to age (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 16 γεγονότα [sc. τὸν Πυθαγόραν] ἐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα; Demetr. of Phaleron [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 153 Wehrli [’49]; Demetr: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 10, 50) ἐτῶν δώδεκα Lk 2:42; cp. 1 Ti 5:9.—Here prob. also belongs ἐγένετο γνώμης he decided Ac 20:3 (cp. Plut., Phoc. 752 [23, 4] ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γ.; Cass. Dio 61, 14 τ. ἐπιθυμίας γ.; Jos., Bell. 6, 287).

⑧ to be present at a given time, be there ([Ps.-]Jos., Ant. 18, 63) Mk 1:4; J 1:6, hence exist (Diod S 3, 52, 4 γέγονε γένη γυναικῶν=there have been nations of women; Appian, Maced. 18 §3 τὸ χρυσίον τὸ γιγνόμενον=the gold that was at hand; Bar 3:26; 2 Macc 10:24) Ro 11:5; 1J 2:18. ἐγένετο there lived Lk 1:5. ἔν τινι 2 Pt 2:1. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Rv 16:18 (Da 12:1 Theod.).

⑨ to be closely related to someone or someth., belong to

ⓐ gen. of the possessor (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 79 §336 a slave γεγένητο Πομπηίου=had belonged to Pompey: B-D-F §162, 7) belong to someone Lk 20:14, 33 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 83 §350 γυνὴ Κράσσου γεγενημένη=who had been the wife of [the younger] Crassus).

ⓑ w. dat. of pers. belong to someone (PPetr II, 40b, 7 [277 B.C.]; O. Wilck II, 1530, 2f [120 B.C.] τὸ γινόμενόν μοι=what belongs to me) of a woman ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ Ro 7:3f (cp. Ruth 1:12f; Dt 24:2).

ⓒ w. prep. μετά τινος (Josh 2:19) Ac 9:19; 20:18. οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his intimate friends Mk 16:10. πρός τινα be w. someone 1 Cor 16:10 ( make him [Timothy] feel quite at home with you Mft.) ὑπό τινα be under the authority of someone or someth. (1 Macc 10:38) Gal 4:4.

ⓓ Here perh. belongs ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται it is not a matter of private interpretation 2 Pt 1:20.

⑩ to be in or at a place, be in, be there

ⓐ ἔν τινι to designate one’s present or future place of residence (X., An. 4, 3, 29; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15 Ἀντώνιος ἐν Ἐφέσῳ γενόμενος; Aelian, VH 4, 15; Herodian 2, 2, 5; POxy 283, 11; 709, 6 ἐν Μένφει γενόμενος; PTebt 416, 3; BGU 731 II, 6 ἐν οἰκίᾳ μου; Num 11:35; Judg 17:4; 1 Ch 14:17; Jdth 5:7 al. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.) Mt 26:6; Mk 9:33; Ac 7:38; 13:5; 2 Ti 1:17; Rv 1:9; AcPl Ha 7, 23.

ⓑ w. adv.: ἐκεῖ (X., An. 6, 5, 20; 3 Km 8:8 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 10, 180) Ac 19:21. κατὰ μόνας Mk 4:10.—B. 637. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M. TW.

διαλείπω fut. διαλείψω LXX; 2 aor. διέλιπον (s. λείπω; Hom. et al.) to desist from an action or activity, stop, cease w. neg. and w. ptc. foll. οὐ διέλιπεν (v.l. διέλειπεν) καταφιλοῦσα she has not stopped kissing (X., Apol. 16 οὐ πώποτε διέλειπον ζητῶν, sim. Isocr. et al.; UPZ 47, 22 [II B.C.]; POxy 281, 16; BGU 747 I, 7 οὐ διέλιπον παραινῶν; PGiss 14, 4f al.; Jer 17:8; EpArist 274; Jos., Ant. 8, 302; 11, 119) Lk 7:45. Also constantly: μὴ διαλίπῃς νουθετῶν admonish constantly Hv 1, 3, 2. μὴ διαλίπῃς λαλῶν (cp. Περὶ ὕψους 38, 5 οὐ διαλ. λέγων) 4, 3, 6. μὴ δ. αἰτούμενος m 9:8.—B. 981. M-M.

εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans³-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.² 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.

① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).

② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.

ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.

ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.

ⓒ in explanations:

α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.

β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.

③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, be

ⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.

ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.

ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.

ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).

④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.

⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.

⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.

⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).

⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.

⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.

⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.

⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.² 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).

ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.

ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).

α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).

β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.

γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).

ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).

ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.

ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.

ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.