untilled

squālĕo, ŭi, 2, v. n. [squalor], to be stiff or rough with any thing, etc. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf. sordeo).

Lit.

In gen.:

squalentes infode conchas,

i. e. rough, Verg. G. 2, 348:

per tunicam squalentem auro,

id. A. 10, 314; cf.:

auro squalens lorica,

id. ib. 12, 87:

maculis auro squalentibus,

id. G. 4, 91; Sil. 2, 585:

picti squalentia terga lacerti,

Verg. G. 4, 13: squalentia tela venenis, Ov. F. 5, 397.—

In partic.

To be stiff or rough from dryness or drought, to be dry, parched:

squalebant pulvere fauces,

Luc. 9, 503:

oraque projecta squalent arentia linguā,

id. 4, 755:

tellus squalet,

Sil. 14, 592.—Hence,

Of lands, etc., to be desert, untilled, waste:

squalentes campi,

Sil. 3, 655; 4, 376:

squalens litus,

Tac. A. 15, 42:

squalentia arva Libyes,

Luc. 1, 205; 5, 39:

sterilis profundi vastitas squalet soli,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 697.—

To be stiff or rough from slovenliness or want of care; to be filthy, neglected, squalid:

squalenti Dido comā,

Ov. F. 3, 640:

squalens barba,

Verg. A. 2, 277:

crines squalent a pulvere effuso,

Sil. 2, 452:

barba cruore,

id. 10, 512:

vestes squalentes atro pulvere,

Luc. 8, 37:

neque ego arma squalere situ ac rubigine velim, sed fulgorem inesse,

Quint. 10, 1, 30; Gell. 9, 4, 2:

mihi supellex squalet atque aedes meae,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 8, 2:

invidiae nigro squalentia tabo Tecta petit,

Ov. M. 2, 760; cf. id. ib. 15, 627:

squalent abductis arva colonis,

lie untilled, Verg. G. 1, 507; cf. 1. b, supra.—

Transf., to mourn in filthy or squalid garments (cf. sordes and sordidatus;

in Cic. only so): erat in luctu senatus: squalebat civitas publico consilio mutatā veste,

Cic. Sest. 14, 32:

luget senatus, maeret equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est, squalent municipia, afflictantur coloniae,

id. Mil. 8, 20. —P. a. as subst.: squālĕntĭa, ōrum, n., deserts, Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 52.

* * *

* * *

* * *

neglect, lack of cultivation

untilled, uncultivated / unpolished, rude, rough / untidy, neglected

in-cultus, a, um, adj., untilled, uncultivated (class.).

Lit.:

ager,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

via, with silvestris,

neglected, id. Brut. 72, 259:

quid incultius oppidis?

id. Prov. Cons. 12, 29:

incultae atque inhabitabiles regiones,

id. N. D. 1, 10, 24:

incultum et derelictum solum,

id. Brut. 4, 16:

caritas annonae ex incultis agris,

Liv. 2, 34, 2.—

Transf., undressed, unadorned, unpolished, neglected, rude (mostly poet.):

coma,

uncombed, disordered, Ov. F. 3, 470:

genae,

disfigured, id. H. 8, 64:

homo, ut vita, sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

inculta atque rusticana parsimonia,

id. Quint. 30:

indocti incultique,

without education, Sall. C. 2, 8:

homines intonsi et inculti,

Liv. 21, 32, 7:

versus,

unpolished, rude, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 233:

ingenium,

uncultivated, id. ib. 1, 3, 22:

Laestrygones,

i. e. destitute of cultivation, savage, wild, Tib. 4, 1, 59.—Hence, adv.: incultē, in an uncultivated manner, roughly, rudely, uncouthly, inelegantly:

inculte atque horride vivere,

Cic. Quint. 18:

incultius agitare,

Sall. J. 20, 5:

agere,

id. ib. 89, 7:

inculte horrideque dicere,

Cic. Or. 9, 28:

non inculte dicere,

id. Brut. 28.

in-cultus, ūs, m., want of cultivation or refinement (not in Cic. or Cæs.):

incultu, tenebris, odore foeda ejus (Tulliani) facies est,

Sall. C. 55, 4:

ingenium incultu atque socordiā torpescere sinunt,

id. J. 2, 4:

honores desertos per incultum ac negligentiam,

Liv. 42, 12, 7.

rŭdis, e, adj. [cf. crudus], unwrought, untilled, unformed, unused, rough, raw, wild (cf. crudus): omnis fere materia non deformata, rudis appellatur, sicut vestimentum rude, non perpolitum: sic aes infectum rudusculum, Cincius ap. Fest. p. 265 Müll. (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.).

Lit.:

terra (opp. restibilis),

Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 2; so,

terra,

id. ib. 1, 27, 2:

ager,

Col. 3, 11, 1:

campus,

Verg. G. 2, 211:

humus,

Ov. M. 5, 646:

rudis atque infecta materies,

Petr. 114, 13; cf.:

rudis indigestaque moles (Chaos),

Ov. M. 1, 7:

marmor,

Quint. 2, 19, 3:

saxum,

id. 9, 4, 27; cf.:

signa (de marmore coepto),

Ov. M. 1, 406:

aes (opp. signatum),

Plin. 33, 3, 13:

hasta,

rudely finished, ill-made, Verg. A. 9, 743; cf.:

novacula (with retusa),

Petr. 94, 14:

circumjectus parietum,

Plin. 11, 51, 112, § 270:

caementum,

Tac. Or. 20 (with informes tegulae):

lana,

Ov. M. 6, 19:

textum,

rough, coarse, id. ib. 8, 640; so,

vestis,

id. F. 4, 659:

herba,

wild, Mart. 2, 90, 8: cf.

uva,

unripe, green, hard, id. 13, 68.— Neutr. plur. as subst.: detrahit doctrina aliquid, ut lima rudibus et cotes hebetibus, Quint. 2, 12, 8. —

Poet., transf., young, new (cf. integer):

illa (carina, sc. Argo) rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten,

untried, not yet sailed on, Cat. 64, 11;

hence, also, Argo,

Luc. 3, 193:

agna,

Mart. 9, 71, 6:

filia,

id. 7, 95, 8:

dextram cruore regio imbuit,

Sen. Troad. 217:

pannas,

new, Vulg. Matt. 9, 16. —

Trop., rude, unpolished, uncultivated, unskilled, awkward, clumsy, ignorant; hence (like ignarus), with gen., unacquainted with, inexperienced in, etc. (cf. imperitus).

Absol.:

consilium,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 61; cf.:

forma ingenii impolita et plane rudis,

Cic. Brut. 85, 294:

incohata ac rudia,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 5:

quae rudia atque imperfecta adhuc erant,

Quint. 3, 1, 7:

rudia et incomposita,

id. 9, 4, 17:

vox surda, rudis, immanis, dura, etc.,

id. 11, 3, 32:

modulatio,

id. 1, 10, 16; cf.:

modus (tibicinis),

Ov. A. A. 1, 111:

rude et Graecis intactum carmen,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 66:

stilus (with confusus),

Quint. 1, 1, 28; 12, 10, 3:

animi,

id. 1, 10, 9 (with agrestes);

1, 1, 36: adhuc ingenia,

id. 1, 2, 27; cf.

ingenium,

Hor. A. P. 410:

rudis fuit vita priscorum et sine litteris,

Plin. 18, 29, 69, § 284:

saeculum,

Quint. 2, 5, 23; 12, 11, 23; Tac. H. 1, 86:

anni,

i. e. young, early, Quint. 1, 1, 5; Tac. A. 13, 16 fin.; cf.:

adhuc aetas,

id. ib. 4, 8:

rudem me et integrum discipulum accipe et ea, quae requiro, doce,

Cic. N. D. 3, 3, 7; Quint. 2, 3, 3; 3, 6, 83:

Aeschylus rudis in plerisque et incompositus,

id. 10, 1, 66:

tam eram rudis? tam ignarus rerum? etc.,

Cic. Sest. 21, 47; so (with ignarus) Quint. 1, 8, 4:

rudis ac stultus,

id. 11, 3, 76:

illi rudes homines primique,

id. 8, 3, 36; 10, 2, 5:

illi rudes ac bellicosi,

id. 1, 10, 20:

nescit equo rudis Haerere ingenuus puer,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 54.—

With in and abl.:

cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, alii in disserendo rudes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

(oratorem) nullā in re tironem ac rudem esse debere,

id. de Or. 1, 50, 218; (with hebes) id. ib. 1, 58, 248:

rudis in re publicā,

id. Phil. 6, 6, 17:

in causā,

id. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 10, 40:

in minoribus navigiis,

id. ib. 1, 38, 174:

omnino in nostris poëtis,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

sermo nullā in re,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32.—With simple abl. (very rare):

Ennius ingenio maximus, arte rudis,

Ov. Tr. 2, 424:

arte,

Stat. Th. 6, 437:

studiis,

Vell. 2, 73, 1.—

With gen.:

imperiti homines rerum omnium rudes ignarique,

Cic. Fl. 7, 16:

dicat se non imperitum foederis, non rudem exemplorum, non ignarum belli fuisse,

id. Balb. 20, 47:

provinciae rudis,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

Graecarum litterarum,

id. Off. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Pelop. 1, 1:

rei militaris,

Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2:

harum rerum,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

artium,

Liv. 1, 7:

bonarum artium,

Tac. A. 1, 3:

facinorum,

id. ib. 12, 51:

agminum,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 9:

civilis belli,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 47; cf.:

bellorum (elephanti),

Flor. 4, 2, 67:

operum conjugiique,

Ov. F. 4, 336:

somni,

i. e. sleepless, id. M. 7, 213:

dicendi,

Tac. A. 1, 29.—

With ad (very rare):

rudem ad pedestria bella Numidarum gentem esse,

Liv. 24, 48, 5:

ad quae (spectacula) rudes tum Romani erant,

id. 45, 32, 10; 10, 22, 6; 21, 25, 6:

ad partus,

Ov. H. 11, 48:

ad mala,

id. P. 3, 7, 18:

rudes adhuc ad resistendum populos,

Just. 1, 1, 5:

rudis natio ad voluptates,

Curt. 6, 21, 9; 8, 8, 24.—

With dat. (very rare):

fontes rudes puellis,

i. e. strange, Mart. 6, 42, 4.—

With inf.:

nec ferre rudis medicamina,

Sil. 6, 90:

Martem rudis versare,

id. 8, 262.— Comp., sup., and adv. do not occur.

rŭdis, is, f. ( abl. sing. rudi, Capitol. Opil. Macr. 4, 5), a slender stick or rod.

To stir with in cooking; a stirring-stick, spatula:

versato crebro duabus rudibus,

Cato, R. R. 79; so,

ferreae,

Plin. 34, 18, 50, § 170; cf. rudicula.—

A staff used by soldiers and gladiators in their exercises (perh. a wooden sword), answering to a quarter-staff, a foil (freq. and class.):

(milites) rudibus inter se in modum justae pugnae concurrerunt,

Liv. 26, 51; 40, 6 and 9 Drak. N. cr. (al. sudibus); Ov. Am. 2, 9, 22; id. A. A. 3, 515:

rudibus batuere,

Suet. Calig. 32.—Hence, transf.: PRIMA or SVMMA RVDIS (also in one word, SVMMARVDIS), the first or head fencer, the fencing-master, Inscr. Orell. 2575; 2584: SECVNDA RVDIS, the second fencer, the fencing-master ' s assistant, ib. 2573 sq.—A gladiator received such a rudis when honorably discharged (whence he was called rudiarius):

tam bonus gladiator rudem tam cito accepisti?

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 74:

acceptā rude,

Juv. 6, 113:

essedario rudem indulgere,

Suet. Claud. 21.—And hence transf. to other persons who receive an honorable discharge:

tardā vires minuente senectā, Me quoque donari jam rude tempus erat,

i. e. to dismiss, discharge, Ov. Tr. 4, 8, 24; id. Am. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

spectatum satis et donatum jam rude,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 2 (v. Orell. ad h. l.):

ergo sibi dabit ipse rudem,

Juv. 7, 171; Mart. 3, 36, 10.

sordesco, dŭi, 3, v. inch. n. [sordeo], to become dirty, grow filthy (not ante-Aug., and very rare): contrectatus ubi manibus sordescere vulgi Coeperis (liber), * Hor. Ep 1, [p. 1732] 20, 11:

mel,

Plin. 11, 12, 12, § 31:

manus,

id. 33, 3, 19, § 60:

ager,

i. e. to become wild, lie untilled, Gell. 4, 12, 1.—

Trop., to be mean, vile, Amm. 15, 13, 2.

vasto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [id.; hence, Ital. guastar, and Fr. gāter], to make empty or vacant, to leave untenanted or uninhabited, to desert.

Lit. (rare but class.):

lex erat lata de vastato ac relicto foro,

Cic. Sest. 24, 53:

vastati agri sunt,

Liv. 3, 32, 2:

venator vastata lustra fugit,

i.e. destitute of game, Val. Fl. 1, 480: pati terram stirpium asperitate vastari, to lie waste or untilled, Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99.—

Transf., to empty or deprive of inhabitants, to lay waste, desolate, ravage, devastate; to ruin, destroy (the predom. signif. of the word; syn.: populor, vexo).

Absol.:

cum equitatus liberius praedandi vastandique causā se in agros ejecerat,

Caes. B. G. 5, 19.—

With acc.:

ipse ad vastandos depopulandosque fines Ambiorigis proficiscitur,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 24:

agros,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11; Cat. 66, 12; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 50, § 119 (with exinanire):

Italiam (with diripere),

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13:

terram,

id. N. D. 2, 39, 99:

partem provinciae incursionibus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1:

omnia caedibus, incendiis, ruinis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 25:

omnia ferro ignique vastata,

Liv. 7, 30, 15; 10, 12, 7:

omnia (with invadere, polluere),

Sall. J. 41, 9:

omnia igni ferroque,

Vell. 2, 110, 6:

Tydides multā vastabat caede cruentus,

Verg. A. 1, 471:

omnia late vastant,

id. G. 4, 16:

fana Poenorum tumultu,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 47:

(zonae) vastantur frigore semper,

Tib. 4, 1, 153:

cuncta (panthera),

Phaedr. 3, 2, 14:

direpti vastatique classe,

Tac. H. 2, 16:

quos (Mardos) vastavit,

id. A. 14, 23 fin.—Pass.:

ipsi cultores arvaque maturis jam frugibus ut hostile solum vastabantur,

Tac. H. 2, 87 fin. —With abl. of that which is destroyed or removed:

et latos vastant cultoribus agros,

Verg. A. 8, 8:

agrosque viris annosaque vastant oppida,

Stat. Th. 3, 576.—

Trop.:

ita conscientia mentem excitam vastabat,

harassed, perplexed, Sall. C. 15, 5.

vastus, a, um, adj. [cf.: vanus, vacuus], empty, unoccupied, i.e. waste, desert.

Lit. (so rare but class.;

syn.: vacuus, desertus): genus agrorum propter pestilentiam vastum atque desertum,

Cic. Agr. 2, 26, 69:

lex erat lata vasto ac relicto foro,

id. Sest. 24, 53:

agrum vastum ac desertum habere,

Liv. 28, 11, 10:

vasta ac deserta urbs,

id. 24, 3, 11; 28, 7, 12: vasta incendiis ruinisque urbs, id. 5, 53, 1:

mons vastus ab naturā et humano cultu,

uncultivated, Sall. J. 48, 3:

urbs a defensoribus vasta,

without, Liv. 23, 30, 7 (al. ex conj. vacua).—

Trop. (the fig. taken from tracts of country lying waste or untilled), uncultivated, unpolished, rude, rough, harsh:

vultu motuque corporis vasti atque agrestes,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 115:

vastus homo atque foedus,

id. ib. 1, 25, 117:

vasti quidam et insubidi,

Gell. 19, 9, 9:

fugiemus crebras vocalium concursiones, quae vastam atque hiantem orationem reddunt, ut hoc est: baccae aeneae amoenissimae impendebant,

Auct. Her. 4, 12, 18:

omnia vasta ac temeraria esse,

Liv. 24, 48, 7:

littera vastior,

too harsh-sounding, Cic. Or. 45, 153.—

Transf.

Desolate, deserted: abs te viduae et vastae virgines sunt, made lonely, Enn. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 52 (Trag. v. 279 Vahl.):

dies per silentium vastus,

Tac. A. 3, 4.—

Wasted by destruction, laid waste, ravaged, devastated, destroyed (rare; cf.

vastatus): fit vasta Troja,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 130:

jam hanc urbem ferro vastam faciet Peleus, Att. ap. Fest. pp. 372 and 373: haec ego vasta dabo,

Verg. A. 9, 323:

nec solum modo vastum hosti relictum, sed castellis etiam vicisque illatus ignis,

Liv. 10, 12, 8.—

With the predom. idea of extent, vast, immense, enormous, huge, monstrous (syn.: ingens, immanis).

Of size: jamque fere pulvis ad caelum vasta videtur, Enn. ap. Non. 217, 11 (Ann. v. 286 Vahl.):

immani et vastae insidens beluae,

Cic. Rep. 2, 40, 67:

vasta et immanis belua,

id. Div. 1, 24, 49; cf.:

vastissimae beluae,

id. Rep. 2, 26, 49: elephanto beluarum nulla prudentior;

ad figuram quae vastior?

id. N. D. 1, 35, 97:

summa erat vasto atque aperto mari, difficultas navigandi,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12; cf.:

in vastissimo atque apertissimo Oceano,

id. ib. 3, 9, 7:

fossa vastissima,

Cic. Rep. 2, 6, 11:

solitudines,

id. ib. 2, 6, 19:

campi,

Verg. A. 3, 13:

Charybdis,

Lucr. 1, 722:

antiquus crater, quem vastum vastior ipse Sustulit Aegides,

Ov. M. 12, 236:

antrum,

Verg. A. 1, 52:

hiatus speluncae,

id. ib. 6, 237:

suspectus turris,

id. ib. 9, 530:

manus,

Ov. F. 2, 322:

arma,

Verg. A. 10, 768:

corpus,

Col. 7, 12, 3.—

Transf., of degree, etc., immense, enormous, prodigious, vast, etc.:

iter,

i.e. on the vast ocean, Ov. M. 14, 438:

certamen,

Verg. A. 12, 553:

impetus,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 30:

pugnae Cannensis clades vastissima,

Gell. 5, 17, 5:

tempestas,

Col. 2, 20, 5; cf.:

vapores vastissimi,

id. 2, 20, 1:

clamor,

Verg. A. 10, 716; Ov. M. 12, 494:

murmur,

Verg. A. 1, 245:

latratus,

Col. 7, 12, 3:

tonitru,

Val. Fl. 1, 617:

pondus,

Verg. A. 5, 447; Ov. H. 9, 88.—

Trop.:

vastus animus,

i.e. insatiable, Sall. C. 5, 4.—Rarely with abstr. nouns:

quam vasta potentia nostra est,

Ov. M. 2, 520:

varia vastaque scientia,

Col. 1, pr. 28:

nefas,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 767.— Adv.: vastē.

(Acc. to vastus, I. B.) Rudely, harshly:

loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45:

ne vastius diducantur verba,

id. ib. 3, 43, 172.—

(Acc. to II. B.) Widely, vastly, immensely, violently, enormously:

vaste cedentia litora,

Mel. 1, 1, 4:

vastius insurgens decimae ruit impetus undae,

Ov. M. 11, 530:

vastius podagra correpti,

Scrib. Comp. 107.

virgo, ĭnis, f. [root varg-; Sanscr. ūrg, strength, ūrga-jami, nourish; Gr. orgaô, to swell, orgê, impulse], a maid, maiden, virgin (cf. puella).

Lit.

In gen.:

cum Sabinas honesto ortas loco virgines rapi jussit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 12:

(oratio philosophorum) casta, verecunda, virgo incorrupta,

id. Or. 19, 64:

bellica,

i. e. Pallas, Ov. M. 4, 754; Sil. 7, 459:

Saturnia,

i. e. Vesta, Ov. F. 6, 383:

Vestalis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14, 26; 3, 10, 17.—In apposition:

virgo filia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 37, 63: dea, the virgin goddess, i. e. Diana, Ov. M. 12, 28; Mart. 10, 92, 8.— Transf., of female animals that have not coupled, Plin. 28, 9, 41, § 147:

lea,

Stat. Th. 12, 357:

porca,

Mart. 13, 56, 1.—Adject.:

carnes,

Plin. 28, 4, 10, § 43; cf.

equa,

Pall. 1, 35 fin.:

buculae,

Arn. 7, 224.—

In partic., of particular virgins.—Of a Vestal:

qui esset decimus annus post Virginum absolutionem,

Cic. Cat. 3, 4, 9; Hor. C. 3, 30, 9:

virgines sanctae,

the Vestals, id. ib. 1, 2, 27.— Of Diana, Hor. C. 1, 12, 22; 3, 22, 1.—Of the Danaides, Hor. C. 3, 11, 26.—Of Astrœa, Verg. E. 4, 6.—

Transf.

In gen., of young females, a young woman, girl, Ov. H. 6, 133; Sil. 3, 435; Just. 1, 3, 2; Curt. 5, 1, 38; Verg. E. 6, 47; 6, 52; Hor. C. 2, 8, 23; 3, 14, 9.—

In the eccl. fathers, of males, Tert. Virg. Vel. 8; Hier. adv. Jovin. 1, 4; id. Ep. 22, 21; Paul. Nol. Carm. 22, 2. —

The constellation Virgo in the zodiac, Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 42, 110; Hyg. Astr. 2, 25; 3, 24.—

Aqua Virgo, or simply Virgo, a stream of cold water brought to Rome in an aqueduct constructed by M. Agrippa (so called because a young girl discovered its source), now Fontana Trevi, Front. Aquaed. 10; Plin. 31, 3, 25, § 42; Sen. Ep. 83, 5; Cassiod. Var. 7, 6; Ov. A. A. 3, 385; id. Tr. 3, 12, 22; Mart. 6, 42, 18; 11, 47, 6; 14, 163, 2 al.; cf. Becker, Antiq. 1, p. 703 sq.—

Of things; as an adjectival appellative for unwedded, pure, unused (mostly post-class.):

senecta,

i. e. unmarried, Tert. adv. Valent. 5:

saliva,

fasting, id. Jejun. 6:

terra,

untilled, Plin. 33, 3, 15, § 52: charta, i. e. that has not been read or published, Mart. 1, 67, 7:

EMIT ET COMPARAVIT LOCVM VIRGINEM,

vacant, Inscr. Orell. 4566.