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41 hand
A n1 Anat main f ; he had a pencil/book in his hand il avait un crayon/un livre dans la main ; she had a pistol/umbrella in her hand elle avait un pistolet/un parapluie à la main ; he stood there, gun/suitcase in hand il était là, un pistolet/une valise à la main ; to get ou lay one's hands on mettre la main sur [money, information, key, person] ; he eats/steals everything he can get ou lay his hands on il mange/vole tout ce qui lui passe sous le nez ; to keep one's hands off sth ne pas toucher à [computer, money] ; to keep one's hands off sb laisser qn tranquille ; they could hardly keep their hands off each other ils avaient du mal à se retenir pour ne pas se toucher ; to take sb's hand prendre la main de qn ; to take sb by the hand prendre qn par la main ; they were holding hands ils se donnaient la main ; to hold sb's hand lit tenir qn par la main ; fig ( give support) [person] tenir la main à qn ; [government] soutenir qn ; to do ou make sth by hand faire qch à la main ; the letter was delivered by hand la lettre a été remise en mains propres ; ‘by hand’ ( on envelope) ‘par porteur’ ; they gave me 50 dollars in my hand il m'ont donné 50 dollars de la main à la main ; from hand to hand de main en main ; look! no hands! regarde! sans les mains! ; to have one's hands full lit avoir les mains pleines ; fig avoir assez à faire ; to seize an opportunity with both hands saisir l'occasion à deux mains ; hands up, or I shoot! les mains en l'air, ou je tire! ; to be on one's hands and knees être à quatre pattes ; we can always use another pair of hands une autre paire de bras ne serait pas de trop ; hands off ○ ! pas touche ○ !, bas les pattes ○ ! ; ‘hands off our schools’ ( slogan at rally) ‘ne touchez pas à nos écoles’ ; please put your hands together for Max! s'il vous plaît applaudissez Max! ;2 ( handwriting) écriture f ; in a neat hand rédigé d'une belle écriture ; in her own hand rédigé de sa propre main ;3 (influence, involvement) influence f ; to have a hand in sth prendre part à [decision, project] ; avoir quelque chose à voir avec [demonstration, robbery] ; to have a hand in planning ou organizing sth prendre part à l'organisation de qch ; to stay ou hold one's hand patienter ; I thought I recognized your hand j'ai cru avoir reconnu ton style ;4 ( assistance) coup m de main ; to give ou lend sb a (helping) hand donner un coup de main à qn ; I need a hand with my suitcases j'ai besoin d'un coup de main pour porter mes valises ;5 ( round of applause) to give sb a big hand applaudir qn très fort ; let's have a big hand for the winner! applaudissons bien fort le gagnant! ;6 ( consent to marriage) to ask for/win sb's hand (in marriage) demander/obtenir la main de qn (en mariage) ;7 ( possession) to be in sb's hands [money, painting, document, power, affair] être entre les mains de qn ; the painting is in private hands le tableau est entre les mains d'un particulier ; to change hands changer de mains ; to fall ou get into sb's hands [information, equipment] tomber entre les mains de qn ; to fall ou get into the wrong hands [documents, weapons] tomber en mauvaises mains ; in the right hands this information could be useful en bonnes mains, cette information pourrait être utile ; to be in good ou safe hands [child, money] être en bonnes mains ; to put one's life in sb's hands remettre sa vie entre les mains de qn ; to place ou put sth in sb's hands confier qch à qn [department, office] ; remettre qch entre les mains de qn [matter, affair] ; to play into sb's hands jouer le jeu de qn ; the matter is out of my hands cette affaire n'est plus de mon ressort ;8 ( control) to get out of hand [expenditure, inflation] déraper ; [children, fans] devenir incontrôlable ; [demonstration, party] dégénérer ; things are getting out of hand on est en train de perdre le contrôle de la situation ; to take sth in hand prendre [qch] en main [situation] ; s'occuper de [problem] ; to take sb in hand prendre qn en main [child, troublemaker] ;9 Games ( cards dealt) jeu m ; ( game) partie f ; to show one's hand lit, fig montrer son jeu ; to throw in one's hand lit, fig abandonner la partie ;10 ( worker) Agric ouvrier/-ière m/f agricole ; Ind ouvrier/-ière m/f ; Naut membre m de l'équipage ; the ship went down with all hands le bateau a coulé corps et biens ;11 ( responsibility) to have sth/sb on one's hands avoir qch/qn sur les bras [unsold stock, surplus] ; to take sb/sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qn/qch ; to have sth off one's hands ne plus avoir qch sur les bras ; they'll have a strike on their hands if they're not careful ils vont se retrouver avec une grève sur les bras s'ils ne font pas attention ;12 ( available) to keep/have sth to hand garder/avoir qch sous la main [passport, pen, telephone number] ; to be on hand [person] être disponible ; the fire extinguisher was close to hand ou near at hand l'extincteur n'était pas loin ; help was close at hand les secours étaient à proximité ; to grab the first coat that comes to hand attraper n'importe quel manteau ;13 ( skill) to try one's hand at sth s'essayer à [photography, marketing] ; to try one's hand at driving/painting s'essayer à la conduite/la peinture ; to set ou turn one's hand to sth/doing entreprendre qch/de faire ; she can turn her hand to almost anything elle sait pratiquement tout faire ; to keep/get one's hand in garder/se faire la main ;18 ( source) I got the information first/second hand j'ai eu l'information de première main/par l'intermédiaire de quelqu'un ;19 (aspect, side) on the one hand…, on the other hand… d'une part… d'autre part… ; on the other hand ( conversely) par contre ; on every hand partout.2 ( underway) en cours ; work on the road is already in hand les travaux sur la route sont déjà en cours ; the preparations are well in hand les préparatifs sont bien avancés ;3 ( to spare) I've got 50 dollars in hand il me reste 50 dollars ; she finished the exam with 20 minutes in hand elle a terminé l'examen avec 20 minutes d'avance ; I'll do it when I have some time in hand je le ferai quand j'aurai du temps devant moi ; stock in hand Comm marchandises en stock.D at the hands of prep phr his treatment at the hands of his captors la façon dont il a été traité par ses ravisseurs ; our defeat at the hands of the French team notre défaite contre l'équipe française.E vtr ( give) to hand sb sth ou to hand sth to sb donner qch à qn [form, letter, ticket] ; passer qch à qn [knife, screwdriver] ; remettre qch à qn [trophy] ; to hand sb out of a car aider qn à sortir d'une voiture.the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing la main gauche ignore ce que fait la droite ; to know sth like the back of one's hand connaître qch comme le dos de la main ; many hands make light work Prov plus on est nombreux plus ça va vite ; I could do that with one hand tied behind my back! je pourrais le faire les doigts dans le nez ○ ! ; you've got to hand it to her/them… il faut lui/leur faire cette justice… ; he never does a hand's turn il ne remue pas le petit doigt ; to win hands down gagner haut la main.■ hand back:▶ hand [sth] back, hand back [sth] rendre [object, essay, colony] (to à).■ hand down:▶ hand [sth] down, hand down [sth] ( transmit) transmettre [heirloom, property, tradition, skill, story] (from de ; to à) ;▶ hand [sth] down to sb, hand down [sth] to sb1 ( pass) faire passer [qch] à qn [boxes, books] ;2 ( pass on after use) passer [qch] à qn [old clothes].■ hand in:▶ hand [sth] in, hand in [sth]1 ( submit) remettre [form, petition, ticket] (to à) ; rendre [homework] ; to hand in one's notice ou resignation donner sa démission ;2 ( return) rendre [equipment, keys].■ hand on:▶ hand [sth] on, hand on [sth] passer [collection plate, baton].■ hand out:▶ hand [sth] out, hand out [sth] distribuer [food, leaflets] distribuer [punishments, fines] ; péj prodiguer pej [advice].■ hand over:2 ( transfer power) passer la main à [deputy, successor] ;3 ( on telephone) I'll just hand you over to Rosie je te passe Rosie ;▶ hand over [sth], hand [sth] over rendre [weapon] ; céder [collection, savings, territory, title, business, company] ; livrer [secret] ; transmettre [power, problem] ; remettre [keys] ; céder [microphone, controls] ; the mugger forced him to hand over his money le voleur l'a obligé à lui remettre son argent ; that pen's mine, hand it over! ce stylo est à moi, rends-le moi! ;▶ hand [sb] over, hand over [sb] livrer [prisoner, terrorist] (to à) ; to hand a baby/patient over to sb remettre un enfant/un malade entre les mains de qn.■ hand round:▶ hand [sth] round, hand round [sth] faire circuler [collection plate, leaflets, drinks, sandwiches].■ hand up:▶ hand [sth] up to sb passer [qch] à qn [hammer, box]. -
42 work
A n1 ( physical or mental activity) travail m (on sur) ; to be at work on sth être en train de travailler à qch ; to watch sb at work regarder qn (en train de) travailler ; to go to ou set to ou get to work se mettre au travail ; to go to ou set to ou get to work on sth se mettre à travailler à or faire qch ; to set to work doing se mettre à faire ; to put a lot of work into travailler [essay, speech] ; passer beaucoup de temps sur [meal, preparations] ; to put a lot of work into doing passer beaucoup de temps à faire ; to put ou set sb to work faire travailler qn ; we put him to work doing nous lui avons donné pour tâche de faire ; it was hard work doing ça a été dur de faire ; to be hard at work travailler consciencieusement ; your essay needs more work tu dois travailler davantage ta rédaction ; there's still a lot of work to be done il reste encore beaucoup à faire ; I've got work to do j'ai du travail à faire ; to make short ou light work of sth expédier qch ; to make short work of sb envoyer promener qn ; it's all in a day's work c'est une question d'habitude ; ‘good ou nice work’ ( on written work) ‘bon travail’ ; ( orally) ‘c'est bien!’ ; it's hot/thirsty work ça donne chaud/soif ;2 ( occupation) travail m ; to be in work avoir du travail or un emploi ; to look for work chercher du travail ; day/night work travail de jour/nuit ; place of work lieu m de travail ; to start ou begin work ( daily) commencer le travail ; ( for the first time) commencer à travailler ; to stop work ( at the end of the day) terminer son travail ; ( on retirement) cesser de travailler ; to be off work ( on vacation) être en congé ; to be off work with flu être en arrêt de travail parce qu'on a la grippe ; to be out of work être au chômage ; nice work if you can get it ○ ! c'est une bonne planque ○ ! ;3 ( place of employment) ( office) bureau m ; ( factory) usine f ; to go to work aller au travail ; don't phone me at work ne me téléphone pas à mon travail ; there's a canteen at work il y a une cantine à mon travail ;4 (building, construction) travaux mpl (on sur) ;5 ( papers) to take one's work home lit emporter du travail chez soi ; fig ramener ses soucis professionnels à sa famille ; spread your work out on the table étale tes papiers sur la table ;6 (achievement, product) (essay, report) travail m ; (artwork, novel, sculpture) œuvre f (by de) ; ( study) ouvrage m (by de ; on sur) ; an exhibition of work by young artists une exposition d'œuvres de jeunes artistes ; he sells his work to tourists il vend ses créations aux touristes ; is this all your own work? est-ce que vous l'avez fait tout seul? ; to mark students' work noter les devoirs des étudiants ; his work isn't up to standard son travail n'a pas le niveau requis ; the research was the work of a team la recherche était l'œuvre d'une équipe ; a work of genius une œuvre de génie ; a work of fiction une œuvre de fiction ; a work of reference un ouvrage de référence ; this attack is the work of professionals l'attaque est l'œuvre de professionnels ; I hope you're pleased with your work! iron j'espère que tu es fier de ton œuvre! iron ; the works of Shakespeare/Flaubert l'œuvre m de Shakespeare/Flaubert ;7 Phys travail m ;8 ( research) recherches fpl (on sur) ; there is still a lot of work to be done on the virus il y a encore beaucoup de recherches à faire sur le virus ;9 ( effect) to go to work [drug, detergent] agir ; the weedkiller has done its work l'herbicide a été efficace.3 ○ ( everything) the (full ou whole) works toute la panoplie ○.D vtr1 ( drive) to work sb hard surmener qn ;2 ( labour) to work shifts travailler en équipes (de travail posté) ; to work days/nights travailler de jour/de nuit ; to work one's passage Naut travailler pour payer son voyage ; to work one's way through university travailler pour payer ses études ; to work one's way through a book/document lire un livre/document ; to work a 40 hour week faire la semaine de 40 heures ;3 ( operate) se servir de [computer, equipment, lathe] ;4 ( exploit commercially) exploiter [oil-field, land, mine, seam] ;5 ( have as one's territory) [representative] couvrir [region] ; beggars/prostitutes work the streets around the station les mendiants/prostituées occupent les rues autour de la gare ;6 ( consume) to work one's way through ( use) utiliser [amount, quantity] ; to work one's way through two whole cakes manger deux gâteaux entiers ;7 ( bring about) to work wonders/miracles lit, fig faire des merveilles/miracles ; the landscape started to work its magic on me la magie du paysage a commencé à faire effet ;8 ( use to one's advantage) to work the system profiter du système ; can you work it for me to get tickets? peux-tu t'arranger pour m'avoir des billets? ; how did you manage to work it? comment as-tu pu arranger ça? ; I've worked things so that… j'ai arrangé les choses de sorte que… (+ subj) ;9 ( fashion) travailler [clay, dough, gold, iron] ; to work sth to a soft consistency travailler qch pour le rendre malléable ; to work gold into jewellery travailler l'or pour en faire des bijoux ;11 ( manoeuvre) to work sth into introduire qch dans [slot, hole] ; to work a lever up and down actionner un levier ;12 ( exercise) faire travailler [muscles, biceps] ;13 ( move) to work one's way through se frayer un passage à travers [crowd] ; to work one's way along avancer le long de [ledge, sill] ; to work one's hands free se libérer les mains ; to work the rope loose desserrer la corde ; it worked its way loose, it worked itself loose il s'est desserré peu à peu ; to work its way into passer dans [bloodstream, system, food, chain] ; start at the top and work your way down commencez par le haut et continuez jusqu'en bas.E vi1 ( engage in activity) travailler (doing à faire) ; to work at the hospital/the factory travailler à l'hôpital/l'usine ; to work at home travailler à domicile ; to work as a midwife/teacher travailler comme sage-femme/professeur ; to work for sb travailler pour qn ; to work for Grant and Company travailler pour la Société Grant ; to work in advertising/publishing travailler dans la publicité/l'édition ; to work with young people travailler avec les jeunes ; to work for a living gagner sa vie ; to work in oils/watercolours [artist] travailler à l'huile/l'aquarelle ;2 ( strive) lutter (against contre ; for pour ; to do pour faire) ; to work against corruption lutter contre la corruption ; to work towards se diriger vers [solution] ; s'acheminer vers [compromise] ; négocier [agreement] ;3 ( function) [equipment, machine] fonctionner, marcher ; [institution, system, heart, brain] fonctionner ; to work on electricity/on gas marcher or fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz ; to work off the mains marcher sur le secteur ; the washing machine isn't working la machine à laver est en panne or ne marche pas ;4 (act, operate) it doesn't ou things don't work like that ça ne marche pas comme ça ; to work on the assumption that présumer que ; to work in sb's favour, to work to sb's advantage tourner à l'avantage de qn ; to work against sb, to work to sb's disadvantage jouer en la défaveur de qn ;5 ( be successful) [treatment] avoir de l'effet ; [detergent, drug] agir (against contre ; on sur) ; [spell] agir ; [plan, plot] réussir ; [argument, hypothesis] tenir debout ; flattery won't work with me la flatterie ne marche pas avec moi ; the adaptation really works l'adaptation est vraiment réussie ; I didn't think the novel would work as a film je ne pensais pas qu'on pouvait tirer un bon film de ce roman ;6 ( move) [face, features] se contracter.F v refl2 ( rouse) to work oneself into a rage se mettre en colère ; to work oneself into a frenzy ( with anger) se mettre en rage ; ( with hysteria) devenir hystérique.to work one's way up gravir tous les échelons ; to work one's way up the company faire son chemin dans l'entreprise.■ work around:▶ work around to [sth] aborder [subject] ; it took him ages to work around to what he wanted to say il lui a fallu un temps fou pour exprimer ce qu'il avait à dire ; to work the conversation around to sth faire tourner la conversation autour de qch ; to work around to telling sb sth parvenir à dire qch à qn.■ work in:▶ work in [sth], work [sth] in2 Culin incorporer [ingredient].■ work off:▶ work [sth] off, work off [sth]2 ( repay) travailler pour rembourser [loan, debt] ;3 ( get rid of) se débarrasser de [excess weight] ; dépenser [excess energy] ; passer [anger, frustration].■ work on:▶ work on continuer à travailler ;▶ work on [sb] travailler ○ ;▶ work on [sth] travailler à [book, report] ; travailler sur [project] ; s'occuper de [case, problem] ; chercher [cure, solution] ; examiner [idea, theory] ; I'm working on a way of doing je cherche une façon de faire ; ‘have you found a solution?’-‘I'm working on it’ ‘as-tu trouvé une solution?’-‘j'y réfléchis’ ; he's working on his French il travaille son français ; we've got no clues to work on nous n'avons aucun indice.■ work out:▶ work out1 ( exercise) s'entraîner ;2 ( go according to plan) [plan, marriage] marcher ; I hope things work out for them j'espère que ça marchera pour eux ;▶ work out [sth], work [sth] out1 ( calculate) calculer [answer, average, total] ;2 ( solve) trouver [answer, reason, culprit] ; résoudre [riddle, problem] ; comprendre [clue] ; to work out why/when/where comprendre pourquoi/quand/où ; to work out what sth means comprendre qch ;4 Admin to work out one's notice faire son mois de préavis ;5 ( exhaust) épuiser [mine, soil] ;▶ work [sb] out comprendre ; I can't work her out je ne la comprendrai jamais.■ work over ○:▶ work [sb] over passer [qn] à tabac ○.■ work to:▶ work to [sth] s'astreindre à [budget] ; to work to deadlines travailler avec des objectifs ; to work to tight deadlines avoir des délais très serrés.■ work up:▶ work up [sth] développer [interest] ; accroître [support] ; to work up the courage to do trouver le courage de faire ; to work up some enthusiasm for s'enthousiasmer pour ; to work up an appetite s'ouvrir l'appétit ;▶ work up to [sth] se préparer à [announcement, confession, confrontation] ; the music is working up to a climax la musique va crescendo pour finir en apothéose ;▶ work up [sb], work [sb] up1 ( excite) exciter [child, crowd] ; to work sb up into a frenzy rendre qn énervé ; to work sb up into a rage mettre qn en colère ;2 ( annoy) énerver ; to get worked up s'énerver ; to work oneself up s'énerver ; to work oneself up into a state se mettre dans tous ses états ; to get oneself all worked up over ou about se mettre dans tous ses états au sujet de. -
43 Eisler, Paul
[br]b. 1907 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.[br]At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.[br]Bibliography1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.KF -
44 Johnson, Eldridge Reeves
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 18 February 1867 Wilmington, Delaware, USAd. 14 November 1945 Moorestown, New Jersey, USA[br]American industrialist, founder and owner of the Victor Talking Machine Company; developer of many basic constructions in mechanical sound recording and the reproduction and manufacture of gramophone records.[br]He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.[br]BibliographyJohnson's patents were many, and some were fundamental to the development of the gramophone, such as: US patent no. 650,843 (in particular a recording lathe); US patent nos. 655,556, 655,556 and 679,896 (soundboxes); US patent no. 681,918 (making the original conductive for electroplating); US patent no. 739,318 (shellac record with paper label).Further ReadingMrs E.R.Johnson, 1913, "Eldridge Reeves Johnson (1867–1945): Industrial pioneer", manuscript (an account of his early experience).E.Hutto, Jr, "Emile Berliner, Eldridge Johnson, and the Victor Talking Machine Company", Journal of AES 25(10/11):666–73 (a good but brief account based on company information).E.R.Fenimore Johnson, 1974, His Master's Voice was Eldridge R.Johnson, Milford, Del.(a very personal biography by his only son).GB-NBiographical history of technology > Johnson, Eldridge Reeves
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45 Saxby, John
[br]b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, Englandd. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England[br]English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.[br]In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.[br]Bibliography1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).Further ReadingWestinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).PJGR -
46 Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth
[br]b. 9 December 1901 Forest Hill, London, Englandd. 9 February 1981 Brighton, Ontario, Canada[br]English/Canadian electronics engineer, developer of electromechanical recording and reproductions systems, amplifiers and loudspeakers.[br]He received his education at Dulwich College and in 1922 graduated with a BSc from University College, London. He had an early interest in the application of valve amplifiers, and after graduating he was employed by J.E.Hough, Edison Bell Works, to develop a line of radio-receiving equipment. However, he became interested in the mechanical (and later electrical) side of recording and from 1925 developed principles and equipment. In particular he developed capacitor microphones, not only for in-house work but also commercially, until the mid-1930s. The Edison Bell company did not survive the Depression and closed in 1933. Voigt founded his own company, Voigt Patents Ltd, concentrating on loudspeakers for cinemas and developing horn loudspeakers for domestic use. During the Second World War he continued to develop loudspeaker units and gramophone pick-ups, and in 1950 he emigrated to Toronto, Canada, but his company closed. Voigt taught electronics, and from 1960 to 1969 he was employed by the Radio Regulations Laboratory in Ottawa. After retirement he worked with theoretical cosmology and fundamental interactions.[br]BibliographyMost of Voigt's patents are concerned with improvements in the magnetic circuit in dynamic loudspeakers and centring devices for diaphragms. However, UK patent nos. 278,098, 404,037 and 447,749 may be regarded as particularly relevant. In 1940 Voigt contributed a remarkable paper on the principles of equalization in mechanical recording: "Getting the best from records, part 1—the recording characteristic", Wireless World (February): 141–4.Further ReadingPersonal accounts of experiences with Voigt may be found in "Paul Voigt's contribution to Audio", British Kinematography Sound and Television (October 1970): 316–27, which also includes a list of his patents.GB-NBiographical history of technology > Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth
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47 Volk, Magnus
[br]b. 19 October 1851 Brighton, Englandd. 20 May 1937 Brighton, England[br]English pioneer in the use of electric power; built the first electric railway in the British Isles to operate a regular service.[br]Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.[br]Further ReadingC.Volk, 1971, Magnus Volk of Brighton, Chichester: Phillimore (his life and career as described by his son).C.E.Lee, 1979, "The birth of electric traction", Railway Magazine (May).PJGR -
48 gear
ɡɪə
1. сущ.
1) а) одежда trendy gear ≈ брит.;
разг. сверхмодная одежда She packed her own marriage gear with her own hand. ≈ Она собственноручно упаковала свою свадебную одежду. Syn: clothing, apparel
1., dress
1. б) имущество, вещи
2) упряжь
3) приспособление, устройство, инструмент, прибор Syn: appliance, implement
1., tackle
1., tool
1.
4) принадлежности fishing gear ≈ рыболовные снасти hunting gear ≈ охотничье снаряжение skiing gear ≈ лыжное снаряжение Syn: equipment
5) тех. а) шестерня gears grind ≈ шестеренки стачиваются gears jam ≈ шестеренки заедают gears lock ≈ шестеренки заклинивает gears mesh ≈ шестеренки крутятся б) передаточный механизм, привод a worm gear ≈ червячный привод in gear ≈ включенный, сцепленный, действующий out of gear ≈ невключенный, недействующий, неработающий to throw out of gear ≈ выключить передачу to get into gear ≈ включить передачу;
перен. включиться в работу в) зубчатая передача to change gears брит., to shift gears ≈ переключать передачу to go into 1st, 2nd, etc. gear ≈ переключаться на 1-ю, 2-ю и т. д. скорость bottom gear брит., low gear ≈ нижняя, первая передача high gear амер., top gear брит. ≈ верхняя передача reverse gear ≈ задняя передача
6) мор. такелаж, оснастка
7) преим. брит.;
уст. вздор, чепуха Syn: nonsense
2. гл.
1) тех. а) включать, приводить в движение (механизм) б) снабжать приводом в) зацеплять, сцепляться( о зубцах шестеренок)
2) направлять по определенному плану;
приспосабливать, согласовывать, ставить в зависимость( от чего-л.) Every country's production had been geared to an intricate system of German demands and supplies. ≈ Продукция каждой страны была приспособлена к сложной системе германских потребностей и поставок. Authors, composers and other royalties are often closely geared to recording rights. ≈ Писатели, композиторы и другие авторы, получающие гонорары, часто находятся в зависимости от некоторых фиксированных правил.
3) запрягать( часто gear up) ∙ gear down gear into gear to gear up (техническое) механизм;
привод приспособление, устройство - landing * механизм для посадки (самолета) - steering * рулевое управление принадлежности - hunting * охотничье снаряжение - the kitchen * is in this cupboard кухонные принадлежности находятся в этом шкафу (морское) такелаж;
снасти - fishing * рыболовные снасти;
орудия лова (авиация) шасси( техническое) шестерня, зубчатое колесо зацепление зубчатая передача;
редуктор - middle * средняя скорость - in high * на большой скорости, на третьей скорости;
в разгаре - low * низшая /первая/ передача - reverse * задний ход - in * включенный, сцепленный, действующий;
в порядке, здоровый - the car is in * в машине включено сцепление - out of * невключенный, недействующий, неработающий;
нарушенный, дезорганизованный;
не в порядке;
с расстроенным здоровьем - to get /to put, to set, to throw/ into * включить передачу;
включиться в работу, приняться за работу - to go into first * переключаться на первую скорость - to throw /to put, to get, to set/ out of * выключить передачу;
нарушить /расстроить/ главный ход (чего-л.) ;
дезорганизовать, внести беспорядок вещи - he leaves his * all over the house он свои вещи разбрасывает по всему дому одежда - he had his tennis * on на нем был теннисный костюм (сленг) модная одежда (устаревшее) утварь;
движимое имущество( устаревшее) платье, одежда, убор( техническое) снабжать приводом приводить в движение, включать ( механизм) (техническое) зацеплять или сцепляться (о зубцах колес) направлять по определенному, заранее намеченному плану (to) приспосабливать;
ставить в зависимость от - to * production to the new demand выпускать продукцию с учетом спроса - modern society is *ed to get women into jobs современное общество устроено так, что женщины вовлекаются в трудовую деятельность - the factory was not *ed to cope with an increase of production эта фабрика не была рассчитана /построена с расчетом/ на увеличение производства - they spent years *ing for the great event к этому великому событию они готовились многие годы запрягать (часто * up) (американизм) (школьное) (жаргон) великолепный;
классный, мировой, клевый gear движимое имущество, утварь, одежда ~ запрягать (часто gear up) ;
gear down замедлять( движение) ;
gear into приспособлять, пригонять ~ зацеплять, сцепляться (о зубцах колес) ~ механизм, аппарат;
прибор ~ направлять на достижение определенных целей ~ направлять по определенному плану ~ направлять по определенному плану;
приспосабливать;
to gear oneself for war готовиться к войне ~ приводить в движение (механизм) ~ приспосабливать ~ приспособления, принадлежности ~ снабжать пруводом ~ мор. такелаж;
снасти ~ упряжь ~ тех. шестерня, зубчатая передача;
передаточный механизм;
привод ~ запрягать (часто gear up) ;
gear down замедлять (движение) ;
gear into приспособлять, пригонять ~ запрягать (часто gear up) ;
gear down замедлять (движение) ;
gear into приспособлять, пригонять ~ направлять по определенному плану;
приспосабливать;
to gear oneself for war готовиться к войне ~ to связывать с, ставить в зависимость от;
gear up ускорять( движение и т. п.) ~ to связывать с, ставить в зависимость от;
gear up ускорять (движение и т. п.) to throw out of ~ выключить передачу;
to get into gear включить передачу;
перен. включиться в работу to go into (lst, 2nd, etc.) ~ переключаться на (1-ю, 2-ю и т. д.) скорость in ~ включенный, сцепленный, действующий;
out of gear невключенный, недействующий, неработающий in high ~ на большой( или третьей) скорости;
перен. в разгаре;
low gear низшая, первая передача landing ~ шутл. ноги landing ~ ав. шасси in high ~ на большой (или третьей) скорости;
перен. в разгаре;
low gear низшая, первая передача in ~ включенный, сцепленный, действующий;
out of gear невключенный, недействующий, неработающий reducing ~ тех. редукционная передача, редуктор release ~ ав. бомбосбрасыватель spur ~ тех. цилиндрическое прямозубое колесо spurwheel: spurwheel = spur gear sun-and-planet ~ тех. планетарный механизм to throw out of ~ выключить передачу;
to get into gear включить передачу;
перен. включиться в работу -
49 unilaterale Übertragung
■ Übertragung eines Spiels durch eine TV-Anstalt mit Einsatz eigener Kameras, um die multilaterale Übertragung mit Material anzureichern, das von spezifischem Interesse für die Zuschauer dieses Senders ist.■ Coverage of a match which is produced by a single TV station for its own exclusive purposes, using its own cameras and other equipment to supplement the multilateral coverage with material of specific interest to that station's viewers.German-english football dictionary > unilaterale Übertragung
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50 special
adjectivespeziell; besonder...; Sonder[korrespondent, -zug, -mission usw.]* * *['speʃəl] 1. adjective2) (appointed, arranged, designed etc for a particular purpose: a special messenger; a special tool for drilling holes.) Spezial-...2. noun(something which is special: There's a special (= a special train) due through here at 5.20.) der Sonderzug- academic.ru/69297/specialist">specialist- speciality
- specialize
- specialise
- specialization
- specialisation
- specialized
- specialised
- specially* * *spe·cial[ˈspeʃəl]I. adj1. (more) besondere(r, s)to be in need of \special attention ganz besondere Aufmerksamkeit verlangento attach \special significance to sth etw dat besondere Bedeutung beimessen2. (unusual) besondere(r, s)what's so \special about that? na und?, das ist doch nichts Besonderes!\special aptitude besondere Fähigkeit\special case Ausnahme fto be a \special case ein Ausnahmefall sein\special character außergewöhnlicher Charakter\special charm ungewöhnlicher Charme\special circumstances außergewöhnliche Umstände\special needs spezielle Bedürfnisseon \special occasions zu besonderen Gelegenheiten\special order Sonderauftrag mto \special order auf Sonderbestellungnothing \special nichts Besonderes3. (dearest) beste(r, s)Linda is my \special friend Linda ist meine beste Freundin▪ to be \special to sb jdm sehr viel bedeuten4. (characteristic) speziellto do sth one's own \special way etw auf seine/ihre eigene Weise machencould I ask you a \special favour? könnte ich dich um einen ganz besonderen Gefallen bitten?\special assignment Sonderauftrag m\special clinic Spezialklinik f\special committee Sonderausschuss m\special deputy Sonderbeauftragte(r) f(m)\special session Sondersitzung f\special staff Fachkräfte pl\special train Sonderzug ma \special privilege ein besonderes Privileg\special rates besondere Tarifeto get \special treatment bevorzugt behandelt werden\special agent Sonderbevollmächtigte(r) f(m)II. nwhat do you have on \special today? was steht heute auf der Speisekarte?▪ \specials Sonderangebote pl* * *['speSəl]1. adj1) besondere(r, s); (= specific) purpose, use, person, date bestimmt, speziell; (= exceptional) friend, favour, occasion speziellI have no special person in mind — ich habe eigentlich an niemanden Bestimmtes gedacht
in this one special instance — in diesem einen Fall
take special care of it — passen Sie besonders gut darauf auf
he expects special treatment — er will besonders behandelt werden, er will eine Extrawurst gebraten haben (inf)
this is rather a special day for me —
he's a very special person to her, he's very special to her —
you're extra special! (inf) — du bist was ganz Besonderes! (inf)
what's so special about her/the house? — was ist denn an ihr/an dem Haus so besonders?
what's so special about that? — na und? (inf), das ist doch nichts Besonderes!
everyone has his special place — jeder hat seinen eigenen Platz
to feel special — sich als etwas ganz Besonderes vorkommen
make him feel special — seien Sie besonders nett zu ihm
2) (= out of the ordinary) Sonder-, besondere(r, s)3) (= specialized) speziell, Spezial-4) (inf: separate) place, book etc gesondert2. n2) (TV, RAD) Sonderprogramm nt; (PRESS = edition) Sonder- or Extraausgabe f3) (= train) Sonderzug mchef's special — Spezialität f des Küchenchefs
5) (pej inf* * *special [ˈspeʃl]1. speziell, (ganz) besonder(er, e, es):is there any special reason for it? gibt es dafür einen besonderen Grund?2. speziell, Spezial…, Fach…:this is too special das ist zu speziell3. a) Sonder…:special marker SPORT Sonderbewacher(in);special waste Sondermüll mb) Extra…, Ausnahme…:special constable → B a;special correspondent → B e;special edition → B c4. speziell, bestimmt:on special days an bestimmten Tagena) Hilfspolizist(in)b) Sonderzug mc) Sonderausgabe f, Extrablatt nd) Sonderprüfung fe) Sonderberichterstatter(in)f) RADIO, TV Special n, Sondersendung fg) WIRTSCH US Sonderangebot n:on special im Angebotsp. abk1. special spez.2. species3. specific spezif.4. specimenspec. abk1. special (specially) spez., bes2. speculation* * *adjectivespeziell; besonder...; Sonder[korrespondent, -zug, -mission usw.]* * *adj.Extra- präfix.Sonder- präfix.Spezial- präfix.besonderer adj.besonderes adj.besonders adj.extra adj.speziell adj. -
51 hand
hand [hænd]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nouna. ( = part of body) main f• could you give me a hand? tu peux me donner un coup de main ?• would you like a hand with moving that? tu veux un coup de main pour déplacer ça ?c. ( = influence) influence f• you could see his hand in everything the committee did on reconnaissait son influence dans tout ce que faisait le comité• the wedding's next week, so it's all hands on deck le mariage a lieu la semaine prochaine, alors on a besoin de tout le mondee. [of clock, watch] aiguille fg. ( = handwriting) écriture f► preposition + hand• many suffered at the hands of the secret police beaucoup de gens ont souffert aux mains de la police secrète• to put o.s. in sb's hands s'en remettre à qn• it is out of his hands ce n'est plus lui qui s'en occupe► hand + preposition/adverb• just wait till I get my hands on him! (inf) attends un peu que je lui mette la main dessus !• he's an old hand! il connaît la musique !• on the one hand..., on the other hand d'une part..., d'autre part• yes, but on the other hand he is very rich oui, mais il est très riche• to get into the wrong hands tomber entre de mauvaises mains► hand + noun• to live from hand to mouth vivre au jour le jour► verb + hand• having the equipment at hand will be very helpful ce sera très pratique d'avoir l'équipement à portée de main► by hand à la main• Jason was at the door, suitcase in hand Jason était à la porte, sa valise à la main• he opened the door, gun in hand il a ouvert la porte, pistolet au poing• he had £6,000 in hand il avait 6 000 livres de disponibles• there are experts on hand to give you advice il y a des experts sur place pour vous conseiller► out of hand( = give) donner ; ( = hold out) tendre• you've got to hand it to him, he did it very well (inf) il faut reconnaître qu'il l'a très bien fait3. compounds► hand-out noun ( = leaflet) prospectus m ; (at lecture, meeting) polycopié m ; ( = subsidy) subvention f► hand-to-hand adjective, adverb= hand rounda. [+ object]he handed me down the dictionary from the top shelf il m'a passé le dictionnaire qui était en haut de l'étagèreb. ( = pass on) transmettre• the farm's been handed down from generation to generation cette ferme s'est transmise de génération en génération► hand in separable transitive verb remettre (to à)• your wallet's been handed in at reception on a rapporté votre portefeuille à la réception► hand on separable transitive verba. ( = pass to sb else) donner (to à)• to hand over to sb passer le relais à qn ; (at meeting) passer le micro à qn ; (on radio, TV) passer l'antenne à qn[+ object] remettre ; [+ criminal] livrer ; [+ authority, powers] ( = transfer) transmettre ; ( = surrender) céder ; [+ property, business] céder* * *[hænd] 1.1) main fhe had a pencil/book in his hand — il avait un crayon/livre à la main
she had a pistol/an umbrella in her hand — elle avait un pistolet/un parapluie à la main
to get ou lay one's hands on something — mettre la main sur quelque chose
to keep one's hands off something — ne pas toucher à [computer, money]
to hold somebody's hand — lit tenir quelqu'un par la main; fig ( give support) [person] tenir la main à quelqu'un
to do ou make something by hand — faire quelque chose à la main
‘by hand’ — ( on envelope) ‘par porteur’
to have one's hands full — lit avoir les mains pleines; fig avoir assez à faire
hands up, or I shoot! — les mains en l'air, ou je tire!
we can always use another pair of hands — une autre paire de bras ne serait pas de trop; ( round of applause)
to give somebody a big hand — applaudir quelqu'un très fort; ( consent to marriage)
to ask for/win somebody's hand (in marriage) — demander/obtenir la main de quelqu'un (en mariage)
I got the information first/second hand — j'ai eu l'information de première main/par l'intermédiaire de quelqu'un
to fall ou get into somebody's hands — tomber entre les mains de quelqu'un
to fall ou get into the wrong hands — tomber en mauvaises mains
in the right hands this information could be useful — en bonnes mains, cette information pourrait être utile
to be in good ou safe hands — [child, money] être en bonnes mains
to place ou put something in somebody's hands — confier quelque chose à quelqu'un [department, office]; remettre quelque chose entre les mains de quelqu'un [matter, affair]
to have something/somebody on one's hands — avoir quelque chose/quelqu'un sur les bras
to take somebody/something off somebody's hands — débarrasser quelqu'un de quelqu'un/quelque chose
to be on hand — [person] être disponible
the fire extinguisher was close to hand ou near at hand — l'extincteur n'était pas loin
hands off! — (colloq) pas touche! (colloq)
2) ( control)to get out of hand — [inflation] déraper; [children, fans] devenir incontrôlable; [demonstration, party] dégénérer
to take something/somebody in hand — prendre quelque chose/quelqu'un en main [situation, person]
3) ( writing) écriture fto show one's hand — lit, fig montrer son jeu
5) ( worker) gén ouvrier/-ière m/f; Nautical membre m de l'équipage6) ( skill)to set ou turn one's hand to something/doing — entreprendre quelque chose/de faire
to keep/get one's hand in — garder/se faire la main
7) ( pointer) (on clock, dial) aiguille f8) (aspect, side)on the one hand..., on the other hand... — d'une part... d'autre part...
2.on the other hand — ( conversely) par contre
transitive verb3.to hand somebody something —
in hand adjectival phrase1) ( current) en coursthe job/matter in hand — le travail/l'affaire en cours
2) ( to spare)4.out of hand adverbial phrase [reject] d'embléePhrasal Verbs:- hand in- hand out••I could do that with one hand tied behind my back! — je pourrais le faire les doigts dans le nez! (colloq)
you've got to hand it to her/them... — il faut lui/leur faire cette justice...
to stay ou hold one's hand — patienter
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52 shed
shed [∫ed](preterite, past participle shed)1. nouna. ( = lose) [+ petals, leaves, fur] perdre ; [+ tears] verser• to shed hairs [dog, cat] perdre ses poilsb. ( = give off) [+ light] diffuser ; [+ warmth, happiness] répandre* * *[ʃed] 1. 2.transitive verb (prét, pp shed)1) verser [tears]; perdre [leaves, weight]; [lorry] déverser [load]; enlever [clothes]; se débarrasser de [inhibitions, image]to shed skin — [snake] muer
to shed blood — ( one's own) perdre du sang
to shed jobs ou staff — euph supprimer des emplois
2) ( transmit) répandre [light, happiness] -
53 in
in accordance with 1. в соответствии сin accordance with good practice в соответствии с принятой / установившейся практикой 2. руководствуясь чем-л.in addition to that вместе с темin advance 1. заранее; заблаговременноSupplier shall notify the Contractor sufficiently in advance of any fabricating operations Обо всех производственных операциях Поставщик заблаговременно извещает Подрядчика 2. авансом (т.е. "вперед", в отличие от in arrears- см.)in all ways 1. во всех отношениях 2. с любой точки зренияin analysis based on limit load при расчете по предельным нагрузкамin anticipation 1. исподволь 2. заблаговременноin arrears по факту (т.е. по истечении какого-то времени, «потом», в отличие от in advance - см)in attendance Those in attendance included Присутствовали:...in basic terms вообще говоря; в общем и целом; как правилоin block letters печатными буквамиin the blueprint stage в стадии проектирования (перен. в стадии планирования, "на бумаге"; в отличие от in the hardware stage - см.)in bulk quantities в товарных количествахin case a (the)seal is disturbed при нарушении пломбыin case of eye contact при попадании в глаза (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)in case of ingestion при попадании внутрь (опасного / вредного вещества /материала)in case of inhalation при вдыхании (опасного / вредного вещества / материала)in case of respiratory standstill при остановке дыханияin case of skin contact при попадании на кожу (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)in case of swallowing при проглатывании (опасного /вредного вещества /материала)in the clear: be sure all personnel are in the clear убедиться в том, что весь персонал находится в безопасности (т.е. вне опасности, на безопасном расстоянии и т.д.)in codex form в форме книгиin compliance with по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.);in compliance with your request по Вашей просьбеin conclusion, В заключение...in a condensed form в сжатой формеin conflict with: In conflict with this is... ( в начале предлож.) В то же время...; Вместе с тем...in conformance to по (напр., нормам, ТУ и т.д.)in conjunction with 1. параллельно сIn conjunction with an increase in rate, the tube position corresponding to... is located farther upstream Параллельно с увеличением скорости [ осадкообразования] сечение на трубке, соответствующее..., смещается все выше по потоку 2. одновременно с 3. в сочетании сin connection with 1. в свете... 2. в контексте чего-л. 3. in connection with Fig. 13... Если обратиться к рис. 13...in consideration of 1. принимая во внимание 2. учитываяin a conspicuous location на видном местеin a conspicuous place на видном местеin a conspicuous position на видном местеin consultation with по согласованию с; по договоренности сin contemplation of в преддверии чего-л.;in contemplation of our upcoming meeting в преддверии нашей предстоящей встречиin the context of 1. в связи с; в свете; в плане 2. применительно к 3. если иметь в виду; с учетом 4. на примере 5. с точки зрения 6. в случае 7. в отношении 8. в области 9. в рамкахin continuation of в развитие чего-л.in contradiction with противоречащий чему-л.if this is not in contradiction with если это не противоречит...in contrast (npomueum.) 1. жеIn contrast, the algorithm presented here... Предлагаемый же здесь метод... 2. что же касается...These studies have concentrated in the upper water layers... In contrast, rather little detailed work seems to have been undertaken in the very deepest parts of the[ Caspian] Sea Эти исследования проводились в основном в верхних слоях воды... Что же касается самых глубоких участков [ Каспийского] моря, то там, похоже, практически не проводилось сколько-нибудь детальных исследовательских работin contrast to в отличие от; в то время как; что же касаетсяin control не выходящий за установленные предельные значения (напр., о размерах, механических свойствах, технологических параметрах и т.д.)in a controlled manner организованноthe practice of burning off waste gas in a controlled manner установившаяся / принятая практика организованного сжигания сбросного газа [ в факеле]in a criss-cross pattern по перекрестной схеме ( затяжка болтов - для обеспечения равномерной затяжки)in a customary manner обычным способом; по обычной схеме; тривиальноA shall be determined in a customary manner А определяется обычным путем / по обычной схеме / тривиальноin a design situation при проектированииin diction словами; на обычном языке; открытым текстом (т.е. не кодом)in a direction parallel to по ходу (напр., трубопровода)in document format отдельным изданиемin domestic experience в отечественной практикеin due time в установленные сроки; своевременноin effect по существуin either direction в любом направленииin either direction parallel to the piping run в любом направлении по ходу трубопроводаwell in excess заведомо больше; с избыткомin excess of 1. не укладывающийся в 2. сверх чего-л.weld material in excess of the specified weld size избыток материала сварного шва сверх установленного размераin an expedient manner оперативноin fact более того,...in force действующий (напр., законодательство, договор и т.д.)in the field на монтаже ( а не па заводе или на производстве)in the first place вообщеin foreseeable future в обозримом будущемin formative stage в стадии становленияin free format в произвольном видеin full detail исчерпывающе; исчерпывающим образом; исчерпывающе подробно; с исчерпывающей полнотойin full standing полноправныйin full view в пределах прямой видимости (зд. «прямо» означает не впереди, перед, а незаслоненный, незагороженный)in furtherance of в продолжение чего-л.;in furtherance of our talks в продолжение нашего разговораin furtherance to в развитие чего-л.;in furtherance to your letter dated01.15.2004 в развитие Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г.in general: A does not in general correspond to В А не всегда соответствует Вin general terms вообще говоряin the generic sense собирательноin good order в полной исправности; в исправном рабочем состоянии;in good working order в исправном рабочем состоянииin good standing полноправныйin a gradual manner плавно;pre-heat shall be applied in a gradual and uniform manner подогрев производится плавно и равномерноin greater detail намного / гораздо полнееquantity in hand наличные запасы;work in hand намеченная к выполнению работа; запланированная работа; заданная работаin hidden form (матем.) в неявном виде; в неявной формеin the initial stages на первых порахin isolation автономноin the judgment of по мнениюin line with 1. в увязке сin line with overall project requirements в увязке с потребностями проекта в целом 2. (перен.) в русле чего-л. 3. вдоль чего-л. 4. соосно с чем-л. 5. параллельно чему-л.in the long run в перспективеin a... manner: in a gradual and uniform manner плавно и равномерноin a masterful way мастерскиThe problem has been dealt with in a masterful way Поставленная задача решена мастерскиin the mean в обычном смыслеin the melting-pot: be in the melting-pot находиться в стадии решения / принятия решенияin a modification в другом исполненииin multiples of в количествеin the near term в краткосрочной перспективеin need of нуждающийся в чем-л.;those found to be in need of assistance те, кто определенно нуждаются в помощиin no case ни при каких обстоятельствахin a non-discriminative manner непредвзятоin no time в сжатые срокиin no way никоим образом неThe signing of this document by a Company agent shall in no way relieve the Manufacturer of any responsibility for Визирование / Факт подписания настоящего документа представителем Компании никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за;Inspection by the Contractor in no way relieves the Supplier of his responsibility to meet the requirements of... Проведение / Факт проведения контроля Подрядчиком никоим образом не освобождает Поставщика от ответственности за выполнение требований...in operation задействованный;which may fluctuate due to the number of fire water hydrants in operation который может колебаться в зависимости от числа задействованных пожарных гидрантовin an orderly manner организованно; в организованном порядкеin outline в общих чертахin one's own element в своей сфереin one's own milieu в своей сфереin particular в первую очередь; прежде всегоin passing заметим в скобках; заметим попутно; между прочимin person личноin place:1) be in place 1. иметь наготове; представлять (документы, согласования и т.д.) 2. (описат.) используемый (реально, фактически)2) have in place располагать (чем-л.)3) put in place 1. внедрять; вводить в действие; внедрять в практику 2. реализовывать 3. выполнять ( фактически); осуществлять 4. задействовать; (перен..) запускать (напр., процесс перехода на новый материал)in point:1) case in point характерный пример; образчик; эпизод2) tool in point подходящее / нужное / соответствующее средствоin the present circumstances 1. в данном случае 2. в этих условияхin print;Books in print (КВП) "Книги, имеющиеся в продаже" (а не в печати!)Since work is still in progress to define А Поскольку работа по определению А еще не завершена,...in pursuance of: 1. следуя (напр., нашему плану) 2. in pursuance of your letter dated01.15.2004 в связи с Вашим письмом от 15.01.2004 г.; в контексте Вашего письма от 15.01.2004 г. 3. in pursuance of your orders во исполнение Ваших указанийin pursuance to в ответ на;in pursuance to your letter в ответ на Ваше письмоin question рассматриваемыйin receipt of: We are in receipt of your letter dated Мы получили Ваше письмо от...in recent years в последние годыin recognition of 1. отдавая должное 2. принимая во внимание 3. с учетомin reference: in reference to your inquiry dated На Ваш запрос от...in this regard (синон. in this context) в этой связиin response of в соответствии с;in response of A comments against В в соответствии с замечаниями А по Вin response to в соответствии с;in response to crew comments against B1 unit в соответствии с замечаниями экипажа по блоку В1;in retaliation в отместку за что-л.in retrospect задним числомin routine use in: be in routine use in обычно используется вin running order годный к пуску (напр., блок электростанции)in a sense в известном смыслеin a short time в недалеком будущемin situ на своем местеin so far as коль скороin some instances... and in others в одних случаях..., а в других случаяхin some locations..., in other (locations) в одних местах..., в других...in spurts скачкообразный (напр., о росте трещины)in step with по мере (увеличения, уменьшения, роста, снижения, и т.д.];in step with the growth in GDP по мере роста / увеличения валового внутреннего продуктаin substitution to взамен чего-л. (напр., выдавать доработанный чертеж: проекта вместо другого, предыдущего)in summary в общем (и целом)in terms of (ЛДП) 1. в плане чего-л.; в части чего-л. 2. если говорить о 3. (матем.) относительноA can be written in terms of stress, displacement... А можно записать относительно напряжений, перемещений... 4. с точки зренияThe processes that... have been evaluated in terms of the reduction of total reactive nitrogen Процессы, которые..., оценивали с точки зрения снижения концентрации общего реакцион-носпособного азота 5. по...These zones were examined separately in terms of how they influenced the exhaust level of NOx Параметры каждой из этих зон исследовали раздельно по их влиянию на интенсивность образованияNOx 6. в вопросах... 7. в пересчете на 8. в соответствииin this context 1. здесь; в этом / данном случае; в этом смысле 2. в данной ситуации; в такой ситуации 3. в этой связи; в связи с этим 4. при этом условии 5. при такой постановке 6. в рамках; в светеin this instance А если это так, то; А раз это так, тоin a timely manner оперативноBureau of Land Management will make every effort to process applications for rights-of-way in a timely manner Управление земплепользования США примет все меры к оперативному рассмотрению заявлений на получение полосы отчуждения / отводаin a tough spot: be in a tough spot находиться / оказаться в затруднительном положенииin a uniform manner равномерноin unique cases в исключительных случаяхin unison параллельно; совместно; в связкеif a load is lifted by two or more trucks working in unison если перевалка груза осуществляется двумя или более самосвалами, работающими в связкеin use 1. принятый (в знач. находящийся в употреблении)standard operating procedure in use within the US обычная методика / обычный порядок работы, принятая / принятый в США 2. находящийся в обороте 3. at the locations where the equipment is in use в тех местах, где эта техника эксплуатируется / используется / задействуетсяin the vicinity of в зоне чего-л.;in the vicinity of fire в зоне огня ( пожара)in view of 1. в связи с; коль скоро; в свете чего-л.; на основании чего-л. in view of the foregoing в связи с вышеизложенным; в свете вышеизложенного; на основании вышеизложенного 2. in view of the fact that в связи с тем, чтоin which case и тогда...in witness whereof в удостоверение чего...in a workmanlike manner квалифицированно; мастерски; "классно"in writing в письменном видеin a wrong place 1. в неположенном месте 2. (разг.) не тамEnglish-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > in
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54 material
A n1 (information, data) documentation f, documents mpl (about, on sur ; for pour) ; to collect material on sth se documenter sur qch ; I'm collecting material for a book je recueille de la documentation pour un livre ; to draw on material from the archives se baser sur des documents provenant des archives ; course ou teaching material matériel m pédagogique ; promotional material, publicity material documentation f publicitaire ; reference material référentiel m ; some of the material in the report is inaccurate certains passages du rapport sont inexacts ;2 ( subject matter) sujet m ; I'll use the material in my next article je traiterai ce sujet dans mon prochain article ; the material in the magazine is controversial le contenu de la revue est controversé ; some of the material in the show is unsuitable for children certaines parties du spectacle ne sont pas pour les enfants ;3 Theat, TV ( script) texte m ; ( show) spectacle m ; she writes all her own material elle écrit ses textes elle-même ;4 Mus chansons fpl ; he writes all his own material il est auteur-compositeur ; I'm working on material for a new album je suis en train de travailler à mon nouvel album ;5 ( substance) gen matière f, substance f ; Constr, Tech matériau m ; explosive material matière or substance explosive ; natural material matière or substance naturelle ; nuclear material matériaux mpl nucléaires ; packing material matériaux mpl d'emballage ; plastic material matériaux mpl plastiques ; waste material déchets mpl ;6 ( fabric) tissu m, étoffe f ; cotton material tissu en coton ; curtain/dress material tissu pour rideaux/pour robes ; furnishing material tissu d'ameublement ; natural/synthetic material étoffe naturelle/synthétique ;7 ( personal potential) étoffe f ; she is star/executive material elle a l'étoffe d'une vedette/d'un cadre ; he is not really university material il n'est pas capable d'entreprendre des études universitaires.1 ( equipment) matériel m ; art materials, artist's materials fournitures fpl de dessin ; cleaning materials produits mpl d'entretien ;2 ( natural substances) matériaux mpl.C adj1 (significant, relevant) [assistance, benefit, change, damage, effect] matériel/-ielle ; [anxiety, question] important ; [fact] pertinent ; [witness, evidence] matériel/-ielle ; to be material to sth se rapporter à qch ;2 (physical, concrete) [cause, comfort, consideration, gain, need, possessions, success, support] matériel/-ielle ; in material terms, we are better off nous sommes plus à l'aise sur le plan matériel ; to do sth for material gain faire qch par esprit de lucre. -
55 material
material [mə'tɪərɪəl]1 noun∎ building materials matériaux mpl de construction∎ curtain material tissu m pour faire des rideaux(c) (UNCOUNT) (ideas, data) matériaux mpl, documentation f;∎ I'm collecting material for a novel je rassemble des matériaux pour un roman;∎ background material documentation f de base∎ written material des textes mpl;∎ published material des publications fpl;∎ a comic who writes his own material un comique qui écrit ses propres textes ou sketches;∎ a singer who writes his own material un auteur-compositeur;∎ publicity material publicité f;∎ reading material lecture f(e) (necessary equipment) matériel m;∎ writing material matériel m pour écrire;∎ School teaching materials supports mpl pédagogiques;∎ reference materials documents mpl de référence∎ is he officer material? a-t-il l'étoffe d'un officier?;∎ he's not university material il n'est pas au niveau pour aller en fac;∎ they're not first division material ils ne sont pas de taille à jouer en première division(a) (concrete) matériel;∎ the material world le monde matériel;∎ of material benefit d'un apport capital∎ that is not material to the present discussion cela n'a aucun rapport ou n'a rien à voir avec ce dont nous discutons;∎ the facts material to the investigation les faits qui présentent un intérêt pour l'enquête►► material comforts confort m matériel;Law material evidence preuve f matérielle ou tangible;material possessions biens mpl matériels;material requirements planning prévision f des besoins matériels;Law material witness témoin m de fait -
56 Adams, William Bridges
[br]b. 1797 Madeley, Staffordshire, Englandd. 23 July 1872 Broadstairs, Kent, England[br]English inventory particularly of road and rail vehicles and their equipment.[br]Ill health forced Adams to live abroad when he was a young man and when he returned to England in the early 1830s he became a partner in his father's firm of coachbuilders. Coaches during that period were steered by a centrally pivoted front axle, which meant that the front wheels had to swing beneath the body and were therefore made smaller than the rear wheels. Adams considered this design defective and invented equirotal coaches, built by his firm, in which the front and rear wheels were of equal diameter and the coach body was articulated midway along its length so that the front part pivoted. He also applied himself to improving vehicles for railways, which were developing rapidly then.In 1843 he opened his own engineering works, Fairfield Works in north London (he was not related to his contemporary William Adams, who was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the North London Railway in 1854). In 1847 he and James Samuel, Engineer to the Eastern Counties Railway, built for that line a small steam inspection car, the Express, which was light enough to be lifted off the track. The following year Adams built a broad-gauge steam railcar, the Fairfield, for the Bristol \& Exeter Railway at the insistance of the line's Engineer, C.H.Gregory: self-propelled and passenger-carrying, this was the first railcar. Adams developed the concept further into a light locomotive that could haul two or three separate carriages, and light locomotives built both by his own firm and by other noted builders came into vogue for a decade or more.In 1847 Adams also built eight-wheeled coaches for the Eastern Counties Railway that were larger and more spacious than most others of the day: each in effect comprised two four-wheeled coaches articulated together, with wheels that were allowed limited side-play. He also realized the necessity for improvements to railway track, the weakest point of which was the joints between the rails, whose adjoining ends were normally held in common chairs. Adams invented the fishplated joint, first used by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849 and subsequently used almost universally.Adams was a prolific inventor. Most important of his later inventions was the radial axle, which was first applied to the leading and trailing wheels of a 2–4–2 tank engine, the White Raven, built in 1863; Adams's radial axle was the forerunner of all later radial axles. However, the sprung tyres with which White Raven was also fitted (an elastic steel hoop was interposed between wheel centre and tyre) were not perpetuated. His inventiveness was not restricted to engineering: in matters of dress, his adoption, perhaps invention, of the turn-down collar at a time when men conventionally wore standup collars had lasting effect.[br]BibliographyAdams took out some thirty five British patents, including one for the fishplate in 1847. He wrote copiously, as journalist and author: his most important book was English Pleasure Carriages (1837), a detailed description of coachbuilding, together with ideas for railway vehicles and track. The 1971 reprint (Bath: Adams \& Dart) has a biographical introduction by Jack Simmons.Further ReadingC.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 1. See also England, George.PJGR -
57 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
58 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
[br]b. 26 January 1885 London, Englandd. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England[br]English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.[br]Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.Bibliography1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.Further ReadingSir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.JBBiographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
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59 слово
ср.
1) word;
term брать слово ≈ (с кого-л.) to make smb. promise/swear помяните мое слово ≈ mark my words мн. в полном смысле слова ≈ in the true sense of the word владеть даром слова ≈ to have a way with words к слову пришлось ≈ it just happened to come up к слову сказать ≈ by the way, incidentally слов нет ≈ there's no denying it, there is no question/doubt about it, it is beyond dispute( that) (это справедливо) ;
I can't tell you how...,it is beyond belief( это так хорошо или плохо, что невозможно выразить словами) перекинуться словами ≈ to exchange a word with, to have a quick word with поминать недобрым словом ≈ разг. to think ill/badly of smb. двух слов связать не может ≈ he can't put two words together слово не воробей, вылетит - не поймаешь ≈ words once spoken you can never recall слово - серебро, молчание - золото ≈ speech is silver, silence is golden/gold за словом в карман не лезет ≈ he is never at a loss for words, he never has to search for words выражать в словах ≈ frame без слов ≈ wordless слова общего происхождения ≈ cognate мн.;
линг. веское слово ≈ loaded word диалектные слова ≈ dialectal words, regional words брать свои слова назад, брать свои слова обратно ≈ to retract/take back one's words;
to eat one's words идиом. верить на слово ≈ to take smb.'s word for smth., to take on trust what smb. said честное слово ! ≈ upon my life!, upon my word!, honestly!, honour bright( в детской речи) давать( честное) слово ≈ to give/pledge one's word (of honour) давать себе слово ≈ to promise oneself сдержать слово ≈ to keep one's word;
to be as good as one's word нарушать слово ≈ to break one's word, to go back upon/on one's word не проронить ни слова ≈ to say nothing, to say no word не обмолвиться ни единым словом, не обмолвиться ни одним словом ≈ (о ком-л./ чем-л.) not to mention smb./smth. at all, to say no word about ловить каждое слово ≈ to hang on smb.'s every word, to catch everything smb. says честное слово ≈ word of honour живое слово ≈ living word, fresh idea крепкое слово ≈ strong language новое слово ≈ a (major) breakthrough, a step forward, a major advance первое слово ≈ the start/beginning of smth. последнее слово ≈ the last word, the latest (thing) (новейшее) ;
the last word, the final word (в споре) ;
concluding statement, final plea (в суде) взвешивать слова, взвешивать каждое слово ≈ to weigh/choose one's words (carefully), to weigh one's every word ловить на слове ≈ to take smb. at smb.'s word дар слова ≈ gift of words;
talent of speaking ни слова ≈ not a word, not a syllable пустые слова ≈ mere words к слову сказать ≈ by the way на словах ≈ by word of mouth, orally по словам ≈ according to smb. слово в слово ≈ word for word от слова до слова ≈ from beginning to end, word for word от слова к слову ≈ with every word одним словом ≈ in a/one word;
in short другими словами ≈ in other words своими словами ≈ in one's own words последними словами ≈ (ругаться) to curse in the choicest language с чужих слов ≈ (to know) from what others have told, (to report) what others have said со слов ≈ (to hear, to find out, to learn) from smb. слово за слово ≈ little by little;
one word led to another без лишних слов, без дальних слов ≈ without wasting words, without another word исконное слово ≈ aboriginal заглавное слово ≈ (словарной статьи) catchword, headword рифмованное слово ≈ catchword сложное слово ≈ compound, compound word, stem-compound линг. союзное слово ≈ connective word грам. коррелятивное слово ≈ correlative линг. производное слово ≈ derivative линг. определяющее слово ≈ determiner, determinative грам. уменьшительное слово ≈ diminutive двусложное слово ≈ dissyllable иностранное слово ≈ foreign term, (в языке) exotic вставное слово ≈ expletive непристойное слово ≈ four-letter word звукоподражательное слово ≈ imitative word односложное слово ≈ monosyllable многосложное слово ≈ multisyllable восьмисложное слово ≈ octosyllable разделительное слово ≈ partitive пятисложное слово ≈ pentasyllable меткое слово ≈ choice word
2) (речь на собрании) speech, address брать слово ≈ to take the floor (выступать с речью) просить слово ≈ to ask permission to speak, to ask for the floor предоставить слово, дать слово ≈ to give to smb. permission to speak, to give smb. the floor, to ask to speak лишать слова ≈ to take the floor away from smb., to cut smb. off, to cut smb. short заключительное слово ≈ concluding remarks мн. надгробное слово ≈ funeral oration ∙ держаться на честном слове ≈ to be hanging by a thread сказать свое слово ≈ to make smb.'s presence felt словом и делом ≈ in word and deed прощальное слово ≈ valedictory амер.слов|о - с.
1. word;
вовремя сказанное ~ a word in season;
понимать без слов understand* without a word having been spoken;
ни ~а! not a word!;
моё ~ твёрдо when I say a thing, I mean it;
верить кому-л. на слово take* smb.`s word for it;
take* it trust;
романс на ~а Пушкина song to words from Pushkin;
на два ~а! may I have a word with you?;
мне надо сказать вам два ~а! a word in your ear!;
2. (речь, язык) language;
3.: просить ~a ask to speak, ask for the floor;
~ имеет господин Иванов Mister lvanov will now speak, Mister Ivanov has the floor;
~ за вами, теперь за вами ~ it is for you to decide;
последнее ~ за защитой the defence has the last word;
последнее ~ осталось за ним be had the last word;
4. (повествование) tale, story;
'Слово о полку Игореве' УThe Song of Igor`s CampaignФ;
~ в ~ word for word;
~ за слово one thing led to another;
на ~ах (устно) by word of mouth, только на ~ах in word only;
не на ~ах, а на деле е not merely in words but with deeds;
нет слов, чтобы выразить... words fail to express...;
я не нахожу слов, чтобы... I have no words to...;
слов нет (правда, конечно) there`s no denying, of course;
новое ~ в чем-л. fresh departure in smth., milestone in smth. ;
advance in smth. ;
к ~у (сказать) by the by;
к ~у пришлось but that`s by the way;
завод оборудован по последнему ~у техники the plant has all the latest equipment;
5. Слово Божие церк. The Word of God. -
60 minute
̈ɪˈmɪnɪt I
1. сущ.
1) минута а) (о времени) 1/60 часть часа б) астр., мат. 1/60 часть градуса
2) короткое расстояние (которое можно пересечь за несколько мгновений)
3) мгновение;
миг, момент in a minute ≈ скоро, прямо сейчас Syn: moment, instant ∙ up to the minute ≈ ультрасовременный
2. гл. рассчитывать время по минутам;
регламентировать время Do not minute the movements of the soul. ≈ Не ограничивайте строгими рамками душевные порывы. II
1. сущ.
1) набросок, памятная записка
2) а) мн. протокол( собрания) to keep, take the minutes ≈ вести протокол to read the minute ≈ зачитывать протокол to reject minute ≈ отклонить протокол б) проект, черновик, набросок (какого-либо официального документа) Syn: memorandum, draft
1.
2. гл.
1) а) делать заметки б) набрасывать начерно, составлять черновик (какого-либо документа) The Empress of Russia with her own hand minuted an edict for universal tolerance. ≈ Императрица Всея Руси собственноручно составила проект эдикта о всеобщей терпимости.
2) вести протокол (заседания, собрания и т.д.) ∙ minute down minute over III прил.
1) а) мелкий, мельчайший to measure very minute changes of temperature ≈ измерять малейшие изменения температуры minute anatomy Syn: the smallest, the finest, infinitesimal, miniature, minuscule Ant: large, massive, tremendous б) бесконечно малый Syn: infinitesimal
2) пустяковый, несущественный, незначительный;
мелкий minute improvement ≈ незначительное улучшение Syn: trifling
2.
3) детальный, обстоятельный;
доскональный, подробный a very minute and accurate series of experiments ≈ серии очень обстоятельных и точных экспериментов Syn: circumstantial
1. минута - it is ten *s to three (сейчас) без десяти три - it is ten *s past three (сейчас) десять минут четвертого - to wait ten *s ждать десять минут - to be ten *s late опаздывать на десять минут - to take ten *s длиться /занимать/ десять минут - to live ten *s from the station жить в десяти минутах (ходьбы или езды) от вокзала - on /to/ the * пунктуально - they left at 2 o'clock to the * они ушли точно в два часа /в два часа минута в минуту/ (астрономия) (математика) минута (одна шестидесятая градуса) короткий промежуток времени, мгновение;
момент - a *'s rest минута покоя, короткая передышка - for a * на минут(к) у;
на мгновение - wait a *! обожди минут(к) у!, погоди!, сейчас! - I shan't be a * я сейчас, я недолго, я сию минуту - do it this *! сделай это сейчас же! - not to have a free * не иметь ни минуты свободного времени - to expect smb. any /every/ * ждать кого-л. с минуты на минуту - he was here a * ago он только что /сию минуту/ был здесь - the * (that) he gets here как только он придет сюда - *s before the plane went down за несколько минут до того, как самолет разбился > up to the * ультрасовременный;
по последней моде;
хорошо осведомленный > up to the * equipment самое современное /последнее/ оборудование > he is always up to the * with his news он всегда в курсе последних новостей рассчитывать время по минутам;
хронометрировать мелкий, мельчайший - * quantity ничтожное /незначительное/ количество - * particles of dust мельчайшие частицы пыли - his writing's so * that it's difficult to read у него такой мелкий почерк, что его трудно разбирать подробный, детальный - * account подробный отчет - * description подробное /детальное/ описание - * examination тщательный осмотр - the *st details /particulars/ мельчайшие подробности незначительный, несущественный;
мелкий - * improvement незначительное улучшение мелочный - * critiсism мелочная критика /-ые придирки/ (техническое) (высоко-) точный, прецизионный заметка, набросок, короткая запись - to make a * of smth. записать /отметить/ (себе) что-л. для памяти;
сделать заметку относительно чего-л. pl протокол (собрания, заседания) - to keep /to draw up, to write/ (the) * вести протокол - who will take the *s of our meeting? кто будет вести протокол собрания? - to record in the *s занести в протокол( устаревшее) официальный документ, санкционирующий или рекомендующий какое-л. действие набрасывать начерно;
делать заметки, записывать (тж. * down) вести протокол, протоколировать ~ мгновение;
момент;
in a minute скоро;
the minute (that) the bell rings he gets up как только прозвонит звонок, он встает ~ pl протокол (собрания) ;
to keep the minutes вести протокол minute вести протокол;
minute down записывать ~ мгновение;
момент;
in a minute скоро;
the minute (that) the bell rings he gets up как только прозвонит звонок, он встает ~ мелкий, мельчайший;
minute anatomy микроскопическая анатомия, гистология ~ минута (тж. астр., мат. 1/60 часть градуса) ~ набрасывать начерно ~ набросок, памятная записка ~ незначительный ~ подробный, детальный ~ pl протокол (собрания) ;
to keep the minutes вести протокол ~ рассчитывать время по минутам ~ мелкий, мельчайший;
minute anatomy микроскопическая анатомия, гистология minute вести протокол;
minute down записывать ~ мгновение;
момент;
in a minute скоро;
the minute (that) the bell rings he gets up как только прозвонит звонок, он встает to the ~ пунктуально, минута в минуту up to the ~ ультрасовременный
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