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101 совпадать
(= совпасть) coincide with, agree with, be in agreement with, be the same (as), concur, be in line, fit• Данная проблема полностью совпадает с той, что возникла в связи с... - The problem is exactly the same as that encountered in connection with...• Множество Q совпадает с Я. - The set Q is precisely R.• Может случиться, что Р совпадает с Р'. - It may happen that P coincides with P'.• не совпадать - not to be equal, to disagree (with), to be inconsistent (with)• Это доказательство почти идентично доказательству последней теоремы. - The proof is almost identical with that of the last theorem.• Это не совпадает с тем, что мы имеем в виду, говоря, что... - This is not the same as saying that...• Это полностью совпадает с тем, что наблюдается в/ при... - This is exactly what is observed in...• Этот результат совпадает с полученным с помощью уравнения (4). - The result is exactly the same as that given by equation (4). -
102 идентичный
•The first term is identical to the excluded-volume term of Eq. ().
•Multilayer adsorption is assumed to be identical with (or to) vapour-liquid condensation.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > идентичный
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103 тождественный
прил.identical, (one and) the sameтождественный чему-л. — identical with smth.
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104 identic(al)
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105 identic(al)
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106 идентичный
identic, identical; (воспроизведённый в точности, скопированный) duplicate -
107 βαίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `go' (Il.).Other forms: Only present stem. Other presents: 1. βάσκω, mostly as ipv. βάσκε, - τε (Il.; s. below); 2. βιβάσκω (Il.), mostly causative ; 3. βίβημι (βίβᾱμι), - άω (to ἔβην, s. below) in βιβάς, βιβῶν, βιβᾳ̃ `stride' (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 300); 4. βιβάζω (posthom.) causative; 5. βιβάσθων in μακρὰ β. (Il.), metrical lengthening of βιβάς at verse end (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 327, Shipp Studies 39).Derivatives: 1. βάσις `step, base' (Pi., in comp. Il.) = Skt. gáti- (below). 2. βατήρ, - ῆρος m. `threshold, basis' (Amips., inscr. etc.). 3. - βάτης, - ου m. from comp.: ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐμ-βάτης etc. (Il.), also with nominal first element, e. g. στυλο-βά-της; 4. - βατος from comp.: ἀνα- ( ἀμ-)βατός etc. (Il.); βατός as simplex (rarely) `accessible' (X.); s. Chantr. Form. 302ff. From - βάτης and - βατος abstracta in - σία, ὑπερβασία `transgression' (Il.); denomin. in - εύω and - έω, ἐμβατεύω etc. 5. - βάς, - άδος f. in ἐμβαδές. From here (?) adv. βάδην `step by step'. 6. βάθρον `basis, seat' etc. (Ion.-Att.), βάθρᾱ. 7. βαθμός and βασμός m. `step, basis' etc. (hell.; βαθμίς f. Pi.). Not here βαμβαίνων, q. v. From the root βη-: βῆμα, βᾶμα n. `step' etc. (h. Merc. etc.; = Av. gāman- n. `step') ; further βηλός (βᾱλός) m. `threshold' (Il.), βηλά n. pl. = πέδιλα (Panyas.); s. Chantr. Form. 240. Also - βήτης, - ου m. in ἐμπυριβή-της ( τρίπους) `standing over the fire' (Ψ 702); on διαβή-της s.s.v. `circle etc.' (Ar.) s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 33f.; cf. also ἀμφισβητέω.Etymology: A jot present \< *βάν-ι̯ω \< *βάμ-ι̯ω \< gʷm̥-i̯ō, βά-σκω \< *gʷm̥- from the root * gʷem-. The non-present forms were made from the root βη- (βᾱ-) \< * gʷeh₂-: ἔβην, βήσομαι (factitive ἔβησα, βήσω after ἔστησα, στήσω), βέβηκα (Il.). The present βαίνω is identical with Lat. venio (on `go' and `come' s. Porzig Satzinhalte 330f.); the sḱ-present βάσκε in Skt.. gácchati \< *gʷm̥-ske-ti `he goes'. The full grade in Goth. qiman `come', Skt. á-gam-am `I went' (aor.). Here also ἐβάθη ἐγεννήθη H.? for which one compares Lith. gìmstu `be born', if - stu \< *-sḱō (Leumann IF 58, 120)? - With βάσις cf. Skt. gáti-, Lat. con-ventio, and Germ., e.g. Goth. ga-qumÞs. Also - βατος = Skt. (-) gata-, Lat. - ventus. With βίβημι cf. Skt. jígāti `he goes. The aor. ἔβην agrees exactly with Skt. á-gā-m `he went'; das noun βῆμα agrees with Av. gā-man- n. `step, pace'. - With the roots guem- and guā- cf. * drem- (s. ἔδραμον), drā- (s. ἀποδιδράσκω), with related meaning. Cf. βέβαιος, βέβηλος, βωμός, βαστάζω, βητάρμων.Page in Frisk: 1,209-210Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βαίνω
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108 εἰλύω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `wind around, envelop, cover' (Il.)Other forms: (Arat. 432; καταείλυον v. l. Ψ 135 for - νυον, - νυσαν), perf. med. εἴλῡμαι, fut. κὰδ δέ... \/ εἰλύσω Φ 319, aor. κατ-ειλύσαντε (A. R. 3, 206); εἰλύομαι `wind itself and curl, sneak forward' (S. Ph. 291 and 702, `swarm' (Com.), aor. pass. ἐλύσθη `rolled', ἐλυσθείς, Theoc. 25, 246 therefor εἰλυθείς; A. R. 3, 296 εἰλυμένος).Compounds: Some prefixed compounds: κατ-ειλύω (Hdt.), δι-ειλυσθεῖσα `sneaking through' (A. R. 4, 35), ἐξ-ειλυσθέντες (Theoc. 24, 17), συν-ειλύω (EM 333, 42).Derivatives: From ἐλῠ-: ἔλῠ-τρον `envelop, shell, container' (Ion.-Att.) with ἐλυτρόομαι (Hp.); ἔλῡμα `plough-beam' (Hes., length sec., s. below), in H. also = νύσσα (`turning point in a career') καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον, cf. εἴλυμα; ἔλῠμος a Phrygian pipe (S., Com.), in H. also `envelop'; ἔλυστα ἄμπελος μέλαινα H. (- σ- as in ἐλύσθη, s. below); deverbative ἐλύσσει εἰλεῖται H. - From εἰλῡ-: εἴλῡμα `envelop' (ζ 179 etc., cf. ἔλυμα); εἰλυθμός `hiding-place, hole' (Nic.), ap. H. = ἕλκος, τρόμος (to εἰλύομαι); εἰλυός = εἰλεός s. v.; εἴλυσις `sneaking forward' (sch. on εἰλύομαι); εἰλύτας, ἐλλύτας name of a cake' (inscr., H., ἐλύτης gramm.; s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 171f.); deverbat. εἰλύσσεται εἰλεῖται H. (cf. ἐλύσσει) with εἰλυστήριον (gloss.). - From ἀλῠ- (zero grade): ἅλυσις, ἀλύτας, s. vv. - S. also πέλλυτρον and γολύριον.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1140] *u̯el-u- `envelop, cover'Etymology: The gloss γέλουτρον ἔλυτρον, ἤγουν λέπυρον H. gives PGr. Ϝέλυ-τρον, identical with Skt. varu-tra- n. `Obergewand' (gramm.). εἰλύω can be from PGr. *Ϝελ-ν-ύ-ω and agree with Skt. vr̥ṇóti `envelop, cover' (IE *u̯l̥-ne-u-ti); but the Greek word is late and rare which makes the identification less probable, s. below. Disyllabic Ϝελυ- in (Ϝ)ελύ-σ-θη etc. (with analogical - σ-; Schwyzer 761) also in Arm. gelu-m `turn' (formation not certain) and in Lat. volvō; an iterative formation of it is Goth. walwjan, OE wealwian `revolve (onself)'. Note (Ϝ)έλῡ-μα with the same sec. long vowel as Lat. volūmen; further Arm. gelumn `turning'. - In the Greek system the perfect εἴλῡμαι \< *Ϝέ-Ϝλῡ-μαι (with long vowel; Ϝ- uncertain s. Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 131 and Schwyzer 649e) was important; both in (late) εἰλῦσαι and εἰλυσθείς and in the many nouns in εἰλῡ- it was decisive. - Ample discussion (partly diff.) in Solmsen Unt. 232ff.Page in Frisk: 1,461-462Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἰλύω
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109 ἔργον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `work, labour, work of art' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wekata \/wergatās\/Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἐργο-λάβος `undertaker'; further PN Έργα-μένης (Bechtel Namenstud. 23f.; cf. ἐργά-της but also Άλκαμένης); very often as 2. member - εργός (or - οργός), e. g. γεωργός (s. γῆ), δημιουργός (s. v.).Derivatives: ἐργώδης `laborious, heavy' (Hp., X.). ἐργάτης m. (from plur. ἔργα; Schwyzer 500; cf. ἐργάζομαι) `labourer', esp. `agricultural lab.', `laborious' (Ion.-Att.), f. ἐργάτις, with ἐργατικός `from an ἐργάτης, laborious', ἐργατίνης = ἐργάτης (Theoc.; vgl. Chantraine Formation 203, Schwyzer 490), διεργάτινος (Mytilene), ἐργατήσιος `profitable' (Plu. Cat. Ma. 21; uncertain; cf. Chantraine 42); ἐργασία, to ἐργάζομαι, s. below; denomin. verb ἐργατεύομαι, - εύω `work hard' with ἐργατεία (LXX, pap.). Έργάνη, Delph. Ϝαργάνα surname of Athena (Delphi VI-Va etc.), also = ἐργασία (pap., H.); ἔργανα, Ϝέργανα (written γέργ-) ἐργαλεῖα H. ἐργαλεῖον, usu. pl. - εῖα, Cret. Ϝεργ- `tool, instrument' (Ion.-Att.); there is no *ἔργαλον (cf. Chantraine 60 w. n. 1). denomin. verb ἐργάζομαι (Schwyzer 734 w. n. 7), Cret. Ϝεργάδδομαι `work' (Il.), often with prefix ἀπ-, ἐν- etc.; several derivv.: ἐργαστικός `busy, productive, labourer' (Ion.-Att.); ἐργασία, Cret. Ϝεργ- `(heavy) labour, fieldwork, profession' (Ion.-Att.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 215) with ἐργάσιμος `in business, cleared (land)' (also to ἐργάζομαι; cf. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 44f.); ἐργαστήρ `fieldlabourer' (X.), ἐργαστής `id.', also `negotiator' (A. D., Rom. inscr.); ἐργαστήριον `workshop' (Ion.-Att.; cf Chantraine 62f.; from there - after vinculum - Lat. ergastulum; after Leumann [lastly Sprache 1, 207 n. 11] from ἔργαστρον) with ἐργαστηριακός `labourer' (Plb.), deminut. ἐργαστηρίδιον (pap.); ἔργαστρα pl. `wages' (pap.; Chantraine 332); cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147 w. n. 3. Desiderat. ptc. ἐργασείων `who wants to do' (S.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1168] *u̯erǵ- `work'Etymology: Ϝέργον (Dor.; from there El. Ϝάργον) is identical with Av. varǝzǝm n., Germ., e. g. OHG werc, ONo. verk n. ` work'; IE *u̯érǵom n.; with sec. o Arm. gorc `id.' (after deverb. gorcem `work'); uncertain Welsh. vergo-bretus `highest official of the Aeduans'. - Primary verbs ἔρδω and ῥέζω; further ὄργανον, ὄργια, ἐόργη, s. vv.Page in Frisk: 1,548-549Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔργον
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110 λούω
λούω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `bathe, wash (the body)' (Il., cf. below)Other forms: also λοέω (ipf. λόεον δ 252). λόω (ipf. λό' [κ 361], λόον [h. Ap. 120], inf. λόεσθαι [Hes. Op. 749]); besides λοῦσθαι (ζ 216), λοῦνται (Hdt.), λούμενος (Ar.); Dor. (Call. Lav. Pall. 72f.) λῶντο, λώοντο; aor. λοῦσαι, - σασθαι (Il.), ep. also λοέσ(σ)αι, - έσσασθαι, Dor. λωσάμενος (Cyrene), pass. λουθῆναι (Hp.), - σθῆναι (LXX, pap.); fut. λούσω, - ομαι (IA.), λοέσσομαι (ζ 221), ptc. perf. λελουμένος (E 6),Dialectal forms: Myc. rewotorokowo; s. belowDerivatives: 1. λουτρόν, Hom. λοετρόν, Dor. λωτρόν (H.), usu. (in Hom. always) in plur. `the bath, bathing place' (Il.); as 1. member e.g. in λοετρο-χόος `pouring bathwater' (Hom.); λούτριον n. `bathwater' (Ar., Luc.), ἀπολούτριος `for washing' of water (Ael.), λουτρών, - ῶνος m. `bathroom, bathing house' (X., hell.) with - ωνικός `belonging to the bathing places' ( Cod. Just.), λουτρίς f. `belonging to the bath' (Theopomp. Com., H., Phot.), λουτρικός H. s. ξυστρολήκυθον, λουτρόομαι `bathe' (Euboea) - 2. λούτρα f. `sarcophagus' (Corycos ; on the meaning cf. μάκρα [from μάκτρα] `bathtub, coffin'). - 3. λουτήρ m. `bathtub' (LXX, inscr.), - ήριον n. `id.' (Antiph., inscr.; λωτ. Tab. Heracl.) with the dimin. - ηρίδιον (Hero, pap.), - ηρίσκος (Gloss.); ἐκλουτήριος `for washing' (Aegina); ἐγλουστρίς f. `bathing-drawers?' (hell. pap.). - 4. λούστης m. "bather", `who loves bathing' (Arist., M. Ant.). - 5. λοῦσις ` bathing, washing' (late pap., inscr.), ἀπόλουσις `washing' (Pl.). - 6. λοῦμα n. `stream' (Sardes); prob also λούματα (cod. ἀούματα) τὰ τῶν πτισσομένων κριθῶν ἄχυρα Κύπριοι H.; cf. ἀπόλουμα = ἀποκάθαρμα (sch., Eust.); or because the chaff before feeding was washed away in water?; diff. Bechtel Dial. 1, 451 (with Hoffmann Dial. 1, 121). -7. λουτιάω `want to bathe' (Luc. Lex. 2; after ἐμετ-ιάω: ἐμέω a. o.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [692] *leu̯h₃- `wash, bathe'Etymology: The aorist λο(Ϝ)έ-σαι agrees with κορέ-σαι, στορέ-σαι; the rare present λο(Ϝ)έ-ω can be explained as innovation (cf. Specht KZ 59, 61). From λο(Ϝ)έσαι by contraction could arise λοῦσαι; to this again λούω. In Hom. the uncontracted forms can be inserted, e.g. λόεσεν etc. for λοῦσεν etc., also λοέεσθαι for λούεσθαι (Z 508 = O 265). Both λοῦσαι etc. and the isolated λό', λόον, λόεσθαι are understandable from (thematic) λό(Ϝ)-ω; the last forms however, can also be due to hyphairesis (cf. Schwyzer 252 f.). Also λοῦσθαι, λοῦνται, λούμενος admit basic forms like *λόϜ-εσθαι *λόϜ-ονται, *λοϜ-όμενος; but rhey are at the same time explainable from λο(Ϝ)έεσ-θαι, λο(Ϝ)έονται, λο(Ϝ)εόμενος. Further details in Schwyzer 682, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 34, 347, 374, Risch ̨ 117. An immediate agreement to monosyll. thematic λό(Ϝ)ω appears in Lat. lav-ō, lav-ere (from * lov-; cf. Szemerényi KZ 70, 57 f.); to disyll. λο(Ϝ)έ-σαι may at the same time disyll. lavā-re (if the length is secondary) correspond (IE *leu̯h₃-). Wether also Arm. loganam, aor. logac̣ay `bathe oneself' has a disyllabic root, remains uncertain given the productivity of the Arm. verbs in - anam. From the general o-vowel deviate Myc. rewotorokowo and rewoterejo; their connection with λοετρόν has been explained from metathesis of * lewo-. Also the Celtic and Germanic nominal derivv. show the same vocalisation, e.g. Gaul. lautro `bathing place', OIr. lōathar `basin', OWNo. lauđr n. `lye, (soap)foam', OE lēaÞor `soap-foam', which can go back on IE * louh₃-tro- and can be identical with λο(Ϝ)ετρόν. - Hitt. lah̯(h̯)uu̯āi-'pour', since Sturtevant connected with λούω (s. Friedrich Wb.), is formally unclear (on expects *leh₂\/₃-u-). - Further forms in Bq, WP. 2, 441, Pok. 692, W.-Hofmann s. lavō.Page in Frisk: 2,138-139Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λούω
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111 μένος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `mind, courage, anger, strength, impulse' (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. δυσ-μενής `evilminded, hostile' (Il.) with δυσμέν-εια, - ίη, - αίνω a. o.; metr. enlarged δυσμενέων, - έοντες (Od.; Leumann Hom Wörter 116 n. 83); ἀ-μενής `forceless' (E.); here the PN Άμενέας, Άμενίσκος and (with unexplained - νν-) Άμεννάμενος? (Bechtel, Namenst. 6 f.); on ἀμενηνός s. v.; PN like Κλεο-μένης; as 1. member in μενο-εικής `suited to the desired, agreeable, richly' (Hom.).Derivatives: To μένος belong two verbs with remarkable formation: 1. μενεαίνω, - ῆναι `desire strongly, rage' (Il.); prob. with analog. - αίνω from uncontracted μένε-ος etc. (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 54 n. 2 a. 2, 211, Schwyzer 440; cf. κτερε-ΐζω, μελε-ϊστί); diff. Solmsen Wortforsch. 51 n. 2, Chantraine Mél. Pedersen 205ff. (from *μενέ[σ]-ων; but δυσ-μενέων must be explained diff., s. above); cf. on βλεμεαίνω. --2. μενοινάω (- ώω), - ῆσαι `have in mind, aim at, wish, desire' (Il.) with μενοινή f. `intention, desire' (Call., A. R., AP; prob. backformation); origin unclear; quite uncertain hypothesis by Solmsen Wortforsch. 51 f. (from *μενώ f.; cf. Μενοίτης, - οίτιος, which however certainly belongs to οἶτος `fate'); not better Brugmann IF 29, 237f., 12, 152, Wiedemann BB 28, 51, Specht Ursprung 167.Etymology: As old verbal noun identical with Skt. mánas- n., Av. manah- n. `pirit, thought, will', IE *ménos n.; here OP Haxā-maniš m. PN prop. "who has the mind of a friend", `friendly minded' (Gr. Άχαιμένης; s. v.). Adj. δυσ-μενής = Av. duš-manah- `evilminded', Skt. dur-manas- `sorrowful'; εὑ-μενής: Skt. su-mánas- `wellminded'. But Lith. mẽnas m. `rememberance' is innovation to menù `remember' (cf. Fraenkel s. v.). -- A perfect of situation belonging here is μέμονα (s.v.), cf. γένος: γέγονα; with deviating meaning the present μαίνομαι (s. v.). On μένος: μαίνομαι cf. Z 100f. (of Achilleus): ἀλλ' ὅδε λίην | μαίνεται, οὑδέ τίς οἱ δύναται μένος ἰσοφαρίζειν (Porzig Satzinhalte 34). With diff. formation e.g. Lat. mēns, - tis f. `mind' = Skt. ma-tí- `id.' etc.; IE *mn̥-tí- f.; cf. gēns beside genus = γένος. Further s. μιμνήσκω; cf. also on μένω.Page in Frisk: 2,208Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μένος
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112 μήδεα 1
μήδεα 1Grammatical information: n. pl.Meaning: `male sexual parts', ( φωτός) Od., Androm. ap. Gal., Call., also Ant. Lib.) μέζεα (Hes. Op. 512, Lyc.); μέδεα (Archil. 138); in Opp. (K. 4,441) metaph. `urine'; μέζος αἰδοῖον H.Compounds: As 2. member in εὑμέζεος (cod. - μάξεως; leg. - μεζέος?) εὑφυης (cod. - εὶς; leg. - οῦς?) τοῖς αἰδοίοις H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The relation between μήδεα: μέζεα: μέδεα has not been explained. Wackernagel Unt. 227 n. 1 sees hesitatingly (after Nauck) in μήδεα a euphemistic replacement for the rough μέζεα, μέδεα; in μέζεα Schwyzer 208 with Bechtel and v. Wilamowitz assumes a spirantic pronunciation of the δ. -- Because of the meaning the etymol. explanation is difficult. Schwyzer l.c. connects μήδομαι, pointing to OHG gimaht f. `facultas, genitalia'. It would be then a euphemism identical with μήδεα `counsels, cares'. Thus (doubting) Spitzer BSL 40, 47 with P. Friedländer, with Lat. mentula (to mens??) as a very doubtful parallel. -- Not with Curtius 662, Fick 1, 507 a. o. to μαδάω `drip'; cf. μεστός. By WP. 2, 231 (Pok. 706) separated from μαδάω and combined only with Celt., e.g. MIr. mess (\< * med-tu-) `gland' assuming an allcomprising meaning `swell, swollen in the form of balls(?)'. The variation clearly points to a Pre-Greek word; on ε\/η cf. Fur. 258 n. 42; δ\/ζ is well known (Fur. 253ff.). This type of meaning fits well with a substratum word.Page in Frisk: 2,222Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μήδεα 1
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113 νέος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `new, joung, youthful, unusual, unheard'; comp forms νεώτερος, - τατος (since Il.), also νέατος in the sense of `novissimus, last' (trag.)?, s. νείατος, νειός.Dialectal forms: Myc. newoDerivatives: 1. νεαρός `young, youthful, tender, fresh' (Β 289; on the formation below) with νεάρωσις f. `rejuvenation' (Poet. in PIand. 78, 13). -- 2. νεό-της, Dor. - τας, - ητος f. `age of youth, youthful spirit, young men' (Il.), - τήσιος `youthful' (Ps.-Phok.). -- 3. νεοίη f. `youthful thoughtlessness' (Ψ 604), νέοιαι ἀφροσύναι H.; after ἀνοίη, ἄνοια, s. Wackernagel Unt. 242f.. -- 4. νέᾱξ, - κος m. = νεανίας (Nicophon, Poll.); Björck Alpha impurum 264 f. -- Adverbs: 5. νεωστί `newly, fresh' (IA.) from νέως + τι (Schwyzer 624). -- 6. νεόθεν `anew' (S. OC 1447 [lyr.]). -- Denomin. verbs: 7. νεάζω, also w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ἐν-, `be or become young' (trag., com., Hdt., hell.) with ἐκνεασμός `innovation' (Simp.); νεασμός `ploughing a fallow land' (Gp.), s. νεάω. -- 8. νεόω `make new' (A.), also = νεάω (LXX, Poll.) with νεώματα pl. `worked fallow land' (LXX). -- 9. νεάω `work fallow land' (Hes. Op. 462), cf. Lat. novālis ( ager, terra) `fallow land'; besides deriv. from νε(ι)ός `fallow land' (s.v.) is possible. -- 10. νεώσσω, - ττω `renew' (Hdn., H.); cf. Schwyzer 733. -- 11. νεωτερίζω `renew, (the state organistion) make innovations' (Att.) with νεωτερ-ισμός, - ισμα, - ισις, - ιστής, - ικός. -- On νεανίας s. v.; on the meaning of νέος Porzig Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 343 ff.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [769] *neu̯os `new'Etymology: As inherited word νέος from νέϜος ( νεϜόστατος Cypr.) is identical with Hitt. neu̯a-, Skt. náva-, Lat. novus, OCS novъ, Toch. B ñuwe, A ñu: IE *néuos `new'. Beside it a i̯o-deriv. in Skt. návya-, Germ., e.g. Goth. niujis, Celt., e.g. Gaul. Novio-dūnum, Lith. naũjas. Also νεῖος (only A. R. 1, 125, verse-begin) could agree with this; but it is no more than a metrically lengthened νέος. An old r-formation could be νεαρός, which has an agreement in Arm. nor `new' from *neu̯erós v.t.; cf. νηρός. The denominative νεάω agrees with Lat. novāre and Hitt. neu̯ah̯h̯- `renew'. The agreement of νεότης and Lat. novitās, νέᾱξ and CSl. novakъ can result from parallel innovations. -- WP. 2, 324, Pok. 769.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέος
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114 ὅλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `complete, whole' ( ρ 343 a. ω 118), Att., Hdt.), οὖλε voc. `salve' (ω 402; Schwyzer 723 n. 5).Other forms: οὖλος (ep. ion.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, almost only hell. a. late (for παν-, Leumann Hom. Wörter 105), e.g. ὁλό-κληρος (s. κλῆρος), ὁλο-σχερής (s. ἐπισχερώ), ὁλοκόττινος (s. v.).Derivatives: ὁλό-της, - ητος f. `wholeness' (Arist.; cf. below), ὁλόομαι `to be constituted as a whole' with ὅλωσις f. (Dam.), οὑλέω in οὑλείοιεν ἐν ὑγείᾳ φυλάσσοιεν H. -- Besides ὁλοός = φρόνιμος καὶ ἀγαθός (Suid., H.) with ὁλοεῖται ὑγιαίνει H. -- Uncertain Οὔλιος Ion. surname of Apollon, after Str. 14, 635 a. Suid. as healing god; cf. 3. οὖλος.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [979] *solu̯o- `whole'Etymology: Identical with Skt. sárva-, Av. haurva- `unharmed, whole' (sárva- second. `all, every'): IE *sólu̯o-s. With ὁλό-της agree Av. haurva-tāt- and Skt. sarvá-tāt(-i)- f. `unharmed-ness, wholeness etc.', prob. as independent innovations. Beside it with unexplained a-vowel Lat. salvus `sound, save' and, with disyll. stem, Osc. σαλαϜς `id.', Päl. Salavatur `Salvator', (not to a disyll. ὁλο(Ϝ)-ός, which does not exist, to which Frisk refers). In vocal. unclear (IE ο̆ or ᾰ?) are Toch. A salu `whole' (beside B solme), Alb. i gjallë `alive, lively' (Mann Lang. 28, 39). Several more forms, for Greek unimportant, in WP. 2, 510ff., Pok. 979f., W.-Hofmann s. salvus; with rich lit. Details in Ernout-Meillet s. saluus.Page in Frisk: 2,381Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὅλος
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115 ὅμηρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `pledge, hostage, bail, warrant' (IA.).Other forms: pl. also -α.Derivatives: ὁμηρεύω, also with ἐξ-, συν-, `to serve as a hostage, to guarantee, to take as a pledge, to take hostage' (Att. Redner, E. Rh. 434, Antiph.) with ὁμηρ-εία f. (Pl., Th., Plb.), - ευμα n. (Plu.) `pledge, hostage', ἐξ-ευσις f. `hostage-taking' (Plu.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Prob. prop. with Curtius a.o. "who is together (with others), the companion, who is forced to go with", compound of ὁμοῦ and ἀρ- in ἀραρειν etc. w. similar meaningdevelopment as in Lat. obsēs (: obsideō) `hostage, bail' (but the root ἀρ- is difficult to understand). Slightly diff. Szemerényi Glotta 33, 363 ff.: the 2. member to ἐρ- in ἔρχομαι. The orig. meaning still in ὁμηρέω and ὁμηρέταις ὁμοψήφοις, ὁμογνώμοσιν H.; cf. also ὁμαρτέω and ἁμαρτή. -- Perhaps identical with this ὅμηρος = ὁ τυφλός (Lyc., H.), "because he goes with his leader" (Birt Phil. 87, 376ff.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 22, 264)?; hardly convincing. Rather appellative use of the name of the poet (?). On attempts to connect the name Ο῝μηρος (Cret. Ο῝μαρος) wiht the appellative, s. except P.-W. 8, 2199 f. also Birt l.c. and Durante Rend. Acc. Lincei Ser. 8: 12, 94ff.; cf. Schwartz Herm. 75, 1ff., Bonfante, Par. Pass. 1968, 360; Posock, St. Mic. 4(1967)101; Deroy, Ant. Cl. 1972, 427.Page in Frisk: 2,386Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὅμηρος
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116 ὀφρῦς
ὀφρῦς, - ύοςGrammatical information: f., most plur.Meaning: `the eyebrows', metaph. `elevated edge, brow of a hill' (Il.; details on the inflexion Schwyzer 571 β).Compounds: As 2. member a.o. in σύν-οφρυς `with grown together eyebrows' (Arist.).Derivatives: ὀφρύ-διον n. dimin. (H. s. ἐπισκύνιον, Theognost.), NGr. ( ὀ)φρύδι; ὀφρύη, -α `elevation' (Hdt., Argos) like ἰχθύ-η, -α a.o. (Schwyzer 463); - όεις `situated on an edge, terraced' (Χ 411; Bowra JHSt. 80, 18f.), - ώδης `protrusive' (Gal.). Denom. verbs: 1. ὀφρυ-όομαι `to be haughty' (Timo, Luc.) with - ωσις f. `elevation, edge' (Paul. Aeg.), older συν-οφρυόομαι `to knit one's brows' (S., E.); κατ- ὀφρῦς in κατωφρυωμένος `to be provided with brows' (Philestr. VA, Luc.); 2. - άζω `to beckon with the eyebrows', also as expression of pride (Amips. Com. V--IVa); 3. - άω `to be hilly' (Str.); 4. ὀφρυγνᾳ̃ ὁμοίως (i.e. = - άζει). Βοιωτοί H. (unclear; after ὀριγνάομαι? doubting Schwyzer 695 n. 2).Etymology: Old name of the eyebrows, except for the ὀ- identical with Skt. bhrū́-h, acc. bhrúv-am f.: IE *h₃bhruH́-s f.; thus from Celt. a. Germ. OIr. for-bru acc. pl., OS brū. Several enlargements: OCS brъv-ь, Lith. brùv-ė, -ìs, OWNo. brū-n, MPers. brū-k, Toch. B pärw-ā-ne (du.); also with dental in Av. brvat̃-byąm dat. pl. f., MIr. brūad gen. du. and in ἀβροῦτες ὀφρῦς. Μακεδόνες H. (Kretschmer Einleitung 287 w. n. 1 instead improbable (?) ἀβροῦϜες). -- Here also OHG brāwa f. `eyebrew', wint-prāwa `eyelash', which belongs with OS brāha `id.' to OE brǣw m. `eyebrew', OWNo. brā f. `eyelash' (more in WP. 2, 169, Pok. 142). Combinations to be rejected by Specht Ursprung 83 a. 162. -- WP. 2, 206f., Pok. 172f., Mayrhofer s. bhrū́ḥ, Fraenkel s. briaunà (quite doubtful), Vasmer s. brovь (w. lit. a. many details). Older lit. also in Bq. The nom. was *h₃bhrēuH-s, (gen. * h₃bhruH-os), which explains the OHG form etc.Page in Frisk: 2,454Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφρῦς
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117 πέκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to comb (oneself), to card, to shear' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. poka \/pokē\/, Killen Par. del Pass. 17, 26ff., DELG.Compounds: Also w. ἀπο-. Compp., z.B. πόκ-υφος m. `wool weaver' (pap. IIa); εἰρο-πόκος (s. εἶρος), εὔ-ποκος `with fair wool' (A.); with referenc to the verb νεό-ποκος `newly shorn' ( μαλλός, S.).Derivatives: 1. πόκος m. `plucked, shorn off sheep's wool, fleece' (Μ 451, hell.). ποκ-άριον ( Sammelb. III--IVp), - άδες pl. f. `lock or tuft of wool or hair' (Ar.), Πόκιος m. "shearing month", Locr. monthname (inscr.); verbs: ποκ-ίζομαι `to shear wool' (Theoc.) with - ισμός, - ιστί (pap.); - άζω `id.' (sch., Suid.); - όομαι `to be covered like with a fleece' (AP). 2. πόκτος m. `id.' ( Lyr. Adesp. 73, Hdn.), like φόρτος (Schwyzer 704 n. 6), if not to πεκτέω. 3. πέκος n. `id.' (An. Ox. 3, 358), πεῖκος ἔριον, ξάμμα H. (cf. πείκ-ετε, - ειν above). 4. πεκτήρ (Suid.), ποκτήρ (pap. IIp; after πόκος) m. `shearer'. -- Enlarged form πεκ-τέω `id.' (Ar.; not πέκτω, Peruzzi Par. del Pass. 18, 396 n. 2); on the formation Schwyzer 705f. -- On κτείς s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [797] *peḱ- `pluck, card'Etymology: Identical with Lith. pešù, pèšti `pluck, pull out, drew by the hairs'; the τ-enlargement in πεκτ-έω also in Lat. pectō `comb, card'; formal = Gerrn., e.g. OHG fehtan ' fech-ten' (prop. *'pluck each other'?). The very rare πέκος agrees phonetically with Lat. pecus n. `cattle, small cattle, sheep', which would be therefore a concretized verbal abstract (Porzig Satzinhalte 292; also Specht KZ 66, 36f.). The old widespread u-stem in Lat. pecu n., Germ., e.g. OHG fihu n., Skt. páśu- n., -úḥ m. etc. `cattle' is wanting in Greek; on the other hand πόκος is isolated, so prob. innovation. IE o -vowel also in Arm. asr, gen. asu `sheepwool, fleece' (IE *poḱu-). OWNo. fær, OSwed. fār n. `sheep', often equated with πόκος, is uncertain. -- Orig. meaning prob. `pluck, card', from where `shear, comb' (diff. Peruzzi Par. del Pass. l.c. n. 3 against Specht KZ 68, 206). -- WP. 2, 16f., Pok. 797, W.-Hofmann s. pectō and pecū, Fraenkel s. pèšti `pluck' w. further forms a. rich lit.Page in Frisk: 2,492-493Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέκω
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118 στήμων
στήμων, - ονοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `the warp in the upright loom, thread', also of a single thread (Hes.).Other forms: Dor. - ά- AP.Compounds: Some compp., e.g. στημονο-νητικη τέχνη `the art of spinning' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 137), χρυσο-στήμων `with golden threads, goldstitched' (Lyd.); with old transition in the o-stems στημο-ρραγέω `to be unraveled into threads' (A.), μανό-στημος `with thin warp' (A.)Derivatives: Dimin. στημόν-ιον (Arist.), - ίας κίκιννος `thread-like curl' (Cratin.), - ικός `belonging to the warp' (pap. IIIp), - ώδης `warp-like' (Plu.), - ίζομαι `the thread for pulling up the warp' (Arist.). Besides στημν-ίον `yarn, (weaving-)thread' (Delos IIIa, hell. pap.), cf. λιμέν-ιον: λίμνη a.o. (Schwyzer 524); with loss of the ν: στημ-ίον (late pap.).Etymology: Old des. of an old notion, except to the gender formally and in meaning identical with Lat. stāmen n. Besides, in meaning deviating, στῆμα n. des. of an apparatus (Hero), `the exterior part of the membrum virile' (Ruf., Poll.), Skt. sthā́man- n. `standing-place', Goth. stomin (dat.) = Gr. ὑπόστασις, OSwed. stomme from * stōme m. `scaffolding, frame', Lith. stomuõ, gen. -meñs `body- hape, stature'; all from IE * steh₂-m(e\/ o)n-; s. on ἵστημι. -- With ō-ablaut στώμιξ δοκὶς ξυλίνη H. (also Lith. stuomuõ?) with formation like Russ. dial. stamík `supporting beam, steep rock etc.'. With zero grade στάμνος(?) s. v. and σταμῖνες. --WP. 2, 606f., Pok. 1007f., W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. (w. lit.); cf. v. Windekens Orbis 12, 193.Page in Frisk: 2,796Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στήμων
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119 identiek
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120 Insight
In October 1838 that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement "Malthus on Population," and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. (Darwin, 1911, p. 68)The insight of the chimpanzee shows itself to be principally determined by his optical apprehension of the situation. (KoЁhler, 1925, p. 267)Then I turned my attention to the study of some arithmetical questions apparently without much success and without a suspicion of any connection with my preceding researches. Disgusted with my failure, I went to spend a few days at the seaside, and thought of something else. One morning, walking on the bluff, the idea came to me, with just the same characteristics of brevity, suddenness and immediate certainty, that the arithmetic transformations of indeterminate ternary quadratic forms were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. (Poincareґ, 1929, p. 388)The direct awareness of determination... may also be called insight. When I once used this expression in a description of the intelligent behavior of apes, an unfortunate misunderstanding was, it seems, not entirely prevented.... Apparently, some readers interpreted this formulation as though it referred to a mysterious mental agent or faculty which was made responsible for the apes' behavior. Actually, nothing of this sort was intended... the concept is used in a strictly descriptive fashion. (KoЁhler, 1947, pp. 341-342)The task must be neither so easy that the animal solves the problem at once, thus not allowing one to analyze the solution; nor so hard that the animal fails to solve it except by rote learning in a long series of trials. With a problem of such borderline difficulty, the solution may appear out of a blue sky. There is a period first of fruitless effort in one direction, or perhaps a series of attempted solutions. Then suddenly there is a complete change in the direction of effort, and a cleancut solution of the task. This then is the first criterion of the occurrence of insight. The behavior cannot be described as a gradual accretion of learning; it is evident that something has happened in the animal at the moment of solution. (What happens is another matter.) (Hebb, 1949, p. 160)If the subject had not spontaneously solved the problem [of how to catch hold at the same time of two strings hung from the ceiling so wide apart that he or she could only get hold of one at a time, when the only available tool was a pair of pliers, by tying the pliers to one string and setting it into pendular motion] within ten minutes, Maier supplied him with a hint; he would "accidentally" brush against one of the strings, causing it to swing gently. Of those who solved the problem after this hint, the average interval between hint and solution was only forty-two seconds.... Most of those subjects who solved the problem immediately after the hint did so without any realization that they had been given one. The "idea" of making a pendulum with pliers seemed to arise spontaneously. (Osgood, 1960, p. 633)There seems to be very little reason to believe that solutions to novel problems come about in flashes of insight, independently of past experience.... People create solutions to new problems by starting with what they know and later modifying it to meet the specific problem at hand. (Weisberg, 1986, p. 50)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insight
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