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101 issue
issue ['ɪʃu:]question ⇒ 1 (a) différend ⇒ 1 (b) numéro ⇒ 1 (c) distribution ⇒ 1 (d) délivrance ⇒ 1 (d) émission ⇒ 1 (d) prêt ⇒ 1 (d) issue ⇒ 1 (e) publier ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) sortir ⇒ 2 (a) délivrer ⇒ 2 (b) prêter ⇒ 2 (b) émettre ⇒ 2 (d) distribuer ⇒ 2 (e)1 noun(a) (matter, topic) question f, problème m;∎ where do you stand on the abortion issue? quel est votre point de vue sur (la question de) l'avortement?;∎ the issue was raised at the meeting le problème a été soulevé à la réunion;∎ your personal feelings are not the issue vos sentiments personnels n'ont rien à voir là-dedans;∎ that's not the issue ce n'est pas la question;∎ it's become an international issue le problème a pris une dimension internationale;∎ the important issues of the day les grands problèmes du moment;∎ at issue en question;∎ the point at issue is not the coming election le problème n'est pas l'élection à venir;∎ her competence is not at issue sa compétence n'est pas en cause;∎ to join issue with sb (about sth) discuter l'opinion de qn (au sujet de qch);∎ to cloud or confuse the issue brouiller les cartes;∎ to avoid or to duck or to evade the issue esquiver la question;∎ to force the issue forcer la décision;∎ Law issue (of fact/of law) question f ou point m de fait/de droit(b) (cause of disagreement) différend m;∎ the subject has now become a real issue between us ce sujet est maintenant source de désaccord entre nous;∎ to be at issue with sb over sth être en désaccord avec qn au sujet de qch;∎ they are at issue with the Japanese over import quotas ils sont en désaccord avec les Japonais au sujet des quotas d'importations;∎ to make an issue of sth monter qch en épingle;∎ don't make such an issue of it! inutile d'en faire toute une histoire!;∎ to take issue with sb/sth être en désaccord avec qn/qch;∎ I take issue with him on only one point je suis en désaccord avec lui sur un point seulement;∎ I would take issue with that je ne suis pas d'accord là-dessus(c) (edition → of newspaper, magazine etc) numéro m;∎ the latest issue of the magazine le dernier numéro du magazine(d) (distribution → of supplies, equipment) distribution f; (→ of official document, passport) délivrance f; (→ of shares, money, stamps) émission f; (→ of library book) prêt m;∎ date of issue date f de délivrance;∎ standard issue modèle m standard;∎ army issue modèle m de l'armée∎ I hope your request has a favourable issue j'espère que votre demande connaîtra une issue ou recevra une réponse favorable;∎ Law issue (of fact/law) conclusion f∎ he died without issue il est mort sans héritiers∎ the magazine is issued on Wednesdays le magazine sort ou paraît le mercredi(b) (official document, passport) délivrer; Law (warrant, writ, summons) lancer; (library book) prêter;∎ where was the passport issued? où le passeport a-t-il été délivré?(c) (statement, proclamation) publier;∎ the government has issued a denial le gouvernement a publié un démenti∎ the Bank of Scotland issues its own notes la Bank of Scotland émet ses propres billets;∎ to issue a draft on sb fournir une traite sur qn(e) (distribute → supplies, tickets etc) distribuer;∎ the magazine is issued free to every household le magazine est distribué gratuitement à ou dans tous les foyers;∎ we were all issued with rations on nous a distribué à tous des rations;∎ each man will be issued with two uniforms chaque homme recevra deux uniformes;∎ no books will be issued after eight p.m. le service de prêt ferme à vingt heures(a) (come or go out) sortir ( from de); (blood, water) s'écouler ( from de); (smoke) s'échapper ( from de);∎ delicious smells issued from the kitchen des odeurs délicieuses provenaient de la cuisine(b) (result, originate)∎ to issue from provenir de;∎ all our difficulties issue from that first mistake c'est de cette première erreur que proviennent tous nos ennuis;∎ formal the children issuing from this marriage les enfants issus de ce mariage►► Administration issue card carte f (de) sortie de stock;Finance issue department service m des émissions;Finance issue premium prime f d'émission;Finance issue price prix m d'émission, valeur f d'émissionliterary jaillir -
102 В-354
НА ВЫ с кем быть*, переходить называть кого, обращаться к кому ГОВОРИТЬ ВЫ кому PrepP, Invar, subj-compl with copula or adv (1st van) VP (2nd var.) subj: human (to begin) to use the «вы» (formal "you") form of address when speaking to or with s.o.: X с Y-ом на вы - X is on formal terms with Y X and Y are on formal terms with each other X addresses Y (X and Y address each other) formally (in the formal way)X должен говорить Y-y вы - (in limited contexts) X must treat Y with respect, о ОБРАЩЕНИЕ НА ВЫNP sing only) the formal way one addresses s.o. (one is addressed)....В кухне он называл меня на «вы» и мне это понравилось, а теперь вдруг на «ты» (Каверин 1)....In the kitchen, he had spoken to me in the formal way in which grown-ups are addressed and I had liked it, but now he had suddenly changed to the familiar form (1a).«А ты мне „ты" не говори, - сказал Прохор улыбчиво, - ты мне „вы" должен говорить» (Семенов 1). "And don't you be so familiar," said Prokhor smilingly, "you must treat me with respect" (1a).Тёща сказала, что Наташка... слишком высоко себя ставит, а нас презирает. Я спросил, откуда это видно. Тёша сказала, что это видно из её обращения ко всем на «вы» из подчёркнутой вежливости (Зиновьев 2). My mother-in-law said that Natashka...obviously thinks herself very superior and despises us. I asked her what made her think that. My mother-in-law said it was clear from the formal and excessively polite way she addressed everyone (2a). -
103 говорить вы
[PrepP, Invar, subj-compl with copula or adv (1st var.; VP (2nd var.; subj: human]=====⇒ (to begin) to use the " вы" (formal "you") form of address when speaking to or with s.o.:- X addresses Y < X and Y address each other> formally < in the formal way>;○ ОБРАЩЕНИЕ НА ВЫ [NP; sing only] the formal way one addresses s.o. < one is addressed>.♦...В кухне он называл меня на " вы" и мне это понравилось, а теперь вдруг на " ты" (Каверин 1)....In the kitchen, he had spoken to me in the formal way in which grown-ups are addressed and I had liked it, but now he had suddenly changed to the familiar form (1a).♦ "А ты мне " ты" не говори, - сказал Прохор улыбчиво, - ты мне " вы" должен говорить" (Семенов 1). "And don't you be so familiar," said Prokhor smilingly, "you must treat me with respect" (1a).♦ Тёща сказала, что Наташка... слишком высоко себя ставит, а нас презирает. Я спросил, откуда это видно. Тёша сказала, что это видно из её обращения ко всем на " вы" из подчёркнутой вежливости (Зиновьев 2). My mother-in-law said that Natashka...obviously thinks herself very superior and despises us. I asked her what made her think that. My mother-in-law said it was clear from the formal and excessively polite way she addressed everyone (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > говорить вы
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104 на вы
• НА ВЫ с кем быть, переходить; называть кого, обращаться к кому; ГОВОРИТЬ ВЫ кому[PrepP, Invar, subj-compl with copula or adv (1st var.; VP (2nd var.; subj: human]=====⇒ (to begin) to use the " вы" (formal "you") form of address when speaking to or with s.o.:- X addresses Y < X and Y address each other> formally < in the formal way>;○ ОБРАЩЕНИЕ НА ВЫ [NP; sing only] the formal way one addresses s.o. < one is addressed>.♦...В кухне он называл меня на " вы" и мне это понравилось, а теперь вдруг на " ты" (Каверин 1)....In the kitchen, he had spoken to me in the formal way in which grown-ups are addressed and I had liked it, but now he had suddenly changed to the familiar form (1a).♦ "А ты мне " ты" не говори, - сказал Прохор улыбчиво, - ты мне " вы" должен говорить" (Семенов 1). "And don't you be so familiar," said Prokhor smilingly, "you must treat me with respect" (1a).♦ Тёща сказала, что Наташка... слишком высоко себя ставит, а нас презирает. Я спросил, откуда это видно. Тёша сказала, что это видно из её обращения ко всем на " вы" из подчёркнутой вежливости (Зиновьев 2). My mother-in-law said that Natashka...obviously thinks herself very superior and despises us. I asked her what made her think that. My mother-in-law said it was clear from the formal and excessively polite way she addressed everyone (2a). -
105 party
noun1) (group united in a cause etc.; Polit., Law) Partei, die; attrib. Partei[apparat, -versammlung, -mitglied, -politik, -politiker usw.]opposing party — Gegenpartei, die
2) (group) Gruppe, dieoffice party — Betriebsfest, das
throw a party — (coll.) eine Party schmeißen (ugs.)
4) (participant) Beteiligte, der/diebe [a] party in or to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen
parties to an agreement/a dispute — Parteien bei einem Abkommen/streitende Parteien; see also academic.ru/74615/third_party">third party
* * *plural - parties; noun1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; ( also adjective) a party dress.) die Party; Party-...2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) die Gruppe3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) die Partei* * *par·ty[ˈpɑ:ti, AM ˈpɑ:rt̬i]I. nall-night \party Party f bis zum frühen Morgenopposition \party Oppositionspartei fthe \party in power die regierende Parteiworking \party Arbeitsausschuss mcoach \party Gruppe f von Busreisendenroyal \party Gruppe f von Mitgliedern des Königshausesschool \party Schülergruppe ffishing \party Gruppe f von Anglernsearch \party Suchtrupp mthe guilty \party die schuldige Parteithird \party Dritter m, dritte Personto be [a] \party to an arrangement etw von einer Abmachung wissento be [a] \party to a secret in ein Geheimnis eingeweiht seinto be [a] \party to a crime LAW an einem Verbrechen beteiligt sein1. (of a party) Party-\party balloons Luftballons pl\party spirit Partylaune f, Partystimmung f\party snack Partysnack m, [Party]häppchen nt2. POL Partei-\party donation Parteispende f\party affiliations Parteizugehörigkeit f\party candidate Kandidat(in) m(f) einer Partei\party convention Parteiversammlung fDemocratic P\party Convention Versammlung f der Demokratenthe \party faithful die [treuen] Parteianhänger plIII. vi<- ie->( fam) feiern* * *['pAːtɪ]1. nto be a member of the party — Parteimitglied sein, in der Partei sein (inf)
2) (= group) Gruppe f, Gesellschaft f; (MIL) Kommando nt, Trupp mI was one of the party — ich war dabei
a party — eine Party geben or machen or schmeißen (inf)
at the party — auf der Party; (more formal) bei der Gesellschaft
what does he bring to the party? (fig) — was steuert er bei?
to be a party to an agreement — einer Übereinkunft (dat) zustimmen
5) (inf= person)
a party by the name of Johnson — ein gewisser Johnson2. vi (inf)feiern, eine Party machenlet's party tonight (US) — heute Abend machen wir einen drauf (inf)
* * *party [ˈpɑː(r)tı]A s1. POL Partei f:within the party innerparteilich, parteiintern;discipline within the party Parteidisziplin f;two-party system Zweiparteiensystem n2. Trupp m:a) MIL Abteilung f, Kommando nc) (Rettungs- etc) Mannschaft f:my party bes US sl meine Leute3. Partie f, Gesellschaft f:a party of mountaineers eine Gruppe von Bergsteigern;we were a party of three wir waren zu dritt;make one of the party sich anschließen, mitmachen, dabei sein4. Einladung f, Gesellschaft f, Party f:at a party auf einer Gesellschaft oder Party;the party is over! fig die schönen Tage sind vorüber!;it’s your party! US umg das ist dein Bier!5. JUR (Prozess- etc) Partei f:be a party to sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein, etwas mitmachen, mit etwas zu tun haben;parties interested WIRTSCH Interessenten;the parties concerned die Beteiligten7. umg Kerl m8. SPORT Aufgebot n:provisional party vorläufiges AufgebotB adj1. Partei…:party card Parteibuch n;2. Party…:party game Gesellschaftsspiel n (besonders für Kinder);3. Heraldik: in gleiche Teile geteilt* * *noun1) (group united in a cause etc.; Polit., Law) Partei, die; attrib. Partei[apparat, -versammlung, -mitglied, -politik, -politiker usw.]opposing party — Gegenpartei, die
2) (group) Gruppe, dieoffice party — Betriebsfest, das
throw a party — (coll.) eine Party schmeißen (ugs.)
4) (participant) Beteiligte, der/diebe [a] party in or to something — sich an etwas (Dat.) beteiligen
parties to an agreement/a dispute — Parteien bei einem Abkommen/streitende Parteien; see also third party
* * *n.Feier -n f.Fest -e n.Gesellschaft f.Partei -en f.Partie -n f.Party -s f. -
106 petition
1. noun2. transitive verbget together or up a petition for/against something — Unterschriften für/gegen etwas sammeln
eine Eingabe richten an (+ Akk.)3. intransitive verbpetition somebody for something — jemanden um etwas ersuchen
petition for — ersuchen um (geh.); (present petition for) eine Unterschriftenliste einreichen für
petition for divorce — die Scheidung einreichen
* * *[pə'tiʃən] 1. noun(a formal request made to someone in authority and usually signed by a large number of people.) das Gesuch2. verb(to make such a request: They petitioned the government for the release of the prisoners.) ersuchen- academic.ru/54848/petitioner">petitioner* * *pe·ti·tion[pəˈtɪʃən]I. nto get up a \petition against/for sth Unterschriften gegen/für etw akk sammeln\petition in bankruptcy Konkursantrag mto file a \petition for divorce eine Scheidungsklage einreichenII. vi1. (start a written action)to \petition for divorce eine Scheidungsklage einreichenIII. vt* * *[pə'tISən]1. n1) (= list of signatures) Unterschriftenliste fto get up a petition (for/against sth) — Unterschriften (für/gegen etw) sammeln
2) (= request) Gesuch nt, Bittschrift f, Petition f3) (JUR)2. vtperson, authorities (= request, entreat) ersuchen (for um); (= hand petition to) eine Unterschriftenliste vorlegen (+dat)3. vi1) (= hand in petition) eine Unterschriftenliste einreichen2) (JUR)* * *petition [pıˈtıʃn]A s Bitte f, Bittschrift f, Petition f, Eingabe f (auch Patentrecht), Gesuch n, JUR (schriftlicher) Antrag:file a petition for divorce JUR eine Scheidungsklage einreichen;B v/t1. jemanden bitten, ersuchen, schriftlich einkommen bei2. bitten um, nachsuchen umC v/i (for) bitten, nach-, ansuchen, einkommen, eine Bittschrift oder ein Gesuch einreichen (um), (einen) Antrag stellen (auf akk):petition for divorce die Scheidungsklage einreichen* * *1. noun2. transitive verbget together or up a petition for/against something — Unterschriften für/gegen etwas sammeln
eine Eingabe richten an (+ Akk.)3. intransitive verbpetition for — ersuchen um (geh.); (present petition for) eine Unterschriftenliste einreichen für
* * *n.Antrag -¨e m.Bitte -n f.Bittgesuch n. -
107 receive
receive [rɪ'si:v]∎ to receive sth from sb recevoir qch de qn;∎ we received your letter on Monday nous avons reçu votre lettre ou votre lettre nous est parvenue lundi;∎ to receive a high salary recevoir ou toucher un salaire élevé;∎ Commerce received with thanks (on receipt) acquitté, pour acquit;∎ Law to receive damages obtenir ou recevoir des dommages-intérêts;∎ Law she received ten years elle a été condamnée à dix ans de réclusion;∎ Stock Exchange to receive a premium encaisser un premium∎ to receive treatment (for sth) se faire soigner (pour qch);∎ to receive injuries être blessé;∎ he has received dreadful/excellent treatment il a été traité d'une manière épouvantable/avec beaucoup d'égards;∎ she received injuries from which she has since died elle est morte des suites de ses blessures∎ to be cordially received (visitor etc) trouver un accueil chaleureux, être bien reçu;∎ the new movie was enthusiastically received le nouveau film a été accueilli avec enthousiasme;∎ their offer was not well received leur proposition n'a pas reçu un accueil favorable;∎ formal will Madam receive the doctor now? Madame recevra-t-elle le médecin maintenant?;∎ to be received into the Church être reçu ou admis dans le sein de l'Église(d) (signal, broadcast) recevoir, capter;∎ are you receiving me? (on radio) est-ce que vous me recevez?;∎ I'm receiving you loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq∎ to receive service recevoir le service∎ holes were drilled to receive the pegs des trous étaient percés pour recevoir les chevilles∎ to be accused of receiving être accusé de recel -
108 vestir
v.1 to dress (poner ropa).viste al niño y vámonos dress the child o get the child dressed and let's gosiempre viste muy bien she always dresses very wellLa madre viste a su hijo The mother dresses her son.2 to wear (llevar puesto).viste unos tejanos negros he's wearing black jeansElla viste ropa fea She wears ugly clothes.3 to be the done thing (estar bien visto).4 to be smart (ser elegante) (clothes).de vestir dressy5 to clothe, to array, to mantle, to gown.La amiga vistió a la novia The girlfriend clothed the bride.* * *1 (llevar) to wear, be dressed in2 (ayudar a vestirse) to dress; (hacer vestidos) to make clothes for; (proporcionar vestido) to clothe, keep in clothes■ mis padres me han alimentado y me han vestido hasta que he acabado mis estudios my parents fed and clothed me until I finished my studies3 (cubrir) to cover (de, with)4 (paredes) to hang (de, with)1 to dress2 (ser elegante, lucir) to be classy, look smart1 (uso reflexivo) to dress oneself, get dressed2 (comprarse la ropa) to buy one's clothes3 (ir vestido) to wear (de, -), dress (de, in); (disfrazarse) to disguise oneself (de, as), dress up (de, as)\de vestir / de mucho vestir formalel mismo que viste y calza familiar the very same, none othervestirse de punta en blanco figurado to dress up to the ninesvestirse de verano to put on one's summer clothesvísteme despacio que tengo prisa more haste less speed* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=poner la ropa a) [+ niño, muñeca] to dresssanto 2., 2)2) (=disfrazar) to dress up¿de qué lo vas a vestir? — what are you going to dress him up as?
3) (=hacer la ropa a)4) (=proporcionar la ropa) [persona] to clothe; [institución, Estado] to pay for one's clothingvestir al desnudo — (Biblia) to clothe the naked
5) (=llevar puesto) to wear6) (=revestir) [+ sillón] to cover, upholster; [+ pared] to cover, decorate7) liter(=disfrazar) [+ defecto] to concealvistió de gravedad su rostro — he assumed o adopted a serious expression
2. VI1) (=llevar ropa) to dresssiempre viste a la última moda — she always dresses in o wears the latest fashions
¿todavía estás sin vestir? — aren't you dressed yet?, haven't you got dressed yet?
•
vestir de, le gusta vestir de gris — he likes to wear grey•
vestir de paisano — [policía] to be in plain clothes; [soldado] to be in civilian clothes o in civvies *o in mufti *•
vestir de uniforme — [policía, soldado] to wear a uniform, be in uniform; [alumno] to wear a uniform2) (=ser elegante) [traje, color] to be eleganttener un coche así sí que viste — *owning a car like that is really flashy *
ahora lo que viste es viajar al Caribe — *the Caribbean is the trendy o the in place to go these days *
•
de vestir — [ropa, zapatos] smart; [traje] formalnecesito algo un poco más de vestir — I need something a bit smarter o more formal
ese traje es de mucho vestir — that suit's too dressy *o formal
•
saber vestir — to know how to dress, have good dress sense3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <niño/muñeca> to dressb) ( proporcionar ropa a) to clothe (frml)c) ( confeccionar ropa a) modisto to dressd) <casa/pared> to decorate2) (liter o period) ( llevar puesto) to wear2.vestir vi1) persona to dress, get dressedvestir bien/mal — to dress well/badly
el mismo que viste y calza — (fam) the very same
2) ( ser elegante)3.de vestir — <traje/zapatos> smart
vestirse v pron (refl)1)a) ( ponerse ropa) to dress, get dressedb) ( de cierta manera)se viste bien/mal — he dresses well/badly
c) ( disfrazarse)2) (liter) ( engalanarse)3) ( comprarse la ropa) to buy one's clothes* * *= clothe, outfit, dress, garb.Ex. The performance is kept fresh each time because the teller is under a tension: he has to find the language in which to clothe the body of the work.Ex. Five-year IFLA Treasurer Derek Law of Scotland, outfitted in a kilt, said he had been boosting Glasgow for his entire term.Ex. As investigators interviewed the owner of the beauty shop, they noticed an odd resemblance -- Koetter was dressed like the shop owner, with fake hair and clothes.Ex. These days, the Grim Reaper is usually portrayed as a skeleton or a cadaverous figure, garbed from head to foot in a black habit and hood, and carrying a large scythe.----* a medio vestir = half dressed.* aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.* Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.* confección de prendas de vestir = dressmaking.* desnudar a un santo para vestir a otro = rob Peter to pay Paul.* desvestir a un santo para vestir a otro = rob Peter to pay Paul.* industria del vestir = clothing industry.* norma de vestir = dress code.* prenda de vestir = garment, clothing item.* sin vestir = unclothed.* vestir de civil = wear + plain clothes, dress in + plain clothes.* vestir de etiqueta = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.* vestir de gala = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.* vestir de luto = dress in + mourning.* vestir de paisano = dress in + plain clothes, wear + plain clothes.* vestirse = get + dressed, tog out, tog up.* vestirse de = dress as, dress in.* vestirse de etiqueta = dress up.* vestirse de punta en blanco = tog out, tog up.* vestirse elegantemente = dress up.* vestirse muy sexi = dress to + kill.* vestirse para la ocasión = dress + the part.* zapato de vestir = dress shoe.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <niño/muñeca> to dressb) ( proporcionar ropa a) to clothe (frml)c) ( confeccionar ropa a) modisto to dressd) <casa/pared> to decorate2) (liter o period) ( llevar puesto) to wear2.vestir vi1) persona to dress, get dressedvestir bien/mal — to dress well/badly
el mismo que viste y calza — (fam) the very same
2) ( ser elegante)3.de vestir — <traje/zapatos> smart
vestirse v pron (refl)1)a) ( ponerse ropa) to dress, get dressedb) ( de cierta manera)se viste bien/mal — he dresses well/badly
c) ( disfrazarse)2) (liter) ( engalanarse)3) ( comprarse la ropa) to buy one's clothes* * *= clothe, outfit, dress, garb.Ex: The performance is kept fresh each time because the teller is under a tension: he has to find the language in which to clothe the body of the work.
Ex: Five-year IFLA Treasurer Derek Law of Scotland, outfitted in a kilt, said he had been boosting Glasgow for his entire term.Ex: As investigators interviewed the owner of the beauty shop, they noticed an odd resemblance -- Koetter was dressed like the shop owner, with fake hair and clothes.Ex: These days, the Grim Reaper is usually portrayed as a skeleton or a cadaverous figure, garbed from head to foot in a black habit and hood, and carrying a large scythe.* a medio vestir = half dressed.* aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.* Aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.* confección de prendas de vestir = dressmaking.* desnudar a un santo para vestir a otro = rob Peter to pay Paul.* desvestir a un santo para vestir a otro = rob Peter to pay Paul.* industria del vestir = clothing industry.* norma de vestir = dress code.* prenda de vestir = garment, clothing item.* sin vestir = unclothed.* vestir de civil = wear + plain clothes, dress in + plain clothes.* vestir de etiqueta = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.* vestir de gala = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.* vestir de luto = dress in + mourning.* vestir de paisano = dress in + plain clothes, wear + plain clothes.* vestirse = get + dressed, tog out, tog up.* vestirse de = dress as, dress in.* vestirse de etiqueta = dress up.* vestirse de punta en blanco = tog out, tog up.* vestirse elegantemente = dress up.* vestirse muy sexi = dress to + kill.* vestirse para la ocasión = dress + the part.* zapato de vestir = dress shoe.* * *vtA1 (poner la ropa a) ‹niño/muñeca› to dress2 «modisto/sastre» ‹cliente› to dressla viste uno de los mejores modistos de París she is dressed by one of the best designers in Paris3 (proporcionar ropa a) to clothe ( frml)los viste la abuela their grandmother buys their clothes for them4 ‹casa/pared› to decoratelas cortinas realmente visten la habitación the curtains really make the roomviste un traje de chaqueta azul marino she is wearing a navy-blue suit■ vestirviA «persona» to dress, get dressedestá a medio vestir she's still getting dressedtuvo que salir con el bebé a medio vestir he had to go out with the baby only half-dressedviste muy bien/mal she dresses very well/badlyvestir DE algo to wear sthvestía de uniforme he was wearing uniform, he was in uniformsiempre viste de azul she always wears blueel mismo que viste y calza ( fam): ¿ése que viene por allí no es tu jefe? — el mismo que viste y calza isn't that your boss over there? — the very same o ( colloq) it sure is!B1(ser elegante): no sabe vestir he has no dress senseel negro viste mucho black looks very smartque te vean en ese restaurante viste mucho that restaurant is the place to be seentener un coche deportivo viste mucho having a sports car really gets you noticed2de vestir ‹traje/pantalón/zapatos› smartquería algo más de vestir I wanted something smarter o ( colloq) dressier■ vestirse( refl)A1 (ponerse la ropa) to dress, get dressed¿todavía no te has vestido? aren't you dressed yet?se vistió con lo primero que encontró she put on the first thing that came to hand2(de cierta manera): se viste muy bien/mal he dresses very well/badlysiempre se viste a la última moda she always wears the latest stylesvestirse DE algo to wear sthsiempre se viste de verde she always wears green3 (disfrazarse) vestirse DE algo to dress up AS sthse vistió de pirata he dressed up as a pirateB ( liter)«campo/árboles»: los campos se visten de flores en primavera in spring the fields are covered in flowersla ciudad se vistió de gala con motivo de la visita the city was all decked out for the visitC (comprarse la ropa) to buy one's clothesse visten en Galerías Valencia they buy their clothes at Galerías Valenciase viste en de la Cruz she wears (clothes by) de la Cruz* * *
vestir ( conjugate vestir) verbo transitivo
1
2 (liter o period) ( llevar puesto) to wear
verbo intransitivo
1 [ persona] to dress;
vestir de algo ‹de uniforme/azul›) to wear sth;
vestir de etiqueta to wear formal dress
2 ( ser elegante):
de vestir ‹traje/zapatos› smart
vestirse verbo pronominal ( refl)
◊ date prisa, vístete hurry up, get dressedb) ( de cierta manera):
se viste a la última moda she wears the latest styles;
siempre se viste de verde she always wears greenc) ( disfrazarse) vestirse de algo to dress up as sth
vestir
I verbo transitivo
1 (poner la ropa a alguien) to dress
frml to clothe
2 (llevar puesto) to wear: vestía un traje gris, he was wearing a grey suit
II verbo intransitivo
1 (llevar) to dress
viste de rojo, she's wearing red
vestir bien, to dress well
(ser apropiado, elegante) to look smart
' vestir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
anacrónica
- anacrónico
- buzo
- desmontable
- estrafalaria
- estrafalario
- falda
- ir
- gala
- imitar
- llevar
- poner
- prenda
- puesta
- puesto
- revés
- santa
- santo
- sucia
- sucio
- Tiro
- accesorio
- corrección
- cuello
- descuidado
- el
- elegancia
- escándalo
- estilo
- mal
- paisano
- sencillez
- viste
- visto
English:
article
- clothe
- clothing
- dress
- dress code
- dressy
- half-dressed
- item
- neatly
- rob
- shelf
- simply
- wear
* * *♦ vt1. [poner ropa a] to dress;viste al niño y vámonos dress the child o get the child dressed and let's go;vísteme despacio que tengo prisa more haste, less speed3. [llevar puesto] to wear;el sospechoso viste unos tejanos negros the suspect is wearing black jeans4. [diseñar ropa para] to dress, to make clothes for;el modisto que viste a la familia real the fashion designer who dresses o makes the clothes for the royal family5. [proporcionar ropa a] to clothe;vestir a los pobres to clothe the poor6. [cubrir] [casa, paredes, salón] to decorate♦ vi1. [llevar ropa] to dress;aún estoy sin vestir I'm not dressed yet;siempre viste muy bien she always dresses very well;tiene gusto para vestir she has good dress sense;vestir de algo to wear sth;el mismo que viste y calza the very same!2. [ser elegante] to be smart;este abrigo/color viste mucho this coat/colour looks very smart;de vestir [ropa, calzado] smart3. Fam [estar bien visto]ya no viste tanto vivir en el campo it's no longer considered so desirable to live in the country* * *II v/i dress;vestir de negro wear black, dress in black;vestir de uniforme wear a uniform;* * *vestir {54} vt1) : to dress, to clothe2) llevar: to wear3) adornar: to decorate, to dress upvestir vi1) : to dressvestir bien: to dress well2) : to look good, to suit the occasion* * *vestir vb1. (poner ropa a alguien) to dress¿has vestido ya al niño? have you dressed the baby yet? -
109 witness
'witnəs
1. noun1) (a person who has seen or was present at an event etc and so has direct knowledge of it: Someone must have seen the accident but the police can find no witnesses.) testigo2) (a person who gives evidence, especially in a law court.) testigo3) (a person who adds his signature to a document to show that he considers another signature on the document to be genuine: You cannot sign your will without witnesses.) testigo
2. verb1) (to see and be present at: This lady witnessed an accident at three o'clock this afternoon.) presenciar, ver2) (to sign one's name to show that one knows that (something) is genuine: He witnessed my signature on the new agreement.) firmar como testigo•- bear witness
witness1 n testigowitness2 vb presenciar / ser testigo detr['wɪtnəs]1 (person) testigo nombre masulino o femeninoa witness for the defence/prosecution un testigo de descargo/cargo2 formal use (testimony, evidence) testimonio1 (see) presenciar, ver2 (document) firmar como testigo3 (be a sign or proof of) testimoniar; (look at the example of) ver, notar, considerar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be witness to something ver algo, presenciar algoto bear witness to something dar fe de algo, atestiguar algoto call somebody as a witness citar a alguien como testigo, poner a alguien por testigowitness box barra de los testigoswitness stand SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL barra de los testigoswitness ['wɪtnəs] vt1) see: presenciar, ver, ser testigo de2) : atestiguar (una firma, etc.)witness vitestify: atestiguar, testimoniarwitness n1) testimony: testimonio mto bear witness: atestiguar, testimoniar2) : testigo mfwitness for the prosecution: testigo de cargov.• atestiguar v.• firmar como testigo v.• mostrar v.• presenciar v.n.• deponente s.m.• fe s.f.• testigo s.m.• testimonio s.m.
I 'wɪtnəs, 'wɪtnɪs1) ca) ( Law) testigo mfwitness for the prosecution/defense — testigo de cargo/de la defensa or de descargo; (before n)
witness stand o (BrE) box — estrado m
b) ( to event)to be witness/a witness TO something — ser* testigo de algo
c) (to contract, signature) testigo mfto stand witness — atestiguar*, testificar*
2) u (testimony, evidence)to be witness TO something — ser* testimonio or prueba de algo, atestiguar* algo
to bear witness — ( in a court of law) atestiguar*, testificar*
to bear false witness — ( Bib) levantar falsos testimonios
II
a) (observe, see) \<\<change/event\>\> ser* testigo de; \<\<crime/accident\>\> presenciar, ser* testigo de, ver*this region is witnessing an unprecedented economic upturn — esta región está viviendo una reactivación económica sin precedentes
b) ( authenticate) ( Law) \<\<signature\>\> atestiguar*; \<\<will\>\> atestiguar* la firma de['wɪtnɪs]1. N1) (=person) testigo mfwitness for the prosecution/defence — testigo de cargo/descargo
we want no witnesses to this — no queremos que nadie vea esto, no queremos que haya testigos
I was (a) witness to this event — yo presencié este suceso, yo fui testigo de este suceso
2) (=evidence) testimonio mto give witness for/against sb — atestiguar a favor de/en contra de algn
to bear witness to sth — (lit) atestiguar algo; (fig) demostrar or probar algo
2. VT1) (=be present at) presenciar, asistir a; (=see) verto witness sb doing sth — ver a algn hacer algo, ver cómo algn hace algo
this period witnessed important changes — liter este periodo fue testigo de cambios importantes
2) (=attest by signature) atestiguar la veracidad de3) (=consider as evidence) ver, mirar3.VI (=testify) dar testimonio, atestiguarto witness to sth — dar testimonio de or atestiguar algo
4.CPDwitness box (Brit), witness stand (US) N — tribuna f de los testigos, estrado m
witness statement N — declaración f de testigo
* * *
I ['wɪtnəs, 'wɪtnɪs]1) ca) ( Law) testigo mfwitness for the prosecution/defense — testigo de cargo/de la defensa or de descargo; (before n)
witness stand o (BrE) box — estrado m
b) ( to event)to be witness/a witness TO something — ser* testigo de algo
c) (to contract, signature) testigo mfto stand witness — atestiguar*, testificar*
2) u (testimony, evidence)to be witness TO something — ser* testimonio or prueba de algo, atestiguar* algo
to bear witness — ( in a court of law) atestiguar*, testificar*
to bear false witness — ( Bib) levantar falsos testimonios
II
a) (observe, see) \<\<change/event\>\> ser* testigo de; \<\<crime/accident\>\> presenciar, ser* testigo de, ver*this region is witnessing an unprecedented economic upturn — esta región está viviendo una reactivación económica sin precedentes
b) ( authenticate) ( Law) \<\<signature\>\> atestiguar*; \<\<will\>\> atestiguar* la firma de -
110 contract
̘. ̈n.ˈkɔntrækt
1. сущ.
1) юридический документ а) контракт, договор, соглашение (любого рода) Society is indeed a contract. ≈ Общество - это в самом деле своего рода соглашение. - yellow-dog contract - award contract - legal contract - valid contract - void contract - sweetheart contract - against the contract - under the contract abrogate contract cancel contract repudiate contract breach contract break contract violate contract carry out contract execute contract conclude contract sign contract draw up contract write contract negotiate contract ratify contract contract price contract law б) брачный договор (также в варианте marriage contract) ;
помолвка;
приданое Syn: betrothal ∙ Syn: covenant, compact, bargain, agreement, treaty
2) затея, "дело", предприятие, авантюра
3) ж.-д. квартальный проездной билет
4) карт. заказ( в играх типа преферанса: взять то или иное число взяток) ;
вист, преферанс, бридж (в зависимости от контекста)
5) сл. заказ на убийство put a contract on smb.
2. гл.
1) становиться связанным с кем-л. или чем-л. а) заключать договор, соглашение;
принимать на себя обязательство;
вступать в какие-л. юридические отношения (в частности, брачные) The city contracted for a new library with their firm. ≈ С их фирмой городские власти заключили контракт на новую библиотеку. The firm contracted to construct the bridge. ≈ Фирма заключила договор на постройку моста. The woman claims that she contracted a form of marriage with the prisoner, who already has a wife. ≈ Эта женщина заявляет, что заключила с арестованным нечто вроде брачного контракта, но у него уже есть жена. - contract out - contract in Syn: agree, engage б) заводить, завязать( дружбу, знакомство и т.п.;
может прямо не переводиться) He felt that he contracted his first college friendship. ≈ Он почувствовал, что нашел своего первого друга в колледже. в) приобретать( привычку) ;
мед. заразиться, заболеть We cannot help contracting good from such association. ≈ В таком обществе нельзя не стать лучше. Syn: incur, catch, acquire г) делать долги;
оказываться связанным обязательствами The loans contracted had amounted to 530,000,000 francs. ≈ Общая сумма заимствований составила 530 миллионов франков.
2) уменьшаться в размерах, объеме и т.п. а) сжимать(ся) ;
сокращать(ся) The rocks, contracting the road. ≈ Скалы, зажимающие между собой дорогу. He hopes shortly to contract his expense. ≈ Он надеется вскоре сократить свои расходы. contract expenses contract efforts contract muscles Syn: restrict, confine, б) хмурить, морщить The companion whose brow is never contracted by resentment or indignation. ≈ Человек, на чьем лбу никогда не видели морщин отвращения. в) линг. стягиваться, подвергаться контракции (см. contracted
5)) г) объединять в себе, стягивать Why love among the virtues is not known;
It is, that love contracts them all in one. ≈ Почему любовь не числится среди добродетелей? Потому, что она объединяет их все. The king contracted formidable forces near Sedan. ≈ Король собрал огромную мощь под Седаном. д) тех. давать усадку ∙ Syn: concentrate, narrow, limit, shorten, shrink, knit ∙ contract in contract out договор, соглашение, контракт;
- * of purchase /of sale/ договор купли-продажи - * of insurance договор страхования - * period долгосрочный договор - * under seal договор за печатью - to make to enter into/ a * with заключить договор с - to accept /to approve/ a * принять соглашение - to award a * (американизм) заключить подряд - to be engaged on a * to supply smth., to be under * for smth. подписать договор на поставку чего-л брачный контракт помолвка, обручение( разговорное) предприятие (особ. строительное) (американизм) (жаргон) договоренность( о совершении преступления, особ. убийства) ;
плата наемному убийце (карточное) объявление масти и количества взяток (карточное) (разговорное) бридж-контракт договорный;
обусловленный договором, соглашением, контрактом - * price договорная цена - * value стоимость товаров, купленных или проданных по договору - * law договорное право - * surgeon( военное) вольнонаемный врач заключать договор, соглашение, сделку, контракт;
принимать на себя обязательства - to * to build a house заключить договор на постройку дома - to * a marriage with smb. заключать брачный контракт с кем-л. заключать (союз и т. п.) - to * an alliance with a foreign country заключить союз с иностранным государством приобретать, получать - to * good habits приобретать хорошие привычки - to * debts делать долги подхватывать (болезнь) - to * a disease заболеть сокращенная форма слова, сокращенное слово сжимать, сокращать;
суживать;
стягивать - to * muscles сокращать мускулы - to * a word сократить слово сжиматься, сокращаться;
суживаться - the heart *s by the action of the muscles сердце сокращается благодаря работе мышц - the valley *s as one goes up it по мере подъема долина сужается хмурить;
морщить - to * one's forehead морщить лоб - to * one's eyebrows нахмурить брови (техническое) давать усадку - wool fibers * in hot water шерстяное волокно в горячей воде садится accessory ~ юр. акцессорный договор accessory ~ акцессорный договор adhesion ~ договор присоединения adhesion ~ контракт присоединения adhesion ~ согласительный контракт advertising ~ контракт на рекламу agency ~ агентский договор aleatory ~ юр. алеаторный договор aleatory ~ алеаторный (рисковый) договор aleatory ~ юр. рисковый договор ancillary ~ дополнительный контракт annuity ~ договор страхования ренты annul a ~ аннулировать контракт antenuptial ~ сем.право добрачный договор apprenticeship ~ договор об ученичестве (связывающий лицо, желающее приобрести профессиональные навыки, и лицо, предоставляющее такое обучение на предприятии) apprenticeship ~ контракт на обучение back ~ фьючерсный контракт с наибольшим сроком break a ~ разрывать контракт building ~ контракт на строительство building loan ~ контракт на получение ссуды на строительство call-off ~ рамочный контракт cancel a ~ расторгать контракт cargo ~ договор о перевозке груза collateral ~ дополнительный контракт collective bargaining ~ коллективный договор collective labour ~ коллективное трудовое соглашение commercial ~ торговый договор commission ~ комиссионный контракт commutative ~ юр. двусторонняя сделка commutative ~ юр. синаллагматическая сделка conclude a ~ заключать договор conditional sale ~ контракт об условной продаже consensual ~ консенсуальный договор, договор, основанный на устном соглашении сторон construction ~ строительный подряд consultant's ~ договор о консультировании continuing ~ действующий контракт continuous purchase ~ непрерывно действующий договор купли-продажи contract брачный договор;
помолвка, обручение ~ брачный контракт ~ вступать (в брак, в союз) ~ тех. давать усадку;
спекаться ~ делать (долги) ~ договор ~ единица торговли на срочных биржах ~ заводить (дружбу) ;
завязать (знакомство) ~ заключать договор, соглашение;
принимать на себя обязательство ~ заключать договор ~ заключать контракт, договор ~ заключать контракт ~ заключать сделку ~ заключать соглашение ~ контракт, договор;
соглашение ~ контракт, договор ~ контракт ~ определение на службу ~ подряд ~ разг. предприятие (особ. строительное) ~ принимать (обязанности) ~ принимать на себя обязательства ~ приобретать (привычку) ;
получать, подхватывать;
to contract a disease заболеть ~ сжимать(ся) ;
сокращать(ся) ;
to contract expenses сокращать расходы;
to contract efforts уменьшать усилия;
to contract muscles сокращать мышцы ~ снижаться ~ сокращать ~ сокращаться ~ лингв. стягивать ~ хмурить;
морщить;
to contract the brow (или the forehead) морщить лоб ~ приобретать (привычку) ;
получать, подхватывать;
to contract a disease заболеть ~ attr. договорный;
contract price договорная цена;
contract law юр. договорное право ~ сжимать(ся) ;
сокращать(ся) ;
to contract expenses сокращать расходы;
to contract efforts уменьшать усилия;
to contract muscles сокращать мышцы ~ сжимать(ся) ;
сокращать(ся) ;
to contract expenses сокращать расходы;
to contract efforts уменьшать усилия;
to contract muscles сокращать мышцы ~ for carriage of passengers контракт на перевозку пассажиров ~ in restraint of trade договор об ограничении конкуренции ~ in writing договор в письменном виде ~ attr. договорный;
contract price договорная цена;
contract law юр. договорное право law: contract ~ договорное право ~ сжимать(ся) ;
сокращать(ся) ;
to contract expenses сокращать расходы;
to contract efforts уменьшать усилия;
to contract muscles сокращать мышцы ~ of adhesion договор на основе типовых условий ~ of adhesion договор присоединения ~ of affreightment договор о морской перевозке ~ of apprenticeship договор на обучение ~ of carriage контракт на перевозку ~ of carriage контракт на транспортировку ~ of delivery контракт на поставку ~ of employment контракт о работе по найму ~ of employment трудовое соглашение ~ of guarantee договор о поручительстве ~ of hire договор о найме ~ of hire контракт о прокате ~ of limited duration договор с ограниченным сроком действия ~ of mutual insurance договор о взаимном страховании ~ of partnership договор о партнерстве ~ of purchase договор купли-продажи ~ of record договор, облеченный в публичный акт ~ of sale договор купли-продажи ~ of service договор о сроках и условиях работы служащего ~ of service контракт на обслуживание ~ of trade торговый договор ~ out of освобождаться от обязательств ~ attr. договорный;
contract price договорная цена;
contract law юр. договорное право price: contract ~ договорная цена contract ~ сумма подряда ~ хмурить;
морщить;
to contract the brow (или the forehead) морщить лоб ~ to deliver goods контракт на поставку товаров ~ to pay by instalments принимать на себя обязательство платить в рассрочку ~ to sell соглашение о продаже cost-plus-incentive-fee ~ контракт с оплатой издержек плюс поощрительное вознаграждение cost-sharing ~ контракт с разделением затрат covered forward ~ бирж. защищенная срочная сделка currency ~ валютный контракт currency stipulated by ~ валюта, оговоренная контрактом currency used in a ~ валюта, используемая согласно контракту deferred annuity ~ договор об отсроченной ренте delivery ~ договор на поставку delivery ~ контракт на поставку determine a ~ прекращать действие договора determine a ~ расторгнуть договор development ~ договор на разработку development ~ контракт на строительство employee working under ~ работник, работающий по контракту employment ~ контракт личного найма employment training ~ контракт на производственное обучение endowment ~ договор о материальном обеспечении enforceable ~ контракт, обеспеченный правовой санкцией enter into ~ заключать договор entering into a ~ заключение контракта estate ~ контракт на владение имуществом exclusive ~ эксклюзивный контракт executed ~ договор, исполняемый в момент заключения executory ~ контракт, подлежащий исполнению в будущем export ~ контракт на экспорт продукции fictitious ~ фиктивный контракт fiduciary ~ фидуциарный договор fixed forward ~ бирж. форвардный контракт с фиксированной ценой fixed price ~ контракт с фиксированной ценой fixed-term ~ срочный контракт;
контракт заключенный на определенный срок fixed-term: fixed-term contract контракт на определенный срок;
срочный договор formal ~ оформленный договор formal ~ формальный договор forward ~ бирж. срочный контракт forward ~ бирж. форвардный контракт forward cover ~ контракт на куплю-продажу ценных бумаг на срок freight ~ контракт на перевозку грузов full payout ~ договор о полной выплате futures ~ бирж. сделка на срок futures ~ бирж. срочный контракт futures ~ бирж. фьючерсный контракт gaming ~ договор пари general ~ генеральный контракт general service ~ договор на общее обслуживание government ~ правительственный контракт hire ~ договор о найме hire purchase ~ юр. контракт о продаже в рассрочку homeownership savings ~ банк. договор о хранении сбережений от домовладения illegal ~ противоправный договор immoral ~ договор, нарушающий нравственность import ~ контракт на импорт incidental ~ побочный контракт incompetent to ~ не имеющий права вступать в сделки index-linked ~ индексированный контракт individual trade ~ идивидуальный торговый договор insurance ~ договор страхования insurance ~ страховой контракт interest rate ~ договор о ставке процента investment ~ договор об инвестировании joint development ~ совместный контракт на научные исследования joint venture ~ контракт о совместном предприятии labour ~ трудовое соглашение labour ~ трудовой договор labour: ~ contract трудовой договор land ~ договор о землевладении lease ~ договор о найме lease ~ договор об аренде leasing ~ договор об аренде licence ~ лицензионный договор loan ~ договор о ссуде loan ~ контракт на получение кредита loan ~ кредитное соглашение long ~ долгосрочный контракт long ~ фьючерсный контракт long-term ~ долгосрочный контракт long-term ~ фьючерсный контракт luggage carriage ~ контракт на перевозку багажа lump sum ~ контракт с твердой ценой main ~ основной договор maintenance ~ вчт. контракт на обслуживание maintenance ~ контракт на техническое обслуживание marine insurance ~ договор морского страхования marriage ~ брачный контракт mining ~ контракт на разработку месторождений полезных ископаемых model ~ типовой договор nearby ~ бирж. фьючерсный контракт с истекающим сроком nonfull payout ~ контракт с неполной выплатой nonfull payout ~ контракт с частичной выплатой notifiable ~ контракт, подлежащий регистрации open ~ бирж. открытый контракт open ~ бирж. срочный контракт с неистекшим сроком open-end ~ контракт, допускающий внесение изменений open-end ~ контракт без оговоренного срока действия open-end ~ открытый контракт option ~ бирж. опционный контракт package job ~ контракт на проведение всего комплекса работ parol ~ договор не за печатью parol ~ простой договор pension ~ договор о пенсионном обеспечении perform a ~ выполнять договор piece-work ~ контракт на сдельную работу postnuptial ~ имущественный договор между супругами, заключенный после вступления в брак pre-emption ~ контракт о преимущественном праве покупки preliminary ~ предварительный договор previously concluded ~ ранее заключенный контракт prime ~ контракт на строительство "под ключ" prime ~ контракт с генеральным подрядчиком prime ~ контракт с головным подрядчиком prime ~ основной контракт procurement ~ контракт на поставку (оборудования и т.п.) provisional ~ предварительный договор publisher's ~ контракт с издателем publishing ~ издательский контракт ratify a ~ ратифицировать договор ratify a ~ утверждать договор real ~ реальный договор reciprocal ~ двусторонний договор reciprocal ~ двусторонняя сделка reinsurance ~ договор о перестраховании renew a ~ возобновлять контракт renew a ~ продлевать договор rental ~ договор о сдаче в наем rental ~ договор об аренде repudiate a ~ расторгать договор rescind a ~ аннулировать контракт running ~ действующий договор sale ~ договор продажи sales ~ договор купли-продажи sales ~ контракт на продажу seasonal employment ~ контракт на временную работу по найму secured ~ гарантированный контракт service ~ договор на обслуживание sham ~ фиктивный контракт share index ~ договор о фондовом индексе shared cost ~ контракт с распределенными затратами simple ~ договор, не скрепленный печатью simple ~ неформальный договор simple ~ простой договор social ~ общественный договор solidarity ~ контракт (договор) солидарности specialty ~ договор за печатью spot ~ кассовая сделка spot ~ контракт за наличный расчет standard building ~ типовая форма строительного контракта standard ~ типовой контракт standing ~ постоянно действующий контракт subsidiary ~ дополнительный контракт subtenancy ~ договор субаренды supply ~ контракт на поставку surplus reinsurance ~ договор эксцедентного перестрахования synallagmatic ~ двусторонняя сделка synallagmatic ~ синаллагматическая сделка syndicated ~ соглашение между участниками синдиката tentative ~ предварительный договор terminate a ~ прекращать действие контракта terminate a ~ расторгать контракт training-employment ~ договор о профподготовке на работе transportation ~ договор о перевозках turnkey ~ контракт на строительство "под ключ" turnkey ~ контракт с головным подрядчиком uncovered option ~ бирж. непокрытый опционный контракт unenforceable ~ контракт, претензии по которому не могут быть заявлены в суде unilateral ~ односторонний контракт unperformed ~ невыполненный контракт unsecured forward ~ бирж. необеспеченный форвардный контракт violate a ~ нарушать договор violate a ~ нарушать контракт void ~ недействительный договор voidable ~ контракт, который может быть аннулирован в силу определенных причин wagering ~ договор-пари work ~ договор на выполнение работ work ~ подряд work-training ~ договор о профессиональном обучении work-training ~ договор об обучении на рабочем месте works ~ подрядный договор yellow-dog ~ амер. обязательство рабочего о невступлении в профсоюзБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > contract
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111 party
1 noun∎ to have or to throw a party for sb organiser une fête en l'honneur de qn;∎ I'm having a little cocktail party on Friday je fais un petit cocktail vendredi;∎ he's caught the party spirit il s'est abandonné aux joies de la fête;∎ he's a real party person il adore faire la fête;∎ New Year's Eve party réveillon m de fin d'année∎ the Conservative/Democratic Party le parti conservateur/démocrate;∎ he joined the Socialist Party in 1936 il est entré au parti socialiste en 1936(c) (group → of tourists, climbers) groupe m; (→ of miners, workers etc) brigade f, équipe f, groupe; Military détachement m;∎ will you join our party? voulez-vous être des nôtres?;∎ we're a small party nous sommes peu nombreux;∎ I was one of the party j'étais de la partie;∎ a tour party un groupe de touristes;∎ the funeral party le cortège funèbre;∎ the rescue party l'équipe f de secours;∎ the wedding party les invités mpl (à un mariage);∎ to make dinner reservations for a party of six réserver une table pour six personnes;∎ a reservation for the Miller party une réservation au nom de Miller∎ to be a party to (conversation) prendre part à; (crime) être complice de; (conspiracy, enterprise) être mêlé à, tremper dans;∎ also figurative the guilty party le (la) coupable;∎ figurative this broken wire is the guilty party c'est à cause de ce fil coupé;∎ the injured party la partie lésée;∎ Law the contracting parties les parties fpl contractantes;∎ Law (the) interested parties les intéressés mpl;∎ I would never be (a) party to such a thing je ne me ferais jamais complice d'une chose pareille, je ne m'associerais jamais à une chose pareille(a) (atmosphere, clothes) de fêtefamiliar faire la fête□ ;∎ let's party! faisons la fête!;∎ we partied all night nous avons fait la fête toute la nuit;∎ she's a great one for partying elle adore faire la fête►► familiar party animal fêtard(e) m,f;∎ she's a real party animal elle adore faire la fête, c'est une sacrée fêtarde;Politics Party Conference Congrès m du parti;party dress robe f habillée;party games = jeux auxquels on joue dans les soirées ou les fêtes;party invitations invitations fpl;party line Telecommunications ligne f commune (à plusieurs abonnés); Politics ligne f du parti;∎ to toe or follow the party line suivre la ligne du parti;Politics party machine machine f du parti;Politics party man homme m de parti;Politics party member membre m du parti;∎ ironic that's his party piece c'est son numéro habituel;Politics party politics politique f de parti; pejorative politique f politicienne;familiar party pooper rabat-joie m inv;party snacks amuse-gueule(s) mpl;party wall mur m mitoyen -
112 within
wi'ðin
1. preposition(inside (the limits of): She'll be here within an hour; I could hear sounds from within the building; His actions were within the law (= not illegal).) dentro de
2. adverb(inside: Car for sale. Apply within.) dentro, en el interiorwithin prep1. dentro de2. a menos de3. antes de4. al alcance detr[wɪ'ðɪn]1 formal use (inside) dentro de2 (inside range or limits of) al alcance dewithin hearing/earshot al alcance del oídowithin their one's means/income dentro de sus posibilidades/de acuerdo a sus ingresos3 (less than - distance) a menos dehe got within 3 kilometres of the finishing line le faltaban sólo tres kilómetros para llegar a la meta4 (less than - time) dentro de1 formal use dentro, en el interior\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL'Apply within' "Razón aquí"'Enquire within' "Razón aquí"within inches of something a un paso de algowithin [wɪð'ɪn, wɪɵ-] adv: dentrowithin prep1) : dentro dewithin the limits: dentro de los límiteswithin 10 miles of the ocean: a menos de 10 millas del marwithin an hour: dentro de una horawithin a month of her birthday: a poco menos de un mes de su cumpleañosadv.• adentro adv.• dentro adv.• dentro de adv.prep.• al alcance de prep.• dentro de prep.• poco menos de prep.
I wɪð'ɪn1)a) ( inside) dentro defrom within the house — desde dentro de or desde el interior de la casa
b) ( inside limits of)2) ( indicating nearness) a3) ( in less than)they'll be here within the hour o within an hour — estarán aquí en menos de una hora
the paint dries within minutes of being applied — la pintura se seca a los pocos minutos de ser aplicada
II
adverb (arch or liter) dentro[wɪð'ɪn]1.PREP dentro de•
to be within the law — no rebasar los límites de la ley, atenerse a la legalidad•
a voice within me said... — una voz interior me dijo...•
the village is within a mile of the river — el pueblo dista poco menos de una milla del pueblo•
within a radius of ten kilometres — en un radio de diez kilómetros- be within an inch of2.ADV dentrocar for sale - apply within — se vende coche - razón dentro or (LAm) infórmese adentro
•
from within — desde dentro, desde el interior* * *
I [wɪð'ɪn]1)a) ( inside) dentro defrom within the house — desde dentro de or desde el interior de la casa
b) ( inside limits of)2) ( indicating nearness) a3) ( in less than)they'll be here within the hour o within an hour — estarán aquí en menos de una hora
the paint dries within minutes of being applied — la pintura se seca a los pocos minutos de ser aplicada
II
adverb (arch or liter) dentro -
113 despacho
m.1 office (oficina).2 set of office furniture (muebles).3 dispatch.4 sale (venta).despacho de billetes/localidades ticket/box office5 shipment, dispatch, remission, sending.6 promptness, dispatch.7 remittance.8 written order, order in writing, written court order.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: despachar.* * *1 (envío) sending, dispatch3 (venta) sale, selling4 (lugar de venta) office5 (comunicación) message, dispatch\despacho de billetes/localidades ticket/box officedespacho de vino wine merchant's* * *noun m.1) office2) dispatch* * *SM1) (=oficina)a) [de abogado, arquitecto] office; [en una casa] studyb) (=muebles) office furniture2) (=tienda) shop; Chile grocer's shopdespacho de billetes, despacho de boletos — LAm booking office
despacho de pan — bread shop, bakery
3) (=mensaje) (Periodismo) report; (Mil) dispatch; (Pol) communiquédespacho de oficial — (Mil) commission
despacho telegráfico — telegram, wire (EEUU)
4) (=venta) saletener buen despacho — to find a ready sale, be in good demand
5) (=envío) dispatch, sending (out)despacho aduanal, despacho de aduanas — customs clearance
6) (Pol) meeting, consultation7) (=cualidad)tener buen despacho — to be very efficient, be on top of one's job
* * *1)b) ( mobiliario) office furniture2) ( envío) dispatch, despatch3) (Com)a) ( atención)b) ( venta) salec) ( tienda) shopdespacho de lotería — lottery agency/kiosk
4) ( comunicado) communiqué; (Mil) dispatch; (Period) report* * *= office, dispensation.Ex. The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.Ex. The article is entitled 'THERIAQUE: quality information on drugs, essential for their optimal use, prescription and dispensation' = El artículo se titula "THERIAQUE: información de calidad sobre los fármacos, esencial para su uso, prescripción y venta óptimos'.----* despacho de abogados = law centre, law office.* despacho de profesor = faculty office.* investigación de despacho = desk research.* mesa de despacho = writing desk, desk, work desk.* página videocámara de despacho = office cam.* * *1)b) ( mobiliario) office furniture2) ( envío) dispatch, despatch3) (Com)a) ( atención)b) ( venta) salec) ( tienda) shopdespacho de lotería — lottery agency/kiosk
4) ( comunicado) communiqué; (Mil) dispatch; (Period) report* * *= office, dispensation.Ex: The principal sprang up from her chair and began to perambulate with swift, precise movements about her spacious office.
Ex: The article is entitled 'THERIAQUE: quality information on drugs, essential for their optimal use, prescription and dispensation' = El artículo se titula "THERIAQUE: información de calidad sobre los fármacos, esencial para su uso, prescripción y venta óptimos'.* despacho de abogados = law centre, law office.* despacho de profesor = faculty office.* investigación de despacho = desk research.* mesa de despacho = writing desk, desk, work desk.* página videocámara de despacho = office cam.* * *despacho de lotería y apuestas del estado (↑ despacho a1)A2 (mobiliario) office furnitureB (envío) dispatch, despatchse encarga del despacho de las cartas he is responsible for dispatching o sending the mailC ( Com)1(atención): modificaciones que permiten el rápido despacho de pasajeros improvements allowing passengers to be dealt with more quickly2 (venta) sale3 (tienda) shopdespacho de pan baker's shop ( selling bread made off the premises)despacho de lotería lottery agency/kioskel despacho de localidades abre a las diez the box office o ticket office opens at ten o'clockCompuesto:customs clearance* * *
Del verbo despachar: ( conjugate despachar)
despacho es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
despachó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
despachar
despacho
despachar ( conjugate despachar) verbo transitivo
1
‹ correspondencia› to deal with, attend to
‹ mercancías› ( por barco) to ship;
(por avión, tren) to send, dispatch
2 (Com) ( en tienda) to serve, deal with
verbo intransitivo (Com) [ dependiente] to serve
despacho sustantivo masculino
1
( estudio) study
2 ( envío) dispatch, despatch
3 ( comunicado) communiqué;
(Mil) dispatch;
(Period) report
despachar verbo transitivo
1 (atender en una tienda) to serve, wait on, help (customers)
2 (un asunto) to get through, deal with
3 (leer el correo) to send, dispatch
4 fam (a un empleado) to send packing, to sack
despacho sustantivo masculino
1 (oficina) office
(en casa) study
2 (lugar de venta) despacho de pan, baker's (shop)
3 (comunicado oficial) dispatch
' despacho' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abajo
- apoltronarse
- auditoría
- bufete
- consulta
- decisión
- desorganizada
- desorganizado
- escribanía
- escritorio
- notaría
- recibir
- gabinete
- oficina
English:
cramped
- face
- into
- March
- meeting
- off-licence
- office
- outrank
- oval
- study
- bundle
- clearance
- dispatch
- squash
- telegraph
* * *despacho nm1. [oficina] [fuera de casa] office;[en casa] study;muebles y material de despacho office furniture and stationery;2. [muebles] set of office furnituredespacho de localidades box office;despacho de lotería lottery kiosk;despacho de pan bakery, baker's (shop)despacho de aduana(s) customs clearance5. [venta] sale;los lunes no hay despacho de localidades the box office is not open on Mondays6. [envío] dispatch, sending7. [comunicado] [oficial] dispatch;[de prensa] communiqué;un despacho de (una) agencia a news agency report8. Am Formal [en carta]su despacho = formulaic phrase which appears immediately below name of addressee at head of formal letter* * *m1 office* * *despacho nm1) : dispatch, shipment2) oficina: office, study* * *despacho n1. (oficina) office -
114 treaty
-
115 pardon
1. verb1) (to forgive: Pardon my asking, but can you help me?) perdonar, disculpar2) (to free (from prison, punishment etc): The king pardoned the prisoners.) indultar
2. noun1) (forgiveness: He prayed for pardon for his wickedness.) perdón2) (a (document) freeing from prison or punishment: He was granted a pardon.) indulto
3. interjection(used to indicate that one has not heard properly what was said: Pardon? Could you repeat that last sentence?) ¡perdón!, ¿cómo?- I beg your pardon
- pardon me
pardon1 n ¿qué? / ¿cómo?pardon? I didn't hear you ¿cómo? No te he oídopardon2 vb perdonarpardon me, is this the way to the station? perdone, ¿por aquí se va a la estación?tr['pɑːdən]1 (forgiveness) perdón nombre masculino2 SMALLLAW/SMALL indulto1 (forgive) perdonar2 SMALLLAW/SMALL indultar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLif you'll pardon the expression con perdónI beg your pardon! formal use ¡perdone!I beg your pardon? formal use ¿cómo dice?pardon? (for repetition) ¿cómo dice?, ¿cómo?pardon me! (sorry) ¡perdón!, ¡perdone!, ¡Vd. perdone!to ask somebody's pardon pedirle perdón a alguiento pardon somebody something perdonarle algo a alguienpardon ['pɑrdən] vt1) forgive: perdonar, disculparpardon me!: ¡perdone!, ¡disculpe la molestia!2) reprieve: indultar (a un delincuente)pardon n1) forgiveness: perdón m2) reprieve: indulto mn.• cómo s.m.• gracia s.f.• indulto s.m.• perdón s.m.• venia s.f.v.• amnistiar v.• condonar v.• disculpar v.• dispensar v.• indultar v.• perdonar v.• remitir v.
I 'pɑːrdṇ, 'pɑːdṇ1)a) u ( forgiveness) perdón mto ask somebody's pardon — pedirle* perdón a alguien
b) (as interj)pardon? o (frml) I beg your pardon? ( requesting repetition) — ¿cómo?, ¿cómo dice? (frml), ¿mande? (Méx)
I beg your pardon — ( apologizing) perdón, perdone (usted), disculpe; ( expressing disagreement) perdone, con perdón
that's a lie - I beg your pardon? — (expressing annoyance, shock) eso es mentira - ¿qué has dicho?
2) c ( Law) indulto m
II
1) ( forgive) perdonarpardon me! — ( apologizing) perdón!, ay, disculpe!
pardon me? — ( requesting repetition) (esp AmE) ¿cómo?, ¿cómo dice? (frml)
2) ( Law) \<\<offender\>\> indultar['pɑːdn]1. N1) perdón mI do beg your pardon! — ¡perdone usted!, ¡disculpe! (esp LAm)
I beg your pardon, but could you...? — perdone or (esp LAm) disculpe la molestia, pero ¿podría usted...?
(I beg your) pardon? — (=what?) ¿perdón?, ¿cómo?, ¿mande? (Mex)
2) (Jur) indulto mfree pardon — indulto m absoluto
2. VT1) (=forgive) perdonar, disculpar (esp LAm)pardon me, but could you...? — perdone or (esp LAm) disculpe la molestia, pero ¿podría usted...?
pardon me! — ¡perdone!, ¡ay, perdone!
pardon me? — (US) ¿perdón?, ¿cómo?, ¿mande? (Mex)
pardon my mentioning it — siento tener que decirlo, perdone que se lo diga
2) (Jur) indultar* * *
I ['pɑːrdṇ, 'pɑːdṇ]1)a) u ( forgiveness) perdón mto ask somebody's pardon — pedirle* perdón a alguien
b) (as interj)pardon? o (frml) I beg your pardon? ( requesting repetition) — ¿cómo?, ¿cómo dice? (frml), ¿mande? (Méx)
I beg your pardon — ( apologizing) perdón, perdone (usted), disculpe; ( expressing disagreement) perdone, con perdón
that's a lie - I beg your pardon? — (expressing annoyance, shock) eso es mentira - ¿qué has dicho?
2) c ( Law) indulto m
II
1) ( forgive) perdonarpardon me! — ( apologizing) perdón!, ay, disculpe!
pardon me? — ( requesting repetition) (esp AmE) ¿cómo?, ¿cómo dice? (frml)
2) ( Law) \<\<offender\>\> indultar -
116 conveyance
noun1) (transportation) Beförderung, die* * *1) (the act of conveying: the conveyance of goods.) die Beförderung2) (a vehicle of any kind: A bus is a public conveyance.) das Transportmittel* * *con·vey·ance[kənˈveɪən(t)s]npublic \conveyance öffentliches Verkehrsmittelfraudulent \conveyance Vollstreckungsvereitelung f durch Eigentumsübertragung* * *[kən'veIəns]n* * *conveyance [kənˈveıəns] sconveyance by rail Eisenbahntransport;2. Transport-, Verkehrsmittel n, Fahrzeug n3. Überbringung f, -sendung f4. fig Vermittlung f, Mitteilung f (von Ideen etc)5. JURa) Übertragung f, Abtretung f, Auflassung f6. ELEK Leitung f:open-air conveyance Freileitung7. PHYS Übertragung f, Fortpflanzung f (von Schall)8. TECHa) Zuführung f, Förderung fb) → academic.ru/15877/conveyer">conveyer 3* * *noun1) (transportation) Beförderung, die* * *n.Auflassung (Gesetz) f.Spedition f.Transport m. -
117 protocolo
m.1 etiquette (ceremonial).2 documents handled by a solicitor (law).3 protocol (computing).protocolo de comunicación communications protocol4 rule, rubric.5 notes jotted down in a lecture.6 formal registry, formal registry of a notary public.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: protocolar.* * *1 (gen) protocol2 figurado (formalismo) etiquette, formality\de protocolo (visita) formal* * *SM1) (Pol, Inform) protocol2) (=reglas ceremoniales) protocol, convention3) (=formalismo)sin protocolos — informal(ly), without formalities
4) (Med) medical record* * *1)a) ( etiqueta) protocolobservar el protocolo — to observe protocol o convention
b) ( solemnidad)me tratan con mucho protocolo — they treat me very formally o politely
2)a) ( de acuerdo) protocolb) (Der) registry3) (Inf) protocol* * *= protocol, protocol, etiquette.Ex. Enter a separately published protocol, amendment, extension, or other agreement ancillary to a treaty, etc., under the heading for the basic agreement.Ex. A protocol is simply a set of conventions that determines how data will be exchanged between different programs.Ex. The rapid and sustained growth of the Internet has lent a new importance to the development of such network etiquettes (or 'netiquettes').----* conjunto integrado de protocolos = a suite of + protocols.* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.* protocolo de comunicaciones = communication(s) protocol.* protocolo de investigación = research protocol.* protocolo de Kyoto, el = Kyoto protocol, the.* protocolo ILL = ILL protocol.* protocolo SR = SR protocol.* * *1)a) ( etiqueta) protocolobservar el protocolo — to observe protocol o convention
b) ( solemnidad)me tratan con mucho protocolo — they treat me very formally o politely
2)a) ( de acuerdo) protocolb) (Der) registry3) (Inf) protocol* * *= protocol, protocol, etiquette.Ex: Enter a separately published protocol, amendment, extension, or other agreement ancillary to a treaty, etc., under the heading for the basic agreement.
Ex: A protocol is simply a set of conventions that determines how data will be exchanged between different programs.Ex: The rapid and sustained growth of the Internet has lent a new importance to the development of such network etiquettes (or 'netiquettes').* conjunto integrado de protocolos = a suite of + protocols.* con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.* protocolo de comunicaciones = communication(s) protocol.* protocolo de investigación = research protocol.* protocolo de Kyoto, el = Kyoto protocol, the.* protocolo ILL = ILL protocol.* protocolo SR = SR protocol.* * *A1 (ceremonial) protocolobservar el protocolo to observe protocol o conventionvestimenta de protocolo formal dressjefe de protocolo head of protocol2(solemnidad): me tratan con mucho protocolo they treat me very formally o politelyB1 (de un acuerdo) protocol2 ( Der) registryC ( Inf) protocolCompuestos:file transfer protocolhypertext transfer protocol* * *
protocolo sustantivo masculino
b) (Inf) protocol
protocolo sustantivo masculino
1 protocol, convention, formality
2 Der registry
' protocolo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
etiqueta
- formalidad
- gravedad
- informal
- FTP
English:
etiquette
- http
- protocol
* * *protocolo nm1. [ceremonial] protocol;como exige el protocolo as required by protocol;seguir el protocolo to follow protocol2. Der = documents handled by a lawyer3. Informát protocolprotocolo de comunicación communications protocol;protocolo de Internet Internet protocol4. [acta] protocolel Protocolo de Kioto the Kyoto agreement* * *m protocol* * *protocolo nm: protocol -
118 формальный
прил.1) ( законный) formalформа́льный отка́з от прав — renuncia formal a sus derechos
2) (об отношении и т.п.) formalista, formulista; burocráticoформа́льный нача́льник — un jefe nominal
форма́льное раска́яние — arrepentimiento de apariencia
форма́льное отноше́ние к чему́-либо — actitud formalista (burocrática) hacia algo
••форма́льная ло́гика — lógica formal
* * *прил.1) ( законный) formalформа́льный отка́з от прав — renuncia formal a sus derechos
2) (об отношении и т.п.) formalista, formulista; burocráticoформа́льный нача́льник — un jefe nominal
форма́льное раска́яние — arrepentimiento de apariencia
форма́льное отноше́ние к чему́-либо — actitud formalista (burocrática) hacia algo
••форма́льная ло́гика — lógica formal
* * *adj1) gener. (îá îáñîøåñèè è á. ï.) formalista, burocrático, formulista, formal2) law. oficioso, solemne, técnico3) econ. protocolario -
119 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
120 effect
effect [ɪ'fekt]1 noun∎ to have an effect on avoir ou produire un effet sur;∎ to have no effect ne produire aucun effet;∎ familiar feeling the effects, are you? (of over-indulgence) alors, on se ressent de ses excès?;∎ the effect of the law will be to… la loi aura pour effet de…;∎ the effect of all this is that… tout cela a pour résultat que…;∎ British with effect from 1 January à partir ou à compter du 1erer janvier;∎ with immediate effect à compter d'aujourd'hui;∎ to no or little effect en vain;∎ to use or to put sth to good effect (technique, talent) utiliser qch avec succès; (money, inheritance) faire bon usage de qch;∎ to such good effect that… tellement bien que…;∎ to come into or to take effect (law) entrer en vigueur;∎ to take effect (drug) (commencer à) faire effet∎ to this or that effect dans ce sens;∎ letters to the same effect des lettres allant dans le même sens;∎ a rumour to the effect that... une rumeur selon laquelle...;∎ a telegram/an announcement to the effect that... un télégramme/une annonce disant que...;∎ or words to that effect ou quelque chose dans le genre(c) (impression) effet m;∎ the combination of colours creates a pleasing effect le mélange des couleurs laisse une impression agréable;∎ (just) for effect (juste) pour faire de l'effet∎ moonlight effect effet m de lune;∎ clever use of lighting created the effect of a thunderstorm une utilisation adroite de la lumière donnait l'impression qu'il y avait un orage;∎ stage effects jeux mpl scéniques;∎ Cinema & Television (special) effects trucage m, effets mpl spéciaux;∎ sound effects bruitage m;∎ Television effects microphone microphone m d'ambianceformal (reform, repair) effectuer; (sale, purchase) réaliser, effectuer; (improvement) apporter; (cure, rescue, reconciliation) mener à bien;∎ to effect one's escape s'échapper;∎ to effect an entry entrer de force;∎ to effect a cure for sth apporter un remède à qch;∎ to effect a solution to sth apporter une solution à qch;∎ Military to effect a retreat battre en retraite;∎ to effect a payment effectuer un paiement;∎ to effect a saving in or of sth faire ou réaliser une économie de qch∎ formal household effects articles mpl ménagers;∎ personal effects effets mpl personnels(law, system) en vigueur2 adverb(in fact) en fait, en réalité;∎ that is, in effect, a refusal c'est de fait un refus
См. также в других словарях:
formal — for·mal adj 1: relating to or involving outward form, structure, or arrangement rather than content a formal defect in the pleadings 2: requiring special or established solemnities or formalities esp. in order to be effective or valid under the… … Law dictionary
formal rulemaking — n: rulemaking by a government agency that is on the record after an opportunity for an agency hearing in accordance with the formal procedures set forth in sections 556 and 557 of the Administrative Procedure Act compare informal rulemaking ◇… … Law dictionary
formal contract — see contract Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. formal contract … Law dictionary
formal party — A person who has no interest in the dispute between the immediate litigants but has an interest in the subject matter that can be expeditiously settled in the current proceedings and thereby prevent additional litigation. Dictionary from West s… … Law dictionary
formal examination by a court of law — index trial (legal proceeding) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal expression — index resolution (formal statement) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal petition — index bill (formal declaration) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal accusal — index arraignment Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal accusation — index indictment, information (charge) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal allegation — index complaint Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
formal assertion — index declaration, pleading Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary