death

θνητός

liable to death: fem gen pl

θνητός

liable to death: masc /neut gen pl

θνητός

liable to death: masc /fem /neut gen pl

θνητός

liable to death: fem gen pl

θνητός

liable to death: masc /neut gen pl

θνητός

liable to death: masc /fem /neut gen pl

κῆρα, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem acc sg

κῆρε, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem nom /voc /acc dual

κῆρε, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem acc dual

κῆραι, κήρα

cera: fem nom /voc pl

κῆρι, κῆρ

heart: neut dat sg

κῆρα, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem acc sg

κῆρε, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem nom /voc /acc dual

κῆρε, κήρ

the goddess of death: fem acc dual

κῆραι, κήρα

cera: fem nom /voc pl

κῆρι, κῆρ

heart: neut dat sg

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (attic epic doric ionic)

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres subj act 3rd pl (attic epic ionic)

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres ind act 3rd pl (attic epic doric ionic)

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres part act masc /neut dat pl (attic epic doric ionic)

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres subj act 3rd pl (attic epic ionic)

ὀλεθριάω

to be on the point of death: pres ind act 3rd pl (attic epic doric ionic)

to reproach, to revile [τινα] Jgs 8,15; id. [abs.] Ps 73(74),10; to reproach justifi-ably [τινα] Prv 25,8; to reproach sb for sth [τινί τι] Wis 2,12; to taunt, to provoke [τινα] (of the enemy challenging Israel) Zph 2,8

ὀνειδίζουσαν φωνήν a reproachful speech 2 Mc 7,24; λαὸς ὠνείδισεν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ εἰς θάνατον the people reproached their soul to death, they scorned their soul to death, they scorned death Jgs 5,18

*Is 43,12 ὠνείδισα I have reproached corr.? ἐνώτισα or ὠνόμασα for MT מעתישׁה I proclaimed; *Sir 43,17 ὠνείδισεν γῆν reproached the earth corr.? ὠδίνησεν γῆ the earth suffered birth pangs for *Sir^Hebr. ארצו יחיל; *Prv 20,4 ὀνειδιζόμενος re-proaching-מחרף (ptc. חרף) for MT חרף/מ in winter times

Cf. HELBING 1928, 21; KATZ 1956 271(Sir 43,17); SPICQ 1978a, 623-625; WALTERS 1973 128(Sir

43,17); YADIN 1965 32(Sir 43,17); →NIDNTT; TWNT

θᾰνᾰτήφορ-ος, ον,

A death-bringing,

αἶσα A.Ch. 369

(lyr.); περίοδος θ. cycle of mortality, Pl.R. 617d; of hurts or accidents, Hp.Art.48; of a surgical operation, Antyll. ap. Orib.45.17.6; ῥίζα ἐν Αἰθιοπία, of arrow-poison, Acokanthera Schimperi, Thphr.HP9.15.2;

ὀδύναι Arist.PA 672a36

; γένεθλα.. θ. κεῖται causing death by contagion, S.OT 181 (lyr.); πᾶσαι μεταβολαὶ πολιτειῶν θ. X.HG2.3.32;

ἁμαρτία LXXNu.18.22

; δίκαι capital trials, Not.Arch.4.19 (Cyrene, Aug.);

ἐπιστολή Hdn.4.12.8

;

περιστάσεις Vett.Val.225.7

. Adv.

-ρως, νοσεῖν Phld.Rh.2.148S.

: neut. sg. as Adv.,

ἐπλήγη οὐχὶ -φόρον Aen.Tact.27.9

; but - φόρον ᾄδειν to sing a death song, AP11.186 (Nicarch.).

Κήρ, ἡ, [dialect] Aeol. [full] Κᾶρ Alc. (v. infr.), gen. Κηρός, acc. Κῆρα; [dialect] Dor.pl. [full] Κᾶρες Hipparch. ap. Stob.4.34.8 (

A v.l. Κῆρες), but sg. κήρ Trag.in lyr. (v. infr.):— the goddess of death or doom,

Κὴρ.. Θανάτοιο Od.11.171

, etc.;

Κῆρες.. Θανάτοιο Il.2.834

, etc.; ἐν δ' Ἔρις ἐν δὲ Κυδοιμὸς ὁμίλεον ἐν δ' ὀλοὴ K.Il.18.535; ἐμὲ μὲν K.

ἀμφέχανε στυγερή, ἥ περ λάχε γιγνόμενόν περ 23.79

; διχθάδιαι Κῆρες, of Achilles, 9.411;

Κῆρες μυρίαι 12.326

; Κῆρες Ἀχαιῶν, Τρώων, 8.73, 74; K.

νηλεόποινοι Hes.Th. 217

; K.

Ἐρινύες A.Th. 1060

(anap.); K.

ἀναπλάκητοι S.OT 472

(lyr.), cf.Tr. 133 (lyr.), Pi.Fr. 277, E.El. 1252, HF 870 (troch.); ἁρπαξάνδρα K., of the Sphinx, A.Th. 777 (lyr.): prov., θύραζε Κῆρες (v.l. Κᾶρες) , οὐκ ἔνι (v.l. ἔτ') Ἀνθεστήρια, of those who want the same always, Zen. 4.33, Suid. s.v. θύραζε.

II as Appellat., doom, death, esp. when violent, rarely without personal sense in Hom., τὸ δέ τοι κὴρ εἴδεται εἶναι that seems to thee to be death, Il.1.228;

κῆρ' ἀλεείνων 3.32

, al.;

φόνον καὶ κ. φέροντες 2.352

, al.: freq. later,

ὐπὰ κᾶρι.. διννάεντ' Ἀχέροντ' ἐπέραισε Alc.Supp.7.7

;

μέλαιναν κῆρ' ἐπ' ὄμμασιν βαλών E.Ph. 950

.

2 νοσῶν παλαιᾷ κηρί plague, disease, S.Ph.42, cf. 1166 (lyr.): in a general sense, βαρεῖα μὲν κ. τὸ μὴ πιθέσθαι grievous ruin it were not to obey, A.Ag. 206 (lyr.); ἐλευθέρῳ ψευδεῖ καλεῖσθαι κ. πρόσεστιν οὐ καλή an unseemly disgrace, S.Tr. 454.

3 pl.sts. in Prose, blemishes, defects, [

τοῖς καλοῖς] κ. ἐπιπεφύκασιν Pl.Lg. 937d

; [

τόποι] ἰδίας ἔχουσι κῆρας Thphr.CP5.10.4

;

κ. σύμφυτοι D.H.2.3

, cf. 8.61;

ἁμαρτίαι καὶ κ. Plu.Cim.2

;

σῶμα ἀκήρατον τῶν ἐκτὸς κ. Ti.Locr. 95b

, cf. Ph.1.368, al.: rarely sg.,

συνήθειαν ὥσπερ τινὰ κ. Plu.Ant.2

, cf.Ph.1.440. (Perh. cogn. with κεραΐζω.)

μοῖρα, ας ([dialect] Ion. μοῖρα, acc. μοῖραν, gen. ης), ([etym.] μείρομαι)

A part, opp. whole, τριτάτη μ. [νυκτός] Il.10.253; [

ἐσθλῶν] τριτάτην.. μ. Od.4.97

;

μενέτω τριτάτῃ ἐνὶ μ. Il.15.195

.

2 portion of land, of a country, etc.,

χώρης ὀλίγην ἔτι μοῖραν ἔχοντες 16.68

;

μ. πατρῴας γῆς διαιρετόν S.Tr. 163

;

ἡ Περσέων μ. Hdt.1.75

; [ἐς] δυώδεκα μοίρας δασάμενοι

Αἴγυπτον Id.2.147

;

Πελοποννήσουτῶν πέντε τὰς δύο μοίρας Th.1.10

.

3 division of a people, Hdt.1.146; of an army, Hdn.6.6.3; in codd. of X., freq.f.l. for μόρα.

4 political party,

τὸν δῆμον πρὸς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ μ. προσεθήκατο Hdt.5.69

;

τριῶν δὲ μ. ἡ 'ν μέσῳ σῴζει πόλεις E.Supp. 244

.

5 degree, in the astron. and geog. sense, Hipparch.1.7.11, Gem.1.6, Cleom.2.5, etc.: division of the zodiac, Arat.716, cf. 560 (pl.), Procl.Hyp.3.52.

II lot, portion or share which falls to one, esp. in the distribution of booty,

ἴση μ. Il.9.318

;

μ. καὶ γέρας ἐσθλὸν ἔχων Od.11.534

; of a meal,

μοίρας ἔνεμον 8.470

, cf. 14.448, etc.;

μ. ἔχειν γαίης Hes.Th. 413

;

σπλάγχνων μ. Ar. Pax 1105

(hex.); τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς μοῖραν λαγχάνειν one's inheritance, patrimony, Lexap.D.43.51, cf. AP11.382.22 (Agath.).

2 generally, part, lot, οὐδ' αἰδοῦς μ. ἔχουσιν have no part in shame, Od.20.171;

εὐθυμίης μείζω μ. μεθέξει Democr.258

, cf. 263;

ἐν παντὶ παντὸς μ. ἔνεστι Anaxag.11

, cf. 6;

μ. ἔχειν ἀχέων A.Th. 945

(lyr.);

μ. Ἀφροδίτας Id.Supp. 1041

(lyr.); ἔχουσι μ. οὐκ εὐπέμπελον an office, Id.Eu. 476; τέσσαρας μ. ἔχον ἐμοί filling the place of four relations to me, Id.Ch. 238;

μ. ἡδονῆς πορεῖν Id.Pr. 631

; κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἑκάστου μ., pro virili parte, Lycurg.64;

οὐκ ἐλαχίστην συμβάλλεσθαι μ. πρός τι Plu.2.9f

, cf. Arist.Ath.19.

III one's portion in life, lot, destiny,

ἐπὶ γάρ τοι ἑκάστῳ μοῖραν ἔθηκαν ἀθάνατοι Od.19.592

, etc.;

μ. βροτῶν A.Eu. 105

; mostly of ill fortune, but also of good, e. g. opp. ἀμμορίη, Od.20.76;

ἡ πεπρωμένη μ. Hdt.1.91

;

ἐξιστορῆσαι μ. A.Th. 506

, cf. Ag. 1314, etc.; μ. (sc. ἐστι) c. inf., 'tis one's fate,

οὐ γάρ τοι πρὶν μ. φίλους ἰδέειν Od.4.475

;

οὐ γάρ πώ τοι μ. θανεῖν Il.7.52

, cf. 15.117: c. acc. et inf.,

εἰ μ... δαμῆναι πάντας ὁμῶς 17.421

, cf. 16.434;

ἔσχε μοῖρ' Ἀχιλλέα θανεῖν S.Ph. 331

;

ὡς αὐτὸν ἥξοι μ. πρὸς παιδὸς θανεῖν Id.OT 713

; εἴ μοι ξυνείη φέροντι μοῖρα ib. 863 (lyr.); μ. βιότοιο one's portion or measure of life, Il.4.170 (as v. l. for πότμον) ; ὑπὲρ μοῖραν (v. μόρος) Il.20.336; ἀγαθᾷ μοίρᾳ by good luck, E. Ion 153 (lyr.); θείᾳ μοίρᾳ by divine providence, X.Mem.2.3.18;

κατά τινα θείαν μ. Arist.EN 1099b10

, cf. Pl. Men. 99e, Ap. 33c; opp.

παρὰ μοῖραν Δίος Alc.Supp.14.10

.

2 like μόρος, man's appointed doom, i.e. death, Il.6.488, Od.11.560; in full,

θάνατος καὶ μ. Il.17.672

, etc.;

μ. ὀλοή.. θανάτοιο Od.2.100

;

θανάτου μ. A.Pers. 917

, Ag. 1462 (both anap.); πρὸ μοίρας before the appointed time, S.Fr. 686, Isoc.11.8;

ἐξέπλησε μ. τὴν ἑωυτοῦ Hdt.4.164

,3.142, cf. 1.91; τῇ σεωυτοῦ μ. περίεις ib. 121; also, the cause of death, Od. 21.24.

IV that which is meet and right, in Hom. mostly in phrase κατὰ μοῖραν in order, rightly, Il.16.367;

κατὰ μ. ἔειπες 1.286

, al.;

ἐν μοίρῃ πάντα διίκεο 19.186

, cf. Od.22.54, Pl.Lg. 775c, 958d; opp.

παρὰ μοῖραν Od.14.509

; ἔχει μ. it is meet and right, E.Hipp. 988.

2 respect, esteem,

οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτῳ μείζονα μ. νείμαιμ' ἤ σοι A.Pr. 294

(anap.), cf. S.Tr. 1239; ἐν οὐδεμιῇ μοίρῃ μεγάλῃ ἄγειν τινά hold one in no great respect, Hdt.2.172;

ἐν μείζονι μ. εἶναι Pl.Cri. 51b

;

ἀτιμοτάτῃ ἐνὶ μ. Theoc.14.49

;

μεγάλην μ. καὶ τιμὴν ἔχει Pl.Cra. 398b

;

κατατιθέναι τι ἐν μοίραις ἐλάττοσι Id.Lg. 923b

;

τοὺς θεοὺς μοίραις ποεῖσθε μηδαμῶς S. OC 278

is prob. corrupt.

V c. gen. almost periphr., ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοίρᾳ ἐκεῖνό ἐστι is a good, of the order of the good, Pl.Phlb. 54c; ἄγειν ἢ φέρειν ἐν πολεμίου μ. as if an enemy, D.23.61; νόστοιο μ. for νόστος, Pi.P.4.196; ὡς ἐν παιδιᾶς μοίρᾳ playfully, Pl.Lg. 656b;

ὡς ἐν φαρμάκου μ. Plu.2.6e

;

ὥσπερ ἐν προσθήκης μ. Luc.Zeux.2

; μέτοχος εἶναι τῆς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοίρας, i. e. τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, Pl.Phlb. 60b;

ἡ φιλοσόφου μ. Id.Ep. 329b

;

ἡ τελειότης τἀγαθοῦ μ. τίς ἐστιν Procl.Inst.25

; θείας μ. μετέχειν, i. e. τοῦ θείου, Pl.Prt. 322a, cf. Phdr. 230a; τὸ ἐμπλήκτως ὀξὺ ἀνδρὸς μοίρᾳ προσετέθη was accounted manly, Th.3.82.

B [full] Μοῖρα, as pr. n., the goddess of fate, Hom. always (exc. Il. 24.49) in sg., Il.24.209, al., cf. Orph.Fr.33, etc.: three first in Hes. Th. 905, etc.; as the goddess of death, Il.4.517, 18.119: generally of evil, 5.613; ἐγὼ δ' οὐκ αἴτιός εἰμι ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς καὶ M.

καὶ ἠεροφοῖτις Ἐρινύς 19.87

: with epithets, M. κραταιή, ὀλοή, 5.629, 21.83;

κακή 13.602

;

δυσώνυμος 12.116

:—Trag. use sts. sg., A.Ag. 130, Ch. 910, etc.: sts. pl., Id.Pr. 516, 895, Ch. 306, etc.; of the Furies, Id.Eu. 172: later as objects of worship, SIG1044.8 (Halic., iv/iii B. C.).—In the phrases

θεοῦ μ. Od.11.292

,

μ. θεῶν 3.269

, μοῖρα is Appellat., = destiny.

φόνος, ὁ, ([etym.] θείνω)

A murder, slaughter,

τεύξασα πόσει φόνον Od.11.430

;

τοίσδεσσι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φυτεύει 2.165

;

φ. ῥάπτειν 16.379

;

μερμηρίζειν 2.325

;

ὁρμαίνειν 4.843

;

σμικρῇσι φόνον φέρει ὀρνίθεσσι Il. 17.757

, etc.;

φόνον πράσσειν Pi.N.3.46

;

ἀκούσιον φ. ἐξεργάσασθαι Pl. Lg. 869a

;

βουλεῦσαί τινι S.Aj. 1055

;

ἔθου φόνον Id.OC 542

(lyr.);

ἐκπορίζειν E. Ion 1114

; of arrows,

φ. προπέμπειν S.Ph. 105

; τὸν Δωριέος πρὸς Ἐγεσταίων φόνον ἐκπρήξασθαι exact vengeance for the killing.., Hdt.7.158; κατὰ ζῴων φόνου καὶ μὴ φόνου ὧδε ἔχει killing or not-killing, Democr.257; in poet. phrases, φ. συρίζειν, κινύρεσθαι, πνεῖν, A.Pr. 357 (s. v.l.), Th. 123 (lyr.), Ag. 1309; φ. τινός the murder of.., Id.Eu. 580, etc.; φ. Ἑλληνικὸς μέγιστος slaughter of Greeks, Hdt.7.170;

ὅμαιμος αὐθέντης φ. A.Eu. 212

;

πατρῷος S.El. 955

; πολύκερως, ἄρνειος φ., Id.Aj. 55, 309;

ἐπὶ φόνῳ πράσσεις φόνον E.Or. 1579

, cf. HF 1084 (lyr.);

γέρων φ. μηκέτ' ἐν δόμοις τέκοι A.Ch. 805

(lyr.), etc.;

ὁ ὑπὸ Θήβης Ἀλεξάνδρον φ. Plu.2.856a

;

ὁ κατὰ τῶν πολιτῶν φ. D.S.19.8

: pl.,

φόνοι τ' ἀνδροκτασίαι τε Od.11.612

(personified in Hes.Th. 228);

ἔμφυλοι φ. ἀνδρῶν Thgn.51

, cf. S.OC 962.

2 in law, murder, homicide, δικάζειν τοὺς βασιλέας αἰτιῶν φόνου Lex Dracontis ap.IG12.115.12;

φόνου διώκειν τινά Antipho 6.9

;

δικάζειν δίκας φόνου Id.5.11

;

παραδοῦναι φόνου δίκην Id.6.42

;

ἁλῶναι Id.5.59

, etc.;

φεύγειν Lycurg. 133

(poet., παίδων φόνον φεύγουσα fleeing from.. E.Med. 795); ἔνοχοι

τῷ φόνῳ Antipho 1.11

;

φόνου ὑπόδικος D.54.25

; φόνου καθαρός, ἁγνός, Pl.R. 451b, Lg. 759c:

ἀκούσιος φ. D.23.72

;

φόνων ἀπέχεσθαι Ar.Ra. 1032

(anap.);

αἱ τῶν φ. δίκαι Pl.Lg. 778d

; φόνοι.. φόνοις δεόμενοι καθαίρεσθαι ib. 870c, al.; λαγχάνονται αἱ τοῦ φ. δίκαι πρὸς [τὸν βασιλέα] Arist.Ath.57.2.

3 death as a punishment,

φ. προκεῖσθαι δημόλευστον S.Ant.36

.

4 blood when shed, gore,

ἂμ φόνον, ἂν νέκυας Il.10.298

;

κέατ' ἐν φόνῳ 24.610

;

ἐρευγόμενοι φόνον αἵματος 16.162

;

φ. κέχυται γυναίκων Alc.Fr.153

Lobel;

φόνον κεύθειν Emp. 100.4

;

μέλανι ῥαίνων φόνῳ πεδίον Pi.I.8(7).55

;

φόνου κηκίς A.Ch. 1012

;

ἐμοῦσα θρόμβους οὓς ἀφείλκυσας φόνου Id.Eu. 184

;

σταγόνες S.OT 1278

;

σταλαγμοί E.Hec. 241

;

χεῖρα χραίνεσθαι φόνῳ S.Aj.43

; of a sacrifice,

ταυρείου φόνου A.Th.44

;

Ἕλλην οὗ καταστάζει φ. E.IT72

; rarely in Prose of blood, Hp.Morb.2.73.

5 corpse,

πρὶν ἴδω τὸν Ἑλένας φόνον.. κείμενον E.Or. 1357

(lyr.); ἐπὶ φόνῳ χαμαιπετεῖ ματρός ib. 1491 (lyr.).

6 rascal that deserves death, gallowsbird, a Dorian phrase, EM662.4.

II of the agent or instrument of slaughter, φόνον ἔμμεναι ἡρώεσσι to be a death to heroes, Il. 16.144, cf. Od.21.24; of poison, Mim.Oxy.413.180;

ἐν φόνῳ μαχαίρας LXX Ex.17.13

, De.13.15(16), 20.13; without ἐν, Nu.21.24.

III = ἀτρακτυλίς, Thphr.HP6.4.6.

ἐπιθᾰνατ-ος, ον,

A sick to death, hard at death's door, D.50.60. Adv. -τως, ἔχειν to be sick to death, Poll.3.106.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `get as share' (I 616), `divide' (Arat. 1054).

Other forms: perf. act. 3. sg. ἔμμορε `got as share' (Il.), 3. pl. ἐμμόραντι τετεύχασι H., later also ἔμμορες, - ον (A. R., Nic.; s. below), μεμόρηκα (Nic.); perf. a. ppf. 3. sg. εἵμαρται, - το `is (was) decided by fate' (Il.), ptc., esp. in fem. εἱμαρμένη `fate' (IA.); Aeol. ἐμμόρμενον (Alc.), Dor. ἔμβραται εἵμαρται, ἐμβραμένα εἱμαρμένη H.; also (through innovation) βεβραμένων εἱμαρμένων H., μεμόρ-ηται, - ημένος (Man., AP).

Compounds: Also with ἀπο- (Hes. Op. 578), ἐπι- (Vett.Val. 346, 6). As 2. member e.g. in κάμ-μορος ( κά-σμορος), ἤ-μορος; s. v.

Derivatives: Several derivv., which however mostly have an independent position as opposed to the disappearing verb 1. μέρος n. `share etc.', s. v. -- 2. μόρος m. `fate, (fate of) death, violent death' (Il.; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 305 m. n. 75), `share, share of ground', also as land-measure (Mytilene, Western Locris). Diminut. of this μόριον n. `share, part, member of the body' (IA.), math. `fraction, denominator' with μοριασμός, - στικός (: *μοριάζω; Ptol., sch.), further the adj. μόριμος `by fate destined' (Y 302, Pi., A.), μόριος `belonging to de deathfate' (AP), prob. also μορίαι ( ἐλαῖαι), s. v., μορόεις `deathly' (Nic.). --3. μόρα f. name of a Lacon. section of troops (X.; on the accent Chantraine Form. 20). -- 4. μοῖρα f. `part, piece, piece of ground, share, degree, fate, (evil or good) fate, death-fate', also personified `goddess of fate' (Il.); compp., e.g. μοιρη-γενής `fate-, child of happiness' (Γ182; s. Bechtel Lex. s. v., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 362; - η- anal.-metr. lengthening), εὔ-μοιρος `favoured' (B., Pl.). From this μοιρ-άδιος `destined by fate' (S. OC 228 cod. Laur.), - ίδιος `id.' (Pi., S.), - αῖος `belonging to fate' (Man.), - ιαῖος `measuring a degree' (Ptol., Procl.). - ικός, - ικῶς `acc. to degree' (Ptol., Vett.Val.); μοιρίς f. `half' (Nic.); μοιρ-άομαι, - αω `divide, be awarded one's share, share' (A., A. R.), - άζω = - άω (Anon. in Rh.). On μοῖρα and μόρος in gen. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 361ff. -- 5. μορτή, Dor. - τά `share of the farmer' (Poll., Eust., H.). -- 6. μόρσιμος `destined by fate'; s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [569] * smer- `care?'

Etymology: The perfectforms Aeol. ἔμμορε (later taken as aor. 2, whence ἔμμορες, - ον) and Ion. εἵμαρται can be explained from *sé-smor-e resp. *sé-smr̥-tai (Schwyzer 769, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 174 f., 184); here the full grade yot-present μείρομαι \< *smér-i̯o-mai (Schw. 715); cf. e.g. φθείρω: ἔφθορα: ἔφθαρμαι. Init. sm- is seen also elsewhere, e.g. ἄ-μμορος, κατὰ μμοῖραν. -- Corresponding forms are nowhere found. Cognate may be the diff. built Lat. mereō, - ēre, - eor, - ērī `earn, acquire' (prop. *'get your share, acquire'?), which may also have sm- and may be identical with the yot-present in μείρομαι. Uncertain is the meaning of Hitt. marriya- ('break in pieces, make small'?), cf. Benveniste BSL 33, 140, Kronasser Studies Whatmough 122; we would have to assume an s-less variant. Hypothetic is the connection with the group of μέριμνα (Solmsen Wortforsch. 40 f. WP. 2, 690, Pok. 970, W.-Hofmann s. mereō. -- Of the nominal derivv. only μοῖρα requires a special explanation: one may start as well from an ο-stem μόρος as from an older consonant-stem *μορ- (Schwyzer 474). The o-vowel could be an Aeolic zero grade.

Page in Frisk: 2,196-197

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `decided by fate, πεπρωμένος', a.o. of ἦμαρ = `day of death', after this also of a man (X 13) `destined to death, mortal' (Il., also Hdt.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [970] * (s)mer- `remind (oneself)'

Etymology: Prob. from *μόρσις, which may be Aeolic for *smr̥-ti- = μόρος, μοῖρα (Schwyzer 494 n. 8); ev. from *μόρτος (as φόρτος: φόρος); to μείρομαι, s. v. -- The connection with a word for `death' (*μόρσις = Lat. mors, IE *mr̥-ti-; Arbenz 16, Risch $ 37) or a word for `mortal' (Aeol. μορτός, s.v.; Kretschmer Glotta 24, 86) "wird der zentralen Bed. des Schicksalsbestimmten (vgl. v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 360 A. 1) nicht gerecht."(?) (Frisk); cf. DELG s.v. μείρομαι.

Page in Frisk: 2,256-257

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `corpse, the dead' (Il.), pl. `the dead' = `inhabitant of the Underworld' (Od., Th., LXX, NT), also attributive and adjectival (-ά, - όν) `dead' (hell.; Pi. Fr. 203 νεκρὸν ἵππον prob. predicative).

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. νεκρο-δέγμων `receiving dead' (Α῝ιδης, A. Pr. 153 [lyr.]); rarely as 2. member, e.g. μυριό-νεκρος `with uncountable dead' ( μάχη, Plu.).

Derivatives: 1. Subst. νεκρών, - ῶνος m. (Tegea II^a, AP), νεκρια f. (hell. pap.; on the unknown accent Scheller Oxytonierung 46) `place of the dead, grave-yard'. 2. Adj. νεκρ-ιμαῖος `belonging to a corpse', τὸ ν. `corpse' (LXX; after θνησιμ-αῖος, Chantraine Form. 49, Mél. Maspero 2, 221); νεκρ-ικός `regarding the dead', τὰν. `inheritance' (Luc., Vett. Val.); νεκρ-ώδης `corpse-like' (Luc., Gal.). 3. Verb νεκρόομαι, - όω `die, kill, enervate' (late) with νέκρωσις `be dead, the killing' (late), - ώσιμα n. pl. = νεκύσια (church-writers, gloss.; Arbenz 93: θανάσιμος), - ώματα pl. `dead bodies' (Arist.-comm.), - ωτικός `causing death' (Gal.). -- In the same meaning νέκῡς (posthom. -ῠ-) m., also adj. `dead' (ep. poet Il., also Hdt. and Gortyn; νέκυρ νεκρός. Λάκωνες H.); some compp., e.g. νεκυο-μαντήϊον, - εῖον `oracle of the dead' (Hdt.), ἰσό-νεκυς `corpse-like' (E. Or. 200 [lyr.], after ἰσό-θεος, s. on ἴσος). Derivv.: νέκυια f. `offer to the dead, so as to call up the dead' (D. S., Plu., Nic.), abstractformation in - ιᾰ for -ίᾱ as ἀλήθεια for - εία etc. (cf. Solmsen Wortforsch. 248ff.); in the same meaning νεκυϊσμός (Man.; *νεκυΐζω; on the formations in - ισμός Chantraine Form. 142 ff.); νεκύσια n. pl. `feats of the dead' (hell. pap.; cf. θαλύσια, γενέσια and Stengel Herm. 43, 645ff.) with Νεκύσιος m. Cret. month-name (II<sup>a</sup>); νεκυϊκός `belonging to the dead' (Cyran.); νεκύα f. plantname = φλόμος (Cyran.), because used in the conjuration of the dead; after καρύα, σικύα etc.; on νεκύδαλ(λ)ος s. v. -- Besides νέκες νεκροί H. with νεκ-άς, - άδος f. `heap of dead' (E 886, AP; like νιφάς etc. Bechtel Lex. s.v., Chantraine Form. 352). -- Not here νῶκαρ, - αρος n. s.v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [762] *neḱ-(u-) `violent death, corpse'.

Etymology: The monosyllabic stem νέκ-ες agrees formally excatly to Lat. nex, necis f. `violent death, murder' and to GAv. nas- f. `need, distress', IE *neḱ-s. Also the u-stem in νέκ-υ-ς returns on Iranian soil in Av. nas-u-š gen. nas-āv-ō f. m. `corpse'; orig. the Gr. υ is short beside Iran. ŭ: āv (\< ou̯), Beeekes-Cuypers, Mnemosyne LVI(2003)485-391; wrong Schwyzer 463. Here perh. Lat. nequālia `detrimenta'. The alternatings r(o)-formation in νεκ-ρό-ς has no parallel outside Greek. ( νῶκαρ will rather be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek; Fur. 133; s.v.) Greek has no parallels to the primary verbs (e.g. Skt. náś-ya-ti, Toch. A näk-näṣ-tär `disappear, perish'). -- WP. 2, 326, Pok. 762, W.-Hofmann s. necō with further forms, Mayrhofer s. náśyati. -- Not here νέκταρ.

Page in Frisk: 2,

διαθήκη, ης, ἡ (Democr., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr, Test12Patr; ParJer 6:21; ApcEsdr, ApcMos; AssMos Fgm. a; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14) apart from the simplex θήκη ‘case, chest’, for the mng. of this word one must begin with the mid. form of the verb διατίθεμαι, which is freq. used in legal and commercial discourse of disposition of things (s. L-S-J-M s.v. διατιθημι B), w. implication of promissory obligation. Disposition of one’s personal effects would naturally come under testamentary law, hence

① last will and testament (so exclusively in Hellenistic times, Eger [s. 3 below] 99 note; exx. e.g. in Riggenbach 292ff; Behm 10, 1; 2; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; loanw. in rabb.) Hb 9:16f; δ. κεκυρωμένη a will that has been ratified Gal 3:15; cp. 17, where δ. shades into mng. 2 (s. κυρόω 1, προκυρόω); s. also EBammel, below, and JSwetnam, CBQ 27, ’65, 373–90. On Jewish perspective s. RKatzoff, An Interpretation of PYadin 19—A Jewish Gift after Death: ProcXXCongPap 562–65.

② As a transl. of בְּרִית in LXX δ. retains the component of legal disposition of personal goods while omitting that of the anticipated death of a testator. A Hellenistic reader would experience no confusion, for it was a foregone conclusion that gods were immortal. Hence a δ. decreed by God cannot require the death of the testator to make it operative. Nevertheless, another essential characteristic of a testament is retained, namely that it is the declaration of one person’s initiative, not the result of an agreement betw. two parties, like a compact or a contract. This is beyond doubt one of the main reasons why the LXX rendered בְּרִית by δ. In the ‘covenants’ of God, it was God alone who set the conditions; hence covenant (s. OED s.v. ‘covenant’ sb. 7) can be used to trans. δ. only when this is kept in mind. So δ. acquires a mng. in LXX which cannot be paralleled w. certainty in extra-Biblical sources, namely ‘decree’, ‘declaration of purpose’, ‘set of regulations’, etc. Our lit., which is very strongly influenced by LXX in this area, seems as a rule to have understood the word in these senses (JHughes, NovT 21, ’79, 27–96 [also Hb 9:16–20; Gal 3:15–17]). God has issued a declaration of his purpose Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37); 35:7 (Ps 49:16), which God bears in mind (cp. Ps 104:8f; 105:45 al.) Lk 1:72; it goes back to ancestral days Ac 3:25 (PsSol 9:10; ParJer 6:21). God also issued an ordinance (of circumcision) 7:8 (cp. Gen 17:10ff). Since God’s holy will was set forth on more than one occasion (Gen 6:18; 9:9ff; 15:18; 17:2ff; Ex 19:5 and oft.), one may speak of διαθῆκαι decrees, assurances (cp. διαθῆκαι πατέρων Wsd 18:22; 2 Macc 8:15.—But the pl. is also used for a single testament: Diog. L. 4, 44; 5, 16. In quoting or referring to Theophr. sometimes the sing. [Diog. L. 5, 52; 56] is used, sometimes the pl. [5, 51; 57]) Ro 9:4; Eph 2:12. Much emphasis is laid on the δ. καινή, mentioned as early as Jer 38:31, which God planned for future disposition (Hb 8:8–10; 10:16). God’s decree or covenant directed toward the Christians is a καινὴ δ. (δ. δευτέρα Orig., C. Cels. 2, 75) Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8; 9:15a; PtK 2 p. 15, 5, or δ. νέα Hb 12:24; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 which, as a δ. αἰώνιος (cp. Jer 39:40; En 99:2) Hb 13:20, far excels 7:22; 8:6 the παλαιὰ δ. 2 Cor 3:14, or πρώτη δ. Hb 9:15b, with which it is contrasted. Both are mentioned (Did., Gen. 46, 4; 235, 26) Gal 4:24; B 4:6ff (Ex 34:28; 31:18; Just., D. 67, 9). Blood was shed when the old covenant was proclaimed at Sinai Hb 9:20 (Ex 24:8); the same is true of the new covenant Hb 10:29. τὸ αἷμά μου τ. διαθήκης Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht², ’63, 122–29) is prob. to be understood in connection w. this blood (s. WWrede, ZNW 1, 1900, 69–74; TRobinson, My Blood of the Covenant: KMarti Festschr. 1925, 232–37; for a critique of this view s. GWalther, Jesus, D. Passalamm des Neuen Bundes, ’50, 22–27 and JJeremias TLZ, ’51, 547. For Syriac background JEmerton, JTS 13, ’62, 111–17; s. also ÉDelebrecque, Études grecques sur l’vangile de Luc ’76, 109–21).—The v.l. Lk 22:29 may be derived from Jer 39:40 or Is 55:3 LXX (for the cognate acc. s. Aristoph., Aves 440).—δ. may also be transl. decree in the Ep. of Barnabas (4:6ff; 6:19; 9:6; 13:1, 6; 14:1ff δ. δοῦναί τινι); but the freq. occurrence of the idea of inheritance (6:19; 13:1, 6; 14:4f), makes it likely that the ‘decree’ is to be thought of as part of a will.

③ The mng. compact, contract seems firmly established for Gr-Rom. times (FNorton, A Lexicographical and Historical Study of Διαθήκη, Chicago 1908, 31ff; EBruck, D. Schenkung auf d. Todesfall im griech. u. röm. Recht I 1909, 115ff; JWackernagel, D. Kultur d. Gegenw. I 8² 1907, 309). It remains doubtful whether this mng. has influenced our lit. here and there (exc. quite prob. Lk 22:29 v.l. with its administrative tenor; the phrase διατίθεμαι δ. as Aristoph., Av. 440 of a treaty agreement), but the usage of the term δ. in such sense would again serve as a bridge to LXX usage.—The expr. ἡ κιβωτὸς τ. διαθήκης covenant chest i.e. the sacred box (Eng. ‘ark’ as loanw. from Lat. arca) that symbolized God’s pledge of presence w. Israel (Ex 31:7; 39:14 al.) Hb 9:4; Rv 11:19 or αἱ πλάκες τ. διαθ. (Ex 34:28; Dt 9:9, 11) Hb 9:4 would have required some acquaintance with Israelite tradition on the part of ancient readers.—ERiggenbach, D. Begriff d. Διαθήκη im Hb: Theol. Stud. f. TZahn 1908, 289ff, Hb² 1922, 205ff al.; ACarr, Covenant or Testament?: Exp. 7th ser., 7, 1909, 347ff; JBehm, D. Begriff D. im NT 1912; ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913; WFerguson, Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscr. and the NT, 1913, 42–46 (testamentary exhibits); HKennedy, Exp. 8th ser., 10, 1915, 385ff; GVos, Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke: PTR 13, 1915, 587–632; 14, 1916, 1–61; OEger, ZNW 18, 1918, 84–108; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 496–505; LdaFonseca, Διαθήκη foedus an testamentum?: Biblica 8, 1927; 9, 1928; EBammel, Gottes διαθήκη (Gal 3:15–17) u. d. jüd. Rechtsdenken, NTS 6, ’60, 313–19; NDow, A Select Bibliography on the Concept of Covenant, Austin Seminary Bulletin 78, 6, ’63; CRoetzel, Biblica 51, ’70, 377–90 (Ro 9:4); DMcCarthy, Berit and Covenant (Deut.), ’72, 65–85; EChristiansen, The Covenant in Judaism and Paul ’95.—DELG s.v. θήκη. M-M. TW. Sv.

ζωή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+; in Hom. ‘living’=‘substance, property’, without which there would not be life; after Hom. ‘life, existence’ opp. death, then ‘way of life’ Hdt. 4, 112)

① life in the physical sense, life ἐν σαρκὶ ζ. Orig., C. Cels. 6, 59, 8)

ⓐ opp. θάνατος (Pind. et al.; Lucian, Tox. 38; Sir 37:18; Pr 18:21; Philo; Just., A I, 57, 3; Mel., P. 49, 355) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 3:22; Phil 1:20. ἐν τῇ ζωῇ σου during your life Lk 16:25 (s. Sir 30:5); cp. 12:15; Ac 8:33 (Is 53:8); Js 4:14; 1 Cl 16:8 (Is 53:8); 17:4 (cp. Job 14:5); 20:10; Hm 3:3. πᾶς χρόνος τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν B 4:9 (cp. PsSol 17:2; JosAs 13:12). πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτῶν Hs 9, 29, 2; cp. GJs 4:1; τὰς λοιπὰς τῆς ζωῆς ἡμέρας Hv 4, 2, 5; cp. v 5, 2; m 12, 2; Hs 6, 3, 6. τὴν ἐσχάτην ἡμέραν τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ Hv 3, 12, 2. ἐν τῇ ζ. ταύτῃ in this life 1 Cor 15:19; also ζ. ἡ νῦν (opp. ἡ μέλλουσα) 1 Ti 4:8 (Tat. 14, 2). τέλος ζωῆς end of life Hb 7:3 (TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 5 [Stone p. 4]). ζωὴ κ. πνοή life and breath Ac 17:25 (cp. Gen 2:7; 7:22). πνεῦμα ζωῆς breath of life Rv 11:11 (cp. Gen 6:17; 7:15; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 31 [Stone p. 48]). ψυχὴ ζωῆς living thing 16:3 (cp. Gen 1:30; Just., D. 6, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ ἤτοι ζωή ἐστιν ἢ ζωὴν ἔχει). πρὸς ζωῆς necessary for life 1 Cl 20:10. Of the indestructible life of those clothed in the heavenly body 2 Cor 5:4. The life of the risen Christ also has this character Ro 5:10; 2 Cor 4:10f; ζ. ἀκατάλυτος Hb 7:16. ὁδοὶ ζωῆς Ac 2:28 (Ps 15:11). Christ is ἐν θανάτῳ ζ. ἀληθινή IEph 7:2.

ⓑ means of sustenance, livelihood (Hdt. et al.; Sir 4:1; 29:21) Hs 9, 26, 2.

ⓒ the course or mode of one’s life (cp. βίος 1) Hm 8, 4 and 9; 11, 7 and 16; Hs 9, 16, 2 al. In some of these pass. a transition to the moral aspect is apparent.

② transcendent life, life

ⓐ God and Christ

α. God as ζωή Dg 9:6b; as ζωὴ αἰώνιος 1J 5:20. Of the cross IEph 18:1. It is true of God that ἔχει ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ J 5:26a. God’s commandment is eternal life 12:50 (cp. Philo, Fug. 198 God is the πρεσβυτάτη πηγὴ ζωῆς; Herm. Wr. 11, 13; 14; 12, 15 God the πλήρωμα τ. ζωῆς; PGM 3, 602 [s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 286, ln. 11]; the deity called Νοῦς as ζωή and φῶς Herm. Wr. 1:9, 12, 17, 21, 32; 13:9, 18, 19. Cp. also Ps 35:10; 55:14; SibOr Fgm. 3, 34; JosAs 8:10f al.).

β. of Christ, who received life fr. God J 5:26b (ἡ ζωὴ τῆς πίστεως ParJer 9:14). ἐν αὐτῷ ζ. ἦν 1:4a; cp. 1J 5:11b. He is the ἀρχηγὸς τ. ζωῆς Ac 3:15, the λόγος τ. ζωῆς 1J 1:1; cp. vs. 2, the ἄρτος τ. ζωῆς J 6:35, 48; cp. vs. 33 (EJanot, Le pain de vie: Gregorianum 11, 1930, 161–70), also simply ζωή 11:25; 14:6 or ἡ ζ. ὑμῶν Col 3:4; cp. B 2, 10; IMg 9:1. Since the life in him was τὸ φῶς τ. ἀνθρώπων J 1:4b, people through following him obtain τὸ φῶς τ. ζωῆς 8:12 (on the combination of light and life cp. 1QS 3, 7 and the Orph. Hymns to Helios no. 8, 18 Qu. ζωῆς φῶς, as well as Christian ins of Rome [Ramsay, Luke the Physician 1908 p. 375, 238 A.D.], where a father calls his dead son γλυκύτερον φωτὸς καὶ ζοῆς; s. also α above).—SBartina, La vida como historia en J 1:1–18, Biblica 49, ’68, 91–96.

ⓑ The discussion now turns naturally to the life of the believers, which proceeds fr. God and Christ.

α. without (clear) eschatol. implications, of the life of grace and holiness ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατεῖν walk in (i.e. live) a new life Ro 6:4; cp. IEph 19:3. ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τ. ζωῆς τ. θεοῦ estranged fr. the life of God Eph 4:18 (cp. Philo, Post. Cai. 69 τῆς θεοῦ ζωῆς ἀπεσχοινίσθαι). ἡ ζωὴ τ. ἀνθρώπων the (true) life of persons (in God) Hm 2:1.—Of the life of salvation and of glory. It is ζ. κυρίου B 1:4 (cp. PGM 12, 255 κύριε τ. ζωῆς; 13, 783) or ζ. ἐν Χρ. Ἰησοῦ 2 Ti 1:1; cp. ζωὴν ὑμῖν ὁ κύριος χαρίζεται Hs 9, 28, 6; effected by his words or by the proclamation of the gospel: ῥήματα ζ. αἰωνίου J 6:68; cp. vs. 63. τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζ. ταύτης Ac 5:20. λόγος ζωῆς word of life Phil 2:16; cp. 2 Ti 1:10; 2 Cor 4:12. Hence the apostle, proclaiming the gospel, can term himself the bearer of the ‘fragrance of Christ’, leading those appointed to this bliss, the rescued ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς ζωήν from life to life (i.e., as it seems, ever more deeply into the divine life) 2 Cor 2:16.—The Spirit stands w. Christ as the power of life πνεῦμα τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰησοῦ the spirit of life in Chr. J. Ro 8:2; cp. vss. 6, 10 and J 6:63.—Like the words of Christ, the divine ἐντολή is also to bring life Ro 7:10; Hm 7:5; Hs 8, 7, 6. This ζ. is regarded as God’s gift ζ. ἐν ἀθανασίᾳ 1 Cl 35:2. W. ἀφθαρσία 2 Ti 1:10; 2 Cl 14:5; IPol 2:3. W. γνῶσις D 9:3; Dg 12:3–7. W. εὐσέβεια 2 Pt 1:3. W. εἰρήνη Ro 8:6. W. σωτηρία 2 Cl 19:1. ἀγάπην ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ ζωὴς καὶ τέλος IEph 14:1. Christians, who truly belong to the ἐκκλησία τῆς ζωῆς 2 Cl 14:1, are heirs of life, the gift of grace 1 Pt 3:7. This life, as long as they are in the body, κέκρυπται σὺν τ. Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ θεῷ is hidden with Christ in God Col 3:3. Those who forfeit their ζ. (=their real life in contrast to their physical existence as ψυχή) are excluded fr. the life of glory Hv 1, 1, 9; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 6, 4; 6; 8, 8, 2f; 5; 9, 21, 4.—Cp. also Ac 11:18 (s. 1QS 3, 1); 13:46, 48. ἡ ὁδὸς τῆς ζ. D 1:2; 4:14. τὰς τρίβους τῆς ζ. Hs 5, 6, 3. Esp. in Johannine usage the term ζ. is copiously employed, as a rule to designate the result of faith in Christ; in most cases it is stated expressly that the follower of Jesus possesses life even in this world: ἔχειν ζωήν (Theophr. in a scholion on Pla. 631c εἰ ζωὴν εἶχεν ὁ πλοῦτος=‘had life, were alive’) J 3:15f, 36a; 5:24a, 40; 6:40, 47, 51, 53f; 10:10; 20:31; 1J 3:15; 5:12ab, 13. διδόναι ζωήν (cp. Sb 8202, 3 [105 B.C.]) J 10:28; 17:2; 1J 5:11.—Cp. 5:16. ὁρᾶν ζωήν J 3:36b. μεταβεβηκέναι ἐκ τ. θανάτου εἰς τ. ζωήν to have passed fr. death into life J 5:24; 1J 3:14. Hence in the eschatol. pass. J 5:29 ἀνάστασις ζωῆς means not a resurrection to enter life (cp. 2 Macc 7:14 and MPol 14:2, where ἀνάστασις ζωῆς αἰ., it seems, is res. to everlasting life), but a resurrection which corresponds to the Christian’s possession of life here and now, a resurrection proceeding from life. J is fond of calling this Life ζ. αἰώνιος, as in many pass. just cited (s. αἰώνιος 3) J 3:15f, 36; 4:14, 36; 5:24, 39; 6:27, 40, 47, 54, 68; 10:28; 12:25, 50; 17:2f; 1J 1:2; 2:25; 3:15; 5:11, 13, 20. But the use of this expr. in our lit. is by no means limited to J and 1J; it is also found in Mt, Mk, Lk, Ac, Ro, Gal, 1 Ti, Tit, Jd, 2 Cl, Ign, MPol, Hermas, Didache (Just., Mel., Ath.; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 77, 31 [w. ἀνάστασις]; cp. αἴδιος ζ. Tat. 14, 2) w. unmistakable eschatol. connotation.

β. ζ. (and ζ. αἰώνιος; cp. 1QS 4:7 and s. J 3:15 al.; opp. ἀπώλεια TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 2 [Stone p. 74]) is used of life in the blessed period of final consummation, in the foll. pass.: ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ ζ. αἰ. in the coming age eternal life Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; cp. Mt 19:29 (Ar. 15, 3 ζ. τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰώνος). τί ποιήσω ἵνα ζ. αἰ. κληρονομήσω; Mk 10:17; cp. Lk 18:18; 10:25; Mt 19:16f (PsSol 14:10). As a result of the Last Judgment ἀπελεύσονται οἱ δίκαιοι εἰς ζ. αἰ. Mt 25:46 (cp. PsSol 13:11); s. also Ro 2:7 (cp. 1QS 4:6–8).—Cp. also Mt 7:14; 18:8f; Mk 9:43, 45; Ro 5:17f, 21; 6:22f; ζ. ἐκ νεκρῶν life for those who have come out of the state of death 11:15.—Gal 6:8; 1 Ti 1:16; 6:12, 19; 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:13); Jd 21; 2 Cl 8:4, 6; Dg 9:1, 6a. For 2 Cor 5:4 s. 1a. Of martyrs τὴν αἰώνιον ζ. ἐξαγοραζόμενοι purchasing eternal life for themselves MPol 2:3 (Mosquensis, other Gk. codd. κόλασιν). W. ἀνάπαυσις τ. μελλούσης βασιλείας 2 Cl 5:5. This life is called ἡ ὄντως ζ. the real, true life (the redundancy may derive from awareness of a distinction sometimes made in the Gr-Rom. world between real living ζωή and biological existence βίος; s., e.g., IPriene 105, 10=OGI 458, 10; cp. Cass. Dio 69, 19) 1 Ti 6:19; ζωῆς ἀληθοῦς Dg 12:4; ἡ ἐπουράνιος ζ. 2 Cl 20:5; ἀί̈διος ζ. IEph 19:3 (s. ἀί̈διος). Hope is directed toward it, ζωῆς ἐλπίς B 1:6; cp. Tit 1:2; 3:7; Hs 9, 26, 2.—The references to future glory include the foll. expressions: βίβλος or βιβλίον (τῆς) ζωῆς (s. βίβλος 2) Phil 4:3; Rv 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; Hv 1, 3, 2. τὸ ξύλον (τῆς) ζωῆς the tree of life (4 Macc 18:16; cp. Pr 3:18; Gen 2:9; PsSol 14:3; ParJer 9:16 [δένδρον]; ApcEsdr 2:11; ApcMos 19 al.; Philo.—ξύλον 3) Rv 2:7; 22:2, 14, 19; Dg 12:3f. στέφανος τ. ζωῆς (s. Bousset, Rel.³ 277f; MDibelius on Js 1:12; FCumont, Études syriennes 1917, 63–69; s. στέφανος) Js 1:12; Rv 2:10. ὕδωρ (τῆς) ζωῆς (Just., D. 19, 2 βάπτισμα; cp. ὕδωρ 2) 21:6; 22:1, 17. πηγὴ ζωῆς B 11:2 (cp. Jer 2:13; Ps 35:10; OdeSol 11:6). ζωῆς πηγαὶ ὑδάτων springs of living water Rv 7:17. For ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς s. ἄρτος 2 end.—FBurkitt, ZNW 12, 1911, 228–30; RCharles, A Critical Hist. of the Doctrine of a Fut. Life in Israel, in Judaism and in Christianity² 1913; FLindblom, D. ewige Leben 1914; Bousset, Rel.³ 269–95; JFrey, Biblica 13, ’32, 129–68.—EvDobschütz, D. Gewissheit des ew. Leb. nach d. NT: ‘Dienet einander’ 29, 1920/21, 1–8; 43–52; 65–71; 97–101; JUbbink, Het eeuwige leven bij Pls 1917; ESommerlath, D. Ursprung d. neuen Lebens nach Pls² 1926; JMüller, D. Lebensbegr. d. Hl. Pls ’40; NvArseniew, D. neue Leben nach dem Eph: Internat. Kirchl. Ztschr. 20, 1930, 230–36; EvSchrenk, D. joh. Anschauung vom ‘Leben’ 1898; JFrey, ‘Vie’ dans l’Év. de St. Jean: Biblica 1, 1920, 37–58; 211–39; RBultmann, D. Eschatol. d. Joh Ev.: Zwischen d. Zeiten 6, 1928, 1ff; HPribnow, D. joh. Anschauung v. ‘Leben’ ’34; DLyons, The Concept of Eternal Life in J ’38; JKoole, Diorama Johanneum. Ζωή: GereformTT 43, ’42, 276–84; FMussner, ΖΩΗ (Joh. lit.), diss. Munich ’52; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebrew Mngs. ’67, 163–201.—B. 285. S. βίος and Schmidt, Syn. IV 40–53. DELG s.v. ζώω 1. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

καταργέω fut. καταργήσω; 1 aor. κατήργησα; pf. κατήργηκα. Pass.: 1 fut. καταργηθήσομαι; 1 aor. κατηργήθην; pf. κατήργημαι (s. ἀργέω; since Eur., Phoen. 753; Polyb.; POxy 38, 7 [49/50 A.D.]; PFlor 176, 7; 218, 13; PStras 32, 7; 2 Esdr; TestSol [also PVindobBosw for 18:38]; AscIs 3:31; Just.).

① to cause someth. to be unproductive, use up, exhaust, waste of a tree κ. τὴν γῆν Lk 13:7 (cp. ἀργεῖ οὐδὲν ἀλλὰ καρποφορεῖ OdeSol 11:23).

② to cause someth. to lose its power or effectiveness, invalidate, make powerless fig. extension of 1 (so, above all, in Paul and the writings dependent on him; cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 7 κατάργησον τ. σώματος τὰς αἰσθήσεις; of the soul of Jesus: κ. τὰ ἐπὶ κολάσεσιν πάθη Iren. 1, 25, 1 [Harv. I 205, 4]) make ineffective, nullify τὴν πίστιν τοῦ θεοῦ God’s fidelity Ro 3:3. ἐπαγγελίαν Gal 3:17; cp. Ro 4:14; τὰ ὄντα κ. nullify the things that (actually) exist 1 Cor 1:28. τὸν νόμον make the law invalid Eph 2:15; cp. Ro 3:31 (RThompson, ETh 63, ’87, 136–48, on alleged rabbinic background; s. also ἵστημι A4). Also in B of the OT cultic ordinances, which have lost their validity for Christians 5:6; 9:4; 16:2.

③ to cause someth. to come to an end or to be no longer in existence, abolish, wipe out, set aside τὶ someth. τὰ τοῦ νηπίου set aside childish ways 1 Cor 13:11. Of God or Christ: God will do away with both stomach and food 6:13; bring to an end πᾶσαν ἀρχήν, ἐξουσίαν, δύναμιν 15:24. τὸν ἄνομον 2 Th 2:8. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦ ἀνόμου put an end to the time of the lawless one (i.e., the devil) B 15:5. τὸν θάνατον break the power of death 2 Ti 1:10; B 5:6; pass. 1 Cor 15:26 (MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body [ 1 Cor 15], ’62, 117–19). τὸν τὸ κράτος ἔχοντα τοῦ θανάτου destroy the one who has power over death Hb 2:14. ἵνα καταργηθῇ τὸ σῶμα τ. ἁμαρτίας in order that the sinful body may be done away with Ro 6:6. In 2 Cor 3:14 the subject may be ἡ παλαιὰ διαθήκη or, more probably (despite some grammatical considerations), κάλυμμα; in the latter case the mng. is remove.—Pass. cease, pass away προφητεία, γνῶσις 1 Cor 13:8. τὸ ἐκ μέρους what is imperfect vs. 10. ἄρα κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ the cross has ceased to be an obstacle Gal 5:11. πᾶς πόλεμος καταργεῖται every war is brought to an end IEph 13:2. καταργούμενος doomed to perish of the ἄρχοντες τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 1 Cor 2:6. Of the radiance on Moses’ face 2 Cor 3:7. Subst. τὸ καταργούμενον what is transitory vss. 11, 13.

④ to cause the release of someone from an obligation (one has nothing more to do with it), be discharged, be released. In our lit. pass. καταργοῦμαι ἀπό τινος of a woman upon the death of her husband κατήργηται ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ἀνδρός Ro 7:2. Of Christians κ. ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου be released fr. the law vs. 6. Of those who aspire to righteousness through the law κ. ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ be estranged from Christ Gal 5:4.—Frisk s.v. 2 ἀργός; also DELG s.v. ἔργον. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κοιμάω (s. two next entries) aor. mid. impv. 2 sg. κοιμήσαι (TestAbr B 4, 109, 11 [Stone p. 66]). Pass.: 1 fut. κοιμηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐκοιμήθην; pf. κεκοίμημαι (Hom.+) in our lit. only in pass. and w. act. sense.

① to be asleep, sleep, fall asleep (Hom.+ usu.; Diod S 15, 25, 2; PGM 36, 151; 305; Jos., Bell. 4, 306, Ant. 8, 28, Vi. 132; Test12Patr, SibOr 3, 794) Mt 28:13; Lk 22:45; J 11:12; Ac 12:6; Hv 2, 4, 1; Hs 9, 11, 3; 6; φυλάκων κοιμωμένων AcPl Ha 4, 4. Fig. of the night (as of the sun: Pythagoras in Geminus, Elementa Astronomiae p. 22e) κοιμᾶται ἡ νύξ the night falls asleep 1 Cl24:3.

② to be dead, sleep, fig. extension of mng. 1, of the sleep of death, in which case additional words often emphasize the figurative nature of the expression (as early as Il. 11, 241; OGI 383, 43 [I B.C.]; IG XIV, 549, 1; 929, 13 κοιμᾶται τ. αἰώνιον ὕπνον). Yet the verb without these additions can have this mng. (Soph., Electra 509 Μυρτίλος ἐκοιμάθη; Aeschrion Lyr. [IV B.C.] 6, 2 Diehl², grave-epigram, ἐνταῦθα κεκοίμημαι; PFay 22, 28 [I B.C.] ἐὰν τὸ παιδίον κοιμήσηται; Gen 47:30; Dt 31:16; 3 Km 11:43; Is 14:8; 43:17; 2 Macc 12:45.—OMerlier, BCH 54, 1930, 228–40; MOgle, The Sleep of Death: Memoirs of the Amer. Acad. in Rome 11, ’33, 81–117; JBowmer, ET 53, ’42, 355f [on 1 Cor 15:20, 22]; JKazakis, Hellenika 40, ’89, 21–33, funerary motifs. S. ἐξυπνίζω. New Docs 4, 37).

ⓐ fall asleep, die, pass away (Did., Gen. 215, 20) J 11:11; Ac 7:60; 13:36; 1 Cor 7:39; 11:30; 15:6, 51; 2 Pt 3:4; 1 Cl 44:2; Hm 4, 4, 1. ἐκοιμήθην καὶ ὕπνωσα (Ps 3:6) is interpr. to mean ‘die’ in 1 Cl 26:2. ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ἐκοιμήθησαν they fell asleep as righteous people Hs 9, 16, 7. κοιμηθείς after my death IRo 4:2. οἱ διδάσκαλοι … κοιμηθέντες ἐν δυνάμει καὶ πίστει τ. υἱοῦ τ. θεοῦ teachers who died in the power of the Son of God, and in faith in him Hs 9, 16, 5. οἱ κοιμηθέντες those who have already died 1 Th 4:14f. οἱ κ. ἐν Χριστῷ those who died in communion w. Christ 1 Cor 15:18 (contrast Catullus 5, 6 nox est perpetua una dormienda = one everlasting night awaits our sleeping).

ⓑ the pres. ptc. and perf. ptc. denoting a state of being, w. art., subst. the one who has fallen asleep οἱ κοιμώμενοι (2 Macc 12:45) 1 Th 4:13; GPt 10:41.—οἱ κεκοιμημένοι 1 Cor 15:20; Hs 9, 16, 3.—Not subst. οἱ κεκοιμημένοι ἅγιοι Mt 27:52; οἱ μὲν κεκοιμημένοι, οἱ δὲ ἔτι ὄντες some are dead, the others are still living Hv 3, 5, 1.—B. 269. DELG s.v. κεῖμαι. M-M s.v. κοιμάομαι. TW.