dative

[dative] for sale.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

lĭcet, cŭit and cĭtum est, 2 (old form, licessit for licuerit, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 13; imp. liceto, Lex ap. Inscr. Grut. 202, 508 al.), v. n. and impers. [root lic-; Gr. lip-; v. 1. liceo], it is lawful, it is allowed or permitted; one may or can, one is at liberty to do so and so; constr. with neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron., with inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat., or dat. and inf., with ut or (more freq.) with the simple subj., or entirely absol.

With neutr. of the demonstr. or rel. pron. as a subject, with or without a dat.:

licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Neque enim quod quisque potest, id ei licet,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

cui facile persuasi, mihi id, quod rogaret, ne licere quidem, non modo non lubere,

id. Att. 14, 19, 4:

quid deceat vos, non quantum liceat vobis, spectare debetis,

id. Rab. Post. 5, 11; cf.:

si hominibus tantum licere judicas, quantum possunt: vide, ne, etc.,

id. Phil. 13, 7, 15:

si illud non licet, Saltem hoc licebit,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 12: neque idem ubique aut licet aut decorum est, Quint. 5, 10, 40:

quod in foro non expedit, illic nec liceat,

id. 9, 2, 67:

sin et poterit Naevius id quod lubet et ei lubebit, quod non licet, quid agendum est?

Cic. Quint. 30, 94:

nihil, quod per leges liceret,

id. Mil. 16, 43:

cui tantum de te licuit?

Verg. A. 6, 502; Anthol. Lat. 1, 172, 150:

cui tantum fata licere In generum voluere tuum,

Luc. 9, 1025; cf.:

tantumque licere horruit,

Sil. 14, 670.—Rarely in plur.:

cum in servum omnia liceant, est, etc.,

Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—

With inf. or a subject-clause, with or without a dat.: neque terram inicere, neque cruenta Convestire corpora mihi licuit, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Trag. v. 168 Vahl.):

licet nemini contra patriam ducere exercitum,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

ut tibi id facere liceat,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

M. Catoni licuit Tusculi se in otio delectare,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1:

sceleris crimine liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis carere,

id. Lig. 6, 18; Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5:

quaerere, qui licuerit aedificare navem senatori,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 18, § 45:

meamet facta mihi dicere licet,

Sall. J. 85, 24.—Without a dat.:

introire in aedes numquam licitum est,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 70:

impune optare istuc licet,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 14:

modo liceat vivere,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 28:

licetne scire ex te?

id. Hec. 5, 4, 33:

hic subitam rerum commutationem videre licuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27, 1; 3, 96, 4:

si facere omnino non licebit,

Cic. Phil. 13, 6, 14:

licet ora ipsa cernere iratorum,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf. id. Div. 1, 41, 91:

licet hoc videre,

id. de Or. 3, 25, 99; id. Div. 1, 7, 13; id. Inv. 1, 15, 21; 2, 23, 71; 2, 9, 29:

veretur ne non liceat tenere hereditatem,

id. Att. 13, 48, 1:

licetne extra ordinem in provocantem hostem pugnare?

Liv. 23, 47, 1:

poscere ut perculsis instare liceat,

id. 2, 65, 2. —With inf. pass. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 660 sq.):

intellegi jam licet, nullum fore imperium,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

idque e pontificio jure intellegi licet,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 27; cf.:

his cognosci licuit, quantum, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 28; Cic. Off. 1, 7, 20:

evocari ex insula Cyprios non licet,

id. Att. 5, 21, 6:

in senatu dici nihil liceat,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

coöptari sacerdotem licebat,

id. Fam. 3, 10, 9:

in eum ordinem coöptari licet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 120:

id primum in poëtis cerni licet,

id. de Or. 3, 7, 27; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17.—The noun of the subject-clause is regularly in the acc.:

licet me id scire quid sit?

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 14:

non licet hominem esse, etc.,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 53:

si licet me latere,

id. ib. 4, 2, 5:

hocine me miserum non licere meo modo ingenium frui!

id. ib. 2, 4, 21; cf.:

eodem ut jure uti senem Liceat, id. Hec. prol. alt. 3: non licet me isto tanto bono uti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154:

cum non liceret Romae quemquam esse, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

100: ex eis locis, in quibus te habere nihil licet,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

45: quare licet etiam mortalem esse animum judicantem aeterna moliri,

id. Tusc. 1, 38, 91:

cur his per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberos non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 B. and K. (al. liberis; v. infra).—So with esse:

liceat esse miseros,

Cic. Lig. 6, 18; cf.:

medios esse jam non licebit,

id. Att. 10, 8, 4; id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; 1, 38, 91 Klotz N. cr.; also with fieri:

ut eum liceat ante tempus consulem fieri,

Auct. Her. 3, 2, 2:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque dicere, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26:

haec praescripta servantem licet magnifice vivere,

id. Off. 1, 26, 92:

licet tamen opera prodesse multis, beneficia petentem, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 19, 67.—So with acc. with a subject-inf., esse or fieri, even when licet is accompanied by the dat.:

si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum,

Cic. Balb. 12, 29:

potest incidere quaestio, An huic esse procuratorem liceat?

Quint. 7, 1, 19:

procuratorem tibi esse non licuit,

id. 4, 4, 6 Zumpt N. cr.:

mihi non licet esse piam,

Ov. H. 14, 64: is erat annus, quo per leges ei consulem fieri liceret Caes. B. C. 3, 1 Oud. N. cr. —But more freq., in this case, there is an attraction of the predicate-noun to the dative dependent on licet.—Hence,

Licet alicui with inf., esp. with esse:

per hanc tibi cenam incenato esse hodie licet,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 31:

per hanc curam quieto tibi licet esse,

id. Ep. 3, 2, 2:

licuit esse otioso Themistocli,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 33; cf.:

ut tibi abesse liceat, et esse otioso,

id. Att. 9, 2, A, 1: quare [p. 1063] judici mihi non esse liceat, id. Rab. Post. 7, 17:

ut iis ingratis esse non liceat,

id. Off. 2, 18, 63:

quo in genere mihi neglegenti esse non licet,

id. Att. 1, 17, 6:

cur iis per te frui libertate sua, cur denique esse liberis non licet?

id. Fl. 29, 71 (B. and K. liberos; v. supra):

quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse,

id. Cael. 1, 1:

quibus licet jam esse fortunatissimis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 8:

illis timidis et ignavis licet esse,

Liv. 21, 44, 3.—With other verbs than esse:

ut sibi per te liceat innocenti vitam in egestate degere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

cum postulasset... ut sibi triumphanti urbem invehi liceret,

Liv. 38, 44 fin. —

Very rarely, in this construction, the dative with licet is wanting, and is to be supplied from the connection: atqui licet esse beatis (sc. iis),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 19:

licet eminus esse Fortibus,

Ov. M. 8, 405:

Hannibal precatur deos ut incolumi cedere atque abire liceat,

Liv. 26, 41, 16:

sibi vitam filiae suā cariorem fuisse, si liberae ac pudicae vivere licitum fuisset,

id. 3, 50, 6. Cf. on this and the preced. construction, Krüger, Untersuchungen, vol. iii. p. 359 sq.; Ruddim. 2, p. 15; Zumpt, Gram. § 601; Madv. Gram. § 393, c. and obs. 1.—

With ut, and more freq. with the simple subj.:

neque jam mihi licet neque est integrum, ut, etc.,

Cic. Mur. 4, 8:

facto nunc laedat licet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

mea quidem causa salvos sis licet,

id. Rud. 1, 2, 51:

ludas licet,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 33:

fremant omnes licet,

Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 195:

sed omnia licet concurrant,

id. Att. 14, 4, 2:

ex qua licet pauca degustes,

id. ib. 1, 16, 8:

vel ipsi hoc dicas licet,

id. ib. 5, 1, 4:

quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint,

id. Tusc. 4, 24, 53; cf. id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

sequatur Hermagoram licebit,

id. Inv. 1, 51, 97; id. Rosc. Am. 17, 49:

sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,

Hor. Epod. 15, 19:

detrahat auctori multum fortuna licebit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 3; Verg. A. 6, 400. Cf. also under II. a.—

As a v. impers. absol., with or without dat.:

immo, aliis si licet, tibi non licet,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 15, 49:

cum licitum est ei,

id. And. 2, 6, 12:

nec crederem mihi impunius Licere,

id. Heaut. 3, 2, 50:

quod profecto faciam, si mihi per ejusdem amicitiam licebit,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 3: Ph. Sed quaeso, hominem ut jubeas arcessi. He. Licet, that may be or may be done, I have no objection, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 29:

si per vos licet,

id. As. prol. 12:

id quod postea, si per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 127:

dum per aetatem licet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 28:

fruare, dum licet,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 104; cf.:

dum licet, loquimini mecum,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 16:

sic ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut volumus, non licet,

id. And. 4, 5, 10:

ut id, quoad posset, quod fas esset, quoad liceret, populi ad partes daret,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 19.

Transf. When licet introduces a subordinate proposition, which makes a concession, without abandoning the main proposition, it is used as a conjunction corresponding to quamvis, quamquam, etsi. In late Latin it is, like these, connected with the indicative, and in the class. per. it is not unfreq. opposed to tamen and certe in the main proposition; even if, although, notwithstanding.

With subj. (class.):

quoniam quidem semel suscepi, licet hercules undique omnes mihi minae et terrores periculaque impendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:

improbitas, licet adversario molesta sit, judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15: in comoedia maxime claudamus: licet Varro Musas Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent;

licet, etc.,

id. 10, 1, 99:

vita brevis est, licet supra mille annos exeat,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

licet ingens janitor... exsanguis terreat umbras,

Verg. A. 6, 400. —With part. for subj.:

isque, licet caeli regione remotos, mente deos adiit,

Ov. M. 15, 62.—With a corresp. tamen:

licet laudem Fortunam, tamen, ut ne Salutem culpem,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 28:

licet saepius tibi hujus generis litteras mittam... sed tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

licet tibi significarim, ut ad me venires, tamen, etc.,

id. Att. 3, 12, 3; Quint. 2, 2, 8; 8, 3, 69:

licet ergo non sint confirmati testamento, a me tamen, ut confirmati, observabuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 3; Quint. 7 praef. § 2: constet illi licet fides et benevolentia, tranquillitas tamen, etc., Sen. Tranq. Anim. 7, 6.—With ellips. of subj.:

immatura licet, tamen huc non noxia veni (sc. venias),

Prop. 5, 11, 17.—With a corresp. certe:

licet enim haec quivis arbitratu suo reprehendat... certe levior reprehensio est,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 102.—

With indic. (post-class.):

licet inter gesta et facta videtur quaedam esse subtilis differentia, attamen, etc.,

Dig. 50, 16, 58; 2, 15, 8, § 25:

licet directae libertates deficiunt, attamen, etc.,

ib. 29, 7, 2: obduxi licet arma, sum Priapus, Poëta ap. Anth. Lat. 5, 218; Macr. S. 1, 11; App. M. 2, p. 117, 25.—

As an adv. with adj. or part., although (post-class.):

licet contumacissimum, tamen efficacissimum, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 1:

miles, licet membris vigentibus firmus, se solum circumspicit,

Amm. 14, 10, 12; 17, 12, 11; Claud. Mam. Paneg. Max. 1.—Hence,

lĭcens, entis, P. a., free, unrestrained, uncurbed, bold, forward, presumptuous, licentious.

Of persons (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

quam audaces et quam licentes sumus qui, etc.,

Gell. 15, 9, 4:

unde licens Fabius sacra Lupercus habet,

Prop. 4, 1, 26:

turba licens, Naides improbae,

Sen. Hippol. 777.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things (once in Cic.; elsewh. only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

licentior dithyrambus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 185:

hic tibi multa licet sermone licentia tecto Dicere,

Ov. A. A. 1, 569:

joci,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 93:

licentior epistula, Plin. N. H. prooem. § 1: imperium,

Val. Max. 6, 4, 2:

vita,

id. 9, 1, 3. —Hence, adv.: lĭcenter, freely, according to one's own pleasure or fancy; and, in a bad sense, without restraint, boldly, impudently, licentiously (class.):

at quam licenter!

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 109:

ut ingredi libere, non ut licenter videatur errare,

id. Or. 23, 77:

Graeci licenter multa,

Quint. 1, 8, 6:

aliquid facere,

Liv. 26, 10.— Comp.:

(servos) licentius, liberius, familiarius cum domina vivere,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57:

Romanos, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros,

more remiss in their discipline, Sall. J. 87 fin.:

gerere res communes,

id. ib. 108:

ausi aliquid,

Quint. 2, 4, 14:

si quid licentius dixerint,

id. 1, 2, 7:

translata,

id. 8, 3, 37; 12, 10, 50:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane licentius, quam ut fori severitas ferat,

id. 8, 6, 24; Tac. A. 6, 13.—

lĭcĭtus, a, um, P. a., permitted, allowed, allowable, lawful ( poet. and post-Aug. for permissus, honestus):

sermo,

Verg. A. 8, 468:

torus,

Petr. 34, 8:

acies,

Stat. Th. 11, 123:

negotiatio,

Dig. 37, 14, 2:

contractus,

ib. 50, 14, 3.—In plur. as subst.: lĭcĭta, ōrum, n., things that are lawful:

ipse per licita atque illicita foedatus,

Tac. A. 15, 37.—Hence, adv., in two forms: lĭcĭtē and lĭcĭtō, rightfully, lawfully (post-class. for juste, honeste, legitime).—Form licite, Dig. 30, 114, § 5.—

Form licito,

Sol. 11, 8; Cod. Th. 11, 8, 3.

sum, fui, esse (2d pers. es, but usu. es in Plaut and Ter; old forms, indic. pres. esum for sum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 9, § 100 Mull.: essis for es, Att. ap. Non. 200, 30, or Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.: simus for sumus, used by Augustus, acc. to Suet. Aug. 87; fut. escit for erit, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25:

esit, XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. nec, p. 162 Mull.: escunt for erunt,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 60, 3, 3, 9; Lucr. 1, 619; perf. fuvimus for fuimus, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168:

FVVEIT, C. I. L. 1, 1051: fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 23; id. Mil. 3, 1, 159:

fuerim,

id. ib. 4, 8, 54:

fuerit,

id. As. 4, 1, 37; subj. pres. siem, sies, siet, etc., very freq., esp. in Plaut.; e. g. siem, Am. prol. 57; Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:

sies,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 43; Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

siet,

Plaut. Am. prol. 58; Ter. And. 1, 4, 7; Lucr. 3, 101:

sient,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 54; Ter. And. 2, 3, 16; cf. Cic. Or. 47, 157; also,

fuam, fuas, etc., regarded by G. Curtius, de Aorist. Lat. Rel. in Studien zur Gr. u. Lat. Gram. 1, 431 sqq., as an aorist: fuam,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 48; id. Mil. 2, 6, 112: fuas, Liv. Andron. ap. Non 111, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 71; 2, 3, 83; id. Pers. 1, 1, 52; id. Trin. 2, 1, 32: fuat, Pac. ap. Non. 111, 8; Carm. ap. Liv. 25, 12; Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 2; id. Aul. 2, 2, 56; id. Capt. 2, 2, 10 et saep.; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4; Lucr. 4, 639; Verg. A. 10, 108:

fuant,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 110; id. Ep. 5, 1, 13; id. Ps. 4, 3, 12: fuvisset, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 4; part. pres. ens, used by Caesar, acc. to Prisc. p. 1140 P.; and by Sergius Flavius, acc. to Quint. 8, 3, 33; fut. inf. fore for futurum esse, very freq., and so always with partt.; cf. Madv. Gram. § 108; whence, subj. imperf. forem fores, etc., for essem; esp. in conditional sentences and in the histt., but very rare in Cic.; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 597 sqq.), v. n. [root es; Sanscr. as-mi, and the Greek es-mi, whence eimi; perf. fui; root in Sanscr. bhu, to become; bhavas, condition; Gr. phuô, to beget; cf.: fetus, futuo, etc.], to be, as a verb substantive or a copula.

As a verb substantive, to be.

In gen.

Asserting existence, to be, exist, live:

definitionum duo sunt genera prima: unum earum rerum quae sunt: alterum earum quae intelleguntur. Esse ea dico, quae cerni tangive possunt, ut fundum, aedes, parietem, cetera. Non esse rursus ea dico, quae tangi demonstrarive non possunt, cerni tamen animo atque intellegi possunt, ut si usucapionem, si tutelam, etc.... definias,

Cic. Top. 5, 26 sq.:

si abest, nullus est,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 16:

nunc illut est, quom me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

ita paene nulla sibi fuit Phronesium ( = paene mortuus est),

id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:

omne quod eloquimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

non statim, quod esse manifestum est, etiam quid sit apparet,

Quint. 3, 6, 81: est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 23 Vahl.):

flumen est Arar, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 12:

homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt!

Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 1; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43:

si quos inter societas aut est aut fuit aut futura est,

id. Lael. 22, 83:

nec enim, dum ero, angar ulla re, cum omni vacem culpa: et, si non ero, sensu omnino carebo,

id. Fam. 6, 3, 4:

si modo futuri sumus, erit mihi res opportuna,

id. Att. 11, 4, 1:

si quando erit civitas, erit profecto nobis locus: sin autem non erit, etc.,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 6:

nolite arbitrari, me cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore,

id. Sen. 22, 79:

si erit ulla res publica... sin autem nulla erit,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 5:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

sive erimus seu nos fata fuisse volunt,

Tib. 3, 5, 32: per quinquennia decem fuimus, Prud. Cath. praef. 2.—

Of events, to be, happen, occur, befall, take place:

illa (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

neque enim est periculum, ne, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 23, 37:

amabo, quid tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 24:

quid se futurum esset,

Liv. 33, 27. —

Of location, to be present, to be at a place.

With adv., or other expressions of place:

cum non liceret quemquam Romae esse, qui, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 41, § 100:

cum Athenis decem ipsos dies fuissem,

id. Fam. 2, 8, 3; id. de Or. 2, 7, 27:

cum Africanus constituisset in hortis esse,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cum essemus in castris,

id. ib. 1, 15:

nonne mavis sine periculo tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae?

id. Fam. 4, 7, 4:

vos istic commodissime sperem esse,

id. ib. 14, 7, 2: te hic tutissime puto fore, Pompon. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—

Of passages in a book or writing, with in and abl., to be, stand, be written, etc.:

deinceps in lege est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

quid enim in illis (litteris) fuit praeter querelam temporum,

id. Fam. 2, 16, 1.—

Of personal relations, with ad or apud and acc., or cum and abl. of person:

cum esset (Sulpicius Gallus) casu apud M. Marcellum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

eram cum Stoico Diodoto: qui cum habitavisset apud me mecumque vixisset, etc.,

id. Brut. 90, 309:

erat nemo, quicum essem libentius quam tecum et pauci, quibuscum essem aeque libenter,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 1:

qui me admodum diligunt multumque mecum sunt,

id. ib. 4, 13, 6; cf. with simul:

Smyrnae cum simul essemus complures dies,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13.—Hence, esp.: esse cum aliquo (aliqua), to be with, i. e. live with, associate with, as husband or wife:

cujus soror est cum P. Quintio,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

ea nocte mecum illa hospitis jussu fuit,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 101; Ov. A. A. 3, 664:

cum hac (meretrice) si qui adulescens forte fuerit,

Cic. Cael. 20, 49; Ov. Am. 2, 8, 27: tum ad me fuerunt, qui, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 133, 28:

Curio fuit ad me sane diu,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8:

cum ad me bene mane Dionysius fuit,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1; cf.:

esse sub uno tecto atque ad eosdem Penates,

Liv. 28, 18.—

Of relations analogous to place, of dress, condition, position, office, etc., to be, live, be found, etc., with in and abl.:

cum est in sagis civitas,

Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 32:

in laxa toga,

Tib. 2, 3, 78: sive erit in Tyriis, Tyrios laudabis amictus;

Sive erit in Cois, Coa decere puta,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297: hominem non modo in aere alieno nullo, sed in suis nummis multis esse et semper fuisse, Cic. Verr [p. 1798] 2, 4, 6, §

11: in servitute,

id. Clu. 7, 21:

in illa opinione populari,

id. ib. 51, 142:

in magno nomine et gloria,

id. Div. 1, 17, 31:

in spe,

id. Fam. 14, 3, 2:

in tanta moestitia,

id. Phil. 2, 15, 37:

in odio,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

in probris, in laudibus,

id. Off. 1, 18, 61:

in officio,

id. ib. 1, 15, 49:

in injustitia,

id. ib. 1, 14, 42:

in vitio,

id. ib. 1, 19, 62; id. Tusc. 3, 9, 19:

ne in mora quom opus sit, sies,

Ter. And. 2, 5, 13:

ne in mora illi sis,

id. ib. 3, 1, 9:

hic in noxia'st,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 36:

quae (civitas) una in amore atque in deliciis fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

in ingenti periculo,

Liv. 5, 47:

in pace,

id. 31, 29.—So with abl. without in, when qualified by an adj.:

(statua) est et fuit tota Graecia summo propter ingenium honore et nomine,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

si quis asperitate ea est et inmanitate naturae,

id. Lael. 23, 87:

ne quo periculo proprio existimares esse,

id. Fam. 4, 15, 2 (B. and K. ex conj.:

in periculo): ego sum spe bona,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

res nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse,

id. ib. 12, 28, 3:

incredibili sum sollicitudine de tua valetudine,

id. ib. 16, 15, 1; esp. in phrase periculo alicujus esse, to be at the risk of any one:

rem illam suo periculo esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 6:

ut quae in naves inposuissent, ab hostium tempestatisque vi publico periculo essent,

Liv. 23, 49, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

dare nummos meo periculo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

communi periculo,

ib. 13, 6, 21, § 1 (cf. II. B. 1. b. infra).—

To depend upon, rest with, with in and abl.:

res erat non in opinione dubia,

Cic. Dom. 5, 11:

sed totum est in eo, si, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 22, 5:

omnem reliquam spem in impetu esse equitum,

Liv. 10, 14, 12:

quoniam totum in eo sit, ne contrectentur pocula,

Col. 12, 4, 3. —

In partic.

Esse (est, sunt, etc.) often stands without a subject expressed, or with an indef. subj., as antecedent of a rel.-clause, whose verb may be in the indic. or subj.; the former only when the subject is conceived as particular or limited, and actually existing; the latter always when it is conceived as indefinite; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 562 sq.; Roby, Gram. § 1686 sq.; Madv. Gram. § 365; but the distinctions usually drawn by grammarians are not always observed by the best writers; and the subjunctive is always admissible, being the prevailing construction after sunt qui in class. prose, and nearly universal in postAug. writers: sunt, qui (quae), there are those ( people or things) who ( that), or simply some.

With indic.

Without subject expressed:

mulier mane: sunt Qui volunt te conventam,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 37:

sunt hic quos credo inter se dicere,

id. Cas. prol. 67:

sunt quae te volumus percontari,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 47:

quid est, quod tu gestas tabellas?

id. ib. 1, 1, 10:

quid est, quod tu me nunc optuere?

id. Most. 1, 1, 69; cf.:

quid hoc est, quod foris concrepuit?

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

tun' is es, Qui in me aerumnam obsevisti?

id. Ep. 4, 1, 34:

quid est, quod tuo animo aegre est?

id. Cas. 2, 2, 9; id. Cist. 4, 1, 3:

at ego est quod volo loqui,

id. As. 1, 3, 79:

est quod te volo secreto,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 30:

sunt quos scio amicos esse, sunt quos suspicor,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 54:

ita subitum'st, quod eum conventum volo,

id. ib. 5, 2, 51:

sunt quae ego ex te scitari volo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 13:

sed est quod suscenset tibi,

Ter. And. 2, 6, 17:

est quod me transire oportet,

id. Hec. 2, 2, 31:

quid sit quapropter te jussi, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 1, 7:

sunt item quae appellantur alces,

Caes. B. G. 6, 27 init.:

(nationes) ex quibus sunt qui ovis vivere existimantur,

id. ib. 4, 10 fin.:

sunt qui putant posse te non decedere,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 25:

sunt autem, qui putant non numquam complexione oportere supersederi,

id. Inv. 1, 40, 72:

quamquam sunt, qui propter utilitatem modo petendas putant amicitias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 167:

sunt autem quae praeterii,

id. Att. 10, 4, 11:

sunt, qui abducunt a malis ad bona, ut Epicurus. Sunt, qui satis putant ostendere, nihil inopinati accidisse... Sunt etiam qui haec omnia genera consolandi colligunt,

id. Tusc. 3, 31, 76 Kuhn. N. cr.:

sunt, qui, quod sentiunt, non audent dicere,

id. Off. 1, 24, 84:

Argiletum sunt qui scripserunt ab Argola, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 157 Mull.:

sunt qui ita dicunt,

Sall. C. 19, 4:

sunt qui spiritum non recipiunt sed resorbent,

Quint. 11, 3, 55:

sunt, quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum Collegisse juvat,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 3; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 24: sunt quibus unum opus est, etc., id. C. 1, 7, 5:

sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,

id. S. 2, 1, 1:

sunt quorum ingenium nova tantum crustula promit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 47.—

With a subject expressed by an indefinite word or clause:

sunt alii qui te volturium vocant,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 64:

est genus hominum qui se primos omnium esse volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

multae sunt causae, quam ob rem cupio abducere,

id. ib. 1, 2, 65 Fleck. (Ussing, cupiam):

erat quidam eunuchus, quem mercatus fuerat,

id. ib. 3, 5, 21:

multaeque res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt,

Cic. Lael. 16, 57:

sunt ejus aliquot orationes, ex quibus lenitas ejus perspici potest,

id. Brut. 48, 177:

fuerunt alia genera philosophorum, qui se omnes Socraticos esse dicebant,

id. de Or. 3, 17, 62:

nonnulli sunt, qui aluerunt, etc.,

id. Cat. 1, 12, 301:

sunt quidam, qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi se contemni putant,

id. Lael. 20, 72:

sunt vestrum, judices, aliquam multi, qui L. Pisonem cognoverunt,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 56:

multae et pecudes et stirpes sunt, quae sine procuratione hominum salvae esse non possunt,

id. N. D. 2, 52, 130:

sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

permulta sunt, quae dici possunt, quare intellegatur, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; cf. id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 22; id. Off. 1, 14, 43; 1, 20, 69; id. Div. 1, 54, 123:

fuere complures, qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt,

Sall. C. 39, 5: haec sunt, quae clamores et admirationes in bonis oratoribus efficiunt. Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 152:

alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere,

Sall. C. 52, 21.—

With. subj.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem;

sunt qui nullum censeant fieri discessum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

sunt qui in rebus contrariis parum sibi constent,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71:

de impudentia singulari sunt qui mirentur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

est eisdem de rebus quod dici potest subtilius,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 32:

praesto est qui neget rem ullam percipi esse sensibus,

id. Ac. 2, 32, 101:

quicquid est quod deceat, id, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

sunt qui nolint tetigisse nisi illas, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 28:

sunt qui Crustis et pomis viduas venentur avaras,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 78:

vestes Gaetulo murice tinctas Sunt qui non habeant, est qui non curet habere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 182 et saep.—

With a more or less indefinite expression of the subject:

sunt quidam e nostris, qui haec subtilius velint tradere et negent satis esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 31:

rarum est quoddam genus eorum, qui se a corpore avocent,

id. Div. 1, 49, 111:

quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat?

id. ib. 2, 60, 125; id. de Or. 2, 50, 196:

solus est hic, qui numquam rationes ad aerarium referat,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 38, § 98:

quae quibusdam admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt, qui pro nihilo putent,

id. Lael. 23, 86:

erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 65, cf.:

quis enim miles fuit, qui Brundisii illam non viderit? quis, qui nescierit, etc.,

id. Phil. 2, 25, 61:

sit aliquis, qui nihil mali habeat,

id. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

sunt nonnullae disciplinae, quae officium omne pervertant,

id. Off. 1, 2, 5:

est quaedam animi sanitas quae in insipientem quoque cadat,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 30:

Syracusis lex est de religione, quae jubeat,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 126:

unus est qui curet constantia magis quam consilio,

id. Att. 1, 18, 7:

si est una ex omnibus quae sese moveat,

id. Rep. 6, 26, 28:

multi sunt, qui non acerbum judicent vivere, sed supervacuum,

Sen. Ep. 24, 26:

erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

fuere cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent,

Sall. C. 36, 4:

sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem Possis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 34:

sunt delicta tamen, quibus ignovisse velimus,

id. A. P. 347.—

Poet.: est, quibus (acc. to the Gr. estin hois):

est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae: est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes,

Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 17.—

With dat., to belong or pertain to; or, rendering the dative as the subject of the verb, to have ( possess, = the Fr. etre a used of property, and of permanent conditions or characteristics, not of temporary states, feelings, etc.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 417 sq.): aliquid reperiret, fingeret fallacias, Unde esset adulescenti, amicae quod daret, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 23:

nomen Mercurio'st mihi, Plaut Am. prol. 19: nisi jam tum esset honos elo quentiae,

Cic. Brut. 10, 40:

est igitur homini cum deo similitudo,

id. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

familiaritas, quae mihi cum eo est,

id. Att. 8. 3, 2:

privatus illis census erat brevis,

Hor. C. 2, 15, 13; cf.:

Trojae et huic loco nomen est,

Liv. 1, 1, 5:

Hecyra est huic nomen fabulae,

Ter. Hec. prol. 1:

cui saltationi Titius nomen esset,

Cic. Brut. 62, 225:

cui (fonti) nomen Arethusa est,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118:

Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen,

Liv. 25, 2, 6.—With ellips. of dat. ( poet.):

nec rubor est emisse palam (sc. ei),

nor is she ashamed, Ov. A. A. 3, 167:

neque testimonii dictio est (sc. servo),

has no right to be a witness, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 63.—

Esse alicui cum aliquo, to have to do with, to be connected with a person:

tecum nihil rei nobis, Demipho, est,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 74:

sibi cum illa mima posthac nihil futurum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 31, 77:

jussit bona proscribi ejus, quicum familiaritas fuerat, societas erat,

id. Quint. 6, 25:

si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus,

id. Fam. 15, 10, 2.—

Esse with certain prepp. and their cases (cf. also I. A. 2. 3. 4. supra).

Esse ab aliquo, to be of a person, to be the servant, disciple, adherent, partisan, etc., of:

es ne tu an non es ab illo milite e Macedonia?

do you belong to? Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 21:

ab Andria est ancilla haec,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 3; 4, 4, 17:

erat enim ab isto Aristotele,

Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 160:

sed vide ne hoc, Scaevola, totum sit a me,

makes for me, id. de Or 1, 13, 55 (cf. ab, I. B. 3., II. B. 2. o.). —

Esse pro aliquo, to be in favor of, make for:

(judicia) partim nihil contra Habitum valere, partim etiam pro hoc esse,

Cic. Clu. 32, 88.—

Esse ex aliqua re, to consist of, be made up of:

(creticus) qui est ex longa et brevi et longa,

Cic. de Or. 3, 47, 183; cf.:

duo extremi chorei sunt, id est, e singulis longis et brevibus,

id. Or. 63, 212:

etsi temeritas ex tribus brevibus et longa est,

id. ib. 63, 214; 64, 215 (v. also 6. infra). —

Euphem., in perf. tempp., of one who has died or a thing that has perished, to be no more, to be gone, departed, dead ( poet.):

horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis: Ita paene tibi fuit Phronesium,

i. e. had almost died, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 92:

nunc illud est, cum me fuisse quam esse nimio mavelim,

id. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

sive erimus, seu nos fata fuisse velint,

Tib. 3, 5, 32:

fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens Gloria Teucrorum,

Verg. A. 2, 325:

certus in hospitibus non est amor: errat ut ipsi, Cumque nihil speres firmius esse, fuit,

Ov. H. 16, (17), 192.—

Pregn., to be real or a fact, to be the case; so esp.: est, esto, it is even so, be it so, such is or let such be the case, granted, well, etc.:

quid tibi vis dicam, nisi quod est?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 17:

sunt ista, Laeli,

Cic. Lael. 2, 6:

ista esse credere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 10: est vero, inquit, Africane, id. Fragm. ap. Lact. 1, 18:

est ut dicis, inquam,

id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:

sit quidem ut sex milia seminum intereant,

Col. 3, 3, 13:

esto: ipse nihil est, nihil potest,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; cf.:

verum esto,

id. Fin. 2, 23, 75:

esto,

Verg. A. 7, 313; 10, 67; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 81; 1, 17, 37 al.—Hence,

The connections est ut, ubi, cum, quod, or with a subject-clause, it happens or chances that, it is the case that, there is cause or reason why, there is a time when, it is allowed or permissible that, one may, etc.

Est ut, it is the case or fact, that, etc.:

sin est, ut velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7 (8), 32:

si est, ut dicat velle se, Redde,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 43:

si est, culpam ut Antipho in se admiserit,

id. Phorm. 2, 1, 40:

est, ut id maxime deceat,

Cic. Or. 59, 199:

quando fuit, ut, quod licet, non liceret?

id. Cael. 20, 48:

non est igitur, ut mirandum sit, ea praesentiri, etc.,

id. Div 1, 56, 128:

non erat, ut fieri posset, mirarier umquam,

Lucr. 5, 979:

futurum esse ut omnes pellerentur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

non est, ut copia major Ab Jove donari possit tibi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 2:

est ut viro vir latius ordinet Arbusta sulcis,

id. C. 3, 1, 9; Dig. 38, 7, 2.—Cf. esse after a neg., with quin:

numquam est enim, quin aliquid memoriae tradere velimus,

Auct. Her. 3, 24, 40.—Also, est ut, there is reason, that, etc.:

magis est ut ipse moleste ferat errasse se, quam ut, etc.,

Cic. Cael. 6, 14 fin.: ille erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis meae, he had good reason for hating [p. 1799] id. Mil. 13, 35; cf.:

quid erat cur Milo optaret,

id. ib. 13, 34:

neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3. —

Est ubi, sometime or another, sometimes:

erit, ubi te ulciscar, si vivo,

Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 26:

est, ubi id isto modo valeat,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Est cum, sometimes:

est cum non est satius, si, etc.,

Auct. Her. 4, 26, 36.—

Est quod, there is reason to, I have occasion:

est quod visam domum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 26:

etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi quam quod te rogem,

I have more reason to, Cic. Att. 16, 5, 2:

est quod referam ad consilium: sin, etc.,

Liv. 30, 31, 9:

quod timeas non est,

Ov. H. 19, 159:

nil est illic quod moremur diutius,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 6:

non est quod multa loquamur,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 30.—Cf. with cur:

non est cur eorum spes infragatur,

Cic. Or. 2, 6:

nihil est cur,

id. Fam. 6, 20, 1.—

Est, sit, etc., with infin. in Gr. constr., it is possible, is allowed, permitted, one may, etc. (mostly poet. and post-class.):

est quadam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 32:

Cato, R. R. prooem. § 1: scire est liberum Ingenium atque animum,

Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 42:

nec non et Tityon terrae omniparentis alumnum Cernere erat,

Verg. A. 6, 596; 8, 676; Sil. 2, 413:

neque est te fallere quicquam,

Verg. G. 4, 447:

unde Plus haurire est,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79:

est Gaudia prodentem vultum celare,

id. ib. 2, 5, 103:

quod versu dicere non est,

id. ib. 1, 5, 87:

quod tangere non est,

Ov. M. 3, 478:

quae verbo objecta, verbo negare sit,

Liv. 42, 41, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

ut conjectare erat intentione vultus,

Tac. A. 16, 34:

est videre argentea vasa,

id. G. 5; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 227.— With dat.:

ne tibi sit frigida saxa adire,

Prop. 1, 20, 13; Tib. 1, 6, 24 (32):

tu procul a patria (nec sit mihi credere tantum!) Alpinas nives Me sine vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46:

fuerit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiae tuae,

Sall. J. 110, 3; Dig. 46, 3, 72, § 4.—

In eo ease ut, etc., to be in a condition to reach the point that, to be possible, etc., to be about to, on the point of, etc. ( impers. or with res, etc., as subj.):

cum jam in eo esset, ut in muros evaderet miles,

Liv. 2, 17, 5:

si viderent in eo jam esse ut urbs caperetur,

id. 28, 22, 8:

jamque in eo rem fore, ut Romani aut hostes aut domini habendi sint,

id. 8, 27, 3:

cum res non in eo essent ut, etc.,

id. 33, 41, 9:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut, etc.,

id. 30, 19, 3; 34, 41. —With person. subj. (late Lat.):

cum ab Ulixe adducta Iphigenia in eo esset, ut immolaretur,

Hyg. Fab. 261. —

Like the Engl. to be, for to come, fall, reach, to have arrived, etc. (hence also with in and acc.):

ecquid in mentem est tibi, Patrem tibi esse?

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 54:

nam numero mi in mentem fuit,

id. Am. 1, 1, 26:

ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5, 22:

portus in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis,

id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:

ut certior fieret, quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus,

id. Att. 15, 4, 2:

qui neque in provinciam cum imperio fuerunt,

id. Fam. 8, 8, 8:

quae ne in potestatem quidem populi Romani esset,

Liv. 2, 14, 4:

nec prius militibus in conspectum fuisse,

Suet. Aug. 16:

esse in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 20, 66; cf.:

in eorum potestatem portum futurum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 98; v. Gell. 1, 7, 16 sq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 316.—

Of time, to pass, elapse (rare but class.):

diem scito nullum esse, quo, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1.

As a copula, to be any thing or in any manner.

In gen.

With an adj., subst., or pron.:

et praeclara res est et sumus otiosi,

Cic. Lael. 5, 17:

quod in homine multo est evidentius,

id. ib. 8, 27:

sperare videor Scipionis et Laelii amicitiam notam posteritati fore,

id. ib. 4, 15:

non sum ita hebes, ut istud dicam,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

cum, ignorante rege, uter esset Orestes, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, Orestes autem ita ut erat, Orestem se esse perseveraret,

id. Lael. 7, 24:

consul autem esse qui potui? etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati,

are a mere number, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 27:

pars non minima triumphi est victimae praecedentes,

Liv. 45, 49:

nobile erit Romae pascua vestra forum,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 20:

sanguis erant lacrimae,

Luc. 9, 811:

ego tu sum, tu es ego: unanimi sumus,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 49:

tuos sum,

id. Bacch. 1, 1, 60: domus non ea est, quam parietes nostri cingunt, Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:

is enim fueram, cui, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 4, 7.—

Less freq. with adv. (esp. in colloq. language): Am. Satin' tu sanus es? Sos. Sic sum ut vides, Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 57:

sic, inquit, est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 60:

est, inquit, ut dicis,

id. ib. 1, 40, 63:

quod ita cum sit,

id. ib. 1, 45, 69:

quia sunt haud procul ab hujus aetatis memoria,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1 B. and K.:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est,

id. ib. 1, 2, 2: frustra id inceptum Volscis fuit. Liv. 2, 25:

dato qui bene sit: ego, ubi bene sit, tibi locum lepidum dabo,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 51:

apud matrem recte est,

Cic. Att. 1, 7:

cum in convivio comiter et jucunde fuisses,

id. Deiot. 7, 19:

omnes hanc quaestionem haud remissius sperant futuram,

id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11:

dicta impune erant,

Tac. A. 1, 72.—Esp.: facile alicubi (in aliqua re) esse, with pleasure, glad to be:

quod in maritimis facillime sum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2:

locum habeo nullum ubi facilius esse possum,

id. Att. 13, 26, 2 (on esse with an adverb, v. Haase ap. Reisig, Vorles. p. 394; cf. also bene under bonus fin.).—

In partic.

With gen. part., to be of, belong to a class, party, etc.:

in republica ita est versatus, ut semper optimarum partium et esset et existimaretur,

Nep. Att. 6, 1:

qui ejusdem civitatis fuit,

id. Them. 9, 1:

qui Romanae partis erant, urbe excesserunt,

Liv. 35, 51, 7: ut aut amicorum aut inimicorum Campani simus;

si defenditis, vestri, si deseritis, Samnitium erimus,

id. 7, 30, 9 sq. —

With gen. or abl. denoting quality.

With gen.:

nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii fuisse confiteor,

Cic. Sest. 16, 36:

disputatio non mediocris contentionis est,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 257:

magni judicii, summae etiam facultatis esse debebit,

id. Or. 21, 70:

(virtus) nec tantarum virium est, ut se ipsa tueatur,

id. Tusc. 5, 1, 2; id. Fin. 5, 12, 36:

Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit,

Sall. J. 95, 3:

summi ut sint laboris,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2:

civitas magnae auctoritatis,

id. ib. 5, 54:

refer, Cujus fortunae (sit),

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54:

se nullius momenti apud exercitum futurum,

Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:

qui ejusdem aetatis fuit,

id. ib. 11, 1:

invicti ad laborem corporis erat,

Liv. 9, 16:

nec magni certaminis ea dimicatio fuit,

id. 21, 60:

somni brevissimi erat,

Suet. Claud. 33.—So of extent, number, etc.:

classis centum navium,

Nep. Them. 2, 2; 2, 5:

annus trecentarum sexaginta quinque dierum,

Suet. Caes. 40.—

With abl.:

bono animo es,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 4:

jam aetate ea sum, ut, etc.,

id. Hec. 5, 1, 11:

bellum varia victoria fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 1:

L. Catilina nobili genere natus fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, set ingenio malo,

id. C. 5, 1:

Sulla animo ingenti,

id. J. 95, 3:

esse magna gratia,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8:

tenuissima valetudine esse,

id. ib. 5, 40:

si fuerit is injustus, timidus, hebeti ingenio atque nullo,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

mira sum alacritate ad litigandum,

id. Att. 2, 7, 2:

bono animo sint et tui et mei familiares,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

ut bono essent animo,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

ut uxores eodem jure sint quo viri,

id. ib. 1, 43, 67:

qui capite et superciliis semper est rasis,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

abi, quaere, unde domo quis, Cujus fortunae, quo sit patre quove patrono,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 54 (cf. I. A. 4. supra). —

With gen. or abl. of price or value.

With gen.:

pluris est oculatus testis quam auriti decem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 8:

videtur esse quantivis pretii,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 15:

a me argentum, quanti (servus) est, sumito,

id. Ad. 5, 9, 20:

si ullo in loco frumentum tanti fuit, quanti iste aestimavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 194:

ager nunc multo pluris est, quam tunc fuit,

id. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

ut quisque, quod plurimi sit, possideat, ita, etc.,

id. Par. 6, 2, 48:

magni erunt mihi tuae litterae,

id. Fam. 15, 15, 4:

parvi sunt foris arma, nisi, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 22, 76:

an emat denario quod sit mille denarium,

id. ib. 3, 23, 92:

parvi pretii est quod nihili est,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

is worth more to me, weighs more with me, id. Att. 12, 28, 2:

neque pluris pretii cocum quam vilicum habeo,

Sall. J. 85, 39:

erat (agellus) centum milium nummum,

Plin. Ep. 6, 3, 1. —

With abl.: sextante sal et Romae et per totam I i aliam erat, was worth, stood at, Liv. 29, 37.—

With gen. of possession, etc., it belongs, pertains to; or it is the part, property, nature, mark, sign, custom, or duty of, etc.

In gen.:

audiant eos, quorum summa est auctoritas apud, etc.,

who possess, Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

ea ut civitatis Rhodiorum essent,

Liv. 37, 55, 5:

teneamus eum cursum, qui semper fuit optimi cujusque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

quamobrem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9; id. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

sapientis est consilium explicare suum, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 81, 333:

temeritas est florentis aetatis, prudentia senescentis,

id. Sen. 6, 20:

est adulescentis majores natu vereri,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

Aemilius, cujus tum fasces erant,

Liv. 8, 12, 13:

tota tribuniciae potestatis erat,

id. 3, 48:

alterius morientis prope totus exercitus fuit,

id. 22, 50:

jam me Pompeii totum esse scis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 2:

hominum, non causarum, toti erant,

Liv. 3, 36:

plebs novarum, ut solet, rerum atque Hannibalis tota esse,

were devoted to, favored, id. 23, 14:

Dolopes numquam Aetolorum fuerant: Philippi erant,

id. 38, 3:

Ptolemaeus propter aetatem alieni arbitrii erat,

id. 42, 29:

est miserorum ut malevolentes sint,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 51:

quod alterum divinitatis mihi cujusdam videtur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86:

negavit moris esse Graecorum, ut, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:

non est gravitatis ac sapientiae tuae, ferre immoderatius casum incommodorum tuorum,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 5:

est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5.—Rarely with pronom. posses.:

est tuum, Cato, videre quid agatur,

Cic. Mur. 38, 83:

fuit meum quidem jam pridem rem publicam lugere,

id. Att. 12, 28, 2.—

Esp., with gerundive, to denote tendency, effect, etc.:

quae res evertendae rei publicae solerent esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

regium inperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat,

Sall. C. 6, 7:

qui utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatis essent,

Liv. 3, 31, 7:

ea prodendi imperii Romani, tradendae Hannibali victoriae esse,

id. 27, 9, 12:

nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam,

id. 38, 51, 8:

frustrationem eam legis tollendae esse,

id. 3, 24, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 39, 8; 5, 3, 5; 40, 29, 11.—

With dat. of the end, object, purpose, etc.:

vitam hanc rusticam tu probro et crimini putas esse oportere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48:

etiam quae esui potuique non sunt, contineri legato,

Dig. 33, 9, 3; Gell. 4, 1, 20:

ut divites conferrent, qui essent oneri ferendo,

Liv. 2, 9:

magis vis morbi curae esset, maxime quod, etc.,

id. 4, 21, 5:

cum solvendo aere (i. e. aeri) alieno res publica non esset,

id. 31, 13:

iniciuntur ea, quae umori extrahendo sunt,

Cels. 4, 10 fin. — Esp. in phrase solvendo esse, to be solvent, able to pay:

tu nec solvendo eras,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 4:

cum solvendo civitates non essent,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2 (v. solvo).—

With predicative dat. sing., denoting that which the subject is, becomes, appears to be, etc.

Without second dat. of pers.:

auxilio is fuit,

Plaut. Am. prol. 94:

magis curae'st,

id. Bacch. 4, 10, 3; id. Curc. 4, 2, 15; id. As. 1, 3, 23; id. Capt. 5, 2, 13 sq.:

cui bono fuerit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35:

eo natus sum ut Jugurthae scelerum ostentui essem,

Sall. J. 24, 10: cupis me esse nequam;

tamen ero frugi bonae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 51:

magnoque esse argumento, homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 21, 78:

multi Indicioque sui facti persaepe fuere, Lucr 4, 1019: ejus rei ipsa verba formulae testimonio sunt,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 4, 11:

haec res ad levandam annonam impedimento fuit,

Liv. 4, 13:

cujus rei Demosthenes atque Aeschines possunt esse documento,

Quint. 7, 1, 2.—

With second dat. of pers.:

obsecro vos ego mi auxilio sitis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 5; id. Ep. 5, 2, 11; id. Most. 1, 2, 68:

ne quid Captioni mihi sit,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

mihi cordi est,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 110:

ubi eris damno molestiae et dedecori saepe fueris,

id. As. 3, 2, 25:

metuo illaec mihi res ne malo magno fuat,

id. Mil. 2, 6, 12:

nec Salus nobis saluti jam esse potest,

id. Most. 2, 1, 4:

bono usui estis nulli,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 15:

quae sint nobis morbo mortique,

Lucr. 6, 1095:

quo magis quae agis curae sunt mihi,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 46:

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: ut mihi magnae curae tuam vitam ac dignitatem esse scires, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, A fin.:

accusant ei, quibus occidi patrem Sex. Roscii bono fuit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5, 13: haec tam parva [p. 1800] civitas praedae tibi et quaestui fuit, id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

ea dictitare, quae detrimento, maculae, invidiae, infamiae nobis omnibus esse possint,

id. ib. 2, 3, 62, §

144: minus ea bella curae patribus erant, quam, etc.,

Liv. 35, 23, 1:

sciant patribus aeque curae fuisse, ne, etc.,

id. 4, 7, 6:

si hoc perinde curae est tibi quam illud mihi,

Plin. Ep. 6, 8, 9:

quantaeque curae tibi fuit, ne quis, etc.,

id. Pan. 25, 3:

quantae sit mihi curae,

id. Ep. 6, 8, 2:

si judicibus ipsis aut gloriae damnatio rei aut deformitati futura absolutio,

Quint. 6, 1, 12.—Rarely with dat. gerund:

nec tamen impedimento id rebus gerundis fuit,

Liv. 26, 24 (for a full account of this dative, v. Roby, Gram. 2, praef. pp. xxv.-lvi., and § 1158 sq.).—

Esse ad aliquid, to be of use for, to serve for:

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato, R. R. 125:

completae naves taeda et pice reliquisque rebus quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101:

valvae, quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 56, § 124.—

Id est or hoc est, with predic.-clause by way of explanatory addition, that is, that is to say; sometimes also with a climax in the sense, which is as much as to say, or which is the same thing:

sed domum redeamus, id est ad nostros revertamur,

Cic. Brut. 46, 172:

quodsi in scena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

meos amicos, in quibus est studium, in Graeciam mitto, id est ad Graecos ire jubeo,

id. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

si Epicurum, id est si Democritum probarem,

id. ib. 1, 2, 6:

ut (sapiens) aegritudine opprimatur, id est miseria,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 27: a parte negotiali, hoc est pragmatikêi, Quint. 3, 7, 1:

cum in bona tua invasero, hoc est, cum te docuero,

id. 8, 3, 89.—

Poet., with Greek inf. pleonastically:

esse dederat monumentum,

Verg. A. 5, 572 (cf.: dôke xeinêion einai, Hom. Il. 10, 269).

sum = eum, Enn. ap. Fest., v. is.

sum- in composition, for sub before m; v. sub fin.

* * *

(+inf. to forebear to), avoid, spare, keep oneself from.

(with dative) to spare, refrain from injuring

ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].

As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.

In space.

Direction toward, to, toward, and first,

Horizontally:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—

In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 188:

altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—

Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.

The point or goal at which any thing arrives.

Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,

With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

ad Sullam adire,

id. ib. 25:

ad se adferre,

id. Verr. 4, 50:

reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

id. ib. 5, 27:

ad laborem adhortantur,

id. de Sen. 14:

T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—

Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

oratus sum venire ad te huc,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

eamus ad me,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—

Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

in aedem Veneris,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

in aedem Concordiae,

Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

ad Opis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

ad Castoris,

id. Quint. 17:

ad Juturnae,

id. Clu. 101:

ad Vestae,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—

With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

postea ad pistores dabo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

id. ib. 5, 3:

velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

quae institueram, ad te mittam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —

With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

ad Veios,

Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

or when it is joined with usque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—

With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

ipse ad hostem vehitur,

Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

aliquem ad hostem ducere,

Tac. A. 2, 52:

clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

munio me ad haec tempora,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

Cic. Off. 3, 24:

remedium ad tertianam,

Petr. Sat. 18:

munimen ad imbris,

Verg. G. 2, 352:

farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—

The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—

The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

Curt. 3, 9, 10:

laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

vestis ad Seras peti,

id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

deverberasse usque ad necem,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.

Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

astiterunt ad januam,

Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

non adest ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

aderant ad spectaculum istud,

Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

Lucr. 3, 959:

quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

haec arma habere ad manum,

Quint. 12, 5, 1:

dominum esse ad villam,

Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

errantem ad flumina,

Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

conchas ad Caietam legunt,

id. Or. 2, 6:

ad forum esse,

to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

ad dextram,

Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

ad laevam,

Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

ad dextram... ad laevam,

Liv. 40, 6;

and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.

In time, analogous to the relations given in A.

Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

domum reductus ad vesperum,

toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—

The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

ad multam noctem,

Cic. de Sen. 14:

Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8:

usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—

Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

nostra ad diem dictam fient,

id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

ad id tempus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.

The relations of number.

An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

quasi ad quadraginta minas,

as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

ad hominum milia decem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—

The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

quid ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

Cic. Lael. 23:

ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

Verg. A. 5, 687.

In the manifold relations of one object to another.

That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.

With verbs:

ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

nil est ad nos,

is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

nil ad me attinet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

nihil ad rem pertinet,

Cic. Caecin. 58;

and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

Quid ad praetorem?

id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—

With adjectives:

ad has res perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

virum ad cetera egregium,

Liv. 37, 7, 15:

auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

difficilis (res) ad credendum,

Lucr. 2, 1027:

ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—

With nouns:

prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

mentis ad omnia caecitas,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

ad cetera paene gemelli,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

Cic. Font. 6;

facultas ad agendum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—

In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—

With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

Cic. Mur. 77:

taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

ad amussim non est numerus,

Varr. 2, 1, 26:

ad imaginem facere,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

ad cursus lunae describit annum,

Liv. 1, 19:

omnia ad diem facta sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

ad aequos flexus,

at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

turres ad altitudiem valli,

Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

id. 44, 11:

ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

Suet. Ner. 31:

lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

canere ad tibiam,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

in numerum ludere,

Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

ad unguem factus homo,

a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

ad istorum normam sapientes,

Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

ad simulacrum,

Liv. 40, 6:

ad Punica ingenia,

id. 21, 22:

ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

omnia fient ad verum,

Juv. 6, 324:

quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

ad hunc modum institutus est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

ad eundem istunc modum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

Lucr. 2, 281:

ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

id. Rab. Post. 21:

aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26:

rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

id. Font. 36:

ad vulgi opinionem,

id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

ad instar castrorum,

Just. 36, 3, 2:

scoparum,

App. M. 9, p. 232:

speculi,

id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

ad navis feratur,

like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

ad specus angustiac vallium,

like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,

With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.

The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

Lucr. 3, 144:

ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—

The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,

is done,

is designed, or,

is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.

Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

venimus coctum ad nuptias,

in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

Sall. C. 13, 4:

ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—

Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

(in the same sense: in rem,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

ad frena leones,

Verg. A. 10, 253:

delecto ad naves milite,

marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

servos ad remum,

rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

servos ad militiam emendos,

id. 22, 61, 2:

comparasti ad lecticam homines,

Cat. 10, 16:

Lygdamus ad cyathos,

Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

puer ad cyathum statuetur,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—

Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

causa ad objurgandum,

id. And. 1, 1, 123:

argumentum ad scribendum,

Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato R. R. 125:

nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

Cic. Brut. 24:

reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

homo ad nullam rem utilis,

id. Off. 3, 6:

ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—

Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

terra ad universi caeli complexum,

compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

Liv. 22, 22, 15:

at nihil ad nostram hanc,

nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.

Adverbial phrases with ad.

Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

Liv. 35, 32, 4.—

Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—

Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—

Ad tempus.

At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—

At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—

For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—

According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—

Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).

For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—

At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—

Ad locum, on the spot:

ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

Liv. 27, 27, 2.—

Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—

Ad summam.

On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—

In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —

Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.

At the end, finally, at last.

Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

Liv. 21, 8, 10.—

Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,

of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—

In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

id. 28, 28, 8.—

Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—

Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.

Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—

Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

quam ad,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

ripam ad Araxis,

Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

id. ib. 12, 8.—

The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).

In composition.

Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—

Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.

Local.

To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—

At, by: astare, adesse.—

On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—

Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—

Fig.

To: adjudico, adsentior.—

At or on: admiror, adludo.—

Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—

Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—

Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—

Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).

Lit.:

(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:

ad statuam astrictus est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

manus,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:

vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,

Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:

astringit vincula motu,

Ov. M. 11, 75:

laqueos,

Sen. Ira, 3, 16:

artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,

is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:

adstringi funibus,

Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:

aliquem adstringere loris,

ib. Act. 22, 25:

pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,

with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:

Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,

checks, Juv. 8, 148:

balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,

Luc. 2, 362:

frontem,

to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:

labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,

Quint. 11, 3, 81:

frondem ferro,

to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:

nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,

Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:

ventis glacies astricta pependit,

id. M. 1, 120:

Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,

Luc. 5, 436:

vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,

Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:

ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:

ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,

Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;

v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,

Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—

Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:

ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;

pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,

Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,

mores disciplinae severitate,

Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:

ad adstringendam fidem,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:

hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:

quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,

Suet. Caes. 84:

hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,

to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:

religione devinctum astrictumque,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

disciplina astricta legibus,

id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

lege et quaestione,

id. Clu. 155:

suis condicionibus,

id. Quinct. 5:

auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,

id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

orationem numeris astringere,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:

adstringi sacris,

to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:

inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,

Liv. 39, 1:

ad temperantiam,

Plin. Ep. 7, 1:

ad servitutem juris,

Quint. 2, 16, 9:

illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,

id. 7, 3, 16:

milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,

Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:

me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,

Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:

magno scelere se astringeret,

Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:

et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,

made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:

Homo furti sese adstringet,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:

Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:

Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:

premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,

Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.

Lit.:

limen astrictum,

shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:

alvus fusior aut astrictior,

Cels. 1, 3:

corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,

id. 3, 6:

genus morbi astrictum,

costiveness, id. 1 praef.:

gustu adstricto,

of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—

Trop.

Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):

astrictus pater,

Prop. 3, 17, 18:

adstricti moris auctor,

Tac. A. 3, 55:

parsimonia,

Just. 44, 2.—

Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):

dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,

Cic. Brut. 90, 309:

verborum astricta comprehensio,

id. ib. 95, 327:

est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):

astricte numerosa oratio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:

astrictius dicere,

Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:

scribere,

id. ib. 3, 18, 10:

ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,

Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.

a-stringo ( ads-, Ritschl, Baiter, Halm, Jahn, Keil; as-, Fleck., Merk., Kayser), inxi, ictum, 3, v. a., to draw close, to draw, bind, or tie together, to bind, to tighten, contract (syn.: constringo, stringo, alligo, obligo, vincio).

Lit.:

(hunc) adstringite ad columnam fortiter,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 25:

ad statuam astrictus est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

manus,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 9:

vinculorum, id est aptissimum... quod ex se atque de iis, quae adstringit quam maxume, unum efficit,

Cic. Tim. 4 fin.:

astringit vincula motu,

Ov. M. 11, 75:

laqueos,

Sen. Ira, 3, 16:

artius atque hederā procera adstringitur ilex,

is twined around with ivy, Hor. Epod. 15, 5:

adstringi funibus,

Vulg. Ezech. 27, 24:

aliquem adstringere loris,

ib. Act. 22, 25:

pavidum in jus Cervice adstrictā dominum trahat,

with a halter round his neck, Juv. 10, 88 (Jahn, obstrictā): aspice... Quam non adstricto percurrat pulpita socco, not drawn close, loose; poet. for a negligent style of writing, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 174:

Ipse rotam adstringit multo sufflamine consul,

checks, Juv. 8, 148:

balteus haud fluxos gemmis adstrinxit amictus,

Luc. 2, 362:

frontem,

to contract, knit, Mart. 11, 40; Sen. Ep. 106:

labra porriguntur et scinduntur et adstringuntur,

Quint. 11, 3, 81:

frondem ferro,

to cut off, clip, Col. 5, 6, 17 al.; so, alvum, to make costive (opp. solvere, q. v.), Cels. 1, 3; 2, 30.—Of the contraction produced by cold:

nivibus quoque molle rotatis astringi corpus,

Ov. M. 9, 222; so id. Tr. 3, 4, 48; id. P. 3, 3, 26:

ventis glacies astricta pependit,

id. M. 1, 120:

Sic stat iners Scythicas adstringens Bosporus undas,

Luc. 5, 436:

vis frigoris (corpora) ita adstringebat,

Curt. 7, 3, 13; 8, 4, 6.—Hence, also, to make colder, to cool, refresh:

ex quo (puteo) possis rursus adstringere,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 25: corpus astringes brevi Salone, Mart. 1, 49, 11 (acc. to Varr. in a pass. sense in the perf., adstrinxi for adstrictus sum, Varr. L. L. Fragm. ap. Gell. 2, 25, 7).—Of colors, to deaden:

ita permixtis viribus alterum altero excitatur aut adstringitur,

Plin. 9, 38, 62, § 134 (diff. from alligare, which precedes;

v. alligo, I. B.).—Also of an astringent, harsh taste: radix gustu adstringit,

Plin. 27, 10, 60, § 85.—

Trop., to draw together, draw closer, circumscribe; to bind, put under obligation, oblige, necessitate:

ubi adfinitatem inter nos nostram adstrinxeris,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 73: vellem, suscepisses juvenem regendum;

pater enim nimis indulgens, quicquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat,

Cic. Att. 10, 6; so,

mores disciplinae severitate,

Quint. 2, 2, 4 Spald.:

ad adstringendam fidem,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 111:

hac lege tibi meam astringo fidem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 22:

quo (jure jurando) se cuncti astrinxerant,

Suet. Caes. 84:

hujus tanti officii servitutem astringebam testimonio sempiterno,

to confirm, secure, Cic. Planc. 30 fin. Wund.:

religione devinctum astrictumque,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 42:

disciplina astricta legibus,

id. Brut. 10, 40; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

lege et quaestione,

id. Clu. 155:

suis condicionibus,

id. Quinct. 5:

auditor nullā ejus modi adstrictus necessitate,

id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

orationem numeris astringere,

id. de Or. 3, 44, 173 et saep.:

adstringi sacris,

to be bound to maintain, id. Leg. 2, 19:

inops regio, quae parsimoniā astringeret milites,

Liv. 39, 1:

ad temperantiam,

Plin. Ep. 7, 1:

ad servitutem juris,

Quint. 2, 16, 9:

illa servitus ad certa se verba adstringendi,

id. 7, 3, 16:

milites ad certam stipendiorum formulam,

Suet. Aug. 49; id. Tib. 18:

me astringam verbis in sacra jura tuis,

Ov. H. 16, 320; 20, 28:

magno scelere se astringeret,

Cic. Phil. 4, 4, 9; id. Sest. 50 fin.; so id. Sull. 29, 82; perh. also id. Pis. 39 fin.; instead of this abl. of class. Latin, we sometimes find in comedy apparently the gen.:

et ipsum sese et illum furti adstringeret,

made guilty of, charged himself with, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 34:

Homo furti sese adstringet,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27 (cf.:

Audin tu? hic furti se adligat,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 39; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. § 209, regards this as a vulgar extension of the use of the gen. with verbs of accusing, convicting, etc., but Klotz, s. v. astringo, regards it as really an old dative, furtoi furti; cf. quoi cui).—Of reasoning or discourse, to compress, abridge, bring into short compass:

Stoici breviter adstringere solent argumenta,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 6, 13 (cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 22: Haec sic dicuntur a Stoicis, concludunturque contortius); id. Fat. 14, 32:

premere tumentia, luxuriantia adstringere,

Quint. 10, 4, 1 Frotsch., Halm.—Hence, astrictus ( ads-), a, um, P. a., drawn together, tight, narrow, close.

Lit.:

limen astrictum,

shut, Ov. Am. 3, 1, 50:

alvus fusior aut astrictior,

Cels. 1, 3:

corpus astrictum, i. e. alvus dura,

id. 3, 6:

genus morbi astrictum,

costiveness, id. 1 praef.:

gustu adstricto,

of a harsh, astringent taste, Plin. 27, 12, 96, § 121.—

Trop.

Sparing, parsimonious, covetous (not before the Aug. per.):

astrictus pater,

Prop. 3, 17, 18:

adstricti moris auctor,

Tac. A. 3, 55:

parsimonia,

Just. 44, 2.—

Of discourse, compact, brief, concise, short (opp. remissus):

dialectica quasi contracta et astricta eloquentia putanda est,

Cic. Brut. 90, 309:

verborum astricta comprehensio,

id. ib. 95, 327:

est enim finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70; 1, 16, 60.— Sup. not used.— Adv.: astrictē ( ads-), concisely, briefly (only of discourse):

astricte numerosa oratio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184.— Comp.:

astrictius dicere,

Sen. Ep. 8 fin., and Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 20:

scribere,

id. ib. 3, 18, 10:

ille concludit adstrictius, hic latius,

Quint. 10, 1, 106.— Sup. not used.