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101 FYRIR
* * *prep.I. with dat.1) before, in front of (ok vóru fyrir honum borin merkin);fyrir dyrum, before the door;2) before one, in one’s presence;hón nefndist fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, she told them that her name was G.;3) for;hann lét ryðja fyrir þeim búðina, he had the booth cleared for them, for their reception;4) before one, in one’s way;fjörðr varð fyrir þeim, they came to a fjord;sitja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for one;5) naut. term. before, off;liggja fyrir bryggjum, to lie off the piers;fyrir Humru-mynni, off the Humber;6) before, at the head of, over;vera fyrir liði, to be over the troops;vera fyrir máli, to lead the case;sitja fyrir svörum, to undertake the defence;7) of time, ago;fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;fyrir stundu, a while ago;fyrir löngu, long ago;vera fyrir e-u, to forebode (of a dream);8) before, above, superior to;Hálfdan svarti var fyrir þeim brœðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers;9) denoting disadvantige, harm, suffering;þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest E. thwart all thy affairs;tók at eyðast fyrir herm lausa-fé, her money began to fail;10) denoting obstacle, hindrance;mikit gøri þer mér fyrir þessu máli, you make this case hard for me;varð honum lítit fyrir því, it was a small matter for him;Ásgrími þótti þungt fyrir, A. thought that things looked bad;11) because of, for;hon undi sér hvergri fyrir verkjum, she had no rest for pains;fyrir hræðslu, for fear;illa fœrt fyrir ísum, scarcely, passable for ice;gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing, they neglected to make hay;fyrir því at, because, since, as;12) against;gæt þín vel fyrir konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men;beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar háska, against all kinds of harm;13) fyrir sér, of oneself;mikill fyrir sér, strong, powerful;minnstr fyrir sér, smallest, weakest;14) denoting manner or quality, with;hvítr fyrir hærum, while with hoary hair;II. with acc.1) before, in front of;halda fyrir augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes;2) before, into the presence of;stefna e-m fyrir dómstól, before a court;3) over;hlaupa fyrir björg, to leap over a precipice;kasta fyrir borð, to throw overboard;4) in one’s way, crossing one’s way;ríða á leið fyrir þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them;5) round, off;sigla fyrir nes, to weather a point;6) along, all along;fyrir endilangan Noreg, all along Norway, from one end to the other;draga ör fyrir odd, to draw the arrow past the point;7) of time, fyrir dag, before day;fyrir e-s minni, before one’s memory;8) for, on behalf of;vil ek bjóða at fara fyrir þik, I will offer to go for thee, in thy stead;lögvörn fyrir mál, a lawful defence for a case;9) for, for the benefit of;þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, they cut the lyme-grass for them (the horses);10) for, instead of, in place of, as;11) for, because of (vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit);fyrir þín orð, for thy words (intercession);fyrir sína vinsæld, by reason of his popularity;12) denoting value, price;fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks;fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost;13) in spite of, against (giptast fyrir ráð e-s);14) joined with adverbs ending in -an, governing acc. (fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan);fyrir austan, sunnan fjall, east, south of the fell;fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge;fyrir handan á, beyond the river;fyrir innan garð, inside the fence;III. as adverb or ellipt.1) ahead, before, opp. to eptir;þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, when this came first, preceded;2) first;mun ek þar eptir gera sem þér gerit fyrir, I shall do to you according as you do first;3) at hand, present, to the fore;föng þau, er fyrir vóru, stores that were at hand;þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already present (before the bride and bridegroom came);4) e-m verðr e-t fyrir, one takes a certain step, acts so and so;Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. was at a loss what to do;e-t mælist vel (illa) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) spoken or reported of (kvæðit mæltist vel fyrir).* * *prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either (i. e. firir), or Ꝼ̆, fur͛, fvr͛ (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir͛, e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir ( over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge’s edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of ( super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where ‘for-’ is more common than ‘fyrir-;’ in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. προ-; Lat. pro, prae.]WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.A. LOCAL:I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142:—ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér):—also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér ( in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5.2. before one, before one’s face, in one’s presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u ( to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78.3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; … veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45.II. before one, in one’s way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92.2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát).3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8.4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men’s blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent.III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356.IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one’s behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26.V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,—also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka ráð f. e-m, to better one’s condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one’s work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, to manage one’s money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57.2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65:—spá f. e-m, to ‘spae’ before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171.C. METAPH.:I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47.II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V).2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one’s life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni ( pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127.III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Manverjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another’s money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one’s face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor’s line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died.2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one’s honour, i. e. to hinder one’s doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased:—ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388.IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem …, Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king’s power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at …, for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök.V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52.2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i. e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i. e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one’s ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum ( thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i. e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234.VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770.VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211.2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91.VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big ( little).β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one’s teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249.IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226.X. as adverb or ellipt.,1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283.β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90:—temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217.2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i. e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i. e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134.3. fore, opp. to ‘back,’ of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar.XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i. e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that …, Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i. e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285:—the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well ( ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113.XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one’s prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at …, Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to ‘spae’ before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to ‘wit’ beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.A. LOCAL:I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39.2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one’s eyes, Stj. 611.3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one’s shield, Ísl. ii. 257.4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206:—draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap ( throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga ( to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse).II. in one’s way, crossing one’s way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166.III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, … Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i. e. to pass it, Edda l. c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to ( round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512.2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97:—öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer’s term, Fms. ii. 321.IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one’s mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, ‘verba alicujus praeripere,’ to take the word out of one’s mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one’s hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one’s memory, Íb. 16.C. METAPH.:I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372.II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk … ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa.III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497.IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one’s costs, Grág. i. 341.V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one’s delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32.VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim.2. in a good sense, for one’s sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one’s sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. ‘fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316:—also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101:—so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531:—hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá …, each slew a man or more for himself, i. e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem …, Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7.VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63,—this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc.:—in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast ( by dice), Sturl. ii. 159.IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one’s will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann ( in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i. e. although she had not fulfilled her journey ( her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram.X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as ‘at,’ C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use ‘at’), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers ‘at vin;’ hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one.2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e. g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come ( turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another’s faults for warning, Sól. 19.XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan … fjall, east, south of the fell, i. e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs:—used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east,—current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr …, cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side:—fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.☞ For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163–167 and below:I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc.β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc.2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr.II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e. g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in:1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e. g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða.2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther’s Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e. g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings:—it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence. -
102 HVÍTR
a. white (hvítt silfr); h. á hár, white-haired.* * *adj. [Ulf. hweits = λευκός; A. S. hwít; Engl. white; Hel. huît; O. H. G. hwîz; Germ. weiss; Swed. hvit; Dan. hvid]:—white; hvít skinn, white fur, 4. 24; h. motr, a white cap, Ld. 188; h. skjöldr, a white shield, Fms. x. 347; hit hvíta feldarins, Fbr. 148; hvítt blóm, white blossom, 4. 24; hvítt hold, white flesh (skin), id.; hvít hönd, a white band, Hallfred; h. háls, a white neck, of a lady, Rm.; h. hestr, a white horse, Fms. ix. 527; hvítr á har, white-haired, vi. 130; h. maðr ( fair of hue) ok vænn í andliti, x. 420; hvítan mann ok huglausan, Ld. 232; hvít mörk, white money, of pure silver, opp. to grátt ( grey) silver, B. K. 95; hvítr matr, white meat, i. e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. to flesh, in the eccl. law, K. Þ. K. 126; hvítr dögurðr, a white day meal, Sighvat; hvíta-matr, id, K. Þ. K. 102; mjall-hvítr, fann-h., snjó-h., drift-h., white as driven snow; al-h., white allover.B. Eccl. use of the word white:I. at the introduction of Christianity, neophytes in the week after their baptism used to wear white garments, called hvíta-váðir, f. pl. white weeds, as a symbol of baptism cleansing from sin and being a new birth; a neophyte was called hvít-váðungr, m. a ‘ white-weedling,’ one dressed in white weeds, Niðrst. 111: the Sagas contain many touching episodes of neophytes, esp. such as were baptized in old age, and died whilst in the white weeds; þat er sögn flestra manna at Kjartan hafi þann dag görzt handgenginn Ólafi konungi er hann var færðr ór hvíta-váðum ok þeir Bolli báðir, Ld. ch. 40; síðan hafði konungr þá í boði sínu ok veitti þeim ena virðuligustu veizlu meðan þeir vóru í hvítaváðum, ok lét kenna þeim heilög fræði, Fms. i. 230; Glúmr (Víga-Glúm) var biskupaðr í banasótt af Kol biskupi ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Glúm. 397; Bárðr tók sótt litlu síðar enn hann var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fms. ii. 153; Ólafr á Haukagili var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fs. (Vd.) 77; var Tóki síðan skírðr af hirðbiskupi Ólafs konungs, ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fb. ii. 138; síðan andaðisk Gestr í hvítaváðum, Bárð. (sub fin.) Sweden, but above all Gothland, remained in great part heathen throughout the whole of the 11th century, after the neighbouring countries Denmark and Norway had become Christian, and so we find in Sweden Runic stones referring to Swedes who had died in the white weeds, some abroad and some at home; sem varð dauðr íhvítaváðum í Danmörku, Baut. 435; hann varð dauðr í Danmörku í hvítaváðum, 610; þeir dó í hvítaváðum, 68; sem dó í hvítaváðum, 271; hann varð dauðr í hvítaváðum, 223, 497. Churches when consecrated used to be dressed out with white; var Kjartan at Borg grafinn, þá var kirkja nyvígð ok í hvítaváðum, Ld. 230.II. the white garments gave rise to new words and phrases amongst the first generation of northern Christians:1. Hvíta-Kristr, m. ‘ White-Christ,’ was the favourite name of Christ; hafa láti mik heitan Hvíta-Kristr at viti eld, ef…, Sighvat; another poet (Edda 91) uses the word; and in prose, dugi þú mér, Hvíta-Kristr, help thou me, White-Christ! Fs. 101; ok þeir er þann sið hafa taka nafn af þeim Guði er þeir trúa á, ok kallaðr er Hvíta-Kristr ok því heita þeir Kristnir, mér er ok sagt at H. sé svá miskunsamr, at …, Fms. i. 295; en ef ek skal á guð nacquat trúa, hvat er mér þá verra at ek trúa á Hvíta-Krist en á annat guð? Ó. H. 204; Arnljótr svarar, heyrt hefi ek getið Hvíta-Krists, en ekki er mér kunnigt um athöfn hans eða hvar hann ræðr fyrir, 211; en þó trúi ek á Hvíta-Krist, Fb. ii. 137.2. the great festivals, Yule (see Ld. ch. 40), Easter and Pentecost, but especially the two latter, were the great seasons for christening; in the Roman Catholic church especially Easter, whence in Roman usage the first Sunday after Easter was called Dominica in Albis; but in the northern churches, perhaps owing to the cold weather at Easter time, Pentecost, as the birthday of the church, seems to have been specially appointed for christening and for ordination, see Hungrv. ch. 2, Thom. 318; hence the following week was termed the Holy Week (Helga Vika). Hence; Pentecost derived its name from the white garments, and was called Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsun-week; frá Páskadegi inum fýrsta skulu vera vikur sjau til Drottins-dags í Hvítadögum; Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum skulu vér halda sem hinn fyrsta Páskadag, K. Þ. K. 102; þváttdag fyrir Hvítadaga = Saturday next before Whitsunday, 126, 128; Páskadag inn fyrsta ok Uppstigningar-dag ok Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum, 112; þá Imbrudaga er um Hvítadaga verða, 120; vóru afteknir tveir dagar í Hvítadögum, Bs. i. 420; um várit á Hvítadögum, Orkn. 438: Hvítadaga-vika, u, f. White-day week = Whitsun-week, K. Þ. K. 126: in sing., þeir kómu at Hvítadegi (= Whitsunday) til Björgynjar, Fms. x. 63, v. 1.: Hvítadaga-helgi, f. the White-day feast, Whitsuntide, Fms. viii. 373, xi. 339, Sturl. iii. 206: Hvítadaga-hríð, a snow storm during the White days, Ann. 1330: Hvít-Drottins-dagr, m. the White Lord’s day, i. e. Whitsunday, the northern Dominica in Albis, Rb. 484, Fms. vii. 156, Bs. i. 62, where it refers to the 20th of May, 1056, on which day Isleif the first bishop of Iceland was consecrated. The name that at last prevailed was Hvíta-sunna, u, f. Whitsun, i. e. White-sun, D. N. ii. 263, 403: Hvítasunni-dagr, m. Whitsuday, Fb. ii. 546, Fms. viii. 63, v. l.: Hvítasunnudags-vika, u, f. Whitsun-week, Fb. ii. 546; Páskaviku, ok Hvítasunnudagsviku, ok þrjár vikur fyrir Jónsvöku, ok svá fyrir Michials-messu, N. G. L. i. 150; hvítasunnudagshátíð, Thom. 318. As the English was the mother-church of that of Norway and Iceland, the Icelandic eccl. phrases are derived from the English language. See Bingham’s Origg. s. vv. White Garments, and Dominica in Albis, where however no reference is given to Icel. writers. In modern Denmark and Norway the old name has been displaced by Pindse, i. e. Pfingsten, derived from the Greek word, whereas in Icel., as in Engl., only the name Hvítasunna is known, ☞ In Denmark the people make a practice of thronging to the woods on Whitsun morning to see the rising of the sun, and returning with green branches in their hands, the trees being just in bud at that season.C. COMPDS: hvítabjörn, hvítadagar, hvítagnípa, hvítalogn, hvítamatr, Hvítasunna, hvítaváðir, hvítavalr, hvítarmr, hvítbránn, hvítbrúnn, hvítdreki, Hvítdrottinsdagr, hvítfaldaðr, hvítfjaðraðr, hvítflekkóttr, hvítfyrsa, hvítfyssi, hvíthaddaðr, hvíthárr, hvítjarpr, hvítklæddr, hvítmelingar, hvítröndóttr, hvítskeggjaðr, hvítskinn, hvítváðungr.II. as pr. names, Hvítr, Engl. White, Dan. Hvid, Landn.; esp. as a surname, Hvíti, the White, Óláfr Hvíti, Þorsteinn Hvíti, Landn.: Hvít-beinn, m. White-hone, a nickname, Landn.; as also Hvíta-skáld, Hvíta-ský, Hvíta-leðr, Hvíta-kollr, Landn.: in local names, Hvíta-býr, Whitby; Hvíta-nes, Hvíta-dalr, Landn.; Hvít-á, the White-water, a name of several Icel. rivers flowing from glaciers, Hvítár-vellir, Hvítár-síða, Landn.; Hvítramanna-land, White-men’s-land, old name of the southern part of the present United States, Landn. -
103 LANGR
a.1) long, of space and time (langt sverð, löng stund);2) neut., langt, long, far, distant; þeir áttu eigi langt til eyjarinnar, they had no long distance to the island;3) e-m er langt at e-m, one is interested in a person; hvat er yðr langt at þessum mönnum, what interest do you take in these men?;4) long, wearisome (þér mun langt þykkja hér á heiðinni).* * *löng, langt, adj., compar. lengri, superl. lengstr, [common to all Teut. languages]:—long, of space and time; löng sverð, Fas. i. 379; af löngu skeggi, Skálda 181; lengri hina eptri fætr, Stj.; þóat sú sé lengri, N. G. L. i. 44; þeir lifa opt langan aldr er með orðum eru vegnir, a saying = Engl. words break no bones, Nj. 252; hann fékk eigi mælt tveim orðum lengra samfast, Hkr. ii. 138; Föstudagr inn langi, Long Friday, Good Friday, passim; langt líf, Hom. 12; mjök langa hríð, Nj. 94; þá er dagr er sem lengstr, þá er nótt er sem lengst, Landn. (pref.); vili þér þiggja lengra líf, Fms. vi. 166; sigr þinn mun eigi langr vera, xi. 23; höfum vér eigi heyrt þessa sögu lengri, we have not heard this story any farther, i. e. here ends the tale, Njarð. (fine); þat er löng saga at segja, ‘tis a long story to tell, Fms. xi. 99; seint er um langan veg at spyrja tíðenda, a saying, Edda 31; endi-langr, liggja endi-langr, to lie at full length; hón lagðisk sem hón var löng hjá honum, Karl. 47: long in prosody, Skálda 175, 179.II. neut. long, far, distant; langt á milli fjalls ok fjöru, Landn. 57; ok áttu eigi langt til eyjarinnar, Fms. i. 41; langt í brott, a long way off, far away, Stj. 195; langt mun yðr flestum til at ér veiðit svá, Ó. H. 78; fljótið var svá mikit, at langt var um úreitt, that it was impassable far beyond that, Nj. 63; hann seildisk upp svá hátt sem hann mátti lengst, Edda 33; svá langt vestr, at engi hefir síðan lengra eignask, Landn. 41; lið kom vel til hans ór héruðum, en fátt kom um lengra, Fms. iv. 385; þvíat þeir ætluðu ekki lengra í kveld en til Höfðabrekku, Nj. 252; ok þurfti þar eigi lengra at grafa til vatns en í djúpum dölum, Edda (pref.); langt mun í milli vera lítilmennsku minnar ok þess hins mikla áhuga er þér býr í brjósti, Fms. iv. 80: in the saying, leita langt um skammt, cp. Lat. quod petis hic est, Nj. 207.III. adverbial phrases; of langt, far off, þá sá hann of langt krossinn, 656 B. 5; langt frá, far from it! langt-um, by far; langtum betra, better by far.2. löngu or laungu, long since; sá ek þetta löngu á hans yfirbragði, Fms. i. 141; svá sem ek sagða yðr löngu, 139; sem mér sagði löngu hugr um, Nj. 191; mjök löngu, very long ago, Sks. 117; seg oss ný tíðendi, löngu fundumsk vit næst, we have not seen one another for an age, Bjarn. 15: fyrir löngu, long ago; þat vissa ek fyrir löngu at ek var vel kvæntr, Gísl. 69; hann hafði tekinn verit ór jörðu fyrir löngu áðr, Fms. i. 51: löngum, long, mostly, continuously; Eirekr var löngum með föður sínum, 6; hón var löngum um nætr á kirkju at bænum sínum, Ld. 328; en þó löngum ( mostly) vel stiltr, Nj. 38; þeir vóru samflota, svá at hvárir vissu löngum til annarra, Eg. 126: compar. lengrum, longer; lengrum en lög stóðu til, Fms. xi. 99; þeir skolu skipta vikum eða smærum, ok eigu þeir at ráða er lengrum vilja skipta, Grág. ii. 350: superl. lengstum, mostly, most of the time; höfuðborg sú er Geira sat í lengstum, Fms. i. 101; hann var þó lengstum at Grjótá, Nj. 135; gamanmál er þit munut lengstum um tala, Ld. 306.IV. metaph. longing, taking interest in; hvat er yðr langt at þessum mönnum, hvárt mægð eðr frændsemi, what interest take you in these men? Fms. ii. 211; hann lét eigi ráða, hvárt menn vóru tignir eða útignir, eðr honum mikit at langt eða lítið, Rb. 364.2. neut. long, weary; langt þykki mér, ligg ek einn saman, Eg. (in a verse); þat vil ek, at þú komir til heimkynna minna, þvíat þér mun langt þykkja hér á heiðinni, Grett. 130 new Ed.V. in many local names, Lang-ey, Langa-nes, Langa-hlíð, Langa-land (the Danish island), etc., Landn.; see below.B. COMPDS: langabein, langabúr, langidjákn, Langafasta, Langifrjádagr, Langaspjót, langatöng.II. lang-afi, a, m. a great grandfather. lang-amma, u, f. a great grandmother; langömmu-bróðir, -systir, a great granduncle, aunt. lang-áss, m. a purlin, opp. to þvertré, Fms. ix. 512. lang-bakki, a, m. (see bakki 2); in the phrase, skjóta í langbakka, to stave off for a long time, Fms. x. 132. lang-band, n. the purlin along the roof in a house. lang-barðr, m. a halberd, Hkm. 7; Edda (Gl.) reckons it amongst swords: name of a serpent, Edda (Gl.) Lang-barðar, m. pl. the Lombards, either from their beard (barð) or battle axe (barða), Skv. 3, Greg. 63. Langbarða-land, n. Lombardy, Mart. lang-bein, n. = langabein, a nickname, Ann. lang-bekkr, m. a long bench, bench lengthways, opp. to þverbekkr, Fms. vi. 193, Sturl. i. 142, iii. 182. Lang-brók, f. ‘Long-breek,’ nickname of a lady on account of her tall stature, Nj. lang-eldar, m. pl. long fires (see eldr II), Eb. 276, Nj. 15, Korm. 144. lang-ermar, f. pl. long sleeves, Fms. vii. 321. lang-feðgar, m. pl. agnate-forefathers, ancestors by the father’s side, counted upwards, Hkr. i. 1, Eg. 2, Nj. 158. langfeðga-kyn, n. the lineage of langfeðgar, Hkr. i. 14. langfeðga-nöfn, n. pl. the name of one’s langfeðgar, Edda 153 (pref.) langfeðga-tal, n. a tale or roll of langfeðgar, agnate pedigree, Eg. 536: the name of an old historical work containing ancient pedigrees of kings, Hkr. i. (pref.) langfeðga-tala, u, f. = langfeðgatal, Nj. 25. langfeðga-ætt, f. = langfeðgakyn, Fms. x. 158. lang-feðgin, n. pl. ancestors, agnate and cognate. lang-feðr, m. pl. = langfeðgar, and langfeðra-tal, n. = langfeðgatal, Gþl. 284, Stj. 331, Fagrsk. 151, Hom. 46. lang-feðri, n. = langfeðgar, Landn. 167. lang-ferð, f. a long journey, Sturl. ii. 185, Fs. 51, Bs. ii. 162. langferða-maðr, m. one who ‘fares’ far, a far traveller, Fs. lang-frami, a, m. lasting fame, Orkn. 466, Fb. ii. 513, Mar.; á langframann, mod. til langframa, adverb. for good, Rétt, 4. 25. lang-fættr, adj. long-legged, Stj. 276. lang-för, f. = langferð, Eb. 298. lang-gæði, n. long-lasting, corrupt from langæð. lang-gæðr and langæðligr, adj. a later and inferior form for langær, langæligr, Bs. i. 62, Fas. iii. 57. lang-háls, m. long-neck, a nickname, Landn. lang-hálsaðr, adj. long-necked, Njarð. 364. lang-hendr, adj. with long hands, Ld. 298. Lang-hlíðingar, m. pl. the men from Langahlíð, Sturl. lang-húfr, m. long-hulk, name of a ship, Bs. lang-húsa, að, to run, in a pun (langhús = rann), Krók. 63, 64. lang-hyggja, u, f. long-suffering, Barl. 42. lang-höfðaðr, adj. long-beaked, of a ship, Hkv. 1. 24. lang-höfði, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. lang-knakkr, m. a kind of bench, Finnb. 310. lang-lega, u, f. a long stay, of a weatherbound ship, Fms. ix. 296; as also of long sickness in bed. lang-leggr, m. the long leg, bone of a leg of mutton, Bárð. 176, Háv. 40. langleggjar-stykki, n. a leg of mutton, Háv. 40. lang-leiði, n. lengthwise; langleiði sín á milli, at a long distance, Stj. 73, Eg. 579. lang-leikr, m. length, Stj. 346. lang-leitr, adj. long-faced, Fms. i. 155, ii. 20, vii. 175, 321, Þiðr. 174, Bs. i. 72. lang-liðit, n. part. after a long time, Bs. ii. 133. lang-liga, adv. for a long time past, = mod. langalengi, Js. 24, Sturl. iii. 297, Fas. ii. 268. lang-lífi, n. long life, Fms. vii. 73, K. Þ. K. 60. lang-lífr, adj. long-lived, Fs., Fms. iii. 173. lang-loka, u, f. ‘long-lock,’ a kind of eight-lined verse in which the first and the last line make a sentence, whilst the six between them are intercalary, of which Edda (Ht.) 14 furnishes a specimen: in mod. usage langloka is a poem not divided into strophes, for specimens of which see Snót 72, 215. lang-lund, f. long-suffering, langlundar-geð, n. id. lang-minni, n. a long memory. lang-minnigr, adj. having a long memory, Nj. 30, v. l.: long to be remembered, Pr. 158. lang-mælgi, f. long-winded talk, Fms. v. 225. lang-mæli, n. long talk, Hom. 125, Bs. ii. 117. lang-mæltr, part. long-spoken, long-winded, Sks. 316, Hom. (St.) lang-nefjaðr, adj. long-nosed, Sturl. ii. 133, iii. 105. lang-nefjur, f. pl. rowlocks, Edda (Gl.) lang-nefr, m. long-nose, a nickname, Sturl. lang-niðjar, m. pl. a descending lineage by the father’s side, pedigree of agnates, counted downwards, Vsp. 16; opp. to landfeðgar when counted upwards in time. lang-nætti, n. the long night, Fr. lang-orf, n. a long handle of a scythe, Korm. 38, Sturl. i. 180, Sks. 358. lang-pallr, m. a dais along (not across) the hall, Fms. vi. 439. lang-reið, f. a long ride, Vígl. 61. lang-ræða, u, f. a long talk, Fms. ix. 252. lang-ræðr, part. long-spoken, long-winded, Sks. 316. lang-ræki, n. rancour, an unforgiving temper, N. G. L. ii. 417, Hom. 33, 143. lang-rækr, adj. having a long memory, brooding long over past wrongs, Anal. 171, Eb. 42, Bret. 92, Þiðr. 181, Fas. iii. 520. lang-samlega, adv. incessantly. lang-seta, u, f. a long stay, Vm. 113. lang-setis, adv. lengthways, lang-skepta, u, f. a long-shafted spear, Karl. 405. lang-skeptr, part. long-shafted, Sks. 388, Fs. 64. lang-skip, n. a long ship, a kind of large ancient ship of war, distinguished from the lesser skeið, both being distinguished from the merchant’s knörr (cp. Gr. ναυς μακρα, Lat. longa navis), Hkv. 2. 11, Ó. H., Fms. passim, Eg. 37, 42; langskips mastr, rá, segl, a mast, yard, sail of a long ship, Sturl. i. 194, Eg. 198, 515, Fms. vii. 30, passim. langskipa-görð, f. building of a langskip, Gþl. 121. langskips-búza, u, f. = langskip, Hkr. ii. 143. langskips-menn, m. pl. the crew of a long ship, Fms. ii. 16, Fs. 92. lang-skör, f. the lower hem of a tent, Fas. i. 372. lang-staðinn, part. of old date, long-standing, Lv. 77. lang-stóll, m. a long seat, Vm. 7, Fas. i. 84. lang-stræti, n. a long street, Fms. viii. 319. lang-sýnn, adj. far-sighted, Fas. i. 157. lang-sæi, f. a far sight, Edda i. 544. lang-sær, adj. long-sighted, prophetic, Lv. 81. lang-talaðr, part. long-spoken, Fms. i. 288. lang-úðigr, adj. = langrækinn, Hkr. iii. 252. lang-vari, a, m.; til langvara, to last long, Njarð. 376. lang-vaxinn, part. longish, Fms. ii. 59. lang-vé, mod. lang-vía, u, f. a bird, columbus troile, Edda (Gl.) lang-viðir, m. pl. the long timbers in a house or ship, N. G. L. i. 65, 100, Hom. 95. lang-viðri, n. pl. long-continued weather, heat, cold, or the like; langviðrum skal eyða grund, Mkv. 24; cp. Ísland eyðist af langviðrum ok lagaleysi, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 438. lang-vinnr, adj. long-lasting, of sickness, bad weather, or the like. lang-vinr, m. a friend of long standing, Hm. 157, Fas. ii. 64, Bárð. 173; langvinirnir rjúfask sízt, a saying, Grett. 184 new Ed. lang-vist, f. a long abode, Hom. 9, Fr.: adv. langvistum, staying long, Fbr. 33, Fms. vii. 112, Eg. 227, Fs. 149. lang-vængr, m. long wing (?), Vm. 27. lang-þili, n. the wainscot lengthwise, opp. to þverþili, Gþl. 346. lang-æð, f. long-lasting; til langæðar eða fullnaðar, Bs. i. 740, Ant. 112. lang-æliga, adv. for a long time, Sturl. ii. 186, MS. 625. 77. lang-æligr, adj. long-lasting, Stj. 47, Fas. i. 171, Bs. i. 311. lang-ær, adj. [langr and æ = ever, or akin to Germ. ew, ewig], long-lasting; langætt musteri, MS. 677. 6: vegsama föður þinn ok móður, svá at þú sért langær yfir jörðinni, Stj. 301 (Fifth Commandment); hverr eldrinn mun vera heitari ok langærri, Fms. vii. 37; má vera at sigrinn verði ekki langær, ii. 10; at langær friðr standi í þessu landi, Bs. i. 572. -
104 fein
1) ( nicht grob) fine;( zart) delicate;\feines Haar fine hair2) ( vornehm) distinguished;\feine Dame/\feiner Herr a distinguished lady/gentleman;sich \fein machen to get dressed up, to do oneself up ( fam)3) ( von hoher Qualität) exquisite, excellent, choice;das F\feinste vom F\feinen the best [of the best], the crème de la crème;vom F\feinsten of the highest quality;( rein) pure;aus \feinem Gold/ Silber made out of pure gold/silverdu bist mir ja ein \feiner Freund! you're a fine friend! ( iron)5) (scharf, \feinsinnig) keen, acute, sensitive;ein \feines Gehör haben to have an acute sense of hearing;eine \feine Nase haben to have a very keen [or acute] sense of smell6) ( dezent) delicate;\feiner Humor delicate sense of humour [or (Am) -or];\feine Ironie subtle irony\fein! great!;\fein, dass... it's great that...WENDUNGEN:seid \fein artig! just be good now!2) ( genau) fine, precise;\fein säuberlich accurate3) (zart, klein) finely;\fein gemahlen fine-ground, finely ground4) ( elegant)\fein angezogen sein to be dressed up;sich \fein machen to dress up -
105 pleasure
['pleʒə] 1. сущ.1) удовольствие; кто-л. или что-л., доставляющее удовольствиеwith great pleasure — с большим, превеликим удовольствием
to do / show (one) (a) pleasure — оказать кому-л. любезность, милость; доставлять кому-л. удовольствие
to feel / find / take pleasure in smth. — находить удовольствие в чём-л.
not to have the pleasure of knowing smb. — не иметь удовольствия быть знакомым (с кем-л.)
It gave me great pleasure to make your acquaintance. — Я был очень рад познакомиться с вами.
The pleasure was (all) mine. — (Нет, это вам) спасибо! ( употребляется как ответ на реплику благодарности)
It gives me great pleasure to present the next speaker. — Я с большим удовольствием представлю следующего выступающего.
Syn:2) желание, воля; склонность, расположенностьto consult smb.'s pleasure — интересоваться чужим мнением, считаться с чужим мнением, интересами
at (smb.'s) pleasure — как (кому-л.) заблагорассудится, по (чьему-л.) желанию
during smb.'s pleasure — так долго, как кому-л. заблагорассудится
Syn:3) книжн. соизволение4)а) удовольствие; наслаждение, удовлетворение; (плотские) радостиto forgo a pleasure — воздерживаться, отказываться от удовольствия
to afford / give pleasure — доставлять, приносить удовольствие
to derive pleasure from smth. — получать удовольствие от чего-л.
lady of pleasure, woman of pleasure — уст. куртизанка (женщина лёгкого поведения, имеющая покровителей в высшем обществе)
pleasures of the table — украшение, гордость стола ( о вкусной пище и питье)
pleasure principle — психол. принцип получения удовольствия
б) развлечение, удовольствиеgenuine / real pleasure — истинное удовольствие
pleasure car / boat — прогулочный ( спортивный) автомобиль, лодка
pleasure trip — увеселительная поездка, прогулка
pleasure dome — курорт, весёлое место
•Syn:Ant:2. гл.1)а) радовать (кого-л.), доставлять удовольствие (кому-л. чем-л.)You will always pleasure me with your company. — Ваша компания всегда мне будет приятна.
It pleasured him to see the smoke. — Вид дыма порадовал его.
Syn:б) обычно ( pleasure in) получать, находить удовольствие; радоваться (чему-л.)There are weird things I can pleasure in. — Есть странные вещи, которые мне нравится делать.
Syn:2) доставлять удовольствие, удовлетворять ( в сексуальном плане)She was the first one he ever pleasured. — Она была первой, кого он смог удовлетворить.
Syn:3) разг. развлекаться, отрываться (в баре, клубе); радоваться жизни, веселиться, оттягиваться -
106 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? 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Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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107 büyük
"1. big, large. 2. old; older, senior. 3. one´s senior, older person; person whose rank or qualities command respect. 4. important; grand, chief, major. 5. great, grand, exalted. -ler 1. the great. 2. adults. - aptes 1. (human) feces. 2. the need to defecate. - aptesi gelmek to need to defecate, need to do a BM. - atardamar anat. aorta. - balık küçük balığı yutar. proverb A big fish swallows a little fish. -le büyük, küçükle küçük olmak to treat people, young and old, according to their age and interests. -ten büyüğe law by primogeniture. - defter fin. ledger. - görmek/bilmek/tutmak /ı/ to esteem highly. - hanım the older or oldest lady of the house. - harf capital letter, capital, majuscule. - ikramiye first prize (in a lottery). - kalori large calorie. - kasa central pay office. - laf etmek to talk big. - lokma ye, büyük söz söyleme. proverb Eat a big mouthful, but don´t make big promises. B- Millet Meclisi the Grand National Assembly (of Turkey). - oynamak gambling to play for high stakes. - ölçüde 1. on a large scale. 2. in large measure, to a great degree. - önerme log. major premise. - para a lot of money. - (söz) söylemek to talk big, boast. - söz big talk. - sözüme tövbe! I hate to talk big, but.... - terim log. major term. - ünlü uyumu ling. two-form vowel harmony. - yemin solemn oath, binding oath." -
108 fancy
ˈfænsɪ
1. сущ. стяженная форма от fantasy
1) а) прям. перен. иллюзия;
галлюцинация б) воображение, фантазия;
фантазия, мысленный образ flight of fancy Syn: imagination в) каприз, прихоть, причуда Syn: whim, freak, caprice г) фантазия, чушь, мнение "от фонаря", заблуждение, наваждения This fancy is very ancient, for Orosius hints at it. ≈ Это заблуждение довольно древнее, на него намекает еще Орозий.
2) а) склонность, вкус к чему-л., пристрастие;
любимая тема, область, "конек";
вкус, способность ощущать тонкие различия в области искусства и т.п. Have you no fancy to ride? ≈ Ты не любишь кататься на лошадях? have a fancy for tickle smb.'s fancy passing fancy Syn: kick, inclination, liking б) (с определенным артиклем) коллекционеры, любители, энтузиасты;
спорт болельщики в) (с определенным артиклем) бокс, искусство кулачного боя Syn: pugilism
3) изобретение, придумка Syn: invention, contrivance
4) уст. муз. импровизация
2. прил.
1) а) причудливый, необычный, прихотливый fancy dress б) прям. перен. фантастический fancy price в) бот. многоцветный
2) а) орнаментальный, разукрашенный fancy bread б) модный, фасонный fancy articles fancy fair
3. гл.
1) а) воображать, представлять себе But, only fancy, the thousands and thousands of wax lights. ≈ Только вообрази (подумай), тысячи и тысячи свечей! Syn: imagine, picture, conceive б) думать, считать, полагать, предполагать (обычно, подразумевается отсутствие у говорящего точных сведений) ;
казаться The estate is, I fancy, theirs yet. ≈ Полагаю, поместье все еще принадлежит им. She fancied she heard some voices. ≈ Ей показалось, что она слышит голоса. Syn: think, suppose
2) а) воображать, видеть себя( кем-л., в каком-л. положении) He fancies himself not in the senate, but on the bench. ≈ Он хотел бы быть судьей, а не сенатором. б) возвр.;
разг. быть о себе( неоправданно) высокого мнения, воображать You can tell that she fancies herself from the way she dresses. ≈ Ну, по ее манере одеваться видно, что она много о себе думает. She fancies herself as a singer but she doesn't have a very good voice. ≈ Она воображает себя певицей, хотя на самом деле у нее не очень хороший голос. Syn: plume в) спорт ставить на какую-л. лошадь, считать какую-л. лошадь фаворитом ( на скачках)
3) вызывать симпатию, нравиться, суж. любить I do not think she fancies much the man. ≈ Не думаю, чтобы он слишком ей нравился. Syn: please, like
4) биол. заниматься селекцией, улучшать породу( о животных) фантазия, воображение - to have a lively * иметь живое воображение - the power of * сила воображения - all those stories only tickled his * все эти рассказы только дразнили его воображение воображаемый, мысленный образ;
иллюзия, мечта - fancies of a poet поэтические образы - I have a * that... мне кажется, что... - did I really hear it or was it only a *? я действительно слышал это или мне показалось? прихоть, каприз - passing * мимолетная прихоть - it was his * that we should go there by plane это он придумал, чтобы мы летели туда самолетом вкус, склонность, пристрастие - to have a * for smb. любить кого-л., увлекаться кем-л. - to take a * for /to/ smb. полюбить кого-л., привязаться к кому-л. - to take a * for smth. захотеть чего-л. - to catch /to take/ smb.'s * поразить чье-л. воображение, понравиться, прийтись во вкусу /по душе/ (кому-л.) - the place caught my * at once место сразу понравилось мне понимание, (художественный) вкус - to possess * for form обладать чувством формы (the *) (собирательнле) энтузиасты, любители;
болельщики - the great book-sale had congregated all the * большой книжный аукцион собрал всех любителей причудливый, затейливый, прихотливый, фантастический - * picture фантастическая картина - * design причудливый узор - a * hairdo затейливая прическа орнаментальный, украшенный;
фасонный - * bread фигурный хлеб - * cakes фасонные пирожные - * weaving фигурное /жаккардовое/ ткачество фигурный, непростой - * dives фигурные /спортивные, сложные/ прыжки в воду - * swimming фигурное плавание - * skating фигурное катание модный;
изысканный, высшего качества - * articles /goods/ модные товары;
безделушки;
галантерея - * haberdasher продавец модных товаров мужского туалета - * fruit изысканные фрукты - this dress is too * to wear to work это платье слишком нарядно для работы фантастический, экстравагантный - at a * price по баснословно дорогой цене - * names вымышленные экстравагантные имена( о животном или растении) обладающий особыми свойствами;
выведенный для получения особых свойств пестрый, многоцветный ( о растении) воображать, представлять себе - I can't * him as a soldier! никак не могу представить его солдатом! - * his doing a thing like that подумать только, что он мог это сделать - just *!, only *! можете себе представить!, подумайте только! - * that, now! удивительно!, странно! предполагать, полагать - I * he has gone я полагаю, что его уже нет /что он уже ушел/ - I rather * she isn't happy я не думаю, что она счастлива нравиться, любить - I don't * this place at all мне совсем не нравится это место - the patient may eat anything that he fancies больной может есть все, что захочет - what do you * for your dinner? что бы ты съел на обед? (разговорное) быть высокого мнения о себе, быть самодовольным, "воображать" (обыкн. to * oneself) - he fancies himself as an orator он воображает себя оратором воображать;
напрасно надеяться - he fancies that he can succeed without working hard он воображает, что может достичь успеха без труда выводить вид животного или растения для получения особых свойств fancy вкус ~ refl. разг. воображать, быть о себе высокого мнения ~ воображать, представлять себе;
fancy!, just (или only) fancy! можете себе представить!, подумай(те) только! ~ воображать, представлять себе;
fancy!, just (или only) fancy! можете себе представить!, подумай(те) только! ~ выращивать животных или растения улучшенной породы или вида ~ высшего качества ~ (the ~) любители, энтузиасты;
болельщики ~ маскарадный;
fancy dress маскарадный костюм ~ многоцветный (о растениях) ~ модный;
высшего качества;
fancy articles модные товары;
безделушки;
галантерея;
fancy fair базар модных вещей ~ модный ~ мысленный образ ~ нравиться;
любить;
you may eat anything that you fancy вы можете есть все (что угодно) ~ обладающий особыми свойствами, полученными путем селекции (о растении или животном) ~ орнаментальный, разукрашенный;
фасонный;
fancy bread сдоба ~ полагать, предполагать ~ прихоть, причуда, каприз ~ причудливый, прихотливый ~ склонность;
пристрастие;
конек;
вкус (к чему-л.) ;
to have a fancy (for smth.) любить (что-л.), увекаться (чем-л.) ~ склонность ~ фантазия;
воображение ~ фантастический;
fancy picture фантастическое описание;
fancy price баснословно дорогая цена ~ модный;
высшего качества;
fancy articles модные товары;
безделушки;
галантерея;
fancy fair базар модных вещей ~ орнаментальный, разукрашенный;
фасонный;
fancy bread сдоба ~ маскарадный;
fancy dress маскарадный костюм ~ модный;
высшего качества;
fancy articles модные товары;
безделушки;
галантерея;
fancy fair базар модных вещей ~ man любовник ~ man sl. сутенер ~ фантастический;
fancy picture фантастическое описание;
fancy price баснословно дорогая цена ~ фантастический;
fancy picture фантастическое описание;
fancy price баснословно дорогая цена price: fancy ~ очень высокая цена fancy ~ цена на изделия высшего качества ~ woman( или lady) любовница ~ woman( или lady) проститутка ~ склонность;
пристрастие;
конек;
вкус (к чему-л.) ;
to have a fancy (for smth.) любить (что-л.), увекаться (чем-л.) ~ воображать, представлять себе;
fancy!, just (или only) fancy! можете себе представить!, подумай(те) только! to take a ~ (for (или to) smb., smth.) увлечься( кем-л., чем-л.) ;
полюбить (кого-л., что-л.) to take (или to catch) the ~ (of smb.) привлечь внимание( кого-л.) ;
захватить( кого-л.), полюбиться( кому-л.) to tickle( smb.'s) ~ понравиться (кому-л.), возбудить( чье-л.) любопытство ~ нравиться;
любить;
you may eat anything that you fancy вы можете есть все (что угодно) -
109 favour
ˈfeɪvə
1. сущ.
1) а) расположение, приятие, благосклонность, фавор;
одобрение find favour in the eyes of smb. win smb.'s favour lose favour universal favour look with favour on vie for smb.'s favour enjoy the favours of a woman find favour with gain favour with in favour with out of favour Syn: approval, liking б) прям. перен. фавор, покровительство, протекция;
помощь By the favor of daylight we perceived a great many sails. ≈ Поскольку был день, мы увидели большое число парусов. Syn: aid, support, furtherance
2) одолжение, любезность, услуга do a favour
3) только в сочетаниях, см. примеры а) польза, интерес These facts speak in favour of his acquittal. ≈ Эти факты свидетельствуют в пользу того, что его оправдают. in favour of draw a cheque in smb.'s favour under favour of the darkness Syn: benefit, support б) позволение, разрешение With your favour, I will treat it here. ≈ С вашего позволения, я разберусь с этим здесь. Syn: leave, permission, pardon
4) а) ист. подарок дамы ее рыцарю, подарок возлюбленной, в частности, розетка из ленточек, перчатка, кольцо и т.п.( носилось тем, кому подарено, в знак любви, привязанности) б) тот или иной знак отличия, надеваемый участником той или иной церемонии в знак доброй воли, почтения и т.п., в частности свадебные ленточки гостей, коронационные кокарды и т.д.
5) эвф. половой акт (также в варианте the last favour, букв. "последний знак внимания") You think it more dangerous to be seen in conversation with me, than to allow some other men the last favour. ≈ Вы больше опасаетесь, что о нашей беседе станет известно, чем что вас застанут в постели с любовником.
6) а) привлекательность, интерес Syn: attractiveness, comeliness, beauty, attraction, charm б) архаич. внешность, внешний вид Syn: appearance, aspect, look в) родовая, семейная, наследственная черта( во внешности) ;
архаич. лицо I knew her by favour, as soon as I saw her. ≈ По я сразу узнал ее, поскольку видел ее родственников. Syn: countenance, face
7) коммерч. письмо( употребляется как особо вежливое) Your favor of June the 14th is come to hand. ≈ Ваше письмо от 14го июня только что пришло к нам. Syn: communication, letter ∙ by your favour уст. ≈ с вашего позволения those in favour? ≈ кто за? under favour уст. ≈ с позволения сказать
2. гл.
1) а) благоволить, быть благосклонным, быть согласным;
оказывать внимание, любезность ( with) God favour and preserve him. ≈ Храни его господь, и ниспошли ему благо. Syn: approve, countenance, encourage, patronize б) покровительствовать, оказывать протекцию;
поддерживать( какую-л. из сторон) в) кино задерживать камеру на каком-л. из актеров чаще, чем на другом
2) оказывать честь (делая что-л.;
употребляется как вежливостное) I am much favoured with this. ≈ Это для меня большая честь. A lady was asked to favour us with a song. ≈ Некую даму попросили оказать честь собравшимся и спеть.
3) а) благоприятствовать;
помогать, поддерживать, способствовать, оказывать помощь The wind favoured us. ≈ Ветер был попутный. Syn: aid, support б) разг. беречь, оберегать, щадить( в частности, о поврежденных частях тела) This hound favours his leg. ≈ Это пес хромает на одну лапу. Syn: ease, save, spare
4) разг. быть похожим, напоминать He favours you in the face. ≈ Лицом он похож на тебя. ∙ favoured by smb. ≈ переданное кем-л. (письмо) благосклонность, расположение - in * в почете, в фаворе, в чести - out of * не в почете, не в чести;
в немилости - to win smb.'s *, to find * in smb.'s eyes /in the eyes of smb./ снискать /заслужить/ чье-л. расположение - to be /to stand/ high in smb.'s *, to be in high * with smb. очень нравиться кому-л., быть любимцем кого-л., пользоваться чьей-л. благосклонностью, быть в милости у кого-л. - to enjoy the *s of a woman пользоваться благосклонностью женщины - to look with * on smb. относиться доброжелательно /благосклонно/ к кому-л. - to look with * on smth. относиться к чему-л. благожелательно, одобрять что-л. - to worm oneself into smb.'s * втираться кому-л. в доверие;
снискать чье-л. расположение - to curry * with smb.;
(шотландское) (устаревшее) to claw * with smb. заискивать /подхалимничать/ перед кем-л. одолжение, милость, любезность - do me a * сделайте мне одолжение - to do smth. as a * сделать что-л. в виде одолжения - to heap *s upon smb. осыпать кого-л. милостями - to owe smb. a * быть в долгу у кого-л.;
считать необходимым ответить услугой за услугу протекция, покровительство (влиятельного лица) - to win a position by * more than by merit достигнуть положения не столько благодаря заслугам, сколько по протекции - he succeeded in winning the * of the authorities ему удалось завоевать покровительство властей бант, ленточка;
розетка;
значок - wedding *s банты шафера - he wore his lady's * на нем была ленточка его возлюбленной - political party *s значки с названием политической партии фант небольшой сувенир (получаемый на вечеринке, детском празднике: хлопушка, маска и т. п.) (устаревшее) поддержка;
помощь;
содействие - under * of the darkness под покровом ночи (устаревшее) позволение, разрешение - by /with/ your * с вашего позволения - under * осмелюсь заметить, с вашего позволения ( устаревшее) сообщение, письмо - your * of yesterday ваше вчерашнее письмо (устаревшее) привлекательность, прелесть в сочетаниях: - in * (of) в защиту, за;
на (чьей-л.) стороне;
в пользу - he was in * of women's suffrage он был сторонником предоставления избирательного права женщинам - all those in * raise your hands кто "за", поднимите руки - in smb.'s * в чью-л. пользу;
на чье-л. имя - to withdraw in * of another отказаться в пользу другого - to draw a check in smb.'s * выписать чек на чье-л. имя - it speaks in his * это говорит в его пользу - by * of переданный кем-л. (о письме) > the last * обладание женщиной благоволить, быть благосклонным - fortune *s the brave счастье сопутствует храбрым - the judge *ed the plaintiff судья благосклонно отнесся к истцу оказывать внимание, проявлять любезность - * me with an answer будьте любезны ответить мне - he *ed them with a copy of his book он любезно подарил им экземпляр своей книги мирволить, оказывать предпочтение;
проявлять пристрастие - a mother must not * one of her children more than the others мать не должна оказывать предпочтение одному ребенку перед остальными благоприятствовать;
содействовать, помогать - the darkness *ed his escape темнота способствовала его побегу - the tax system *s early marriage эта налоговая система поощряет ранний брак поддерживать;
одобрять - he couldn't * the proposal он не мог одобрить это предложение - these facts * his theory эти факты подтверждают его теорию (with) оказывать честь, приносить удовольствие, сделать приятное ( кому-л. чем-л.) - * us with a song доставьте нам удовольствие и спойте что-нибудь( разговорное) обращаться осторожно, беречь, щадить - he sat in the shade to * his eyes он сидел в тени, чтобы не утомлять глаза - the boxer *ed his injured hand боксер щадил больную руку (разговорное) напоминать, быть похожим - the child *s his mother ребенок похож на мать in ~ of за;
to be in favour (of smth.) стоять( за что-л.), быть сторонником (чего-л.) ~ разг. быть похожим;
the boy favours his father мальчик похож на отца;
favoured (by smb.) переданное (кем-л.) (письмо) ~ уст. внешность, лицо;
by your favour уст. с вашего позволения;
under favour с позволения сказать;
those in favour? кто за? ~ одолжение;
любезность;
to do (smth.) as a favour сделать одолжение, оказать любезность do me a ~, read this carefully будьте добры, прочтите это внимательно in ~ of в пользу (кого-л., чего-л.) ;
to draw a cheque in (smb.'s) favour выписать чек на (чье-л.) имя;
under favour of the darkness под покровом темноты to enjoy the favours of a woman пользоваться благосклонностью женщины ~ благоволить, быть благосклонным;
оказывать внимание, любезность;
please, favour me with an answer благоволите мне ответить ~ благосклонность, расположение;
одобрение;
to find favour in the eyes (of smb.), to win (smb.'s) favour снискать (чье-л.) расположение;
угодить( кому-л.) ~ пристрастие( к кому-л.) ;
покровительство;
he gained his position more by favour than by merit (скорее) не личные заслуги, а покровительство помогло ему достичь такого положения to stand high in (smb.'s) ~ быть в милости (у кого-л.) ;
in favour в почете;
out of favour в немилости in ~ of в пользу (кого-л., чего-л.) ;
to draw a cheque in (smb.'s) favour выписать чек на (чье-л.) имя;
under favour of the darkness под покровом темноты in ~ of за;
to be in favour (of smth.) стоять (за что-л.), быть сторонником (чего-л.) to look with ~ (on smb., smth.) относиться доброжелательно (к кому-л., чему-л.) to stand high in (smb.'s) ~ быть в милости (у кого-л.) ;
in favour в почете;
out of favour в немилости do me a ~, read this carefully будьте добры, прочтите это внимательно to stand high in (smb.'s) ~ быть в милости (у кого-л.) ;
in favour в почете;
out of favour в немилости ~ уст. внешность, лицо;
by your favour уст. с вашего позволения;
under favour с позволения сказать;
those in favour? кто за? ~ уст. внешность, лицо;
by your favour уст. с вашего позволения;
under favour с позволения сказать;
those in favour? кто за? in ~ of в пользу (кого-л., чего-л.) ;
to draw a cheque in (smb.'s) favour выписать чек на (чье-л.) имя;
under favour of the darkness под покровом темноты ~ благосклонность, расположение;
одобрение;
to find favour in the eyes (of smb.), to win (smb.'s) favour снискать (чье-л.) расположение;
угодить( кому-л.) ~ ком. письмо;
your favour of yesterday ваше вчерашнее письмо -
110 П-286
ПОКОРИТЕЛЬ (ПОКОРИТЕЛЬНИЦА) СЕРДЕЦ humor or iron NP fixed WOa person who enjoys success with members of the opposite sexconqueror of womerfs (merfs) heartsheartbreaker (of a man only) lady-killer ladies' (lady's) man heartthrob Romeo (of a woman only) siren femme fatale....Почти все дамы, по крайней мере огромнейшее большинство их, стояли за Митю и за оправдание его. Может быть, главное, потому, что о нём составилось представление как о покорителе женских сердец (Достоевский 2)....Almost all the ladies, at least the great majority of them, favored Mitya and his acquittal. Mainly, perhaps, because an idea had been formed of him as a conqueror of women's hearts (2a). -
111 покоритель сердец
• ПОКОРИТЕЛЬ < ПОКОРИТЕЛЬНИЦА> СЕРДЕЦ humor or iron[NP; fixed WO]=====⇒ a person who enjoys success with members of the opposite sex:- heartbreaker;- [of a man only] lady-killer;- ladies' < ladY's> man;- heartthrob;- Romeo;- [of a woman only] siren;- femme fatale.♦...Почти все дамы, по крайней мере огромнейшее большинство их, стояли за Митю и за оправдание его. Может быть, главное, потому, что о нём составилось представление как о покорителе женских сердец (Достоевский 2)....Almost all the ladies, at least the great majority of them, favored Mitya and his acquittal. Mainly, perhaps, because an idea had been formed of him as a conqueror of women's hearts (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > покоритель сердец
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112 покорительница сердец
• ПОКОРИТЕЛЬ < ПОКОРИТЕЛЬНИЦА> СЕРДЕЦ humor or iron[NP; fixed WO]=====⇒ a person who enjoys success with members of the opposite sex:- heartbreaker;- [of a man only] lady-killer;- ladies' < ladY's> man;- heartthrob;- Romeo;- [of a woman only] siren;- femme fatale.♦...Почти все дамы, по крайней мере огромнейшее большинство их, стояли за Митю и за оправдание его. Может быть, главное, потому, что о нём составилось представление как о покорителе женских сердец (Достоевский 2)....Almost all the ladies, at least the great majority of them, favored Mitya and his acquittal. Mainly, perhaps, because an idea had been formed of him as a conqueror of women's hearts (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > покорительница сердец
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113 Draufgänger
* * *der Draufgängerdaredevil; go-getter* * *Drauf|gän|ger [-gɛŋɐ]1. m -s, -,Dráúf|gän|ge|rin[-ərɪn]2. f -, -nendaredevil, adventurous type; (= Mann bei Frauen) predator* * *(a person with a great deal of energy, ability etc who gets what he wants.) go-getter* * *Drauf·gän·ger(in)<-s, ->[ˈdraufgɛŋɐ]* * *der daredevil* * ** * *der daredevil* * *m.dare devil n.person with tremendous drive n. -
114 Broad
adjective1) breit; (extensive) weit [Ebene, Meer, Land, Felder]; ausgedehnt [Fläche]grow broader — breiter werden; sich verbreitern
it's as broad as it is long — (fig.) es ist gehupft wie gesprungen (ugs.)
2) (explicit) deutlich, klar [Hinweis]a broad hint — ein Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl (scherzh.)
in broad outline — in groben od. großen Zügen; see also academic.ru/18566/daylight">daylight 1)
4) (generalized) allgemeinin the broadest sense — im weitesten Sinne
as a broad indication — als Faustregel
5) (strongly regional) stark [Akzent]; breit [Aussprache]•• Cultural note:Broadway ist der Name der Hauptstraße von New York in den USA, die man hauptsächlich mit dem Theater und insbesondere dem amerikanischen Theater verbindet. Die Straße, die die Insel Manhattan auf einer Länge von über 20 km durchzieht, hat 36 Theater zwischen West 41st Street und West 57th Street. Die berühmtesten Theater befinden sich in der Nähe des Times Square. Aufführungen mit Rekordspielzeiten waren meist Musicals, wie South Pacific, Guys and Dolls, My Fair Lady und Cats* * *[bro:d]2) (from side to side: two metres broad.) breit•- broaden- broadly
- broad daylight
- broad-minded
- broadside on* * *I. adj1. (wide) street, river breit\broad shoulders breite Schultern2. (spacious) weita \broad expanse eine weite Ausdehnung3. (obvious) deutlich, klar4. (general) allgemeinto be in \broad agreement weitgehend übereinstimmen [o einer Meinung sein]a \broad description/generalization eine grobe Beschreibung/Verallgemeinerungto give a \broad outline of sth etw in groben Zügen darstellena \broad range/spectrum eine breite Palette/ein breites Spektrumto have a \broad appeal sich allgemeiner Beliebtheit erfreuena \broad cross section of the population weite Teile der Bevölkerung7. (strong) stark, ausgeprägta \broad accent/grin ein breiter Akzent/ein breites Grinsen8. (coarse) derb\broad comedy/humour derbe Komödie/derber Humor9.▶ in \broad daylight am helllichten Tag[e]* * *[brɔːd]1. adj (+er)1) (= wide) breitto grow broader — breiter werden; (road, river also) sich verbreitern
4) (= liberal) mind, attitude, ideas großzügig, toleranta broad church — ein Sammelbecken nt verschiedenster Strömungen or Richtungen
he speaks broad Scots — er spricht breit(est)es Schottisch or starken schottischen Dialekt
2. n1)(= widest part)
the broad of the back — die Schultergegend2)the ( Norfolk) Broads pl — die Norfolk Broads
* * *1. breitrandiger ( besonders Quäker)Hut* * *adjective1) breit; (extensive) weit [Ebene, Meer, Land, Felder]; ausgedehnt [Fläche]grow broader — breiter werden; sich verbreitern
it's as broad as it is long — (fig.) es ist gehupft wie gesprungen (ugs.)
2) (explicit) deutlich, klar [Hinweis]a broad hint — ein Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl (scherzh.)
3) (clear, main) grob; wesentlich [Fakten]in broad outline — in groben od. großen Zügen; see also daylight 1)
4) (generalized) allgemein5) (strongly regional) stark [Akzent]; breit [Aussprache]•• Cultural note:Broadway ist der Name der Hauptstraße von New York in den USA, die man hauptsächlich mit dem Theater und insbesondere dem amerikanischen Theater verbindet. Die Straße, die die Insel Manhattan auf einer Länge von über 20 km durchzieht, hat 36 Theater zwischen West 41st Street und West 57th Street. Die berühmtesten Theater befinden sich in der Nähe des Times Square. Aufführungen mit Rekordspielzeiten waren meist Musicals, wie South Pacific, Guys and Dolls, My Fair Lady und Cats* * *adj.deutlich adj. -
115 broad
adjective1) breit; (extensive) weit [Ebene, Meer, Land, Felder]; ausgedehnt [Fläche]grow broader — breiter werden; sich verbreitern
it's as broad as it is long — (fig.) es ist gehupft wie gesprungen (ugs.)
2) (explicit) deutlich, klar [Hinweis]a broad hint — ein Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl (scherzh.)
in broad outline — in groben od. großen Zügen; see also academic.ru/18566/daylight">daylight 1)
4) (generalized) allgemeinin the broadest sense — im weitesten Sinne
as a broad indication — als Faustregel
5) (strongly regional) stark [Akzent]; breit [Aussprache]•• Cultural note:Broadway ist der Name der Hauptstraße von New York in den USA, die man hauptsächlich mit dem Theater und insbesondere dem amerikanischen Theater verbindet. Die Straße, die die Insel Manhattan auf einer Länge von über 20 km durchzieht, hat 36 Theater zwischen West 41st Street und West 57th Street. Die berühmtesten Theater befinden sich in der Nähe des Times Square. Aufführungen mit Rekordspielzeiten waren meist Musicals, wie South Pacific, Guys and Dolls, My Fair Lady und Cats* * *[bro:d]2) (from side to side: two metres broad.) breit•- broaden- broadly
- broad daylight
- broad-minded
- broadside on* * *I. adj1. (wide) street, river breit\broad shoulders breite Schultern2. (spacious) weita \broad expanse eine weite Ausdehnung3. (obvious) deutlich, klar4. (general) allgemeinto be in \broad agreement weitgehend übereinstimmen [o einer Meinung sein]a \broad description/generalization eine grobe Beschreibung/Verallgemeinerungto give a \broad outline of sth etw in groben Zügen darstellena \broad range/spectrum eine breite Palette/ein breites Spektrumto have a \broad appeal sich allgemeiner Beliebtheit erfreuena \broad cross section of the population weite Teile der Bevölkerung7. (strong) stark, ausgeprägta \broad accent/grin ein breiter Akzent/ein breites Grinsen8. (coarse) derb\broad comedy/humour derbe Komödie/derber Humor9.▶ in \broad daylight am helllichten Tag[e]* * *[brɔːd]1. adj (+er)1) (= wide) breitto grow broader — breiter werden; (road, river also) sich verbreitern
4) (= liberal) mind, attitude, ideas großzügig, toleranta broad church — ein Sammelbecken nt verschiedenster Strömungen or Richtungen
he speaks broad Scots — er spricht breit(est)es Schottisch or starken schottischen Dialekt
2. n1)(= widest part)
the broad of the back — die Schultergegend2)the ( Norfolk) Broads pl — die Norfolk Broads
* * *broad [brɔːd]1. breit:it is as broad as it is long fig das ist gehupft wie gesprungen, das ist Jacke wie Hose (beide umg); → beam A 32. weit, ausgedehnt (Ebene etc)4. weitreichend, weitgehend:in the broadest sense im weitesten Sinne5. breit, stark (Akzent)6. großzügig, tolerant, liberal (Ansichten etc)7. a) derbb) anstößig, schlüpfrig (Witz etc)9. allgemein (Ggs detailliert):C s1. breiter Teil (einer Sache):broad of the hand Handfläche f2. pl Br System von Seen und Flüssen (im Südosten Englands):3. FILM, TV Lampenaggregat n, Beleuchtungsbühne f4. besonders US sl peja) Weib(sbild) nb) Nutte f* * *adjective1) breit; (extensive) weit [Ebene, Meer, Land, Felder]; ausgedehnt [Fläche]grow broader — breiter werden; sich verbreitern
it's as broad as it is long — (fig.) es ist gehupft wie gesprungen (ugs.)
2) (explicit) deutlich, klar [Hinweis]a broad hint — ein Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl (scherzh.)
3) (clear, main) grob; wesentlich [Fakten]in broad outline — in groben od. großen Zügen; see also daylight 1)
4) (generalized) allgemein5) (strongly regional) stark [Akzent]; breit [Aussprache]•• Cultural note:Broadway ist der Name der Hauptstraße von New York in den USA, die man hauptsächlich mit dem Theater und insbesondere dem amerikanischen Theater verbindet. Die Straße, die die Insel Manhattan auf einer Länge von über 20 km durchzieht, hat 36 Theater zwischen West 41st Street und West 57th Street. Die berühmtesten Theater befinden sich in der Nähe des Times Square. Aufführungen mit Rekordspielzeiten waren meist Musicals, wie South Pacific, Guys and Dolls, My Fair Lady und Cats* * *adj.deutlich adj. -
116 Puppe
f; -, -n1. doll; (Marionette, auch fig.) puppet, marionette; (Kleiderpuppe) dummy, mannequin; bis in die Puppen schlafen umg., fig. sleep till all hours; bis in die Puppen feiern umg. celebrate into the small (Am. wee) hours; alle Puppen tanzen lassen umg. live it up, have a fling2. umg. (Mädchen) bird, Am. doll; eine süße Puppe umg., fig. a sweetie; sie ist eine Puppe fig. she’s a classy lady* * *die Puppe(Marionette) puppet;(Spielzeug) doll;(Zoologie) pupa* * *Pụp|pe ['pʊpə]f -, -n1) (= Kinderspielzeug) doll, dolly (inf); (= Marionette) puppet, marionette; (= Schaufensterpuppe, MIL = Übungspuppe) dummy; (inf = Mädchen) doll (inf), bird (esp Brit inf); (als Anrede) baby (inf), doll (esp US inf)die Puppen tanzen lassen (inf) — to paint the town red (inf), to live it up (inf)
bis in die Puppen schlafen (inf) — to sleep to all hours
* * *die1) (the form taken by some insects (eg butterflies) at an early stage in their development.) chrysalis2) (a toy in the shape of a small human being: a china doll.) doll3) (a model of a human used for displaying clothes etc: a dressmaker's dummy.) dummy4) (the form that an insect takes when it is changing from a larva (eg a caterpillar) to its perfect form (eg a butterfly); a chrysalis.) pupa* * *Pup·pe<-, -n>[ˈpʊpə]f2. (sl: Mädchen, Freundin) chick, dolleine tolle \Puppe a great chickheute gehe ich mit meiner \Puppe ins Kino today I'm going to the cinema with my girl4.bis in die \Puppen schlafen to sleep till all hours▶ die \Puppen tanzen lassen (fig fam: hart durchgreifen) to raise [all] hell fam; (hemmungslos feiern) to have a hell of a party fam, to paint the town red* * *die; Puppe, Puppen1) doll[y]2) (Marionette) puppet; marionette; (fig.) puppetdie Puppen tanzen lassen — (fig. ugs.) pull the strings; (es hoch hergehen lassen) paint the town red (fig. coll.)
4) (Zool.) pupa5)bis in die Puppen — (ugs.) till all hours
* * *bis in die Puppen schlafen umg, fig sleep till all hours;alle Puppen tanzen lassen umg live it up, have a fling2. umg (Mädchen) bird, US doll;eine süße Puppe umg, fig a sweetie;sie ist eine Puppe fig she’s a classy lady* * *die; Puppe, Puppen1) doll[y]2) (Marionette) puppet; marionette; (fig.) puppetdie Puppen tanzen lassen — (fig. ugs.) pull the strings; (es hoch hergehen lassen) paint the town red (fig. coll.)
4) (Zool.) pupa5)bis in die Puppen — (ugs.) till all hours
* * *-n f.doll n.dolly n.pupa n. -
117 कम्बु _kambu
कम्बु a. (-म्बु or-म्बू f.) Spotted, variegated.-म्बुः -म्बु (m., n.) A conch-shell; स्मरस्य कम्बुः किमयं चकास्ति दिवि त्रिलोकीजयवादनीयः N.22.22; Śi.18.54.-म्बुः 1 An elephant.-2 The neck.-3 The variegated colour.-4 A vein of the body.-5 A bracelet; कम्बुकेयूरधारिण्यः Mb.3.233.46.-6 A tube-shaped bone.-Comp. -आतायिन् m. a kind of kite.-कण्ठी a lady having the neck like a conch-shell.-ग्रीवा 1 a conch-shaped neck, (i. e. a neck marked with three lines like a shell and considered as a sign of great fortune).-2 a lady having the neck like the conch-shell. -
118 young
1. adjective(in the first part of life, growth, development etc; not old: a young person; Young babies sleep a great deal; A young cow is called a calf.) jovem2. noun plural(the group of animals or birds produced by parents: Most animals defend their young.) filhotes- the young* * *[j∧ŋ] n 1 moços, jovens, mocidade, juventude. 2 prole, filhotes, crias. • adj 1 moço, novo, jovem. 2 vigoroso, robusto. 3 juvenil, da mocidade. 4 inexperiente, imaturo, bisonho. 5 inicial. 6 que representa tendências novas. he is fifty years young ele tem cinqüenta anos mas aparenta menos. he is young in this business ele é inexperiente neste negócio. her young man seu namorado. his young lady sua namorada. the young ones cackle as the old cock crows como os pais falam os filhos palram. to grow young rejuvenescer. to look young parecer jovem. with young prenhe (fêmea de animal). young blood a) sangue novo. b) juventude, suas idéias e experiências. young hopeful filho prometedor, rapaz de futuro. young lady mocinha. young man a) moço, mocinho, rapaz. b) auxiliar. young one cria. young people mocidade, os moços. young shoot Bot rebento, broto, renovo. -
119 cher
cher, chère1 [∫εʀ]1. adjectivea. ( = coûteux) expensive• c'est vraiment pas cher ! it's really cheap!2. masculine noun, feminine noun3. adverb[valoir, coûter, payer] a lot• le caviar vaut or coûte cher caviar costs a lot• je ne donne pas cher de sa vie/de sa réussite I wouldn't rate his chances of survival/succeeding very highly* * *
1.
chère ʃɛʀ adjectif1) ( aimé) [personne] dear; [objet, visage] beloved2) ( précieux)cher à quelqu'un — [thème, principe, idée] dear to somebody (épith, après n)
selon une formule qui lui est chère — as his/her favourite [BrE] saying goes
3) ( pour interpeller) dearcher ami, vous avez tout à fait raison! — my dear friend, you're absolutely right!
ah, mais c'est ce cher Dupont! — well, if it isn't our dear old Dupont!
4) ( dans la correspondance) dear5) ( onéreux) expensive, dearpas cher — cheap, inexpensive
2.
nom masculin, fémininmon cher — gén dear; (condescendant, à homme plus jeune) my dear boy; ( à homme plus âgé) my dear sir
ma chère — gén dear; (condescendant, à femme plus jeune) my dear girl; ( à femme plus âgée) my dear lady
3.
les vêtements en cuir coûtent cher à nettoyer — having leather clothes cleaned is expensive ou costly
coûter plus/moins cher — to cost more/less
se vendre cher — [objet] to fetch a lot
2) fig ( en importance) [payer] dearly••ne pas donner cher de quelqu'un or de la peau de quelqu'un — (colloq) not to rate somebody's chances (highly)
* * *ʃɛʀ (-ère)1. adj1) (= aimé) dear"Chère Mélusine..." — "Dear Mélusine..."
mon cher; ma chère — my dear
2) (= très apprécié) dear3) (= coûteux) expensive, dearC'est trop cher. — It's too expensive.
2. advcoûter cher — to cost a lot, to be expensive
payer qch cher — to pay a lot for sth, figto pay dearly for sth
* * *A adj1 ( aimé) [personne] dear; [objet, visage] beloved; ses amis les plus chers his/her dearest friends; la mort d'un être cher the death of a loved one;2 ( précieux) cher à qn [thème, principe, idée] dear to sb ( épith, après n); selon un principe qui lui est cher according to a principle that he/she holds dear; selon une formule qui lui est chère as his/her favouriteGB saying goes; une image chère à l'artiste a favouriteGB image of the artist; un site cher au poète/à Byron a place the poet/Byron was fond of;3 ( pour interpeller) dear; cher ami/monsieur, vous avez tout à fait raison! my dear friend/sir, you're absolutely right!; ah, mais c'est ce cher Dupont! well, if it isn't our dear old Dupont!;5 ( onéreux) expensive, dear; c'est cher pour ce que c'est it's expensive ou dear for what it is; pas cher [restaurant, robe] cheap, inexpensive; ils ont des robes pas chères du tout they've got some very cheap ou reasonably-priced dresses; 15 euros le menu, ce n'est vraiment pas cher 15 euros for the set menu, that's pretty reasonable; la vie est plus chère the cost of living is higher; manifestations contre la vie chère demonstrations against the high cost of living.B nm,f mon cher gén dear; (condescendant, à homme plus jeune) my dear boy; ( à homme plus âgé) my dear sir; ma chère gén dear; (condescendant, à femme plus jeune) my dear girl; ( à femme plus âgée) my dear lady; que désirez-vous, très chère? fml what would you like, my dear?C adv1 lit ( en argent) a lot (of money); coûter/valoir cher to cost/be worth a lot; les vêtements en cuir coûtent cher à nettoyer having leather clothes cleaned is expensive ou costly; coûter plus/moins cher to cost more/less; coûter cher en qch lit, fig to cost a lost in sth; acheter/vendre cher to buy/to sell at a high price; se vendre cher [objet] to fetch a lot; ses tableaux ne se vendent pas cher his/her paintings don't fetch much; je l'ai payé très cher I paid a lot for it; je l'ai eu pour pas cher/moins cher I got it cheap/cheaper; il y a mieux ailleurs pour moins cher there's better and cheaper elsewhere; certains médecins prennent plus cher some doctors charge more; ils font payer cher/très cher leur services they charge a lot/an awful lot for their services; c'est/ce n'est pas cher payé it's/it's not expensive; le procédé revient cher/trop cher the process is expensive/too expensive; on y mange pour pas cher you can eat there at a reasonable price ou quite cheaply;2 fig ( en importance) [coûter, payer] dearly; ça nous a coûté cher it cost us dearly; ils lui ont fait payer cher sa négligence they made him/her pay dearly for his/her negligence; le blocus a coûté cher à notre économie/la collectivité our economy/the community paid a high price for the blockade.D chère nf fml food, fare; faire bonne chère to eat well; aimer la bonne chère to appreciate good food ou fare.ne pas donner cher de qn or des chances de qn or de la peau de qn○ not to rate sb's chances (highly).1. [aimé] dearceux qui vous sont chers your loved ones, the ones you love2. [dans des formules de politesse] dearmes bien ou très chers amis dearest friendsil est retourné à ses chères études (humoristique) he's gone back to his ivory tower ou to his beloved booksla formule si chère aux hommes politiques the phrase beloved of politicians, that favourite phrase of politiciansmon souhait le plus cher my dearest ou most devout wishc'est moins cher it's cheaper ou less expensive————————adverbe1. COMMERCEcoûter cher to cost a lot, to be expensivea. [bijou de famille] it's worth a lot ou valuableb. [article en magasin] it's expensive2. (locution) -
120 help
1. n1) допомогаto be of little help — давати мало користі; мало допомагати
can I be of any help to you? — чи можу я допомогти вам чимсь?, чи можу я бути вам корисним?
2) помічник3) амер. робітник, працівник (на фермі); слуга, прислуга; наймит; хатня робітниця4) збірн. працівники, службовці5) засіб, порятунок2. v1) допомагати, подавати допомогуto help smb. with one's advice — допомогти комусь порадою
2) сприяти5) пригощатися6) полегшувати (біль тощо)I can't help it — я нічого не можу вдіяти; це не моя вина
it can't be helped — розм. нічого не вдієш
□ help down — допомогти зійти вниз
□ help forward — сприяти; просувати
□ help in — допомогти зайти, увійти у, до
□ help into — допомогти надіти, подати
□ help off — допомогти зняти (одяг)
□ help on — допомогти просунути (справу)
□ help out — допомогти вийти із скрутного становища, виручити
□ help over — допомогти у скрутному становищі, виручити
□ help up — допомогти встати; підтримати когось
* * *I [help] n1) допомога2) помічникmother's help — бонна; працівники, службовці
4) засіб, порятунок5) див. helping I6) підказка, діалогова документаціяII [help] v1) допомагати, надавати допомогу2) сприяти3) обслуговувати ( за столом); подавати ( страву)4) полегшувати (біль, страждання)5) пригощатиhelp yourself! — пригощайтеся, будь ласка!
6) вибирати, брати7) вкрасти, поцупити8) to help smb into smth допомогти кому-небудь увійти куди-небудь; вийти звідки-небудь9) than one can help не більше, ніж потрібно
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