-
41 freedom
свобода, воля; незалежність; вільне користування; право; привілейfreedom from unreasonable searches and seizures — свобода від необґрунтованих обшуків та вилучень майна
freedom of collective bargaining — право ( або свобода) укладати колективні угоди
freedom of meetings, demonstrations, and assemblies — = freedom of rallies, demonstrations, and assemblies свобода мітингів, демонстрацій і зборів
freedom of rallies, demonstrations, and assemblies — = freedom of meetings, demonstrations, and assemblies свобода мітингів,
freedom to establish political parties and public organizations — = freedom to establish political parties and social organizations свобода створення політичних партій і громадських організацій
freedom to establish political parties and social organizations — = freedom to establish political parties and public organizations
freedom to practice the religion of one's choice — релігійна свобода, свобода релігії
freedom to receive and give information — = freedom to receive and transmit information свобода отримувати і передавати інформацію
freedom to receive and transmit information — = freedom to receive and give information
- freedom fighterfreedom to seek, receive and import information — свобода пошуку, отримання і розповсюдження інформації
- freedom from arrest
- freedom from censorship
- freedom from double jeopardy
- freedom from duty
- freedom from encumbrance
- freedom from exploitation
- freedom from legal proceedings
- freedom from liability
- freedom from torture
- freedom of a city
- freedom of access
- freedom of actions
- freedom of action
- freedom of art
- freedom of assembly
- freedom of association
- freedom of belief
- freedom of broadcasting
- freedom of choice
- freedom of commerce
- freedom of communication
- freedom of conscience
- freedom of contract
- freedom of contracting
- freedom of discussion
- freedom of employment
- freedom of establishment
- freedom of expression
- freedom of faith
- freedom of fishing
- freedom of individual
- freedom of information
- freedom of learning
- freedom of movement
- freedom of navigation
- freedom of occupation
- freedom of overflight
- freedom of passage
- freedom of petition
- freedom of rallies
- freedom of religion
- freedom of religious worship
- freedom of science
- freedom of scientific research
- freedom of speech
- freedom of street processions
- freedom of teaching
- freedom of testation
- freedom of the air
- freedom of the city
- freedom of the high seas
- freedom of the press
- freedom of the seas
- freedom of thought
- freedom of trade
- freedom of transit
- freedom of travel
- freedom of use
- freedom of will
- freedom of worship
- freedom to contract
- freedom to organize
- freedom to provide services
- freedom to worship -
42 personalization
E-comthe process by which a Web site presents customers with selected information on their specific needs. To do this, personal information is collected on the individual user, and employed to customize the Web site for that person. Used properly, personalization is a powerful tool that allows customers to access the right content more quickly, thus saving them valuable time. Personalization is particularly useful if a Web site contains a very large quantity of material, meaning that a visitor is slow in finding the information they seek. It also requires a large number of visitors to the Web site, because personalization systems are complex and expensive to install.Information on the customer is usually collected in one of two ways. Either the individual is asked to fill out a personal profile, perhaps informing the organization of the type of product and service he or she is interested in, or the organization uses software that tracks the way a customer uses the Web site. For example, a customer interested in Product X last week, might receive details of an update for Product X upon their next visit to the Web site. A popular method by which such tracking is carried out is the use of cookies, which reside on an individual’s browser and collect information on that person’s Web behavior. Because it requires the collection of personal information, personalization raises key privacy policy issues. -
43 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
44 guidance
guidance n1 ( advice) conseils mpl (from de) ; clear guidance conseils clairs ; guidance on legal procedures conseils en matière de procédures légales ; guidance on how to do conseils sur la façon de faire ; guidance as to the resolution of conflict conseils en vue de la résolution d'un conflit ; basic guidance in areas such as finance des informations de base dans des domaines tels que la finance ; to give sb guidance donner des conseils à qn ; to seek guidance on a matter demander conseil sur une (certaine) question ; to seek the guidance of one's superiors solliciter l'avis de ses supérieurs ; this leaflet is for your guidance ce prospectus est pour vous, à titre d'information ; under the guidance of sb sous la direction de qn ;2 Aerosp (télé)guidage m. -
45 fish
plurals; see fishfish1 n1. pez2. pescadofish2 vb pescartr[fɪʃ]1 pez nombre masculino■ did you catch any fish? ¿pescaste algo?2 SMALLCOOKERY/SMALL pescado1 pescar en1 pescar ( for, -)\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLlike a fish out of water como pez fuera del agua, como gallo en corral ajenoto drink like a fish beber como una esponjato have other fish to fry tener cosas más importantes que hacerthere are plenty of other fish in the sea hay mucho más donde elegirfish and chips pescado con patatasfish cake ≈ croqueta de pescado y patatasfish farm piscifactoríafish shop pescaderíafish slice pala de cocinafish tank peceraodd fish / queer fish tipo rarofish ['fɪʃ] vi1) : pescar2)to fish for seek: buscar, rebuscarto fish for compliments: andar a la caza de cumplidosfish vt: pescarn.• pescado s.m.• pez s.m.v.• pescar v.fɪʃ
I
a) c ( Zool) pez mto be a big fish in a little pond — ser* un pez gordo ( en un lugar pequeño)
to drink like a fish — beber como un cosaco (fam), chupar como una esponja (fam)
to have other fish to fry — tener* cosas mejores or más importantes que hacer
to swim like a fish — nadar como un pez; (before n)
fish market — mercado m de pescado
b) u ( Culin) pescado mwet fish — (BrE) pescado m fresco
fish and chips — (esp BrE) pescado m frito con papas or (Esp) patatas fritas
neither fish, flesh, nor fowl — ni chicha ni limonada or limoná (fam)
c) ( person) (colloq)
II
1.
a) pescar*to go fishing — ir* de pesca, ir* a pescar
to fish FOR something — \<\<for trout\>\> pescar* algo; \<\<for compliments/information\>\> andar* a la caza de algo
b) ( search) rebuscar*to fish (around) in one's pockets/bag — rebuscar* en los bolsillos/la bolsa
2.
vta) \<\<cod/mackerel\>\> pescar*b) \<\<river/lake\>\> pescar* enPhrasal Verbs:- fish out[fɪʃ]1. N(pl fish or fishes)- be like a fish out of water2) * (=person) tipo(-a) * m / f, tío(-a) m / f (Sp) *- he's a2.VI pescar; [trawler] faenarto fish for — [+ trout, salmon etc] pescar; [+ compliments, information] andar a la caza de
- fish in troubled waters3.VT [+ river, pond] pescar en; [+ trout, salmon etc] pescar4.CPDfish and chips N — pescado m frito con patatas fritas
fish and chip shop N — tienda de comida rápida principalmente de pescado frito y patatas fritas
fish course N — (plato m de) pescado m
fish factory N — fábrica f de pescado
fish farm N — piscifactoría f, criadero m de peces
fish farmer N — piscicultor(a) m / f
fish farming N — piscicultura f, cría f de peces
fish finger N — (Brit) palito m de pescado empanado
fish knife N — cuchillo m de pescado
fish manure N — abono m de pescado
fish market N — lonja f de pescado (Sp)
fish restaurant N — restaurante m de pescado
fish seller N (US) — = fishmonger
fish shop N — pescadería f
fish slice N — pala f para el pescado
fish stick N — (US) croqueta f de pescado
fish store N — (US) pescadería f
- fish out- fish up* * *[fɪʃ]
I
a) c ( Zool) pez mto be a big fish in a little pond — ser* un pez gordo ( en un lugar pequeño)
to drink like a fish — beber como un cosaco (fam), chupar como una esponja (fam)
to have other fish to fry — tener* cosas mejores or más importantes que hacer
to swim like a fish — nadar como un pez; (before n)
fish market — mercado m de pescado
b) u ( Culin) pescado mwet fish — (BrE) pescado m fresco
fish and chips — (esp BrE) pescado m frito con papas or (Esp) patatas fritas
neither fish, flesh, nor fowl — ni chicha ni limonada or limoná (fam)
c) ( person) (colloq)
II
1.
a) pescar*to go fishing — ir* de pesca, ir* a pescar
to fish FOR something — \<\<for trout\>\> pescar* algo; \<\<for compliments/information\>\> andar* a la caza de algo
b) ( search) rebuscar*to fish (around) in one's pockets/bag — rebuscar* en los bolsillos/la bolsa
2.
vta) \<\<cod/mackerel\>\> pescar*b) \<\<river/lake\>\> pescar* enPhrasal Verbs:- fish out -
46 freedom
n1. свобода, незалежність2. почесне громадянство (звич. міста)- philosophical freedom свобода дотримуватися будь-якої ідеології- freedom of the air свобода повітряного простору- freedom of belief свобода релігії/ віросповідання- freedom of communications свобода комунікацій- freedom of contract свобода договору- freedom of a country незалежність країни- freedom of expression свобода слова, свобода висловлення думки- freedom of information свобода інформації- freedom to manifest the religion свобода віросповідання- freedom of movement and travel свобода пересування (по території країни)- freedom of opinion and expression свобода переконань та свобода їх висловлення- freedom of the press свобода друку- freedom of religion свобода релігії/ віросповідання- freedom to receive and give information свобода одержання та передачі інформації- freedom from restrictions свобода від обмежень- freedom of the seas юр. свобода мореплавання- freedom of sea routes свобода морських шляхів- freedom to seek, receive and import information and ideas свобода пошуку, одержання та розповсюдження інформації та ідей- freedom of speech свобода слова- freedom of thought свобода думки- freedom of transit свобода транзитного проходу- freedom of the will свобода волі/ волевиявлення- restriction of rights and freedoms обмеження прав та свобод- to confer upon smbd. the freedom of a city/ town присвоїти комусь звання почесного громадянина міста- to enjoy freedom користуватися свободою; бути вільним/ незалежним- to enjoy freedom from restrictions користуватися свободою від обмежень- to fight for freedom боротися за свободу- to give smbd. the freedom of a city/ town присвоїти комусь звання почесного громадянина міста- to infringe the freedom of the high seas порушити свободу відкритого моря- to receive the freedom of a city/ town отримати звання почесного громадянина міста -
47 freedom
n1) свобода, независимость2) свобода; право3) почётное право, почётная привилегия•- give smb. the freedom of town- give smb. the freedom of a city -
48 office
ˈɔfɪs сущ.
1) а) пост, должность, служба assume an office be in office come into office enter upon office get into office hold office leave office resign office seek office an office under Government take office win office honorary office appointive office elective office high office б) долг, обязанность, функция It is my office to open the mail. ≈ В мои обязанности входит вскрывать почту. Syn: obligation, duty, business, function
2) а) контора, канцелярия, офис to be in the office ≈ служить в конторе, в канцелярии;
быть на месте at/in an office ≈ в офисе She works at our office. ≈ Она работает в нашем офисе. - branch office head office home office main office booking office box office ticket office dead-letter office doctor's office lawyer's office left-luggage office lost-and-found office lost property office met office meteorological office patent office post office printing office dentist's office recruiting office inquiry office office block public office б) ведомство, министерство;
управление Foreign Office Foreign and Commonwealth Office Home Office Office of Education в) кабинет, комната( занимаемая каким-л. должностным лицом) ;
авиац. сл. кабина пилота
3) а) услуга, помощь good offices Syn: service, kindness, attention б) мн. службы( коммунальные - сарай, гараж и т.п.) в) отхожее место
4) церковная служба;
обряд Office for the Dead Office of the Mass last offices
5) разг. знак, намек give the office take the office Syn: hint, signal служба, место, должность, пост - * under Government место на государственной службе - judicial * cудебная должность - holder of an * должностное лицо - to be in * занимать пост - to come into * принять дела;
приступить к исполнению служебных обязанностей - to take * вступить в должность;
приступить к исполнению служебных обязанностей - to leave * уйти со службы - he hasn't run for * for years он уже много лет не выставлял своей кандидатуры (на должность, пост и т. п.) - he was elected twice to the * of president он дважды избирался на пост президента нахождение у власти, на посту - term of * cрок полномочий - to renew the term of * возобновить мандат - to be in * быть у власти( о правительстве) входить в состав правительства, иметь министерский портфель - to take * прийти к власти - to put smb. in * поставить кого-л. у власти - to be corrupted by * поддаться разлагающему влиянию власти контора, офис, канцелярия - lawyer's * адвокатская контора - editorial * редакция - post * почтовое отделение;
почта - publishing * издательство - inquiry * справочное бюро - doctor's * (американизм) кабинет врача - recruiting * призывной пункт - * expenses расходы на оргтехнику - * appliances оргтехника - * hours часы работы учреждения;
приемные часы - his * hours are from 12 to 14 он бывает в конторе с 12 до 14 часов - * number исходящий номер - * furniture конторская мебель, конторское оборудование - * staff конторские служащие - * work канцелярская работа - our London * наше лондонское отделение;
наша контора в Лондоне - to work at an * служить в учреждении - to be in an * быть служащим, клерком и т. п. служебное помещение, кабинет, офис - private * личный кабинет - the chairman's * is to the left кабинет председателя налево фирма, компания, особ. страховая компания( собирательнле) конторские служающие;
служащие учреждений;
клерки;
сотрудники предприятия - the whole * was at her wedding на ее свадьбе присутствовали все сотрудники отдела ведомство, министерство;
управление;
комитет - War O. военное министерство - (the) Foreign O. министерство иностранных дел - Сolonial O. министерство по делам заморских территорий управление, отдел, бюро - International Labour O. международное бюро труда - Record O. Государственный архив - Patent O. патентное бюро - O. of Education упрвление по вопросам образования подсобные помещения;
службы при доме (кладовые и т. п.) конюшни, амбары. коровники и т. п. на ферме обязанность, долг;
функция;
задача;
роль;
предназначение - little domestic *s несложные домашние обязанности - the * of host обязанности хозяина - consular * функции консула, консульские обязанности - he performs the * of treasurer он выполняет фунции казначея услуга;
помощь - good *s добные услуги - ill * плохая услуга религиозный обря;
церковная служба, ежедневное чтение молитв и псалмов;
заупокойная месса - O. of Baptism обряд крещения - O. for the Dead заупокойная служба - O. of the Mass обедня - to say one's * читать вечерюю или утреннюю молитву - to perform the last *s for smb. совершать погребальный обряд над кем-л. (сленг) намек, сведения, знак;
тайный сигнал - to give the * сделать намек;
дать сведения > fat * доходное место > *s of profit оплачиваемый пост (занятие которого членом парламента влечет за собой его отставку) > Holy O. (историческое) Святая палата( официальное название инквизиции) accident ~ бюро по несчастным случаям accountant's ~ бухгалтерия accounting ~ бухгалтерия ~ служба, должность;
an office under Government место на государственной службе;
an honorary office почетная должность under: England ~ the Stuarts Англия в эпоху Стюартов;
an office under Government государственная служба application for ~ просьба о зачислении на должность appointment to ~ назначение на должность appointment to ~ назначение на место appointment to ~ назначение на пост assay ~ пробирная палата assessment ~ налоговое управление audit ~ ревизионное управление automated ~ автоматизированное бюро to take (или to enter upon) ~ вступать в должность;
to be in office быть у власти ~ контора, канцелярия;
амер. кабинет врача;
to be in the office служить в конторе, в канцелярии;
dentist's office амер. зубоврачебный кабинет booking ~ билетная касса branch ~ отделение branch ~ филиал branch post ~ местное почтовое отделение branch post ~ филиал почтового отделения broking firm's ~ представительство брокерской фирмы building ~ строительное управление business ~ торговая контора Cabinet ~ секретариат кабинета министров cargo registration ~ бюро регистрации грузов cash ~ касса cash ~ помещение кассы cashier's ~ касса cashier's ~ помещение кассы central ~ главная контора central ~ главный офис clearance ~ расчетная палата clearance ~ расчетное учреждение clearing ~ расчетная палата clearing ~ расчетное учреждение company registration ~ бюро регистрации компаний complaints ~ бюро рекламаций county revenue ~ налоговая инспекция округа criminal records ~ учреждение, ведущее регистрацию преступлений customs ~ таможня data processing ~ отдел обработки данных delivery post ~ почтовое отделение доставки ~ контора, канцелярия;
амер. кабинет врача;
to be in the office служить в конторе, в канцелярии;
dentist's office амер. зубоврачебный кабинет dismissal from ~ освобождение от должности dispatch ~ экспедиционная контора distraint ~ орган, налагающий арест на имущество в обеспечение выполнения долга district ~ окружная контора district ~ районное отделение district ~ районный офис drawing ~ конструкторский отдел drawing ~ конструкторское бюро eligibility for ~ право на занятие должности eligible for ~ имеющий право на занятие должности employment ~ бюро по найму рабочей силы employment ~ бюро по трудоустройству exchange control ~ центр валютного контроля exchange ~ пункт обмена валюты express parcels ~ отделение срочной доставки посылок foreign exchange ~ пункт обмена иностранной валюты forwarding ~ станция отправления forwarding ~ транспортно-экспедиторская контора forwarding ~ транспортно-экспедиторское учреждение front ~ администрация корпорации front ~ главное управление front ~ дилерская комната front ~ дирекция front ~ правление фирмы front ~ руководство организации front ~ руководящие круги full-time ~ штатная должность general post ~ главный почтамт to get (или to come) into ~ принять дела, приступить к исполнению служебных обязанностей;
to win office победить на выборах, прийти к власти ~ разг. намек, знак;
to give (to take) the office сделать (понять) намек ~ услуга;
good office любезность, одолжение;
ill office плохая услуга government ~ правительственное учреждение head ~ главная контора head ~ правление head ~ управление head post ~ почт. главный почтамт honorary ~ неоплачиваемая должность honorary ~ почетная должность housing ~ управление по жилищному строительству ~ услуга;
good office любезность, одолжение;
ill office плохая услуга in ~ в должности in ~ у власти ineligible for ~ лишенный права занятия должности, лишенный права на пребывание в должности information ~ справочно-информационное бюро inquiry ~ справочное бюро inquiry ~ справочный стол recruiting ~ призывной пункт;
inquiry office справочное бюро;
our London office наш филиал в Лондоне issuing ~ отдел исходящих документов ~ обязанность, долг;
функция;
it is my office to open the mail в мои обязанности входит вскрывать почту joint sales ~ совместный отдел сбыта judicial ~ судебная должность judicial ~ юридическое бюро (палаты лордов) labour ~ отдел кадров land registry ~ государственная контора, регистрирующая земельные сделки ~ церковная служба;
обряд;
Office for the Dead заупокойная служба;
the Office of the Mass обедня;
the last offices похоронный обряд law ~ адвокатская фирма law ~ контора адвокатов law ~ судебное ведомство law ~ юридическая фирма to hold ~ занимать пост;
to leave (или to resign) office уйти с должности licensing ~ отдел лицензий life ~ контора по страхованию жизни local branch ~ контора местного отделения local government ~ муниципальное учреждение local ~ местная контора;
местное бюро local ~ местная контора lost property ~ бюро находок luggage registration ~ отделение регистрации багажа main ~ главная контора main ~ главное управление mining ~ управление горной промышленности ministerial ~ канцелярия министра ministerial ~ министерство misconduct in ~ нарушение служебных обязанностей municipal architect's ~ управление архитектора города municipal ~ муниципальное управление national debt ~ отдел банка по государственному долгу national registration ~ государственное бюро записи актов гражданского состояния non-eligibility for ~ отсутствие права на занятие должности non-eligible for ~ не имеющий права на зянятие должности notary's ~ нотариальная контора office бюро ~ ведомство, министерство, контора, канцелярия ~ ведомство, министерство;
управление;
Office of Education Федеральное управление просвещения (в США) ~ ведомство ~ должность ~ канцелярия ~ контора, канцелярия;
амер. кабинет врача;
to be in the office служить в конторе, в канцелярии;
dentist's office амер. зубоврачебный кабинет ~ контора ~ министерство ~ разг. намек, знак;
to give (to take) the office сделать (понять) намек ~ обязанность, долг;
функция;
it is my office to open the mail в мои обязанности входит вскрывать почту ~ обязанность ~ офис ~ пост ~ расследование по вопросам, связанным с правом короны на недвижимое или движимое имущество ~ служба, должность;
an office under Government место на государственной службе;
an honorary office почетная должность ~ служба ~ pl службы при доме (кладовые и т. п.) ~ служебное помещение ~ управление ~ услуга ~ услуга;
good office любезность, одолжение;
ill office плохая услуга ~ учреждение ~ функция ~ церковная служба;
обряд;
Office for the Dead заупокойная служба;
the Office of the Mass обедня;
the last offices похоронный обряд ~ block административное здание;
здание, в котором помещаются конторы разных фирм ~ церковная служба;
обряд;
Office for the Dead заупокойная служба;
the Office of the Mass обедня;
the last offices похоронный обряд ~ ведомство, министерство;
управление;
Office of Education Федеральное управление просвещения (в США) ~ of future отдел перспективного планирования ~ of issue эмитент ~ of notary public государственная нотариальная контора ~ of patent agents бюро патентных поверенных ~ церковная служба;
обряд;
Office for the Dead заупокойная служба;
the Office of the Mass обедня;
the last offices похоронный обряд recruiting ~ призывной пункт;
inquiry office справочное бюро;
our London office наш филиал в Лондоне paperless ~ вчт. безбумажное учреждение paperless ~ организация с безбумажным делопроизводством parcels ~ грузовая контора parcels ~ ж.-д. посылочное отделение patent ~ патентное бюро patent ~ патентное ведомство patent: ~ office бюро патентов;
patent right амер. патент pay ~ платежная касса pay ~ платежное учреждение pay ~ финансовая часть payment ~ касса period in ~ период нахождения в должности personnel ~ отдел кадров placement ~ бюро трудоустройства post ~ почтовое отделение prefect's ~ префектура Prime Minister's Office канцелярия премьер-министра public employment ~ государственная контора по трудоустройству public ~ государственное учреждение public ~ муниципальное учреждение public: ~ общественный;
государственный;
public man общественный деятель;
public office государственное, муниципальное или общественное учреждение public prosecutor's ~ прокуратура public record ~ государственный архив record: Record Office, Public Record Office Государственный архив public relations ~ отдел по связям с общественными организациями purchasing ~ офис компании, где оформляются все ее покупки Record Office государственный архив (Великобритания) record: Record Office, Public Record Office Государственный архив recruiting ~ призывной пункт;
inquiry office справочное бюро;
our London office наш филиал в Лондоне regional ~ региональное бюро regional ~ региональное управление register ~ бюро записи актов гражданского состояния register ~ регистратура register: ~ office = registry registered ~ зарегистрированная контора registered ~ официальный адрес правления компании registered ~ юридический адрес компании registrar's ~ регистрационное бюро registry ~ регистратура;
отдел записи актов гражданского состояния removal from ~ смещение с должности representative ~ представительство revenue ~ бюро налогов и сборов salary ~ отдел заработной платы sales ~ отдел сбыта shipping ~ транспортная контора social service ~ бюро социального обслуживания social welfare ~ бюро социального обеспечения sorting ~ сортировочный отдел State Accident Compensation Office Государственное управление (бюро) по выплате компенсаций в связи с несчастным случаем status inquiry ~ орган обследования общественного положения to take (или to enter upon) ~ вступать в должность;
to be in office быть у власти take ~ вступать в должность tax collector's ~ налоговое управление tax ~ налоговое управление ticket ~ билетная касса tourist information ~ туристическое бюро vacant ~ вакансия vacant ~ вакантная должность wage ~ касса wage ~ расчетный отдел to get (или to come) into ~ принять дела, приступить к исполнению служебных обязанностей;
to win office победить на выборах, прийти к власти -
49 guidance
guidance [ˈgaɪdəns]• he needs some guidance about how to go about it il a besoin de conseils quant à la façon de procéder* * *['gaɪdns]this leaflet is for your guidance — ce prospectus est pour vous, à titre d'information
-
50 mission
( боевая) задача, ( военная) миссия; вылет; полет; стрельба; огневая задача; предназначение; общая задача; задача части [соединения] ( пункт боевого приказа); см. тж. tasktroop carrier (combat) mission — ав. задача по переброске войск
US mission, Berlin — американская (военная) миссия в Западном Берлине
— bacteriological bombing mission— battlefield mission— delaying mission— interception mission— protective mission -
51 advice
1. n совет2. n консультация3. n обыкн. сообщение; информация; извещение, уведомление4. n ком. авизоadvice note — уведомление, авизо, андинование
letter of advice — уведомление; извещение; авизо
5. n ком. авизоватьСинонимический ряд:1. guidance (noun) admonition; advisement; caution; counsel; directions; guidance; helpful hints; oral instruction; recommendation; suggestion; warning; wisdom2. news (noun) information; intelligence; news; speerings; tidings; word3. tip (noun) clue; hint; indicator; inkling; inside information; pointer; tip; tip-off -
52 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
53 осуждать
несовер. - осуждать;
совер. - осудить( кого-л./что-л.)
1) (порицать) condemn, blame, censure;
denounce
2) (на что-л.) doom (to) ;
condemn (to), sentence
3) (приговаривать) condemn;
convict юр.осужд|ать -, осудить
1. (вн.;
приговаривать) юр. convict (smb.) ;
( вн. на вн.) condemn ( smb. to), sentence ( smb. to) ;
~ преступника convict a perpetrator;
~ за совершённое преступление convict of a crime;
~ на краткий срок лишения свободы sentence short;
~ на длительный срок лишения свободы sentence long;
~ кого-л. на два года sentence smb. to two years;
~ на пожизненное заключение sentence to life;
~ на смертную казнь sentence to death;
2. ( вн. за вн. ;
порицать) blame ( smb. for) ;
3. ( вн. на вн. ;
обрекать на что-л.) condemn ( smb., smth. to), doom ( smb., smth. to) ;
~ение с.
4. юр. conviction;
~ение по обвинению в преступлении conviction on a charge;
~ение за преступление, вменённое по обвинительному акту conviction on indictment;
~ение за преступление, вменённое по заявлению об обвинении conviction on information;
добиваться ~ения seek* conviction;
поддерживать ~ение support conviction;
5. (порицание) blame, censure;
~ённый м. юр. convicted person, convict;
~ённый, бежавший из заключения convict at large;
~ённый, освобождённый из мест лишения свободы returned convict;
~ённый за совершение насильственного преступления violent convict.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > осуждать
-
54 odd
ɔd
1. прил.
1) нечетный odd numbers ≈ нечетные числа A wheel in general contains an odd number of teeth. ≈ Обычно в колесе нечетное количество спиц. Ant: even II
1.
2) а) непарный, разрозненный an odd shoe ≈ туфель без пары б) лишний( не входящий ни в какую пару)
3) а) превышающий( сумму или количество) thirty odd years ≈ тридцать с лишним лет a volume of 300 odd pages ≈ том из 300 с лишним страниц б) добавочный, оставленный (сверх какого-либо фиксированного количества) a few odd dollars for entertainment ≈ несколько долларов на развлечения odd money
4) случайный, нерегулярный I lived by odd-jobbing for the blacks on the sugar plantations. ≈ Я перебивался случайными работами, которые обычно выполняют негры на сахарных плантациях. Syn: occasional
5) чуждый, необычный, странный, эксцентричный It was odd of her to do that. ≈ Как странно, что она так поступила. Syn: queer, strange
6) далекий, отдаленный He had to seek odd corners for his safety. ≈ Он был вынужден искать отдаленные районы для собственной безопасности. Syn: remote ∙ the odd man odd man out
2. сущ.
1) нечетное число Syn: odd number
2) странность, странная вещь Syn: odd thing
3) карт. решающая взятка( в висте)
4) спорт удар, дающий перевес( в гольфе) непарная вещь нечетное число странность;
случайность и т. п.( спортивное) дополнительный, лишний удар ( в гольфе) фора( карточное) решающая взятка нечетный - * number нечетное число - * houses дома с нечетными номерами - * months месяцы, имеющие 31 день - * files нечетные шеренги - * and even чет и нечет непарный - * shoe непарный полуботинок - the box was full of * gloves в коробке лежало много перчаток от разных пар превышающий (круглое число) ;
- the * money сдача, мелочь - five hundred *, five hundred and * пятьсот с лишним немногим больший;
дополнительный, еще один или несколько - she is 30 * years ей за тридцать - it will cost 23 dollars * это будет стоить чуть больше двадцати трех долларов лишний, избыточный( сверх нужного количества) - * player запасной игрок разрозненный - * volumes of Dickens отдельные тома( из собрания сочинений) Диккенса - * bits of information отрывочные сведения - he turntd out to be the * guest at the party он оказался на вечере без пары случайный, нерегулярный - * job случайная работа - * man человек, выполняющий случайную работу - * stroke of luck случайная удача, неожиданное везение - at * moments в свободные минуты;
когда удается выбрать время - he would see her again some * day он еще когда-нибудь с ней увидится - I've got one or two * jobs for you to do у меня есть некоторые поручения для тебя странный, необычный, эксцентричный - * manners эксцентричные манеры - * way of speaking странная манера говорить - how *! как странно! - * in shape неправильной формы - he looks very * in uniform он очень странно выглядит в форме - that's very * очень странно - that's an * way to show gratitude разве так благодарят? отдаленный, дальний;
заброшенный - * corner дальний уголок - a tour to the * parts of the Far East поездка в отдаленные районы Дальнего Востока > the * man решающий голос at ~ times время от времени at ~ times на досуге, между делом twenty ~ years двадцать с лишним лет;
forty odd сверх сорока, сорок с лишним;
odd money сдача, мелочь ~ необычный, странный, эксцентричный;
how odd! как странно!;
the odd thing is достойно удивления;
the odd man решающий голос odd лишний, добавочный, остающийся( сверх суммы или определенного количества) ;
three pounds odd три с лишним фунта;
три фунта, не считая шиллингов и пенсов ~ лишний ~ незанятый, свободный;
odd moments минуты досуга ~ необычный, странный, эксцентричный;
how odd! как странно!;
the odd thing is достойно удивления;
the odd man решающий голос ~ необычный ~ непарный, разрозненный;
odd volumes разрозненные тома;
odd player запасной игрок ~ непарный ~ нерегулярный ~ вчт. нечетный ~ нечетный;
odd and (or) even чет и (или) нечет;
odd houses дома с нечетными номерами;
odd months месяцы, имеющие 31 день ~ разрозненный ~ карт. решающая взятка (в висте) ~ случайный ~ случайный;
odd job случайная работа;
odd man (или lad, hand) человек, выполняющий случайную работу;
разнорабочий ~ удар, дающий перевес (в гольфе) ~ нечетный;
odd and (or) even чет и (или) нечет;
odd houses дома с нечетными номерами;
odd months месяцы, имеющие 31 день ~ and even вчт. чет и нечет ~ нечетный;
odd and (or) even чет и (или) нечет;
odd houses дома с нечетными номерами;
odd months месяцы, имеющие 31 день ~ необычный, странный, эксцентричный;
how odd! как странно!;
the odd thing is достойно удивления;
the odd man решающий голос ~ случайный;
odd job случайная работа;
odd man (или lad, hand) человек, выполняющий случайную работу;
разнорабочий ~ man out игрок, оставшийся без пары;
третий лишний ~ man out разг. человек, предпочитающий одиночество;
некоммуникабельный человек ~ незанятый, свободный;
odd moments минуты досуга twenty ~ years двадцать с лишним лет;
forty odd сверх сорока, сорок с лишним;
odd money сдача, мелочь ~ нечетный;
odd and (or) even чет и (или) нечет;
odd houses дома с нечетными номерами;
odd months месяцы, имеющие 31 день ~ непарный, разрозненный;
odd volumes разрозненные тома;
odd player запасной игрок ~ необычный, странный, эксцентричный;
how odd! как странно!;
the odd thing is достойно удивления;
the odd man решающий голос ~ непарный, разрозненный;
odd volumes разрозненные тома;
odd player запасной игрок odd лишний, добавочный, остающийся (сверх суммы или определенного количества) ;
three pounds odd три с лишним фунта;
три фунта, не считая шиллингов и пенсов twenty ~ years двадцать с лишним лет;
forty odd сверх сорока, сорок с лишним;
odd money сдача, мелочь -
55 conviction
1) убеждение, убеждённость2) осуждение ( признание виновным); судимость; шотл. обвинительный приговор (судьи, рассмотревшего дело вместо суда присяжных)•conviction at the same assizes — осуждение без перерыва в (выездной) судебной сессии;
conviction on a charge — осуждение по обвинению в преступлении;
conviction on indictment — осуждение за преступление, вменённое по обвинительному акту;
conviction on information — осуждение за преступление, вменённое по заявлению об обвинении;
conviction on the same indictment — осуждение за преступление, вменённое по первоначально утверждённому или вынесенному большим жюри обвинительному акту;
to seek conviction — добиваться осуждения;
to suffer conviction — быть осуждённым; получить или иметь судимость;
- conviction of more crimes than oneto support conviction — 1. обосновывать осуждение 2. поддерживать осуждение ( в апелляционной инстанции);
- conviction of offence
- antitrust conviction
- conclusive conviction
- criminal conviction
- FBI conviction
- federal conviction
- final conviction
- first conviction
- formal conviction
- former conviction
- local conviction
- previous conviction
- prior conviction
- provable conviction
- second conviction
- state conviction
- subsequent conviction
- summary conviction* * * -
56 access
1) доступ (в систему обработки информации или в сеть связи)2) доступ (на защищенную территорию); способ доступа -
57 consult
1) (to seek advice or information from: Consult your doctor; He consulted his watch; He consulted with me about what we should do next.) consultar2) ((of a doctor etc) to give professional advice: He consults on Mondays and Fridays.) pasar visita•- consultation
consult vb consultartr[kən'sʌlt]1 consultar1 consultarconsult [kən'sʌlt] vt: consultarconsult vito consult with : consultar con, solicitar la opinión dev.• consultar v.kən'sʌlt
1.
transitive verb consultar
2.
vi[kǝn'sʌlt]I ought to consult with my wife first — primero debería consultárselo a or consultarlo con mi mujer
1. VT1) [+ book, person, doctor] consultar2.VI consultarto consult with — (US) consultar con, aconsejarse con
* * *[kən'sʌlt]
1.
transitive verb consultar
2.
viI ought to consult with my wife first — primero debería consultárselo a or consultarlo con mi mujer
-
58 consult
1) (to seek advice or information from: Consult your doctor; He consulted his watch; He consulted with me about what we should do next.) høre med, rådspørre, rådføre seg med, konsultere2) ((of a doctor etc) to give professional advice: He consults on Mondays and Fridays.) ha visittid•- consultationverb \/kənˈsʌlt\/1) rådspørre, konsultere2) se etter i, se etter på, slå opp i, sjekke3) ta hensyn til, tenke på, ha for øye4) konferere, samrå, samrå segconsult with konferere med -
59 consult
1) (to seek advice or information from: Consult your doctor; He consulted his watch; He consulted with me about what we should do next.) ráðgast við2) ((of a doctor etc) to give professional advice: He consults on Mondays and Fridays.) veita viðtalstíma•- consultation -
60 consult
szakvéleményt kér, irányítást kér, értekezik* * *1) (to seek advice or information from: Consult your doctor; He consulted his watch; He consulted with me about what we should do next.) tanácsot kér2) ((of a doctor etc) to give professional advice: He consults on Mondays and Fridays.) értekezik•- consultation
См. также в других словарях:
seek information — index inquire Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
seek information regarding — index investigate, probe Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
Information bias — is a type of cognitive bias. Information bias occurs due to people’s curiosity and confusion of goals when trying to choose a course of action. This notion is different from the objective notion of information bias in epidemiology, etc.: there… … Wikipedia
seek facts from — index consult (seek information from) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
seek — Imi, huli. Also: huhuli, huhuhuli, i imi (of many and repeatedly); akiu, nowelo. ♦ To seek far, imi loa. ♦ To seek money, imi kālā. ♦ To seek work, imi hana. ♦ To seek information or knowledge, noi i, imi ike, imi na auao. ♦… … English-Hawaiian dictionary
Information assurance — (IA) is the practice of managing information related risks. More specifically, IA practitioners seek to protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring confidentiality, integrity, authentication, availability, and non… … Wikipedia
Information design — has been defined as the art and science of preparing information so that it can be used by human beings with efficiency and effectiveness.Information design has its origins as a subset of, or synonym for graphic design and it is often taught as… … Wikipedia
Information forensics — is the science of investigation into systemic processes that produce information. Systemic processes utilize primarily computing and communication technologies to capture, treat, store and transmit data. Manual processes complement technology… … Wikipedia
Information management — (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those who have a stake in, or a right to that information. Management means… … Wikipedia
Information and Communication Technologies for Development — (ICT4D) is a general term referring to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the field of socio economic development. ICTs can be applied either in the direct sense, where their use directly benefits the… … Wikipedia
information foraging — (in.fuhr.may.shuhn FOR.uh.jing) n. Searching for information, especially by using strategies analogous to the food foraging techniques employed by animals. information forager n. information forage v. Example Citation: Information foraging theory … New words