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1 παρακρούω
A strike aside, οὐκ ἄν σε παρακρούοι ἡ παροῦσα συμφορά will not put you out, bias your judgement, Pl.Cri. 47a:—[voice] Pass., to be led astray, go wrong,ἄθρει.. πῇ παρακρουόμεθα Id.Ly. 215c
;ἐφενακίσθητε καὶ παρεκρούσθητε D.23.107
; μὴ παρακρουσθῆτε be not diverted from the point, Id.21.160; ὑπό τινος by one, Aeschin.1.170 ; περί τινος about a thing, Plb.23.3.3 (s.v.l.); τὰ σφάλματα, ἃ αὺτὸς ὑφ' ἑαυτοῦ.. παρεκέκρουστο the faults into which he had been misled, Pl.Tht. 168a.2 [voice] Med., mislead, deceive, cheat, esp. by fallacies,π. καὶ παραλογίζεσθαι Isoc.12.243
; τὰς δόξας τῶν ἀκροωμένων π. ib. 271, cf.Pl.Cra. 393c, D.2.5, 18.276, Din. 1.40, Arist.Pol. 1297a10, Metaph. 1025a6, Men.Epit. 329, PSI4.442.24 (iii B.C.), etc.;τηλικουτονὶ πρᾶγμα π. τοὺς δικαστάς D.43.39
: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. παρακέκρου (ς) μαι in sense of [voice] Med., Id.6.23, Luc. Tim.57.3 [voice] Med., metaph., crack, Com.58.II strike away, parry, Them.Or.32.359b:—but usu. [voice] Med., π. ταῖς μαχαίραις τοὺς κοντούς Plu.Luc.28, cf. Sull.18 ; shun, avoid,τὸν θρίαμβον Id.2.198b
.III παρακεκροῦσθαι τῶν φρενῶν to be driven from one's senses, Com.Adesp.705:—so also intr. in [voice] Act.,πάντα παρέκρουσε Hp.Epid.1.26
.α'.IV ἡ ὀθόνη παρακέκρουσται is ready hoisted, Luc.Cat.1 (s.v.l.).V perh. strike a horse sideways, IG12.374.166.VI of a wrestler, make a feint, EM652.48.VII of a seller, strike off too much from the top of the measure (from which signf. 1.2 is said to be derived), Harp.; cf. παρακρουσιχοίνικος.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > παρακρούω
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2 παίω
Aπαῖ X.Cyn.6.18
codd.: [tense] fut. , X.An.3.2.19, , Lys. 459: [tense] aor.ἔπαισα Supp.Epigr.2.509.4
, al. (Crete, v B. C.), A.Pers. 397, X.An.5.8.10: [tense] pf. , ( ὑπερ-) Ar.Ec. 1118, D.50.34:—[voice] Med., [tense] impf.ἐπαιόμην Plu.Pomp.24
: [tense] aor.ἐπαισάμην X. Cyr.7.3.6
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. , Ch. 184, Luc.Salt.10: [tense] pf. πέπαισμαι ([etym.] ἐμ-) Ath.12.543f; but the pass. tenses were mainly supplied by πλήσσω (παίσαντές τε καὶ πληγέντες S.Ant. 171
); and ἐπάταξα (from πατάσσω ) was generally used as [tense] aor.:—poet. Verb (not in Hom., rare in [dialect] Att. Prose), strike, smite, whether with the hand, or with a rod or other weapon,σκυτάλοισί τινας Hdt.3.137
, cf. A.Ag. 1384, etc.: freq. with acc. omitted,παισθεὶς ἔπαισας Id.Th. 957
; παῖε πᾶς strike home!, E.Rh. 685; παισάτω πᾶς ( παῖς codd.),παῖ δή, παῖ δή X.Cyn.
l.c.;π. τινὰ ἐς τὴν γῆν Hdt.9.107
;π. τινὰ μάστιγι S.Aj. 242
(lyr.), etc.;π. ὑφ' ἧπαρ αὑτήν Id.Ant. 1315
;παίσας πρὸς ἧπαρ φασγάνῳ E.Or. 1063
;π. τινὰ ἐς τὴν γαστέρα Ar.Nu. 549
;εἰς τὰ στέρνα X.Cyr. 4.6.4
;τινὰ ἐς πλευρὰν ξίφει E.Rh. 794
;κατὰ τὸ στέρνον X.An.1.8.26
; , cf. OT 1270;τὸν νῶτόν τινος Alciphr.3.43
: c. dupl. acc.,π. ῥοπάλῳ τινὰ τὸ νῶτον Ar.Av. 497
: c. acc. cogn., ὀλίγας π. (sc. πληγάς) X.An.5.8.12; τί μ' οὐκ ἀνταίαν ἔπαισέν τις (sc. πληγήν) ; S.Ant. 1309 (lyr.); π. ἅλμην, of rowers, A.Pers. 397, E.IT 1391:—[voice] Med., ἐπαίσατο τὸν μηρόν he smote his thigh, X.Cyr. 7.3.6, cf. Plu.Pomp.24:—[voice] Pass.,παιομένους Th.4.47
, cf. A.Pers. 416, Antipho 2.4.4, etc.; πὺξ παιόμενος, opp. ἐγχειριδίῳ πληγείς, Lys. 4.6.b rarely of missiles, X.Cyr.6.4.18:—[voice] Pass.,τὰ παιόμενα τοῖς κεραυνοῖς Plu.2.665d
; of atoms, παίονται καὶ παίουσι τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον ib.1111e.2 c. acc. instrumenti, drive, dash one thing against another, ναῦς ἐν νηῒ στόλον ἔπαισε struck its beak against.., A.Pers. 409;π. λαιμῶν εἴσω ξίφος E.Or. 1472
(lyr.); [ναῦς] θάλασσα π. πρὸς χωρία δύσορμα Plu.Pyrrh.15
: metaph.,ἐν δ' ἐμῷ κάρᾳ θεὸς.. μέγα βάρος ἔπαισεν S.Ant. 1274
(lyr.).II intr., strike, dash against or upon, (anap.);πρὸς τὰς πέτρας π. X.An.4.2.3
: c. acc.,ἔπαισεν ἄφαντον ἕρμα A.Ag. 1007
(lyr.); λανθάνει στήλην ἄκραν παίσας, of a charioteer, S.El. 745. (From Παϝιω, cf. Lat. pavio, pavimentum.) -
3 κόπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `strike, smite, hew, hammer, disable, tire out'Other forms: Aor. κόψαι (Il.), pass. κοπῆναι (Att.), perf. κέκοφα (Att.), ep. ptc. κεκοπώς (Ν 60 with v. l. - φώς and - πών; Aeol.? Schwyzer 772; after Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 397 rather themat. aor.), midd. κέκομμαι (A.), fut. κόψω (Alc., Hippon.),Derivatives: (Classif. not always clear): 1. κόπος prop. *`stroke' (so in E. Tr. 794 for trad. κτύπος?; cf. also A. Ch. 23), `pain, trouble, labour' (IA.); with κοπώδης `tiring' (Hp., Arist., hell.), κοπηρός `id.' (Hdn.); κοπόομαι, - όω `get tired, tire' (J., Plu. usw.) with κόπωσις (LXX), κοπάζω `get tired, leave off' (Ion. hell.) with κόπασμα (Tz.), κοπιάω ( ἐγ-, συγ-, προ-) `get tired' (IA.) with κοπιαρός `tiring' (Arist., Thphr.), κοπιάτης `land-labourer, digger' (Cod. Theod., Just.), κοπιώδης = κοπώδης (Hp., Arist.), κοπίαι ἡσυχίαι H. - 2. ( ἀπο-, ἐκ-, παρα-, προ- etc.) κοπή `hewing etc.' (IA.) with κόπαιον (Alciphr.), κοπάδιον (Gloss.) `piece', κοπάριον `sort of probe' (medic.), ( ἐγ-, ἐκ-)κοπεύς `oilstamper, chisel ' (hell.; Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 73). - 3. κόμμα ( διά-, ἀπό-, περί-) `cut in, stamp, part' (IA.) with κομμάτιον `small part' (Eup.), κομματίας `who speaks in short sentences' (Philostr.), - ατικός `consisting of short sentences' (Luc.); 4. κομμός `beat the breast, dirge' (A., Arist.). - 5. κόπις, - ιδος m. `prater' (Heraklit. 81 [?], E. Hec. 132 [lyr.], Lyc.), cf. ὠτοκοπεῖ κεφαλαλγει, ἐνοχλεῖ λαλῶν H., κόπτειν την ἀκρόασιν, δημο-κόπος = δημηγόρος (H.) etc. (Persson Beitr. 1, 162f.; s. also Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 48, v. Wilamowitz Herm. 62, 277f.; diff. on κόπις Pisani Acme 1, 324); here (or to κόπος?) κοπίζειν ψεύδεσθαι H.; 6. κοπίς, - ίδος f. `slaughtering knife, curved sabre' (Att.), also name of the meal on the first dayof the Hyacinthies in Sparta (Com.; cf. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 531) with κοπίζω `celebrate the K.' (Ath.); 7. κοπάς, - άδος f. `pruned, lopped' (Thphr.), `bush' (hell. pap.), ἐπι-κοπ-άς `land cleared of wood' (pap.). - 8. κοπετός = κομμός (Eup., LXX, Act. Ap.; from κόπος?; cf. Schwyzer 501 and Chantraine Formation 300). - 9. πρό-, ἀπό-, πρόσ-κοψις etc. from προ-κόπτειν etc. (Sapph., Hp., Arist.). - 10. κόπανον `slaughtering knife, axe' (A. Ch. 890), `pestle' (Eust.), from where κοπανίζω `pound' (LXX, Alex. Trall.) with κοπανισμός, κοπανιστήριον H.; ἐπικόπανον `chopping block' (hell.). - 11. κοπτός `pounded' (Cratin., Antiph.; cf. Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 18); κοπτή ( σησαμίς) `cake from pounded sesame' (hell. ep.), `Meerzwiebel, θαλάσσιον πράσον' (Ath.; which Fur. 318 A 5 considers as Pre-Greek), `pastille' (Dsc.); 12. ἐπι-, περι-κόπτης `satirist' resp. `stonecutter' (Timo resp. pap.), Προκόπτας = Προκρούστης (B. 18, 28); 13. ( ἀπο-, παρα-, προσ- usw.) κοπτικός (medic.) - 14. κόπτρα pl. `wages of a hewer' (Pap.); 15. κοπτήριον `threshing place' (hell. pap.). - 16. Two plant-names: κοπίσκος = λίβανος σμιλιωτός (Dsc. 1, 68, 1), κόπηθρον φυτὸν λαχανῶδες ἄγριον H. - Further verbal nouns like ἀπό-, ἐπί-, παρά-, ὑπέρ-κοπος etc. and compounds like δημο-κόπος (cf. 5. above); s. Sturtevant ClassPhil. 3, 435ff.; on - κόπος, - κοπῶ in NGr. Hatzidakis Glotta 2, 292f.Etymology: The present κόπτω can agree with Lith. kapiù (inf. kàpti) `hew, fell'; nasal present kampù (pret. kapaũ, inf. kàpti) `be cut down, get tired' (cf. κόπος `labour') and uncharacterized Alb. kep `hew', IE. * kopō (not * kapō); (acc. to Mann Lang. 26, 386 from *kopi̯ō, identical with κόπτω?). Further the secondary formation Lith. kapóju, -óti `hew, split, cut down' = Latv. kapãju, -ât `id.', also in Slav., e. g. Russ. kopájo, -átь `hew, dig'. The relation of these forms to the many words with initial sk-, e. g. σκάπτω, σκέπαρνος (s. vv.), is an unsolved question; cf. Pok. 930ff., and W.-Hofmann s. cāpō. - If to σκάπτω etc. the word might be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,915-916Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόπτω
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4 κρέκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: ` weave, strike a atringed instrument with a plektron', metaph. `give a sound, raise (a song)' (Sapph., Pi., Ar. in lyr., AP).Other forms: Aor. (late) κρέξαι.Derivatives: With κροκ- f. in acc. sg. κρόκ-α (Hes. Op. 538), nom. pl. κρόκ-ες (AP 6, 335), sg. κρόξ only H., Theognost.; further κρόκη (IA.) `thread which is passed between the threads of the warp, woof, (woollen) cloth'. From κρόκη: κρόκιον `woollen band' (Antikl. 13), κροκίς f. `sundew, fly-strap, Drosera' (Apollod. ap. Plin. HN 24, 167), κροκύς f. `flock of wool' (IA.) with κροκύδιον (Gal.), κροκυδίζω `pluck off flocks of wool' (com., Gal.), - ισμός (Gal.); κροκόω `weave, envelop in wooll' (Dionys. ap. St. Byz., Phot.) ; κροκισμός `cloth' (sch.; as from *κροκίζω). - κρεγμός m. `sound of stringed instruments' (Epich., A. R., Poll.).Etymology: Orig. prob. a term of weaving, κρέκω was also transferred to playing stringed instruments. The present κρέκω is isolated; Germanic has several nouns, that point to such a primary verb: OWNo. hræll m. (\< PGm. *hráhilaz; would be Gr. *κρόκιλος) `staff to fasten the cloth', OE hrēol (\< PGm. *hréhulaz) `reel', NEngl. reel; with grammatical change OE hrægl n. `cloth, garment', OHG hregil n. `indument, spolium'. Also several Balto-Slavic words have been compared: Lith. krẽkles `zerlumpte Kleider, tatters', Latv. krękls `shirt'; Slavic expressions for `strike fire etc.', e. g. Russ. krešú, kresítь; words for `weaving chair(?)', e.g. Russ. krosno; all uncertain or to be rejected, cf. Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. and Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. vv. More uncetain combinations in WP. 1, 483 f.Page in Frisk: 2,12-13Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρέκω
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5 θείνω
Aθεινέμεναι Od.22.443
: [tense] impf. , etc.: [tense] fut. : [tense] aor. 1 part.θείνας Il.20.481
( ἔθεινε in 21.491 may be [tense] impf.); other moods from an [tense] aor. 2 ἔθενον (which does not occur in ind.); imper. , Ar.Av.54; subj. (troch.), Ar.Lys. 821 (lyr.), cj. in Theoc.22.66; inf. ; part.θενών Id.Cyc.7
, Ar.Eq. 640,V. 1384,Av. 1613,Ra. 855 (these forms were freq. incorrectly written θένειν, θένων, as if from a [tense] pres. Θένω):—[voice] Pass., only in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.:—poet. word, strike, τινα Od. 18.63;ξίφεσι 22.443
;φασγάνῳ αὐχένα θείνας Il.20.481
;μάστιγι.. θείνων 17.430
; [τόξοισι] ἔθεινε παρ' οὔατα 21.491
:—[voice] Pass., 1.588;θεινόμεναι βουπλῆγι 6.135
;ἄορι 10.484
; θεινομένου.. πρὸς οὔδεϊ dashed to earth, Od.9.459; laterσκάπτῳ θενών τινα Pi.O.7.28
;ῥαιστῆρι A. Pr.56
, cf. 76;τινὰ δι' ἀσπίδος E.Heracl. 738
;ἰτέαν εἰς μέσην Id.Cyc.7
;τῷ σκέλει θένε τὴν πέτ ραν Ar.Av.54
;τῷ πρωκτῷ θενὼν τὴν κιγκλίδ' Id.Eq. 640
; ποσσὶ θ. σκέλος, of a wrestler, Theoc.22.66: abs., θείνετε v.l. in E.Or. 1303 (lyr.);θεῖν', ἀντέρειδε Id.Supp. 702
;θένε, θένε Id.Rh. 676
(lyr.):—[voice] Pass., A.Pers. 303, Ch. 388 (lyr.).2 metaph.,θείνει δ' ὀνείδει μάντιν Id.Th. 382
.3 intr., of corpses,θ. ἐπ' ἀκτᾶς Id.Pers. 966
.II to the same Verb, but only with the meaning slay, belong the foll. forms formerly referred to a [tense] pres. Φένω, viz.: [tense] aor. 2ἔπεφνον Il.21.55
, Pi.P.10.46, B.17.19, S.OT 1497; [dialect] Ep. and Lyr.πέφνον Il.13.363
, B.8.13; subj. πέφνῃς, ῃ, Od.22.346, Il.20.172; inf.πεφνέμεν 6.180
; part.πεφνών 16.827
(parox. acc. to Aristarch., as if from a [tense] pres. πέφνω, which is found in late [dialect] Ep., Opp.H.2.133): from the short form φᾰ (for φṇ) come [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. [ per.] 3sg.πέφαται Il.15.140
, al.; [ per.] 3pl.πέφανται 5.531
; inf.πεφάσθαι 13.447
: [tense] fut. [voice] Pass. πεφήσεαι ib. 829, Od.22.217;ἢ πέφατ' ἢ.. πεφήσεται Il.15.140
; later, part.πεφασμένος Lyc.269
, 1374, Opp.H.5.122: Gramm. also give [tense] aor. 1φάσαι Hsch.
s.v. φάσγανον, Phot. s.v. προσφατος, Sch.Pi.N. 1.69: [tense] aor. 2 part.παφών Hsch.
: [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Med. ἀπ-έφατο,= ἀπέθανεν, Id. Hence also φᾰτός slain, Id., found in compds. Ἀρεί-φατος, μυλή-φατος, ὀδυνή-φατος, πυρί-φατος. (I.-E. g[uglide]hen- cf. Skt. hánti, pl. ghnánti, Hittite kuenzi, pl. kunanzi 'strike', 'kill'; g[uglide]hon- in Gr. φόνος; g[uglide]hn- in Skt. ghn-ánti, Gr. ἔ-πε-φν-ον (redupl.); g[uglide]hṇ- in Skt. - hata-, Gr. -φατο-, πέφαται, etc.) -
6 κρούω
Aἔκρουσα X.An.4.5.18
, Hyp.Fr. 201: [tense] pf.κέκρουκα Diogenian.3.38
, (ἐκ-) Pl.Phdr. 228e, ( προς-) D.21.206:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor.ἐκρουσάμην Th.7.40
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.ἐκρούσθην Eratosth. Cat.32
: [tense] pf. κέκρουμαι ( ἀπο-) X.HG7.4.26, or - ουσμαι ( ἀπο-) Ar.Ach. 459:—strike, smite,ῥυτῆρι κ. γλουτόν S.Fr. 501
; κρούσας δὲ πλευρὰ [τῶν ἵππων] E.Fr.779.6;τὸν λυχνοῦχον Lys.Fr.83
;τοῖς ποσὶ τὴν γῆν Arr.An.7.1.5
; also εἰς τὴν χεῖρα τοῖς δακτύλοις κ. with the fingers, D.C.40.16: metaph., κνῖσα κ. ῥινὸς ὑπεροχάς tickles, Ephipp. 3.3.2 strike one against another, strike together, κ. χεῖρας clap the hands, E.Supp. 720;τὰ ὅπλα κρουόμενα πρὸς ἄλληλα Th.3.22
; l.c.: metaph., ἀλλήλων τοὺς λόγους τοῖς λόγοις ἐκρούομεν ἄν would have knocked their heads together, Pl.Tht. 154e.3 κ. πόδα (i.e. κ. τὴν γῆν τῷ ποδί), in dancing, E.El. l.c. (lyr.);ἴχνος ἐν γᾷ κ. Id.IA 1043
(lyr.).4 metaph. from tapping an earthen vessel, to try whether it rings sound (cf.κροῦσις 2
): examine, try, prove,κρούετε ἀπολαμβάνοντες τὸ καλόν Pl.Hp.Ma. 301b
; κἂν διαπειρώμενος κρούσῃς [τὸν κόλακα] Plu.2.64d.5 strike a stringed instrument with a plectron, Simon.183, Pl.Ly. 209b: generally, play any instrument (v. κροῦμα, κρουματικός), αὐλεῖ.. κρούων ἰαστί Com.Adesp.415
: c. dat., κ. κρεμβάλοις, = κρεμβαλίζειν, Ath.14.636d.6 κ. τὴν θύραν knock at the door on the outside, Ar.Ec. 317, 990 (with play on signf. 8), X.Smp.1.11, Pl.Prt. 310b, 314d, etc.; κόπτειν is better [dialect] Att.acc.to Phryn.154; laterκ. ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν LXX Jd.19.22
.7 κ. σταθμὸν ἑτερόζυγον, = κρουσιμετρέω, Ps.-Phoc.15; ;κρούων γε μὴν αὐτὰς ἐωνούμην Eup.184
.9 [voice] Med., κρούεσθαι πρύμναν back water, Th.1.51, 54, 3.78;αἱ πρύμναν κρουόμεναι νῆες Arr.An.5.17.7
(also in [voice] Act., Plb.16.3.8);κ. ἐπὶ π. τὴν ναῦν App.BC5.119
: hence κρούεσθαι τὸ πτερόν fly backwards, Ael.NA3.13:—also in [voice] Act., Plot.2.9.18.10 κρούειν ἀκράτῳ, v. πατάσσω 11.2. (Cf. Lith. krùšti 'bruise', 'pound', Lett. krausēt 'thresh'.) -
7 σκάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hack, to scrape' (Hdt., Arist., Thphr., LXX).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf. (aor. ipv. περίσκαλον Gp.; correct?)Compounds: Rarely w. δια- a. o. (partly controversial).Derivatives: 1. σκαλ-ίς, - ίδος f. `hack' (Att. onscr. IVa, Str., J.) with - ιδεύω `to hack' (gloss.); 2. - σις f. `the hacking' (Thphr.); 3. - μός m. `id.' (pap. IIIp; on σκαλμός `thole' s. v.); 4. - ηνός (- ηνής) `craggy, rough, uneven'; of numbers `odd', of triangles `scalene', of cones `slant' (s. Mugler Dict. géom. 377; Democr. ap. Thphr., Hp., Pl., Arist. etc.; on the formation cf. γαληνός; s. also σκολιός) with - ηνία, - ηνόομαι (Plu.); 5. ἄ-σκαλος `unhacked' (Theoc.; prob. metri c. for ἀσκάλευτος). Secondary verbs: 1. σκαλ-εύω, aor. σκαλεῦσαι, also w. ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ὑπο- a. o. `to hack, to scrape, to stir up' (Hp., Ar., Arist. etc.) with several derivv.: σκαλ-εύς m. `hack' (X., Poll.; not with Bosshardt 54 from *σκαλή), - ευσις f. `the scraping' (Aq.), - ευμα n. `scrapings' (sch., H.), - ευθρον n. `poker' (Poll.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 210), - εία f. `the hacking' (Gp. tit.). 2. σκαλ-ίζω (ἀ- σκάλλω) `id.' (Phryn.) with - ισμός m. `the hacking' (pap., Eun.), - ιστή-ριον n. `hack' (sch.). - On σκαλίας s.v.Etymology: As zero grade yot-present σκάλλω can be formally identified with Lith. skiliù, inf. skìlti `strike fire': IE *skl̥-i̯ō [but the accent shows that the root is disyllabic; s. bel.]. Semantically closer are the innovated nasalpresents skįlù (skylù) `split off, get a tear' and the full grade skeliù, skélti `split', also `strike fire (ùgnį) (from a stone)', the last of which is also found in Germ., e.g. ONord. skilja `separate, distinguish'. Diff. again MLG schelen `id.' (PGm. * skelōn; type Lat. secāre), Arm. c'elum `split' (u-pesent; anlaut unclear), Hitt. iškallāi- `split, tear apart' (formation uncertain; s. Kronasser Etymologie $ 200 f., 214). -- The Greek derivv. go all back on ungeminated σκαλ-, which must not be old, but may have originated after σφαλ- (: σφάλλω), θαλ- (: θ άλλω) etc. Sophie Minon ( RPh. LXXIV 282) reconstructs *skl̥h₁-ye\/o-, assuming that the laryngeal disappeared in this position, after Pinault 1982, 265-272; cf. LIV 500. On σκαλαθύρω s.v. -- To the same formal system, but independent of σκάλλω, belong also σκαλμός `thole', σκῶλος, σκόλοψ etc.; s. vv. A clear separation from the semant. cognate κολάπτω, κόλος, κλάω, κελεός etc. cannot be achieved; [not here σκύλλω]. -- The non-Greek formations are innumerable; on this WP. 2, 590ff., Pok. 923ff. w. rich lit.Page in Frisk: 2,715-716Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάλλω
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8 αποκρανίζειν
ἀποκρανίζωstrike off from the head: pres inf act (attic epic)ἀποκρᾱνίζειν, ἀποκρανίζωstrike off from the head: pres inf act (attic epic) -
9 ἀποκρανίζειν
ἀποκρανίζωstrike off from the head: pres inf act (attic epic)ἀποκρᾱνίζειν, ἀποκρανίζωstrike off from the head: pres inf act (attic epic) -
10 παραπαίω
II intr., strike a false note: metaph., to be infatuated, lose one's wits, Id.Pr. 1056 (anap.) ; ληρεῖν καὶ π. Ar. Pl. 508, cf. Pax90(anap.) ; μαίνομαι καὶ π. Pl.Smp. 173e, cf. Plb. 12.8.1 ;παραπεπαικότας Plu.2.963f
; to be in error, Phld. Sign.32 ; π. τι commit a folly, Luc.Hist.Conscr.2 ;π. πρὸς ὑλικὰς δυνάμεις Eun. VS p.474
B.:—also in [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., φωναὶ -πεπαις μέναι mad, foolish, S.Ichn.234.b Medic., to be delirious, Gal.10.850,al.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > παραπαίω
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11 ἐκβάλλω
ἐκβάλλω, Arc. [full] ἐσδέλλω IG5(2).6.49 (Tegea, iv B.C.), [tense] fut. - βᾰλῶ: [tense] aor. - έβαλον: [tense] pf. - βέβληκα: [voice] Pass., [tense] fut.A- βεβλήσομαι E.Ba. 1313
:— throw or cast out of, c. gen.,Ὀδίον μέγαν ἔκβαλε δίφρου Il.5.39
, etc.: abs., throw out,ἐκ δ' εὐνὰς ἔβαλον 1.436
, etc. ; καὶ τὴν μὲν..ἰχθύσι κύρμα γενέσθαι ἔκβαλον threw her overboard, Od.15.481, cf. Hdt.1.24 : then in various relations, ἐκπίπτω being freq. used as its [voice] Pass. :1 throw ashore,τὸν δ' ἄρ'..νεὸς ἔκβαλε κῦμ' ἐπὶ χέρσου Od.19.278
;ἄνεμος.. τρηχέως περιέσπε..πολλὰς τῶν νεῶν ἐκβάλλων πρὸς τὸν Ἄθων Hdt.6.44
;ἐ. ἐς τὴν γῆν Id.7.170
(but in 2.113 ἄνεμοι..ἐκβάλλουσι ἐς τὸ πέλαγος carry out to sea ; ἐξέβαλεν ἄνεμος ἡμᾶς drove us out of our course, E.Cyc.20):—[voice] Med., put ashore,ἵππους ἐξεβάλλοντο Hdt. 6.101
; jettison, Syngr. ap. D.35.11.2 cast out of a place,Κιμμερίους ἐκβαλόντες ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Hdt.1.103
; ἐ. ἐκ τῆς χώρας, of an enemy, Lycurg.99, cf. D.60.8 ; esp. of banishment, ἐκ πόλεως ἐ. drive out of the country, Pl.Grg. 468d, cf. Ar.Pl. 430, etc. ; of a corpse, ἔξω τῆς πόλεως, τῶν ὁρίων, Pl.Lg. 873b, 909c : c. acc. only. drive out, banish, Heraclit.121, S.OC6<*>6, 770, etc. ; turn out, ; cast out of the synagogue, Ev.Jo.34 ;ἐκ τοῦ τάγματος J.BJ2.8.8
; exorcize, cast out evil spirits, Ev.Marc.1.34, al. ; also in weakened sense, cause to depart, ib.43.3 expose on a desertisland, S.Ph. 257, 1034, 1390 ; expose a dead body,ταφῆς ἄτερ Id.Aj. 1388
; ἐ. τέκνα expose children, E. Ion 964.4 ἐ. γυναῖκα ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας divorce her, D. 59.83 : with simple acc., And.1.125, D.59.63, D.S.12.18, etc.:—[voice] Pass., LXXLe.21.7.5 cast out of his seat, depose a king,ἐ. ἕδρας Κρόνον A.Pr. 203
; ἐκ τυραννίδος θρόνου τ' ib. 910 ;ἐκ τῆς τιμῆς X.Cyr.1.3.9
: withoutἐκ, ἐ. τινὰ πλούτου S.El. 649
:—[voice] Pass., to be ejected, of an occupier, PPetr.2p.143 (iii B.C.), PMagd. 12.8 (iii B.C.), etc. ;χάριτος ἐκβεβλημένη S.Aj. 808
;ἐκ τῆς φιλίας X.An.7.5.6
; ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐξεβλήθησαν Isoc.4.70.7 ἐ. φρέατα dig wells, Plu. Pomp.32.8 of drugs, get rid of,τοξεύματα Dsc.3.32
.II strike out of,χειρῶν δ' ἔκβαλλε κύπελλα Od.2.396
, cf. Theoc.22.210 ; ἐκβάλλεθ'..τευχέων πάλους throw them out of the urns, A.Eu. 742 : abs., δοῦρα ἐ. fell trees (prop., cut them out of the forest), Od.5.244.III let fall, drop,χειρὸς δ' ἔκβαλεν ἔγχος Il.14.419
;σφῦραν B.17.28
; , cf. Ar.Lys. 156 ;οἰστούς X.An.2.1.6
: metaph., ἦ ῥ' ἅλιον ἔπος ἔκβαλον let fall an idle word, Il.18.324 ;εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε Od.4.503
, cf. Hdt.6.69, A.Ag. 1662, etc. ;ἐ. ῥῆμα Pl.R. 473e
: abs., utter, speak, D.L.9.7 ; shed,δάκρυα δ' ἔκβαλε θερμά Od. 19.362
; ἐ. ἕρκος ὀδόντων cast, shed one's teeth, Sol.27, cf. E.Cyc. 644, etc. ; throw up blood, S.Ant. 1238 ; spit out, Thphr.HP4.8.4 ; ἐκβαλεῦσι τὰς κούρας their eyes will drop out, prov. of covetous persons, Herod.4.64.IV throw away, cast aside, reject, εὐμένειαν, χάριν, S.OC 631, 636, cf. Plb.1.14.4 ;προγόνων παλαιὰ θέσμια E.Fr.360.45
; ; recall, repudiate,ἐ. λόγους Pl.Cri. 46b
; annul, ; remoue an official from his post, D.21.87 ; drive an actor from the stage, Id.19.337 : metaph., of a politician, Pl.Ax. 368d : —[voice] Pass., Ar.Eq. 525 ;ἐκβάλλεσθαι ἄξια Antipho 4.3.1
.VI produce, of women, Hp.Epid.4.25 (of premature birth), Plu.Publ.21 ; esp. in case of a miscarriage or abortion, Hp.Mul.1.60, Thphr.HP9.18.8;βρέφος ἐκ τῆς γαστρός Ant.Lib. 34
; with play on 1.2, D.L.2.102, etc. ; hatch chicks, Sch.Ar.Av. 251.b of plants, ἐ. καρπόν put forth fruit, Hp.Nat.Puer.22 ;ἐ. στάχυν E.Ba.75
):—[voice] Pass.,τὰ ἐκβαλλόμενα BGU197.12
(i A.D.).IX Math., produce a line, in [voice] Pass., Arist. Cael. 71b29, Mech. 850a11, Str. 2.1.29, etc. ; ἐ. εἰς ἄπειρον produce to infinity, in metaph. sense,τὰ δεινά Phld.D.1.12
, cf. 13.X intr., go out, depart,ἵν' ἐκβάλω ποδὶ ἄλλην ἐπ' αἶαν E.El.96
; of the sea, break out of its bed, Arist. Mete. 367b13 ; of a rivcr, branch off, Pl.Phd. 113a : metaph.,ἐπειδὰν ἐς μειράκια ἐκβάλωσιν D.C.52.26
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐκβάλλω
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12 κρούω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `push, strike, stamp' (Hp., Att.).Derivatives: Also from the prefixcompp. in several meanings (here not esp. noted): κροῦμα, - σμα `sound made through bumping, tone, melody' (Hp., Att.) with κρου(σ)-ματικός (hell.), κροῦσις `striking, esp. of the strings, string music' (Hp., Att.), κρουσμός `id.' (hell.); ἀνακρουσ-ία παιδιᾶς εἶδος ἐπὶ σφαίρας H.; ἐπικρούσ-τιον name of a rnedic. instrument (medic.), - τήριον `hammer' (Gloss.); κρουστικός `good for pushing' (Hp., Ar., Arist.); Προκρούσ-της name of a mythical brigand (X.). -- For κρούω Homer has the enlarged κροαίνω (Z 507 = O 264 κροαίνων `stamping, galopping'; after these Opp., Philostr.); cf. Debrunner IF 21, 43.Etymology: To κροιός s. below and s. v. The Greek verbal system and the deriv. nouns is based on a stem κρουσ-; the present can be *κρούσ-ω or *κρούσ-ιω. The pair κρούω: κροαίνω agrees with ἀκούω: ἀκοή and must be explained in the same way; a base-form *κροϜάν-ι̯ω without σ (Bechtel Lex. s. v. with Fraenkel Denom. 23 n. 2) is unnecessary. Also κροιός (s. v.) can go back on *κρουσ-ι̯ός (with functional - ιο- retained). - With κρούω from IE krous- agrees exactly Slav., e.g. OCS sъ-krušǫ, - šiti, Russ. krušitь ' συντρίβειν, θραύειν, κρούειν'; the same fullgrade also in Latv. kràusêt `stamp (off)', Lith. kraušýti `id.'. Beside it with zero grade, IE. krus-, e.g. CS ORuss. krъcha, Russ. krochá `morsel, crumb', Lith. krušù, krùšti `stamp, push (apart)'; with fullgrade kreus- Lith. kriaũšti `sting'. - Solmsen KZ 29, 97 a. n., Pok. 622f., Fraenkel Wb. s. krùšti, Vasmer Wb. s. krochá a. krušítь.Page in Frisk: 2,27-28Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρούω
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13 κολαφίζω
κολαφίζω 1 aor. ἐκολάφισα (non-Attic, vernacular word fr. κόλαφις; s. Lobeck, Phryn. 175 [cp. Terence, Adelphi. 245 colaphis tuber est totum caput=(my) head is lumpy from (his) blows]; Mlt-H. 364; 407. Found almost exclusively in Christian lit.; also in Paus. Attic. κ, 38; a Gr-Rom. letter: Sb 6263, 23 [Rom. times]; TestJos 7:5 v.l.—Hesychius: κολαφιζόμενος• ῥαπιζόμενος; Etym. Mag. 525, 4)① to strike sharply, esp. with the hand, strike with the fist, beat, cuff τινά someone. Lit. Mt 26:67; Mk 14:65 (KSchmidt, MGoguel Festschr. ’50, 218–27); MPol 2:4 (v.l.). Of mistreatment in general: we are roughly treated 1 Cor 4:11. εἰ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε if you endure being beaten 1 Pt 2:20 (κολαζόμενοι v.l.).② to cause physical impairment, torment, fig. extension of 1, of painful attacks of an illness, described as a physical beating by a messenger of Satan 2 Cor 12:7. The data for a scientific diagnosis are few, and it is not surprising that a variety of views, characterized by much guesswork, have been held:ⓐ epilepsy: MKrenkel, Beiträge 1890, 47ff; Schmiedel and Bousset ad loc.; WWrede, Paulus2 1907, 17; HFischer (physician), D. Krankheit d. Ap. Pls. 1911; s. also WWeber (psychiatrist), TLZ 37, 1912, 623; FConybeare in WBundy, The Psychic Health of Jesus 1922, 226f; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls. 1930, 152; JKlausner, From Jesus to Paul ’43, 325–30.ⓑ hysteria: ELombard, Les extases et les souffrances de l’apôtre Paul: RTP 36, 1903, 450–500; Windisch ad loc.; FFenner, D. Krankheit im NT 1930, 30–40.ⓒ periodic depression, s. KBonhoeffer (physician) in Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.ⓓ headaches, severe eye-trouble: Seeligmüller (physician), War Paulus Epileptiker? 1910; cp. WWeber, TLZ 36, 1911, 235; Uhle-Wettler, Evang. Kirchenztg. 87, 1913, 130ff; 145ff.ⓔ malaria: Ramsay, Church2 63ff; Sickenberger, comm. ad loc.ⓕ leprosy: EPreuschen, ZNW 2, 1901, 193f; REisler, Ιησους βασιλευς II 1930, 426ff; 794.ⓖ an impediment in speech (stammering): WClarke, ET 39, 1928, 458–60. S. also on σκόλοψ.—On interpretations (formerly favored by many) in the direction of inward temptations, brought about by opponents, or pangs of conscience, or distressed states of mind, s. GHeinrici in KEK8 1900 ad loc.; PMenoud: JdeZwaan Festschr. ’53 thinks of the anxieties of a missionary’s life.—B. 553 s.v. κόλαφος. DELG s.v. κόλαφος. M-M. TW. -
14 ἐκ
ἐκ, before a vowel [full] ἐξ, alsoAἐξ τῳ ϝοίκῳ Inscr.Cypr. 135.5
H., in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. before ς ξ ζ ρ and less freq. λ ; ἐγ- in Inscrr. before β γ δ λ μ ν ; Cret. and [dialect] Boeot. [full] ἐς Leg.Gort.2.49, Corinn.Supp.2.67 ; ἐχ freq. in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. before χ φ θ (and in early Inscrr. before ς, IG12.304.20) ; also ἐ Ναυπάκτω ib.9(1).334.8 ([dialect] Locr.) ; (ἐτ is for ἐπὶ in ib 9(2).517.14 (Thess.)):—Prep. governing GEN. only (exc. in Cypr. and Arc., c. dat., Inscr.Cypr.135.5 H. ([place name] Idalium), (in form ἐς) IG5(2).6.49 (Tegea, iv B.C.)):—radical sense, from out of, freq. also simply, from.I OF PLACE, the most freq. usage, variously modified:1 of Motion, out of, forth from, , cf.Pl.Prt. 321c, etc. ;μάχης ἔκ Il.17.207
;ἂψ ἐκ δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν 24.288
; ἐξ ὀχέων, ἐξ ἕδρης, 3.29, 19.77 ;φεύγειν ἐκ πολέμοιο 7.119
;ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων ἐλθεῖν X.Cyr.6.2.9
;ἐκ χειρῶν γέρας εἵλετο Il.9.344
, cf. S.Ph. 1287 (but ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλειν or παίειν to strike with a spear in the hand, opp. ἀντιτοξεύειν or ἀκοντίζειν, X.An.3.3.15, Cyr.4.3.16 ; ἐκ χειρὸς τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι ib.6.2.16, cf. 6.3.24, etc.) ; ἐκ χρυσῶν φιαλῶν πίνειν ib.5.3.3 ;ἐξ ἀγορᾶς ὠνεῖσθαι Pl.Com.190
.2 ἐκ θυμοῦ φίλεον I loved her from my heart, with all my heart, Il.9.343 ;ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀσπάσασθαι X.Oec.10.4
;μέγαν ἐκ θυμοῦ κλάζοντες Ἄρη A.Ag.48
(anap.) ;δακρυχέων ἐκ φρενός Id.Th. 919
(anap.) ;οὐδὲν ἐκ σαυτῆς λέγεις S.El. 344
; ἐξ εὐμενῶν στέρνων δέχεσθαι receive with kindly heart, Id.OC 486 ; ; ὀρθὸς ἐξ ὀρθῶν δίφρων with chariot still upright, Id.El. 742 ;ἐξ ἀκινήτου ποδός Id.Tr. 875
;ἐξ ἑνὸς ποδός Id.Ph.91
.3 to denote change or succession, freq. with an antithetic repetition of the same word, δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ one evil comes from (or after) another, Il.19.290 ;ἐκ φόβου φόβον τρέφω S.Tr.28
; πόλιν ἐκ πόλεως ἀμείβειν, ἀλλάττειν, Pl. Sph. 224b, Plt. 289e ;λόγον ἐκ λόγου λέγειν D.18.313
;πόρους ἐκ πόρων ὑπισχνούμενοι Alciphr.1.8
;ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἐκ γόων S.El. 291
;ἐκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι Id.Ant. 437
: hence, instead of,τυφλὸς ἐκ δεδορκότος Id.OT 454
;λευκὴν..ἐκ μελαίνης ἀμφιβάλλομαι τρίχα Id.Ant. 1093
; , cf. X. An.7.7.28, etc.4 to express separation or distinction from a number, ἐκ πολέων πίσυρες four out of many, Il.15.680 ;μοῦνος ἐξ ἁπάντων σωθῆναι Hdt.5.87
; εἶναι ἐκ τῶν δυναμένων to be one of the wealthy, Pl.Grg. 525e ; ἐμοὶ ἐκ πασέων Ζεὺς ἄλγε' ἔδωκεν to me out of (i.e. above) all, Il. 18.431, cf. 432 ;ἐκ πάντων μάλιστα 4.96
, cf. S.Ant. 1137 (lyr.), etc. ; redundant,εἷς τῶν ἐκ τῶν φίλων σου LXX Jd.15.2
.5 of Position, outside of, beyond, chiefly in early writers, ἐκ βελέων out of shot, Il.14.130, etc. ; ἐκ καπνοῦ out of the smoke, Od.19.7 ; ἐκ πατρίδος banished from one's country, 15.272 ; ἐκ μεσου κατῆστο sate down apart from the company, Hdt.3.83 ; ἐξ ἠθέων τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατεῖλαι out of its accustomed quarters, Id.2.142; ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν out of sight, Id.5.24 ; ἐξ ὁδοῦ out of the road, S.OC 113.6 with Verbs of Rest, where previous motion is implied, on, in, δαῖέ οἱ ἐκ κόρυθος..πῦρ lighted a fire from (i.e. on) his helmet, Il.5.4 ; ἐκ ποταμοῦ χρόα νίζετο washed his body in the river ( with water from the river), Od.6.224 : freq. with Verbs signifying hang or fasten, σειρήν..ἐξ οὐρανόθεν κρεμάσαντες having hung a chain from heaven, Il.8.19 ; ἐκ πασσαλόφι κρέμασεν φόρμιγγα he hung his lyre from (i.e. on) the peg, Od.8.67 ; ἀνάπτεσθαι ἔκ τινος fasten from i.e. upon) a thing, 12.51 ;μαχαίρας εἶχον ἐξ ἀργυρέων τελαμώνων Il.18.598
; πρισθεὶς ἐξ ἀντύγων gripped to the chariot-rail, S.Aj. 1030, etc.; ἐκ τοῦ βραχίονος ἵππον ἐπέλκουσα leading it [ by a rein] upon her arm, Hdt.5.12 : with Verbs signifying hold, lead, ἐξ ἐκείνων ἔχειν τὰς ἐλπίδας to have their hopes dependent upon them, Th.1.84 ; ἐκ χειρὸς ἄγειν lead by the hand, Bion Fr.7.2 ; ἐκ ποδὸς ἕπεσθαι ib.6.2 ;ἐκ τῆς οὐρᾶς λαμβάνεσθαι Luc.Asin.23
: with the Art. indicating the place of origin, οἱ ἐκ τῶν νήσων κακοῦργοι the robbers of the islands, Th.1.8, cf. 2.5, 13 ; τοὺς ἐκ τῆς ναυμαχίας those in the sea-fight, Pl. Ap. 32b ; τοὺς ἐκ τῶν σκηνῶν those in the tents, D.18.169 ;ἁρπασόμενοι τὰ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν X.Cyr.7.2.5
;οἱ ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου ἔθεον Id.An. 4.6.25
: even with Verbs of sitting or standing, εἰσεῖδε στᾶσ' ἐξ Οὐλύμποιο from Olympus where she stood, Il.14.154 ; καθῆσθαι ἐκ πάγων to sit on the heights and look from them, S.Ant. 411 ;στὰς ἐξ ἐπάλξεων ἄκρων E.Ph. 1009
; ἐκ βυθοῦ at the bottom, Theoc.22.40 : phrases, ἐκ δεξιᾶς, ἐξ ἀριστερᾶς, on the right, left, X.Cyr.8.3.10, etc.; οἱ ἐξ ἐναντίας, οἱ ἐκ πλαγίοὐ ib.7.1.20 ; ἐκ θαλάσσης, opp. ἐκ τῆς μεσογείας, D.18.301.7 νικᾶν ἔκ τινος win a victory over.., Apoc.15.2.II OF TIME, elliptic with Pron. relat. and demonstr., ἐξ οὗ [ χρόνου] since, Il.1.6, Od.2.27, etc.; in apod., ἐκ τοῦ from that time, Il.8.296 ;ἐκ τούτου X.An.5.8.15
, etc. (but ἐκ τοῖο thereafter, Il.1.493, and ἐκ τούτων or ἐκ τῶνδε usu. after this, X.Mem.2.9.4, S.OT 235) ;ἐξ ἐκείνου Th.2.15
; ἐκ πολλοῦ (sc. χρόνου) for a long time, Id.1.68, etc.;ἐκ πλέονος χρόνου Id.8.45
; ἐκ πλείστου ib.68 ; ἐξ ὀλίγου at short notice, Id.2.11 (but also a short time since, Plu.Caes.28) ;ἐκ παλαιοῦ X.Mem.3.5.8
;ἐκ παλαιτάτου Th.1.18
.2 of particular points of time,ἐκ νεότητος..ἐς γῆρας Il.14.86
;ἐκ γενετῆς 24.535
; ἐκ νέου, ἐκ παιδός, from boyhood, Pl.Grg. 510d, R. 374c, etc.;ἐκ μικροῦ παιδαρίου D.53.19
; , etc.; καύματος ἔξ after hot weather, Il.5.865; νέφος ἔρχεται οὐρανὸν εἴσω αἰθέρος ἐκ δίης after clear weather, 16.365 ;ἐκ δὲ αἰθρίης καὶ νηνεμίης συνδραμεῖν ἐξαπίνης νέφεα Hdt.1.87
; so (like ἀπό II) ἐκ τῆς θυσίης γενέσθαι to have just finished sacrifice, ib.50, etc.; ἐκ τοῦ ἀρίστου after breakfast, X.An.4.6.21 ; ἐξ εἰρήνης πολεμεῖν to go to war after peace, Th. 1.120 ;γελάσαι ἐκ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δακρύων X.Cyr.1.4.28
; ;τὴν θάλασσαν ἐκ Διονυσίων πλόϊμον εἶναι Thphr.Char.3.3
; ἐκ χειμῶνος at the end of winter, Plu. Nic.20.3 at, in,ἐκ νυκτῶν Od.12.286
;ἐκ νυκτός X.Cyr.1.4.2
, etc.; ;ἐκ μέσω ἄματος Theoc.10.5
; ἐκ τοῦ λοιποῦ or ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν for the future, X.Smp.4.56, Pl.Lg. 709e.III OF ORIGIN,1 of Material, out of or of which things are made,γίγνεταί τι ἔκ τινος Parm.8.12
;ποιέεσθαι ἐκ ξύλων τὰ πλοῖα Hdt.1.194
;πίνοντας ἐκ κριθῶν μέθυ A.Supp. 953
;εἶναι ἐξ ἀδάμαντος Pl.R. 616c
;ἐκ λευκῶ ἐλέφαντος αἰετοί Theoc.15.123
;στράτευμα ἀλκιμώτατον ἂν γένοιτο ἐκ παιδικῶν X.Smp.8.32
; συνετάττετο ἐκ τῶν ἔτι προσιόντων formed line of battle from the troops as they marched up, Id.An.1.8.14.2 of Parentage, ἔκ τινος εἶναι, γενέσθαι, etc., Il. 20.106,6.206, etc.; ἐκ γὰρ ἐμεῦ γένος ἐσσί (where γένος is acc. abs.) 5.896 ;σῆς ἐξ αἵματός εἰσι γενέθλης 19.111
;ὦ παῖ πατρὸς ἐξ Ἀχιλλέως S.Ph. 260
;πίρωμις ἐκ πιρώμιος Hdt.2.143
;ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν Pl.Phdr. 246a
;τὸν ἐξ ἐμῆς μητρός S.Ant. 466
, etc.3 of Place of Origin or Birth,ἐκ Σιδῶνος..εὔχομαι εἶναι Od.15.425
, cf. Th.1.25, etc.;ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί Ev.Jo.8.23
; ἡ ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου βουλή the Areopagus, Arist.Ath.4.4, etc. ;οἱ ἐκ τῆς διατριβῆς ταύτης Aeschin.1.54
; οἱ ἐκ τοῦ Περιπάτου the Peripatetics, Luc.Pisc.43 ; ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημείας the Academic, Ath.1.34b ;οἱ ἐκ πίστεως Ep.Gal.3.7
;οἱ ἐξ ἐριθείας Ep.Rom.2.8
.4 of the Author or Occasion of a thing, ὄναρ, τιμὴ ἐκ Διός ἐστιν, Il.1.63,2.197, cf. Od.1.33, A.Pers. 707, etc.; θάνατος ἐκ μνηστήρων death by the hand of the suitors, Od.16.447 ; τὰ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων τείχεα walls built by them, Hdt.2.148 ; κίνημα ἐξ αὑτοῦ spontaneous motion, Plot.6.1.21 ;ὕμνος ἐξ Ἐρινύων A.Eu. 331
(lyr.) ;ἡ ἐξ ἐμοῦ δυσβουλία S.Ant.95
;ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ πόθος Id.Tr. 631
.5 with the agent after [voice] Pass. Verbs, by, Poet. and early Prose, ἐφίληθεν ἐκ Διός they were beloved of (i.e.by) Zeus, Il.2.669 ; κήδε' ἐφῆπται ἐκ Διός ib. 70;προδεδόσθαι ἐκ Πρηξάσπεος Hdt.3.62
;τὰ λεχθέντα ἐξ Ἀλεξάνδρου Id.7.175
, cf. S.El. 124 (lyr.), Ant.93, Th.3.69, Pl.Ti. 47b;ἐξ ἁπάντων ἀμφισβητήσεται Id.Tht. 171b
;ὁμολογουμένους ἐκ πάντων X.An.2.6.1
; , cf. Pl.Ly. 204c : with neut. Verbs,ἐκ..πατρὸς κακὰ πείσομαι Od.2.134
, cf. A.Pr. 759 ;τλῆναί τι ἔκ τινος Il.5.384
;θνήσκειν ἔκ τινος S.El. 579
, OT 854, etc.;τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων Hdt.1.1
.6 of Cause, Instrument, or Means by which a thing is done, ἐκ πατέρων φιλότητος in consequence of our fathers' friendship, Od.15.197 ;μήνιος ἐξ ὀλοῆς 3.135
;ἐξ ἔριδος Il. 7.111
;τελευτῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ τρώματος Hdt.3.29
; ἐκ τίνος λόγου; E. Andr. 548 ; ἐκ τοῦ; wherefore? Id.Hel.93 ;λέξον ἐκ τίνος ἐπλήγης X. An.5.8.4
; ποιεῖτε ὑμῖν φίλους ἐκ τοῦ Μαμωνᾶ τῆς ἀδικίας make yourselves friends of (i.e. by means of).., Ev.Luc.16.9 ;ζῆν ἔκ τινος X. HG3.2.11
codd.;ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων τρέφειν ἐμαυτόν Isoc.15.152
; (lyr.).7 in accordance with, ἐκ τῶνλογίων Hdt.1.64
;ὁ ἐκ τῶν νόμων χρόνος D.24.28
;ἐκ κελεύματος A. Pers. 397
, cf. Sophr.25 ;ἐκ τῶν ξυγκειμένων Th.5.25
; ἐκ τῶν παρόντων ib.40, etc.;ἐκ τῶν ἔργων κρινόμενοι X.Cyr.2.2.21
, cf. A.Pr. 485.8 freq. as periphr. for Adv.,ἐκ προνοίας IG12.115.11
; ἐκ βίας by force, S.Ph. 563 ; ;ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου ζητεῖν Pl.R. 499a
: esp. with neut. Adjs., ἐξ ἀγχιμόλοιο, = ἀγχίμολον, Il.24.352 ;ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανέος Hdt.3.150
; ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ, ἐκ τοῦ προφανοῦς, Th.4.106, 6.73 ;ἐκ προδήλου S.El. 1429
; ἐξ ἴσου, ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου, Id.Tr. 485, Th.2.3 ;ἐξ ἀέλπτου Hdt.1.111
, etc.: with fem. Adj.,ἐκ τῆς ἰθέης Id.3.127
;ἐκ νέης Id.5.116
;ἐξ ὑστέρης Id.6.85
;ἐκ τῆς ἀντίης Id.8.6
;ἐκ καινῆς Th.3.92
;ἐξ ἑκουσίας S.Tr. 727
; ἐκ ταχείας ib. 395.9 of Number or Measurement, with numerals, ἐκ τρίτων in the third place, E.Or. 1178, Pl.Grg. 500a, Smp. 213b ; distributively, apiece, Ath.15.671b.b of Price,ἐξ ὀκτὼ ὀβολῶν SIG2587.206
; ἐκ τριῶν δραχμῶν ib.283 ;συμφωνήσας ἐκ δηναρίου Ev.Matt.20.2
.c of Weight,ἐπιπέμματα ἐξ ἡμιχοινικίου Inscr.Prien.362
(iv B.C.).d of Space, θινώδης ὢν ὁ τόπος ἐξ εἴκοσι σταδίων by the space of twenty stades, Str.8.3.19.B ἐκ is freq. separated from its CASE, Il.11.109, etc.—It takes an accent in anastrophe, 14.472, Od.17.518.—[dialect] Ep. use it with Advbs. in -θεν, ἐξ οὐρανόθεν, ἐξ ἁλόθεν, ἐξ Αἰσύμηθεν, Il.17.548, 21.335, 8.304 ; ;ἐκ πρῴρηθεν Theoc.22.11
.—It is combined with other Preps. to make the sense more definite, as διέκ, παρέκ, ὑπέκ.2 to express completion, like our utterly, ἐκπέρθω, ἐξαλαπάζω, ἐκβαρβαρόω, ἐκδιδάσκω, ἐκδιψάω, ἐκδωριεύομαι, ἐξοπλίζω, ἐξομματόω, ἔκλευκος, ἔκπικρος.D As ADVERB, therefrom, Il.18.480. -
15 κατά
κατά (Hom.+) prep. (s. the lit. s.v. ἀνά beg., also LfgrE s.v. κατά 1346; with the gen. 74 times in NT; w. acc. 391 times in NT).A. w. the gen.ⓐ of location that is relatively lower, down from someth. (Hom. et al.; LXX; Ath. 1, 4 κ. κόρρης προπηλακίζειν=to smack on one side of the head) ὁρμᾶν κ. τοῦ κρημνοῦ rush down (from) the bank (cp. Polyb. 38, 16, 7 κ. τῶν κρημνῶν ῥίπτειν; Jos., Bell. 1, 313) Mt 8:32; Mk 5:13; Lk 8:33. κ. κεφαλῆς ἔχειν have someth. on one’s head (lit. hanging down fr. the head, as a veil. Cp. Plut., Mor. 200f ἐβάδιζε κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχων τὸ ἱμάτιον.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 499, 5 of a mummy ἔχων τάβλαν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου) 1 Cor 11:4.ⓑ of position relatively deep, into someth. (Od. 9, 330 κ. σπείους ‘into the depths of the cave’; Hdt. 7, 235; X., An. 7, 1, 30) ἡ κ. βάθους πτωχεία extreme (lit. ‘reaching down into the depths’; cp. Strabo 9, 3, 5 [419] ἄντρον κοῖλον κ. βάθους) or abysmal poverty 2 Cor 8:2. This may perh. be the mng. of πλήσσειν τινὰ κ. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν strike someone deep into the eyes ApcPt 11:26 (cp. Demosth. 19, 197 ξαίνει κ. τοῦ νώτου; PPetr II, 18 [2b], 15 [246 B.C.] ἔτυπτεν αὐτὸν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου).—κ. γαστρός Just., D. 78, 3 for ἐν γαστρί Mt 1:18 (cp. Ath. 35, 2 τὸ κ. γαστρὸς ζῶον εἶναι).ⓒ extension in various directions within an area, throughout (so in Luke’s writings; Polyb. 3, 19, 7 κ. τῆς νήσου διεσπάρησαν; PGiss 48, 8 κ. κυριακῆς γῆς; Jos., Ant. 8, 297; SibOr 3, 222; 4, 24; 5, 305) γνωστὸν γενέσθαι καθʼ ὅλης Ἰόππης become known throughout all Joppa Ac 9:42. καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 9:31; 10:37; Lk 23:5. φήμη ἐξῆλθεν καθʼ ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου 4:14.② down upon, toward, against someone or someth, fig. ext. of 1.ⓐ w. verbs of swearing, to denote what one swears by (Thu. 5, 47, 8; Lysias 32, 13; Isaeus 7, 28; Demosth. 21, 119; 29, 26; SIG 526, 4ff; 685, 25; UPZ 110, 39 [164 B.C.]; BGU 248, 13; Jdth 1:12; Is 45:23; 2 Ch 36:13) by ἐξορκίζειν (q.v.) Mt 26:63. ὀμνύναι (q.v.) Hb 6:13, 16. ὁρκίζειν (q.v.) Hs 9, 10, 5. Sim. ἐρωτᾶν κ. τινος request, entreat by someone Hv 3, 2, 3.ⓑ in a hostile sense, againstα. after verbs that express hostile action, etc. διχάζειν Mt 10:35. ἐπαίρεσθαι 2 Cor 10:5. ἰσχύειν Ac 19:16. κακοῦν 14:2. στρατεύεσθαι 1 Pt 2:11. φυσιοῦσθαι 1 Cor 4:6β. after words and expressions that designate hostile speech, esp. an accusation ἔχειν (τι) κ. τινος have or hold someth. against someone Rv 2:4, 14, 20. φέρειν J 18:29. ἐγκαλεῖν Ro 8:33. ἐντυγχάνειν τινὶ κ. τινος 11:2 (TestJob 17:5). κατηγορεῖν Lk 23:14. ποιεῖν κρίσιν Jd 15a. τὸ κ. ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον the bond that stands against us Col 2:14. ἐμφανίζειν Ac 24:1; 25:2. αἰτεῖσθαί τι 25:3, 15. αἱ κ. τινος αἰτίαι vs. 27. εἰπεῖν πονηρόν Mt 5:11 (cp. Soph., Phil. 65 κακὰ λέγειν κ. τινος. X., Hell. 1, 5, 2; Isocr., C. Nic. 13; Plut., Mor. 2a λέγειν κ.; SIG 1180, 1 λέγειν κ. τινος; Just., A I, 23, 3; 49, 6 κ. τῶν … ὁμολογούντων). λαλεῖν ῥήματα Ac 6:13; cp. Jd 15b (TestDan 4:3; JosAs 23:15). μαρτυρεῖν κ. τ. θεοῦ give testimony in contradiction to God 1 Cor 15:15. ζητεῖν μαρτυρίαν κ. τινος testimony against someone Mk 14:55. ψευδομαρτυρεῖν 14:56f. ψευδομαρτυρία Mt 26:59. γογγύζειν 20:11. στενάζειν Js 5:9. διδάσκειν Ac 21:28. συμβούλιον διδόναι (ποιεῖν v.l.) Mk 3:6; ς. λαβεῖν Mt 27:1. ψεύδεσθαι Js 3:14 (Lysias 22, 7; X., Ap. 13; Ath. 35, 1 καθʼ ἡμῶν … κατεψεύσατο).γ. after expressions that designate such a position or state of mind in a different way εἶναι κ. τινος be against someone (opp. ὑπέρ) Mk 9:40 (WNestle, ZNW 13, 1912, 84–87; AFridrichsen, ibid., 273–80); Ro 8:31; (opp. μετά) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23. δύνασθαί τι κ. τινος be able to do someth. against someone 2 Cor 13:8. ἔχειν τι κ. τινος have someth. against someone (in one’s heart) Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; Hs 9, 24, 2; cp. ibid. 23, 2, where the acc. is to be supplied. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. ἐπιθυμεῖν Gal 5:17. μερίζεσθαι καθʼ ἑαυτῆς Mt 12:25. Cp. 1 Cl 39:4 (Job 4:18).—κατά prob. means against also in ἔβαλεν κατʼ αὐτῆς ἄνεμος Ac 27:14. ἐτελείωσαν κ. τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα they completed the full measure of sins against their own head GPt 5:17.B. w. acc. (so in the NT 399 times [besides καθʼ εἷς and κατὰ εἷς])ⓐ of extension in space, along, over, through, in, upon (Hom. et al.; OGI 90, 7 ἐκ τῶν κ. τ. χώραν ἱερῶν; PHib 82, 19; PTebt 5, 188; LXX; Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5) Ac 24:12. καθʼ ὅλην τ. πόλιν throughout the city Lk 8:39 (cp. Diod S 4, 10, 6 καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἐλλάδα). ἐγένετο λιμὸς κ. τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην 15:14. κ. τὰς κώμας 9:6. κ. πόλεις καὶ κώμας 13:22 (Appian., Maced. 9 §1 and 4 κ. πόλεις; Just., A I, 67, 3 κ. πόλεις ἢ ἀγρούς).—κ. τόπους in place after place Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:11 (Theophr., περὶ σημ. 1, 4 p. 389 W.; Cat. Cod. Astr. III 28, 11 ἐν μέρει τ. ἀνατολῆς κ. τόπους, VIII/3, 186, 1 λιμὸς καὶ λοιμὸς καὶ σφαγαὶ κ. τόπους). οἱ ὄντες κ. τὴν Ἰουδαίαν those throughout Judea or living in Judea Ac 11:1. διασπαρῆναι κ. τὰς χώρας τῆς Ἰουδαίας be scattered over the regions of Judea 8:1. κ. τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν in the congregation there 13:1. τοῖς κ. τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν ἀδελφοῖς 15:23. τοὺς κ. τὰ ἔθνη Ἰουδαίους the Judeans (dispersed) throughout the nations 21:21. τοῖς κ. τὸν νόμον γεγραμμένοις throughout the law = in the law 24:14b. κ. τὴν ὁδόν along or on the way (Lucian, Catapl. 4; Jos., Ant. 8, 404) Lk 10:4; Ac 25:3; 26:13. τὸ κ. Κιλικίαν καὶ Παμφυλίαν πέλαγος the sea along the coast of Cilicia and Pamphylia 27:5; but the geographical designation τὰ μέρη τ. Λιβύης τῆς κ. Κυρήνην 2:10 prob. belongs to b: the parts of Libya toward Cyrene.ⓑ of extension toward, toward, to, up to ἐλθεῖν (γίνεσθαι v.l.) κ. τὸν τόπον come up to the place (Jos., Vi. 283) Lk 10:32. ἐλθόντες κ. τὴν Μυσίαν to Mysia Ac 16:7; cp. 27:7. πορεύεσθαι κ. μεσημβρίαν (s. μεσημβρία 2) toward the south 8:26 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 505). κ. σκοπὸν διώκειν run (over the course) toward the goal Phil 3:14. λιμὴν βλέπων κ. λίβα καὶ κ. χῶρον a harbor open to the southwest and northwest Ac 27:12 (s. βλέπω 8).—κ. πρόσωπον to the face (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 205) Gal 2:11. ἔχειν τινὰ κ. πρόσωπον meet someone face to face (Thieme 19 has reff. for the use of κατὰ πρόσωπον as a legal formula) Ac 25:16. κ. πρόσωπον ταπεινός humble when personally present 2 Cor 10:1. κ. πρόσωπόν τινος in the presence of someone Lk 2:31; Ac 3:13. τὰ κ. πρόσωπον what lies before one’s eyes, i.e. is obvious 2 Cor 10:7. κ. ὀφθαλμοὺς προγράφειν portray before one’s eyes Gal 3:1.ⓒ of isolation or separateness, by (Thu. 1, 138, 6 οἱ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς Ἕλληνες ‘the Greeks by themselves’; Polyb. 1, 24, 4; 5, 78, 3; 11, 17, 6; Diod S 13, 72, 8; Gen 30:40; 43:32; 2 Macc 13:13; Philo, Migr. Abr. 87; 90; Just., D. 4, 5 αὐτὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν γενομένη; Tat. 13, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν; Ath. 15, 2 ὁ πηλὸς καθʼ ἑαυτόν) ἔχειν τι καθʼ ἑαυτόν keep someth. to oneself Ro 14:22 (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 255; Heliod. 7, 16, 1). καθʼ ἑαυτὸν μένειν live by oneself of the private dwelling of Paul in Rome Ac 28:16. πίστις νεκρὰ καθʼ ἑαυτήν faith by itself is dead Js 2:17 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 3, 43 τὸ σῶμα καθʼ αὑτὸ νεκρόν ἐστιν). ἡ κατʼ οἶκον ἐκκλησία the congregation in the house Ro 16:5; 1 Cor 16:19. κατʼ ἰδίαν s. ἴδιος 5. κ. μόνας (Thu. 1, 32, 5; Menand., Epitr. 988 S. [658 Kö.], Fgm. 146 Kö. [158 Kock]; Polyb. 4, 15, 11; Diod S 4, 51, 16; BGU 813, 15 [s. APF 2, 1903, 97]; LXX) alone, by oneself Mk 4:10; Lk 9:18; Hm 11:8 (here, as well as BGU loc. cit. and LXX, written as one word καταμόνας).ⓓ of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc., x by x (Arrian., Anab. 4, 21, 10 κ. σκηνήν=tent by tent) or from x to x: κατʼ οἶκον from house to house (PLond III, 904, 20 p. 125 [104 A.D.] ἡ κατʼ οἰκίαν ἀπογραφή) Ac 2:46b; 5:42 (both in ref. to various house assemblies or congregations; w. less probability NRSV ‘at home’); cp. 20:20. Likew. the pl. κ. τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος 8:3. κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19. κ. πόλιν (Jos., Ant. 6, 73) from city to city IRo 9:3, but in every (single) city Ac 15:21; 20:23; Tit 1:5. Also κ. πόλιν πᾶσαν (cp. Herodian 1, 14, 9) Ac 15:36; κ. πᾶσαν πόλιν 20:23 D. κ. πόλιν καὶ κώμην Lk 8:1; cp. vs. 4.② marker of temporal aspect (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, apolog.)ⓐ in definite indications of time: at, on, during (Hdt. 8, 17; Polemon Soph. B 43 Reader κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν ‘in the course of that day’) κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beginning (cp. ἀρχή 1b) Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26). κ. τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ in the day of trial 3:8 (Ps 94:8.—Cp. Antig. Car. 173 κ. τὸν σπόρου καιρόν). νεκροῦ … ἀνάστασιν κατʼ αὐτὸν γεγονυῖαν ἱστορεῖ (Papias) reports that a resurrection from the dead occurred in his time Papias (2, 9; so, with personal names, Hdt.; Just., D. 23, 1 τοῦ θεοῦ … τοῦ κ. τὸν Ἐνώχ; Tat. 31, 2 Θεαγένης … κ. Καμβύσην γεγονώς). Of the future: κ. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον at that time, then Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10). Of the past: κ. ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν at that time, then (2 Macc 3:5; TestJos 12:1; Jos., Ant. 8, 266; cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ καιροῦ Konon: 26 Fgm. 3 p. 191, 25 Jac.; Just., A I, 17, 2; 26, 3 al.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. κ. καιρόν at that time, then Ro 5:6 (Just., D. 132, 1; cp. OGI 90, 28 καθʼ ὸ̔ν καιρόν), unless καιρός here means the right time (s. καιρός 1b end). κατʼ ὄναρ (as καθʼ ὕπνον Gen 20:6; Just., D 60, 5 κ. τοὺς ὕπνους) during a dream, in a dream Mt 1:20; 2:12 (s. s.v. ὄναρ for ins).ⓑ with indefinite indications of time: toward, about κ. τὸ μεσονύκτιον about midnight Ac 16:25; cp. 27:27.—8:26 (s. μεσημβρία 1).ⓒ distributively (cp. 1d): x period by x period: κατʼ ἔτος every year (s. ἔτος) Lk 2:41. Also κατʼ ἐνιαυτόν (s. ἐνιαυτός 1) Hb 9:25; 10:1, 3. καθʼ ἡμέραν daily, every day (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Mt 26:55; Mk 14:49; Lk 16:19; 22:53; Ac 2:46f; 3:2; 16:5; 17:11; 19:9; 1 Cor 15:31; Hb 7:27; 10:11. Also τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Lk 11:3; 19:47; Ac 17:11 v.l. ἡ ἐπίστασις ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἐπίστασις) 2 Cor 11:28. κ. πᾶσαν ἡμέραν every day (Jos., Ant. 6, 49) Ac 17:7. Also καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Hb 3:13. κ. μίαν σαββάτου on the first day of every week 1 Cor 16:2. κ. πᾶν σάββατον every Sabbath Ac 13:27; 15:21b; 18:4. κ. μῆνα ἕκαστον each month Rv 22:2 (κ. μῆνα as SIG 153, 65; POxy 275, 18; 2 Macc 6:7). κ. ἑορτήν at each festival Mt 27:15; Mk 15:6.③ marker of division of a greater whole into individual parts, at a time, in detail, distributive use apart from indications of place (s. above 1d) and time (s. 2c)ⓐ w. numerals: κ. δύο ἢ τὸ πλεῖστον τρεῖς two or, at the most, three at a time (i.e. in any one meeting, cp. ἀνὰ μέρος) 1 Cor 14:27 (Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 42 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς; Jos., Ant. 3, 142 κ. ἕξ; 5, 172 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς). καθʼ ἕνα (on this and the foll. s. εἷς 5e) singly, one after the other vs. 31. κ. ἕνα λίθον each individual stone Hs 9, 3, 5; καθʼ ἕνα λίθον 9, 6, 3. κ. ἓν ἕκαστον one by one, in detail Ac 21:19; 1 Cl 32:1 (Ath. 28, 4 καθʼ ἕκαστον). εἷς καθʼ εἷς Mk 14:19; J 8:9; cp. Ro 12:5 (B-D-F §305; Rob. 460). κ. ἑκατὸν καὶ κ. πεντήκοντα in hundreds and in fifties Mk 6:40.ⓑ περί τινος λέγειν κ. μέρος speak of someth. in detail Hb 9:5 (s. μέρος 1c). κατʼ ὄνομα (each one) by name (ἀσπάζομαι … τοὺς ἐνοίκους πάντες κα[τʼ] ὄνομα PTebt [III A.D.] 422, 11–16; Jos., Vi. 86) J 10:3; 3J 15 (cp. BGU 27, 18); ISm 13:2.④ marker of intention or goal, for the purpose of, for, to (Thu. 6, 31, 1 κ. θέαν ἥκειν=to look at something; cp. Sb 7263, 6 [254 B.C.]; X., An. 3, 5, 2 καθʼ ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι; Arrian, Anab. 1, 17, 12; 4, 5, 1; 21, 9; 6, 17, 6; 26, 2; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 29; Anton. Lib., Fab. 24, 1 Δημήτηρ ἐπῄει γῆν ἅπασαν κ. ζήτησιν τῆς θυγατρός; 38; Jdth 11:19) κ. τὸν καθαρισμὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων for the Jewish ceremonial purification J 2:6. κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω to my shame 2 Cor 11:21 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 268 κ. τιμὴν τ. θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν). ἀπόστολος … κ. πίστιν … καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν an apostle … for the faith … and the knowledge Tit 1:1 (but the mng. ‘in accordance with’ is also prob.).⑤ marker of norm of similarity or homogeneity, according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, according toⓐ to introduce the norm which governs someth.α. the norm of the law, etc. (OGI 56, 33; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 352, 11 κ. τὰ κελευσθέντα [as Just., D. 78, 7]; POxy 37 II, 8) κ. τὸν νόμον (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51; Just., D. 10, 1 al.; Ath. 31, 1; κ. τοὺς νόμους Ἀρεοπαγείτης, letter of MAurelius: ZPE 8, ’71, 169, ln. 27) Lk 2:22; J 18:31; 19:7; Hb 7:5. τὰ κ. τ. νόμον what is to be done according to the law Lk 2:39 (cp. EpArist 32). κ. τὸ ὡρισμένον in accordance w. what has been determined 22:22. Cp. 1:9; 2:24, 27, 42; Ac 17:2; 22:3. κ. τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου Ro 2:16; 16:25a; 2 Ti 2:8. κ. τὸ εἰρημένον Ro 4:18 (cp. Ath. 28, 1 κ. τὰ προειρημένα). κ. τὰς γραφάς (Just., D. 82, 4; cp. Paus. 6, 21, 10 κ. τὰ ἔπη=according to the epic poems; Just., A I, 32, 14 κ. τὸ λόγιον, D. 67, 1 κ. τὴν προφητείαν ταύτην) 1 Cor 15:3; cp. Js 2:8. κ. τὴν παράδοσιν Mk 7:5 (Tat. 39, 1 κ. τὴν Ἑλλήνων παράδοσιν).—κ. λόγον as one wishes (exx. in Dssm., B 209 [not in BS]; also PEleph 13, 1; 3 Macc 3:14) Ac 18:14 (though 5bβ below is also prob.).—It can also stand simply w. the acc. of the pers. according to whose will, pleasure, or manner someth. occurs κ. θεόν (cp. Socrat., Ep. 14, 5 κ. θεόν; 26, 2; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 1 Jac. and Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 84 §352 κ. δαίμονα; Jos., Ant. 4, 143 ὁ κ. τοῦτον[=θεόν] βίος; Just., D. 5, 1 κ. τινας … Πλατωνικούς; Tat. 1, 3 κ. … τὸν κωμικόν) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9–11; κ. Χριστὸν Ἰ. Ro 15:5. κ. κύριον 2 Cor 11:17. Cp. 1 Pt 1:15. κ. τ. Ἕλληνας in the manner of the Greeks, i.e. polytheists PtK 2, p. 14, 1; 7. κ. Ἰουδαίους ln. 25.β. the norm according to which a judgment is rendered, or rewards or punishments are given ἀποδοῦναι τινι κ. τ. πρᾶξιν or ἔργα αὐτοῦ (Ps 61:13; Pr 24:12; Just., A I, 12, 1; 17, 4 al.; κατʼ ἀξίαν τῶν πράξεων) Mt 16:27; Ro 2:6; 2 Ti 4:14; Rv 2:23. μισθὸν λήμψεται κ. τ. ἴδιον κόπον 1 Cor 3:8. κρίνειν κ. τι J 7:24; 8:15; 1 Pt 1:17; cp. Ro 2:2.γ. of a standard of any other kind κ. τ. χρόνον ὸ̔ν ἠκρίβωσεν in accordance w. the time which he had ascertained Mt 2:16. κ. τ. πίστιν ὑμῶν acc. to your faith 9:29. κ. τ. δύναμιν acc. to his capability 25:15 (Just., D. 139, 4; Tat. 12, 3; cp. Just., A II, 13, 6 κ. δύναμιν). Cp. Lk 1:38; 2:29; Ro 8:4; 10:2; Eph 4:7. ἀνὴρ κ. τ. καρδίαν μου Ac 13:22 (καρδία 1bε).δ. Oft. the norm is at the same time the reason, so that in accordance with and because of are merged: οἱ κ. πρόθεσιν κλητοί Ro 8:28. κατʼ ἐπιταγὴν θεοῦ 16:26; 1 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Eph 3:3 (Just., D. 78, 2). οἱ καθʼ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ Ro 2:7. κατʼ ἐκλογήν 11:5 (Just., D. 49, 1). Cp. κ. τὴν βουλήν Eph 1:11 (Just., A I, 63, 16 al.); 2 Th 2:9; Hb 7:16. κ. τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what shall I know this? (cp. Gen 15:8) Lk 1:18.—Instead of ‘in accordance w.’ κ. can mean simply because of, as a result of, on the basis of (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 219 D.: κ. τοὺς νόμους; Jos., Ant. 1, 259; 278; Just., A I, 54, 1 κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τῶν φαύλων δαιμόνων; Ath. 7, 1 κ. συμπάθειαν τῆς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ πνοῆς; 32, 1 κ. χρησμόν). κ. πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any and every reason (αἰτία 1) Mt 19:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Gal 2:2. Cp. Ro 2:5; 1 Cor 12:8 (κ. τ. πνεῦμα = διὰ τοῦ πν.); Eph 1:5; 4:22b; Phil 4:11; 1 Ti 5:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; κ. ἀνάγκην Phlm 14 (Ar. 1, 2; 4, 2 al.; Just., A I, 30, 1; 61, 10; Ath. 24, 2); IPol 1:3. ὁ κ. τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς 1 Pt 1:3.—καθʼ ὅσον (Thu. 4, 18, 4) in so far as, inasmuch as Hb 3:3. καθʼ ὅσον …, κ. τοσοῦτο in so far as …, just so far (Lysias 31, 8; Galen, De Dignosc. Puls. 3, 2, VIII 892 K.) 7:20, 22.ⓑ as a periphrasis to express equality, similarity, or example in accordance with, just as, similar(ly) to (TestJob 32:6 τίς γὰρ κ. σε ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου; Tat. 25, 1 κ. … τὸν Πρωτέα like Proteus; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 50: sheep are not burden-bearers κ. τοὺς ὄνους=as donkeys are).α. κ. τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ ποιεῖτε do not do as they do Mt 23:3. κ. Ἰσαάκ just as Isaac Gal 4:28. κ. θεὸν κτισθείς Eph 4:24 (Synes., Prov. 2, 2 p. 118c κ. θεόν=just as a god). Cp. Col 3:10. κ. τὸν τύπον Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40; Mel., P. 58, 424 [νόμον v.l.]). Cp. 5:6 (Ps 109:4); 8:9 (Jer 38: 32); Js 3:9.—κ. τὰ αὐτά in (just) the same way (OGI 56, 66; PEleph 2, 6; 1 Macc 8:27; 12:2; Just., D. 1, 2; 3, 5; 113, 3) Lk 6:23, 26; 17:30; Dg 3:1. On the other hand, the sing. κ. τὸ αὐτό Ac 14:1 means together (marriage contract PEleph 1, 5 [IV B.C.] εἶναι ἡμᾶς κ. ταὐτό; 1 Km 11:11). καθʼ ὸ̔ν τρόπον just as (2 Macc 6:20; 4 Macc 14:17) Ac 15:11; 27:25. καθʼ ὅσον …, οὕτως (just) as …, so Hb 9:27. κ. πάντα τρόπον in every way (PSI 520, 16 [250 B.C.]; PCairZen 631, 2; 3 Macc 3:24) Ro 3:2. κ. μηδένα τρόπον (PMagd 14, 9 [221 B.C.]; PRein 7, 31; 3 Macc 4:13; 4 Macc 4:24; Just., D. 35, 7; s. Reader, Polemo 262) 2 Th 2:3. Cp. Johannessohn, Kasus, 1910, 82. κατά w. acc. serves in generalβ. to indicate the nature, kind, peculiarity or characteristics of a thing (freq. as a periphrasis for the adv.; e.g. Antiochus of Syracuse [V B.C.]: 555 Fgm. 12 Jac. κ. μῖσος=out of hate, filled with hate) κατʼ ἐξουσίαν with authority or power Mk 1:27. κ. συγκυρίαν by chance Lk 10:31. κ. ἄγνοιαν without knowing Ac 3:17 (s. ἄγνοια 2a). κ. ἄνθρωπον 1 Cor 3:3 al. (s. Straub 15; Aeschyl., Th. 425; ἄνθρωπος 2b). κ. κράτος powerfully, Ac 19:20 (κράτος 1a). κ. λόγον reasonably, rightly (Pla.; Polyb. 1, 62, 4; 5; 5, 110, 10; Jos., Ant. 13, 195; PYale 42, 24 [12 Jan., 229 B.C.]) 18:14 (but s. above 5aα). λέγειν τι κ. συγγνώμην οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν say someth. as a concession, not as a command 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. κ. τάξιν in (an) order(ly manner) 1 Cor 14:40 (τάξις 2). κατʼ ὀφθαλμοδουλίαν with eye-service Eph 6:6. μηδὲν κατʼ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κ. κενοδοξίαν Phil 2:3. κ. ζῆλος zealously 3:6a, unless this pass. belongs under 6 below, in its entirety. κ. σάρκα on the physical plane Ro 8:12f; 2 Cor 1:17; also 5:16ab, if here κ. ς. belongs w. οἴδαμεν or ἐγνώκαμεν (as Bachmann, JWeiss, H-D Wendland, Sickenberger take it; s. 7a below). καθʼ ὑπερβολήν (PTebt 42, 5f [c. 114 B.C.] ἠδικημένος καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὸ, Ἁρμιύσιος; 4 Macc 3:18) beyond measure, beyond comparison Ro 7:13; 1 Cor 12:31; 2 Cor 4:17. καθʼ ὁμοιότητα (Aristot.; Gen 1:12; Philo, Fug. 51; Tat. 12, 4 κ. τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῇ) in a similar manner Hb 4:15b. κ. μικρόν in brief B 1:5 (μικρός 1eγ).⑥ denoting relationship to someth., with respect to, in relation to κ. σάρκα w. respect to the flesh, physically of human descent Ro 1:3; 4:1; 9:3, 5 (Ar. 15, 7 κ. σάρκα … κ. ψυχήν; Just., D. 43, 7 ἐν τῷ γένει τῷ κ. σάρκα τοῦ Ἀβραάμ al.). κ. τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 7:22 (cp. POxy 904, 6 πληγαῖς κατακοπτόμενον κ. τὸ σῶμα). Cp. Ro 1:4; 11:28; Phil 3:5, 6b (for vs. 6a s. 5bβ above); Hb 9:9b. τὰ κ. τινα (Hdt. 7, 148; Diod S 1, 10, 73; Aelian, VH 2, 20; PEleph 13, 3; POxy 120, 14; Tob 10:9; 1 Esdr 9:17; 2 Macc 3:40; 9:3 al.) someone’s case, circumstances Ac 24:22 (cp. PEleph 13, 3 τὰ κ. σε; Just., A I, 61, 13 τὰ κ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν πάντα, D. 102, 2 τὰ κ. αὐτόν; Ath. 24, 4 τὸ κ. τοὺς ἀγγέλους); 25:14; Eph 6:21; Phil 1:12; Col 4:7. κ. πάντα in all respects (since Thu. 4, 81, 3; Sb 4324, 3; 5761, 22; SIG 834, 7; Gen 24:1; Wsd 19:22; 2 Macc 1:17; 3 Macc 5:42; JosAs 1:7; Just., A II, 4, 4, D. 35, 8 al.); Ac 17:22; Col 3:20, 22a; Hb 2:17 (Artem. 1, 13 αὐτῷ ὅμοιον κ. π.); 4:15a.⑦ Somet. the κατά phrase, which would sound cumbersome in the rendering ‘such-and-such’, ‘in line with’, or ‘in accordance with’, is best rendered as an adj., a possessive pron., or with a genitival construction to express the perspective from which something is perceived or to be understood. In translation it thus functions asⓐ an adj. (Synes., Kingdom 4 p. 4d τὰ κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἔργα i.e. the deeds that are commensurate with that which is exceptional = virtuous deeds; PHib 27, 42 ταῖς κ. σελήνην ἡμέραις; 4 Macc 5:18 κ. ἀλήθειαν=ἀληθής; Just., A I, 2, 1 τοὺς κ. ἀλήθειαν εὐσεβεῖς; Tat. 26, 2 τῆς κ. ἀλήθειαν σοφίας) οἱ κ. φύσιν κλάδοι the natural branches Ro 11:21. ἡ κατʼ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλία 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Tit 1:1b. οἱ κ. σάρκα κύριοι the earthly masters (in wordplay, anticipating the κύριος who is in the heavens, vs. 9) Eph 6:5. Cp. 2 Cor 5:16b, in case (s. 5bβ above) κ. ς. belongs w. Χριστόν (as the majority, incl. Ltzm., take it): a physical Christ, a Christ in the flesh, in his earthly relationships (σάρξ 5). Correspondingly in vs. 16a κ. ς. would be taken w. οὐδένα: no one simply as a physical being.—JMartyn, JKnox Festschr., ’67, 269–87.ⓑ a possessive pron., but with limiting force (Demosth. 2, 27 τὰ καθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμματα [i.e. in contrast to the activities of others: ‘your own’]; Aelian, VH 2, 42 ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἀρετή; 3, 36; OGI 168, 17 παραγεγονότες εἰς τοὺς καθʼ ὑμᾶς τόπους; SIG 646, 6; 807, 15 al.; UPZ 20, 9 [II B.C.] ἐπὶ τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς λειτουργίας; PTebt 24, 64; 2 Macc 4:21; Tat. 42, 1 τίς ὁ θεὸς καὶ τίς ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ποίησις; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7 ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς φιλοσοφία) τῶν καθʼ ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν τινες some of your (own) poets Ac 17:28. ἡ καθʼ ὑμᾶς πίστις Eph 1:15. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς νόμος Ac 18:15. τὸ κατʼ ἐμὲ πρόθυμον my eagerness Ro 1:15.ⓒ a gen. w. a noun (Polyb. 3, 113, 1 ἡ κ. τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολή; 2, 48, 2; 3, 8, 1 al.; Diod S 14, 12 ἡ κ. τὸν τύραννον ὠμότης; Dionys. Hal. 2, 1; SIG 873, 5 τῆς κ. τ. μυστήρια τελετῆς; 569, 22; 783, 20; PTebt 5, 25; PLond III, 1164k, 20 p. 167 [212 A.D.] ὑπὸ τοῦ κ. πατέρα μου ἀνεψιοῦ) τὰ κ. Ἰουδαίους ἔθη the customs of the Judeans Ac 26:3 (Tat. 12, 5 τῇ κ. Βαβυλωνίους προγνωστικῇ; 34, 2 ἡ κ. τὸν Ἀριστόδημον πλαστική). Cp. 27:2. ἡ κ. πίστιν δικαιοσύνη the righteousness of faith Hb 11:7. ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις purpose of election Ro 9:11.—Here also belong the titles of the gospels εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ματθαῖον etc., where κατά is likew. periphrasis for a gen. (cp. JLydus, De Mag. 3, 46 p. 136, 10 Wünsch τῆς κ. Λουκανὸν συγγραφῆς; Herodian 2, 9, 4 of an autobiography ἐν τῷ καθʼ αὑτὸν βίῳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 18 τ. καθʼ αὐτὸν ἱστορίαν; 2 Macc 2:13. Cp. B-D-F §163; 224, 2; Zahn, Einleitung §49; BBacon, Why ‘According to Mt’? Exp., 8th ser., 16, 1920, 289–310).—On the periphrasis of the gen. by κατά s. Rudberg (ἀνά beg.) w. many exx. fr. Pla. on. But it occurs as early as Thu. 6, 16, 5 ἐν τῷ κατʼ αὐτοὺς βίῳ.—M-M. DELG. EDNT. TW. -
16 μάσσω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `knead (dough), press a plastic material in a form, strike, wipe off, pull, represent' (τ 92).Other forms: Att. μάττω, - ομαι, aor. μάξαι, - σθαι, pass. μαγῆναι, μαχθῆναι, perf. midd. μέμαγμαι, act. μέμαχα (Ar.).Derivatives: Many derivv. 1. ἐκμαγεῖον ( μαγεῖον Longin.) `mass, in which prints are made, offprint, mould, towel, serviette' (IA.). 2. μαγίς, - ίδος f. `kneaded mass, cake, kneading trough, dresser' (Hp., Com, S.). 3. μάγμα n. `kneaded mass, thick salve, smear' (pap., Plin.), ἔκ-, ἀπό-μαγμα `offprint, duster, wiped off dirt' (Hp., S., Thphr.), μαγμον τὸ καθάρσιον H. 4. ἔκ-, ἀνά-μαξις `wiping off' (Arist.). -- 5. μαγεύς m. `kneeader, baker, who wipes off' (Poll., AP, H.), prob. directly from verb (after Boßhardt 81 from *μαγή). 6. μακτήρ ἡ κάρδοπος, ἡ πυελίς. καὶ διφθέρα. καὶ ὀρχήσεως σχῆμα H. (on the dance name Lawler AmJPh 71, 70ff.); ( ἀπο-, κατα-)μάκτης `kneader, who wipes off' ( Com. Adesp., H.), f., ἀπομάκτρια (Poll.). 7. μάκτρα f. `baking trough' (Com., X.), `trough, bathing tub, sarcophagus' (hell.; wr. μάκρα, Schwyzer 337); ( ἔκ-, ἀπό-)-μάκτρον `offprint, towel etc.' (E., Ar.). 8. μακτήριον = μάκτρα (Plu.). 9. μακτρισμός name of a dance (Ath.; after κορδακισμός; cf. on μακτήρ above) with - ίστρια name of a danceress (ebd.). -- 10. ἀπομαγδαλιά (Ar., Plu., Gal.), μαγδαλιά (Gal.; - έα Hippiatr.) `bread crumb for handwashing'; like ἁρμαλιά, φυταλιά etc. (Scheller Oxytonierung 90), but with unexplained δ (after *ἀπομάγδην?). -- 11. With auslaut. κ: μακαρία βρῶμα ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων H. -- On μᾶζα s. v.Etymology: For comparison we have words with final g, IE *maǵ-, esp. in Germanic and Baltoslavic, e.g. NHG machen, OS makōn `make, erect, build', if prop. `knead, form', OCS mažǫ, mazati `smear, salve'; further Celt., e.g. Bret. meza `knead'; uncertain Arm. macanim, macnum `stick fast, congeal'. On the other hand we find a final k with nasal, IE * menk-, in Lith. mìnkau, mánkau, - yti `knead a weak masse', OCS mǫka, Russ. muká `flour' and many other Baltoslavic words; from Germ. one might consider NHG mengen, OE mengan etc., if prop. `knead together'; from Skt. macate `crush etc.' (Dhātup.). Further there are a few longvowel words without nasal: Latv. màcu, màkt `press, plague' and Lat. māceria `wall)kneaded from loam'. -- Of the Greek word only the isolated μακαρία has a clear tenuis, as μάσσω (first from *μακ-ι̯ω) can be explained as a deviation. As however also μαγῆναι as well as the nominal γ-forms can be so explained (cf. Schwyzer 760), one can explain Greek if necessary with IE * menk. A suppletive system * menk (: μακαρία, μάσσω): maǵ-(: μαγῆναι) is conceivable -- WP. 2, 224, 226f., 268, Pok. 696f., 698, 730f., W.-Hofmann s. māceria, Fraenkel s. mìnkyti u. mė́šlas, Vasmer s. mázatь, muká, mjágkij; s. also Bq. - One retains some doubts however; note among other things the form - μαγδαλιά; further the supposed interchange * menk-: *meh₂ǵ- arouses suspicion.Page in Frisk: 2,180-181Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάσσω
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17 ῥαπίζω
A strike with a stick, cudgel, thrash, τινα Xenoph.7.4, Hippon.64 ([voice] Pass.), Hdt.7.35, 223, D.25.57, LXX Jd.16.25, Plb.8.6.6, Phld.Ir.p.40 W.;τινὰ ῥάβδῳ Anacreont.29.2
:—[voice] Pass., ῥ. ἐκ τῶν ἀγώνων to be flogged off the course, Heraclit.42, cf. Hdt.8.59: [dialect] Ion. [tense] pf. part.,ῥεραπισμένα νῶτα Anacr.166
.II slap in the face (later for [dialect] Att. ἐπὶ κόρρης πατάξαι) , ἐπὶ κόρρης ῥ. (metaph.) Plu.2.713c;κατὰ κόρρης Ach.Tat.2.24
;εἰς τὴν σιαγόνα Ev.Matt.5.39
:—[voice] Pass.,ῥαπισθῆναί τε καὶ πληγὰς λαβεῖν ἁπαλαῖσι χερσίν Timocl.22.5
;ἐρραπίσθη τὴν γνάθον Hyp.Fr.97
, cf. AB300; ῥαπίζειν distd. from κολαφίζειν, Ev.Matt.26.67. -
18 σκάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to dig, to dig out, to work the earth', κατα- σκάπτω `to inter, to bury', usu. `to demolish, to raze to the ground, to destroy' (h. Merc., Pi.).Other forms: Aor. σκάψαι (IA.), fut. σκάψω, perf. ἔσκαφα, midd. ἔσκαμμαι (Att.), aor. pass. σκαφ-ῆναι (E., hell.), fut. - ήσομαι (J. a. o.),Compounds: Often w. prefix, esp. κατα-.Derivatives: Several derivv. (on the forms with φ cf. bel.): 1. σκάφη f. `winnow, bowl, trough, dish', also `ship' (IA.); σκάφος n. `hull of a ship', poet. also `ship' (IA.), rarely (as nom. act.) `the digging' (Hes. Op. 572, Gp.). 2. Diminut.: σκαφ-ίς, - ίδος f. `cup' (ι 223, Hp., Ar. a. o.), also `barge' and `spade' (hell. a. late); - ίον n. `bowl, cup' (com., hell. a. late), also as des. of a hair-dress (Ar., on the development of the meaning Solmsen Wortforsch. 203 ff. [disputable]), `barge' (Str., Hld.); - ίδιον n. `winnow, ship' (hell. a. late). 3. σκαφ-ίτης m. approx. `boatman' (Anon. ap. Demetr., Str.; Redard 44f.). 4. σκαφή f. `the digging' (hell. pap. a.o., Hdn. Gr. 1, 345), also `grave' (Bithynia; or σκάφη ?); often prefixcompp., esp. κατασκαφ-ή, often pl. - αί `tomb, demolition, destruction' (trag., also Att. prose); adj. κατασκαφ-ής `butied' (S.). 5. σκαφ-ιά f. `ditch, grave' (Halaesa Ia). 6. σκαφ-εύς m. `digger' (E., Archipp., hell. a. late; rather directly from σκάπτω than with Bosshardt 40 from σκαφή), also (from σκάφη) `dish, σκαφηφόρος' ( Com. Adesp.); from σκάφη also σκαφ-εύω `to empty in a trough' (Ctes., Plu.) with - ευσις (Eun.); besides - ευσις, - εία f. `the digging' (Suid.), - εῖον n. `shovel', also `bowl, cup' (= - ίον; youngatt. hell.) with - είδιον (Hdn. Epim.), - ευτής = fossor (Gloss.). 7. σκαφ-ητός m. `the digging' (Thphr., hell. a. late inscr. a. o.; after ἀλοητός a. o.), - ητροι pl. `id.' (pap. Ip); WestGr. (Delphi, Trozen a. o.) σκάπετος m. (Megara - πεδος; after δάπεδον, πέδον Solmsen Wortforsch. 196; not with Schwyzer 498 n. 13 "phonetical byform (play-)") `grave, tomb'; besides κάπετος `id.' (Il., Hp.), also `spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain σκαπέτωσις `the digging' (Trozen). 8. σκαφαλος ἀντλητήρ H. (like πάσσαλος a.o.); λ-suffix also in σκαφλεύς = σκαφεύς (Athens IVa)?; Kumanudis Rev. de phil. 87, 99f. 9. σκαπ-άνη f. `shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP a. o.), also `excavation' (Thphr.), with - ανήτης m. `digger' (Zonar)., - ανεύς m. `id.' (Lyc., Phld., Str. a. o.; Bosshardt 68), - ανεύω `to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia [Epist. Darei], Phld. Rh.). 10. σκάμμα n. `the digging, ditch, place dug up' (Pl. Lg., hell. a. late). 11. περίσκαψις f. `the digging up' (pap. VIp, Gp.). 12. σκαπτήρ, - ῆρος m. `digger' (Margites, X. ap. Poll.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 107; 2, 55, Benveniste Noms d'agent 39), f. - τειρα (AP). 13. PN Σκαπτη ὕλη (Thrace; Hdt. a. o.) with Σκαπτησυλικός (Att. inscr.), - ίτης m. (St. Byz.); on the formaytion Schwyzer 452.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.XEtymology: As common basis of the above forms, which show an analogically levelled system, can serve both σκαπ- (with analog. σκαφ- after θάπτω: τάφος, ταφῆναι a. o.) and σκαφ- (with partly phonetical partly anal. σκαπ-). In the first case Italic gives the nearest connection in the relik Lat. scapulae, Umbr. scapla (acc. sg.) `shoulder(blade)', if prop. `shovel' as primary nom. agentis (cf. σκάφαλος above). In the latter case σκάπτω agrees formally to a widespread word for `plane, scratch etc.' in Lat. scăbō, Germ., e.g. OHG scaban, Lith. skabiù ( = σκάπτω; beside this skobiù, skõbti) `scoop out with the chisel, scraper v.t.', to which also Slav., e.g. Russ. skóbelь `plane-iron' etc. (s. W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. w. lit.). Also σκάφη, σκάφος a. o. fit better with `plane, scoop out' than with `dig' (Solmsen Wortforsch. 196 ff. w. extensive treatment), without possibility to draw a clear limit. -- If one removes the s- as "movable" and assumes a vocalic variation ē̆: ō̆: ā̆, the etymological field becomes very large. If one goes even a step further and beside ( s)ke \/ o \/ a + p \/ bh- also accepyts a variant skē̆ip \/ b-, and considers that not only the above final consonants, but classifies also the varying vowels as formants or enlargements, we arrive at the `ideal' root sek- `cut etc.' (from which then also come sk-er- and sk-el-). Nobody believes, that such a "systematic" cutting up gives a right pisture of the linguistic processes. Old connections with κόπτω, perh. also with σκέπαρνος (s. vv. w. lit.; to this further still NPers. kāfađ `dig, split') a. cogn. with all kinds of crosses and deviations (!) may be possible, but cannot be demonstrated in detail. -- S. still σκήπτω and σκίπων. -- Frisk's discussion of σκάπτω is hopelessly dated; it refers clearly to Pok. 930 ff.; e.g. we now know that PIE did not have an ablaut e\/a; so the words with -e- must be omitted. I would strike the comparison with Lat. scapula (both for form and meaning). Also Lith. skobiù, skõbti, as Greek has no form with long ā. I think that the forms ( σ)κάπετος (s.v.) may be Pre-Greek, and so the other forms with σκαπ-; as also σκάφαλος and the strange σκαφλεύς. The other forms seem based on * skabh-, as in Lat. scabō and Germ., e.g. OHG scaban. I suggest that this form is a loan of a Eur. substratum.Page in Frisk: 2,718-720Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάπτω
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19 καταβάλλω
καταβάλλω fut. καταβαλῶ LXX; 2 aor. κατέβαλον; pf. 3 sg. καταβέβληκε Pr 7:26. Pass.: aor. ptc. καταβληθείς 4 Macc 12:1; pf. ptc. καταβεβλημένη Pr 25:28 (s. βάλλω; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 23:1; TestJob 18:1; ApcEsdr 5:12 p. 30, 6 [τὸν σπόρον … ἐν τῇ γῇ; cp. Ath. 33, 1]; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat., Ath.).① to strike with sufficient force so as to knock down, throw down, strike down act. and pass. (X., Cyr. 1, 3, 14 et al.—‘desist from, cease’ Tat. 1, 2; 9, 3; Ath. 21, 3) τινά someone (Diod S 14, 17, 10; Appian, Liby. 111, §527; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 14, 2; Philo, Agr. 120; PsSol, TestSol, Just.; Tat. 20, 1) pass. καταβαλλόμενοι ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι struck down, but not destroyed 2 Cor 4:9; cp. Rv 12:10 v.l.② to lay someth. down with implication of permanence, found, lay (a foundation), θεμέλιον, mid. (Dionys. Hal. 3, 69 τοὺς θεμελίους; Porphyr., Abst. 8, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 93; 15, 391; cp. 2 Macc 2:13 βιβλιοθήκην; EpArist 104) in imagery (so e.g. of the founding of a philos. school Plut., Mor. 329a) Hb 6:1.—M-M. -
20 καταπλήσσω
καταπλήσσω mid. aor. 3 sg. κατεπλήξατο (Just., A I, 56, 2). Pass.: aor. κατεπλάγην LXX; perf. pass. ptc. καταπεπληγμένοι 3 Macc 2:23 (s. πλήσσω; Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Just.; variously ‘strike down, terrify, amaze’). In a transf. sense from ‘strike down’ amaze, astound τινά someone (Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 100; Jos., Ant. 14, 370; Just., A I, 56, 2) IPol 3:1. Perf. pass. καταπέπληγμαι in act. sense be amazed, astounded τὶ at someth. (class.; PSI 502, 8 [III B.C.]; cp. 2 Macc 3:24; Philo, Post. Cai. 147; Jos., Vi. 120) οὗ καταπέπληγμαι τὴν ἐπιείκειαν at whose gentleness I am amazed IPhld 1:1.
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