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121 Telford, Thomas
[br]b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotlandd. 2 September 1834 London, England.[br]Scottish civil engineer.[br]Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.IMcN -
122 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlandsd. 4 February 1656 probably London, England[br]Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.[br]At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1628.Further ReadingL.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.KM / LRDBiographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius
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123 Watson, George Lennox
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1851 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 12 November 1904 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish designer of some of the world's largest sailing and powered yachts, principal technical adviser to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.[br]Almost all of Watson's life was spent in or around the City of Glasgow; his formal education was at the city's High School and at the age of 16 he entered the yard and drawing offices of Robert Napier's Govan Shipyard. Three years later he crossed the River Clyde and started work in the design office of the Pointhouse Shipyard of A. \& J.Inglis, and there received the necessary grounding of a naval architect. Dr John Inglis, the Principal of the firm, encouraged Watson, ensured that he was involved in advanced design work and allowed him to build a yacht in a corner of the shipyard in his spare time.At the early age of 22 Watson set up as a naval architect with his own company, which is still in existence 120 years later. In 1875, assisted by two carpenters, Watson built the 5-ton yacht Vril to his own design. This vessel was the first with an integral heavy lead keel and its success ensured that design contracts flowed to him for new yachts for the Clyde and elsewhere. His enthusiasm and increasing skill were recognized and soon he was working on the ultimate: the America's Cup challengers Thistle, Valkyrie II, Valkyrie III and Shamrock II. The greatest accolade was the contract for the design of the J Class yacht Britannia, built by D. \& W.Henderson of Glasgow in 1893 for the Prince of Wales.The company of G.L.Watson became the world's leading designer of steam yachts, and it was usual for it to offer a full design service as well as supervise construction in any part of the world. Watson took a deep interest in the work of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and was its technical consultant for many years. One of his designs, the Watson Lifeboat, was a stalwart in its fleet for many years. In public life he lectured, took an active part in the debates on yacht racing and was recognized as Britain's leading designer.[br]Bibliography1881, Progress in Yachting and Yacht-Building, Glasgow Naval and Marine Engineering Catalogue, London and Glasgow: Collins.1894, The Evolution of the Modern Racing Yacht, Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes, Vol. 1, London: Longmans Green, pp. 54–109.Further ReadingJohn Irving, 1937, The King's Britannia. The Story of a Great Ship, London: Seeley Service.FMW -
124 Williams, Thomas
[br]b. 13 May 1737 Cefn Coch, Anglesey, Walesd. 29 November 1802 Bath, England[br]Welsh lawyer, mine-owner and industrialist.[br]Williams was articled by his father, Owen Williams of Treffos in Anglesey, to the prominent Flintshire lawyer John Lloyd, whose daughter Catherine he is believed to have married. By 1769 Williams, lessee of the mansion and estate of Llanidan, was an able lawyer with excellent connections in Anglesey. His life changed dramatically when he agreed to act on behalf of the Lewis and Hughes families of Llysdulas, who had begun a lawsuit against Sir Nicholas Bayly of Plas Newydd concerning the ownership and mineral rights of copper mines on the western side of Parys mountain. During a prolonged period of litigation, Williams managed these mines for Margaret Lewis on behalf of Edward Hughes, who was established after a judgement in Chancery in 1776 as one of two legal proprietors, the other being Nicholas Bayly. The latter then decided to lease his portion to the London banker John Dawes, who in 1778 joined Hughes and Thomas Williams when they founded the Parys Mine Company.As the active partner in this enterprise, Williams began to establish his own smelting and fabricating works in South Wales, Lancashire and Flintshire, where coal was cheap. He soon broke the power of Associated Smelters, a combine holding the Anglesey mine owners to ransom. The low production cost of Anglesey ore gave him a great advantage over the Cornish mines and he secured very profitable contracts for the copper sheathing of naval and other vessels. After several British and French copper-bottomed ships were lost because of corrosion failure of the iron nails and bolts used to secure the sheathing, Williams introduced a process for manufacturing heavily work-hardened copper bolts and spikes which could be substituted directly for iron fixings, avoiding the corrosion difficulty. His new product was adopted by the Admiralty in 1784 and was soon used extensively in British and European dockyards.In 1785 Williams entered into partnership with Lord Uxbridge, son and heir of Nicholas Bayly, to run the Mona Mine Company at the Eastern end of Parys Mountain. This move ended much enmity and litigation and put Williams in effective control of all Anglesey copper. In the same year, Williams, with Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson, persuaded the Cornish miners to establish a trade cooperative, the Cornish Metal Company, to market their ores. When this began to fall in 1787, Williams took over its administration, assets and stocks and until 1792 controlled the output and sale of all British copper. He became known as the "Copper King" and the output of his many producers was sold by the Copper Offices he established in London, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1790 he became Member of Parliament for the borough of Great Marlow, and in 1792 he and Edward Hughes established the Chester and North Wales Bank, which in 1900 was absorbed by the Lloyds group.After 1792 the output of the Anglesey mines started to decline and Williams began to buy copper from all available sources. The price of copper rose and he was accused of abusing his monopoly. By this time, however, his health had begun to deteriorate and he retreated to Bath.[br]Further ReadingJ.R.Harris, 1964, The "Copper King", Liverpool University Press.ASD -
125 beam
bi:m
1. сущ.
1) балка;
брус, перекладина camber-beam ≈ бимс с прогибом (балка, верхняя поверхность которой изгибается вниз от середины) hammer-beam ≈ консольная балка
2) навой а) деревянный валок или цилиндр в ткацком станке, на который перед тканьем наматывают основу;
тж. fore-beam, yarn-beam, yarn-roll б) валок, на который по мере изготовления наматывается ткань;
тж. back-beam, breast-beam, cloth-beam
3) грядиль (большой брус на плуге, к которому прикреплены все другие части рукоятей плуга)
4) коромысло (поперечный брус, к концам которого подвешены чашки весов) ;
весы the common beam, the King's beam ист. ≈ общественные стандартные весы, прежде находившиеся под присмотром Бакалейной компании Лондона;
утвержденный стандарт kick the beam strike the beam
5) уст. дышло повозки
6) веретено (главная часть якоря) ;
шток( якоря - согласно адмиралу Смиту)
7) шатун (в паровой машине и т. п.;
тж. working- и walking-beam)
8) основной ствол оленьего рога, на котором расположены ветви или отростки рога
9) мор. а) бимс (одна из горизонтальных поперечных балок, простирающихся от одного борта судна до другого) to be on one's beam ends ≈ лежать на боку( о судне) ;
перен. быть в опасности, в безвыходном положении б) наибольшая ширина( судна) в) перен. (ширина) бедер или ягодиц, 'корма' broad in the beam ≈ широкий в бедрах
10) мор. траверз on the beam ≈ на траверзе lee beam ≈ подветренный борт weather beam ≈ наветренный борт
11) а) луч, пучок лучей( испускаемых солнцем или иным светоизлучающим телом) ;
испускаемое излучение to direct/shine a beam at ≈ направлять пучок света на что-л. б) направленный поток излучения или частиц
12) тепловой луч
13) перен. сияние;
сияющий вид;
сияющая улыбка
14) а) радиолуч (полностью radio beam, wireless beam) б) аэрон. направленное радиоизлучение, применяемое для наведения самолета или ракет be on the beam be off the beam ∙ beam in one's eye ≈ 'бревно в собственном глазу', собственный недостаток be off one's beam tip the beam turn the beam
2. гл.
1) а) излучать, испускать (лучи) б) светить, сиять
2) широко, радостно улыбаться, сиять beam with joy ≈ просиять от радости He beamed at the watch, for he could contemplate even inanimate objects with that cordiality which was especially his own. (A. J. Cronin) ≈ Он взглянул на часы с добродушной улыбкой, так как даже к неодушевленным предметам он относился с той мягкостью, которая была присуща его натуре.
3) а) радио направлять, вести направленную передачу The radio station agreed to beam the Minister's speech to the whole of Europe. ≈ Радиостанция согласилась транслировать речь министра по всей Европе. б) перен. направлять (на что-л., к чему-л.)
4) а) наводить по лучу б) обнаруживать радиолокационным методомлуч - * of sunlight солнечный луч - * of hope луч надежды - * of truth свет истины - * of comfort некоторое утешение, проблеск надежды - the *s of a smile лучезарная улыбка - to enjoy the *s of smb.'s kindness нежиться в лучах чьей-л. доброты (разговорное) лучезарная улыбка;
рот до ушей - there was a * from ear to ear on her happy face ее счастливое лицо расплылось в улыбке (физическое) луч;
пучок лучей - on the * по лучу (о направлении самолета, снаряда) ;
(разговорное) в нужном направлении - off the * с отклонением от луча (о самолете) ;
(разговорное) сбившийся с дороги, с пути (авиация) точный курс, указанный радиолучом - * radio station дирекционная радиостанция - * antenna (радиотехника) лучевая /остронаправленная/ антенна( морское) траверз - on the * на траверзе (строительство) брус;
балка;
бимс - * bridge балочный мост балка;
бревно;
перекладина (библеизм) древо( креста) (техническое) балансир;
коромысло (весов) - to strike /to kick/ the * опуститься( о чаше весов) ;
потерпеть поражение грядиль (плуга) (морское) бимс;
ширина (судна) - broad in the * широкий (о судне) (разговорное) толстозадый - to load to the *s нагрузить до предела( горное) верхняк( текстильное) ткацкий навой( устаревшее) дышло (морское) веретено якоря( авиация) лонжерон основная ветвь оленьих рогов > on the * правильно, как нужно;
все в порядке > off the * (сленг) неверный, ошибочный;
неуместный испускать лучи, светить;
сиять сиять, улыбаться лучезарной улыбкой - to * with pleasure сиять от удовольствия /радости/ - to * at /upon/ smb. приветливо /ласково/ улыбаться кому-л. - her countenance *ed with smile ее лицо сияло улыбкой - he merely sat and *ed он сидел, молчал и улыбался во весь рот( физическое) излучать (пучком) ;
концентрировать( в пучок) (радиотехника) направлять - to * program at some country вести направленную передачу (радиотехника) обнаруживать радиолокационным методом (авиация) наводить (самолет) по лучу~ мор. бимс, ширина (судна) ;
to be on one's beam ends лежать на боку( о судне) ;
перен. быть в опасности, в безвыходном положенииto be on the ~ быть на правильном пути;
to be off the beam сбиться с путиbeam тех. балансир (тж. walking beam, working beam) ;
коромысло (весов) ;
to kick (или to strike) the beam оказаться легче, подняться до предела (о чаше весов) ;
перен. потерпеть поражение ~ балка;
брус, перекладина ~ мор. бимс, ширина (судна) ;
to be on one's beam ends лежать на боку (о судне) ;
перен. быть в опасности, в безвыходном положении ~ радио вести направленную передачу ~ с.-х. грядиль (плуга) ~ уст. дышло ~ испускать лучи, излучать ~ луч, пучок лучей ~ определять местонахождение самолета с помощью радара ~ радиосигнал( для самолета) ~ радиус действия( микрофона, громкоговорителя) ~ сияние;
сияющий вид;
сияющая улыбка ~ сиять, лучезарно улыбаться;
to beam with joy просиять от радости ~ сиять;
светить ~ ткацкий навой ~ мор. траверз;
on the beam на траверзе~ aerial радио лучевая антенна~ attr.: ~ sea боковая волна~ in one's eye "бревно в собственном глазу", собственный недостаток~ attr.: ~ sea боковая волна~ сиять, лучезарно улыбаться;
to beam with joy просиять от радостиbeam тех. балансир (тж. walking beam, working beam) ;
коромысло (весов) ;
to kick (или to strike) the beam оказаться легче, подняться до предела (о чаше весов) ;
перен. потерпеть поражение kick: to ~ the beam не иметь веса, значения;
потерять значение, влияние to ~ the beam оказаться более легкой( из двух чашек весов)~ мор. траверз;
on the beam на траверзеshaped ~ вчт. сформированный лучwriting ~ вчт. записывающий луч -
126 cause
kɔ:z
1. сущ.
1) причина, основание (для действия, состояния, результата) deep-rooted, root, underlying cause ≈ глубокая причина, истинная причина immediate cause ≈ непосредственный источник leading, major cause ≈ главная причина primary cause ≈ основной источник secondary cause ≈ источник второстепенной важности ultimate cause ≈ конечная причина Syn: reason, motive, origin
2) дело;
благое дело, благотворительное предприятие to advance, champion, fight for, promote cause ≈ способствовать развитию какого-л. предприятия to serve a cause ≈ обслуживать какое-л. мероприятие to espouse, plead a cause ≈ отдаваться какому-л. делу to take up a cause ≈ рассматривать какое-л. дело good, just, worthwhile, worthy cause ≈ стоящее дело;
правое дело;
справедливое дело lost cause ≈ проигранное дело to support the cause of the workers ≈ защищать дело рабочего класса the cause of peace ≈ дело мира to make common cause with smb. ≈ объединяться с кем-л. ради общего дела in the cause of science in a good cause
3) юр. уголовное дело, судебный процесс plead a cause Syn: case
4) вопрос, требующий решения/рассмотрения
2. гл. послужить причиной/поводом для чего-л.;
мотивировать что-л. to cause smb. to be informed ≈ поставить кого-л. в известность to cause a thing to be done ≈ велеть что-л. выполнить The ruin of the empire was caused by the loss of freedom and the growth of despotism. ≈ Крушение империи было вызвано потерей свободы и усилением деспотической власти. Syn: effect, bring about, produce, induce, make причина, основание;
- * and effect причина и следствие;
- root *s коренные причины;
- first * of all *s причина всех причин;
- * of death причина смерти;
- the *s of war причины войны;
- to stay away from school without good * пропускать занятия без уважительных причин;
- he is the * of all our troubles все наши беды от него, он является причиной всех бед;
- there is no * for anxiety нет оснований для тревоги мотив, повод, причина;
- just * убедительный мотив;
полное основание, полное право;
- a * of action повод к действиям;
- without * без повода, без оснований, без причин;
беспричинно;
- * for divorce основание для развода;
мотивы, по которым брак должен быть расторгнут;
- * for rejoicing повод для торжества дело;
общее дело;
- the * of peace дело мира;
- the * of the workers дело рабочего класса;
- to make common * with smb. объединяться с кем-л ради общего дела;
- in the * of science ради общего дела;
- in the * of science ради науки;
- he died for the C. он погиб за общее дело;
- good * правое дело;
- to work in a good * бороться за правое дело;
- lost * безнадежное дело;
- to fight in the * of justice бороться за справедливость;
- to fight in the * of the oppressed бороться на стороне угнетенных;
- no one should be judge in his own * никто не может быть судьей в своем собственном деле (юридическое) судебное дело, процесс;
- to plead a * вести процесс, защищать дело в суде;
- to gain one's * выиграть процесс мотивы или соображения, высказываемые стороной;
- to show * привести основания;
представить доводы;
- * of action основание для предъявления иска быть причиной, служить поводом;
вызвать;
причинять;
- what *d his death? от чего он умер?, что стало причиной его смерти?;
- what *s the lides? почему бывают приливы? заставлять;
побуждать;
добиваться;
- he *d me to go он заставил меня уйти;
- it *d my going я ушел из-за этого;
- the King *d him to be put to death он был казнен по приказу короля;
- to * smb. to be informed поставить кого-л в известность;
- he *d the letter to be sent письмо было отправлено по его приказанию;
- we *d the roof to be mended нам починили крышу;
мы починили крышу be the ~ of быть причиной ~ заставлять;
to cause a thing to be done велеть (что-л.) выполнить ~ before the High Court дело, рассматриваемое в Высоком суде (Великобритания) ~ celebre знаменитый судебный процесс ~ of action мотив действия ~ of action основание для предъявления иска ~ of action причина действия ~ of cancellation причина аннулирования ~ of damage причина ущерба ~ of death причина смерти ~ of loss причина ущерба ~ дело;
to support the cause of the workers защищать дело рабочего класса;
the cause of peace дело мира cause быть причиной, причинять, вызывать;
to cause (smb.) to be informed поставить (кого-л.) в известность ~ to rise вызывать рост ~ to rise добиваться увеличения external ~ внешний повод extraneous ~ внешняя причина good ~ достаточное основание to make common ~ (with smb.) объединяться (с кем-л.) ради общего дела;
in the cause of science ради (или во имя) науки;
in a good cause чтобы сделать добро to make common ~ (with smb.) объединяться (с кем-л.) ради общего дела;
in the cause of science ради (или во имя) науки;
in a good cause чтобы сделать добро just ~ судебное дело, имеющее основания main ~ главная причина to make common ~ (with smb.) объединяться (с кем-л.) ради общего дела;
in the cause of science ради (или во имя) науки;
in a good cause чтобы сделать добро common: ~ общий;
common lot общий удел;
common interests общие интересы;
by common consent с общего согласия;
to make common cause действовать сообща ~ юр. дело, процесс;
to plead a cause защищать дело в суде primary ~ дело первостепенной важности proximate ~ непосредственная причина show ~ представлять обоснования show ~ представлять основания show: ~ проявлять;
выставлять, демонстрировать;
to show cause привести оправдание;
he showed me great kindness он проявил ко мне большое участие ~ дело;
to support the cause of the workers защищать дело рабочего класса;
the cause of peace дело мира undefended ~ судебное дело, ведущееся без защиты without due ~ без уважительной причины -
127 cigarette
ˌsɪɡəˈret сущ. сигарета;
папироса Have a cigarette! ≈ Закуривайте! to light (up) cigarette ≈ закурить сигарету to puff on a cigarette ≈ дымить сигаретой to smoke a cigarette ≈ выкурить сигарету to roll a cigarette ≈ скрутить/свернуть сигарету He used to roll his own cigarettes. ≈ Он обычно курил самокрутки. to extinguish, put out, stub out a cigarette ≈ гасить сигарету live cigarette ≈ дымящая сигарета king-size cigarette ≈ очень большая сигарета mentholated cigarette ≈ сигарета с ментолом pack of cigarettes амер., packet of cigarettes брит. ≈ упаковка сигарет, пачка сигарет filtertipped cigarette сигарета;
папироса - * paper папиросная бумага (американизм) большая моторная лодка с открытым кокпитом для прибрежных гонок cigarette сигарета;
папироса;
have a cigarette! закуривайте!;
filtertipped cigarette сигарета с фильтром cigarette сигарета;
папироса;
have a cigarette! закуривайте!;
filtertipped cigarette сигарета с фильтром cigarette сигарета;
папироса;
have a cigarette! закуривайте!;
filtertipped cigarette сигарета с фильтромБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > cigarette
-
128 peace
pi:s сущ.
1) а) мир in peace ≈ в мире to live in peace ≈ жить в мире to achieve peace, to bring about peace ≈ достигать, добиваться мира to break, disturb, shatter the peace ≈ нарушать спокойствие to impose a peace on ≈ навязать( кому-л.) мир to keep the peace ≈ сохранять мир to negotiate (a) peace with ≈ вести мирные переговоры с durable, lasting peace ≈ прочный мир fragile peace ≈ хрупкий, недолговечный мир peace campaigner ≈ борец за мир, сторонник мира peace reigns ≈ воцаряется мир peace establishment ≈ штаты мирного времени peace movement ≈ движение за мир, движение сторонников мира б) мирный договор, ратификация мирного договора Peace of Utrecht ≈ Утрехтский мир He would not break the peace, which his ancestors had made with the Christians of Malaca. (H. Cogan) ≈ Он не нарушит мирный договор, который еще его предки заключили с малакийскими христианами.
2) спокойствие, общественный порядок (тж. the peace) hold one's peace keep the peace
3) а) спокойствие, покой I shall breakfast here in peace, and quietness. (Mrs. Carlyle) ≈ Я позавтракаю здесь в тишине и покое. Syn: quiet
2., tranquillity б) мир, покой May he rest in peace! ≈ Мир праху его! Peace be with her. She is dead. ≈ Она умерла. Да упокоит Бог ее душу.
4) гармония, дружелюбие, дружелюбность, согласие (в отношениях между отдельными людьми) This question might well be omitted for peace sake. ≈ А этот вопрос можно было бы и опустить в целях избежания конфликта (для сохранения согласия). Syn: friendliness;
concord, amity
5) хладнокровие, невозмутимость, спокойствие ( о состоянии эмоциональной сферы человека, интеллектуальной деятельности) peace of mind ≈ душевное спокойствие, спокойствие духа ∙ to be sworn of the peace ≈ быть назначенным мировым судьей commission of the peace мир - just (universal) * справедливый (всеобщий) мир - lasting (stable) * прочный мир - world * всеобщий мир, мир во всем мире - * with honour почетный мир - to be at * не воевать;
умереть, уйти в лучший мир - at last the country was at * again наконец страна перестала воевать - he is at * он отправился в мир иной - to be at * with oneself успокоиться - * at any price мир любой ценой - to make * заключить мир;
мириться - to make one's * with smb. мириться с кем-либо мирное время - * establishment( военное) штаты мирного времени - * strength( военное) численность по штатам мирного времени мирный договор (также the Peace) - (a) * was signed between the two countries между этими двумя странами был подписан мирный договор спокойствие, порядок (the *) - the (the King's, the Queen's) * общественный порядок - breach of the * нарушение общественного порядка - to keep (to break) the * соблюдать( нарушать) общественный порядок - a commission of the * патент (назначение) на должность мирового судьи;
коллегия мировых судей покой, спокойствие;
тишина - * in the home мир и спокойствие в доме - * of mind душевный покой - * of the evening вечерняя тишина - in * в покое( тишине) - for one's own * of mind для собственного спокойствия - to feel in * with myself у меня на душе спокойно - to leave smb. in * оставить кого-либо в покое - to give smb. no * не давать кому-либо покоя;
не оставлять кого-либо в покое - he gave me ni * until... он не оставлял меня в покое, пока... - * and quiet(ness) мир и тишина - to hold (to keep) one's (устаревшее) промолчать;
соблюдать спокойствие (возвышенно) мир, покой - may he rest in *! мир праху его! - * attend you! мир вам! ~ мир;
peace of the world мир во всем мире;
peace with honour почетный мир;
at peace with в мире с ~ establishment воен. штаты мирного времени;
to be sworn of the peace быть назначенным мировым судьей commission of the ~ коллегия мировых судей commission of the ~ патент на звание мирового судьи disturbing the ~ нарушающий общественный порядок domestic ~ мир в семье to hold one's ~ молчать to hold one's ~ соблюдать спокойствие;
in peace в покое;
to keep the peace сохранять мир;
соблюдать порядок to hold one's ~ соблюдать спокойствие;
in peace в покое;
to keep the peace сохранять мир;
соблюдать порядок to hold one's ~ соблюдать спокойствие;
in peace в покое;
to keep the peace сохранять мир;
соблюдать порядок to make ~ мирить(ся) ;
to make one's peace (with smb.) мириться (с кем-л.) to make ~ заключать мир to make ~ мирить(ся) ;
to make one's peace (with smb.) мириться (с кем-л.) peace мир, покой;
may he rest in peace! мир праху его! negotiated ~ мир, достигнутый в результате переговоров peace мир, покой;
may he rest in peace! мир праху его! ~ мир;
peace of the world мир во всем мире;
peace with honour почетный мир;
at peace with в мире с ~ мир ~ (обыкн. P.) мирный договор ~ спокойствие, тишина, общественный порядок (тж. the peace) ;
peace of mind спокойствие духа;
peace! тише! замолчите! ~ спокойствие, тишина, общественный порядок (тж. the peace) ;
peace of mind спокойствие духа;
peace! тише! замолчите! ~ attr. мирный;
peace treaty мирный договор;
peace movement движение сторонников мира;
peace campaigner борец за мир, сторонник мира ~ establishment воен. штаты мирного времени;
to be sworn of the peace быть назначенным мировым судьей ~ attr. мирный;
peace treaty мирный договор;
peace movement движение сторонников мира;
peace campaigner борец за мир, сторонник мира ~ спокойствие, тишина, общественный порядок (тж. the peace) ;
peace of mind спокойствие духа;
peace! тише! замолчите! ~ мир;
peace of the world мир во всем мире;
peace with honour почетный мир;
at peace with в мире с ~ attr. мирный;
peace treaty мирный договор;
peace movement движение сторонников мира;
peace campaigner борец за мир, сторонник мира treaty: peace ~ мирный договор ~ мир;
peace of the world мир во всем мире;
peace with honour почетный мир;
at peace with в мире с social ~ социальный мир
См. также в других словарях:
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