-
81 ἰσχίον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `hip-joint, haunches' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e. g. in ἐξ-ίσχιος `standing out from the h.' (Hp.), εὑ-ίσχιος `with beautiful h.' (hell. poetry).Derivatives: Dimin. ἰσχάριον (Hero); ἰσχιακός `belonging to the h.' (Thphr.); ἰσχιάς, - άδος f. (sc. νόσος) `pain in the h.' (Hp.) with ἰσχιαδικός (medic.), as plant-name = λευκάκανθα (Dsc., as remedy against ἰσχιάς, Strömberg Theophrastea 194); ἰσχίᾱσις = ἰσχιάς (medic.; as if from *ἰσχιάω, Schwyzer 505 and 732); denomin. verb ἰσχιάζω ( ἰσχιάδδειν H.; Lac.) `bend the h.' (Prokop., Suid., Phot., H.; uncertain Gal. 18 [1] 786).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: No etym. - If ἴσχι ὀσφύς H. is correct, the formation agrees with ἄλφι, μέλι and Skt. names for parts of he body like sákthi `thigh-bone', ásthi `bone' [but these prob. have -i \< -H]. Against identification of ἴσχι and sákthi (Meringer Beitr. 3, Schulze Kl. Schr. 710 n. 8) Sommer Sprachgeschichte und Wortbedeutung 426 n. 2. (Doubtful Grošelj Razprave 2, 10 to OHG hlanca `hip': OE hlanc `schlank, mager' connecting ἰσχίον to ἰσχνός; but hlanca starts from `to bend' (NHG lenken), and the formation remains unclear. - Fur. 393 connects ἰξῡ́ς, which seems quite possible: metathesis in the latter; one might assume *ikty-, cf. on ἴξαλ-ος; also Pre-Greek had several words in -ι, which is very rare in inherited Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, 3.1b.)Page in Frisk: 1,741Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰσχίον
-
82 κρεμάννυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `hang (up)', intr. `hang, float'(Att.).Other forms: κρίμνημι and κρήμνημι, - άω (Pi., Hp., trag., com.), also κρεμαννύω and κρεμάω (Arist.), κρεμάζω (LXX), κρεμνάω (Demetr. Eloc.), intr. κρέμαμαι (Il.); aor. κρεμάσαι (Il.), pass. κρεμασθῆναι (Hdt., Att.); fut. κρεμόω (H 83), κρεμῶ (Att.), κρεμάσω (com., LXX), pass. κρεμήσομαι (Ar., hell. pap.); perf. κεκρέμακα, - αμαι (late),Derivatives: κρεμάθρα f. `hammock' (Ar.), `rope hung from a hook' (Arist.; v.l. - άστρα; s.. below); κρεμάς f. `beetling' (A. Supp. 795, lyr.); κρέμασις, - ασμός (Hp.), - ασμα (sch., Eust.), - ασία (Gloss.) `hanging up' ; κρεμαστήρ "who hangs up", name of certain muscles (medic.), `hanging stalk' (Gp.), - άστρα `hanging flower stalk' (Thphr.; Strömberg Theophrastea 116); ἐκ-, ἀπο-, περι-κρεμής `hanging off, resp. hanging around' from ἐκ-κρεμάννυμι etc.Etymology: Orig. there seem to have been a confective active aorist κρεμά-σαι and a medial present κρέμα-σθαι `hang' (indicating the situation; reshaped after the aorist?). There arose several active presents: κρίμνημι, κρήμνημι (after κρημνός?; Kretschmer KZ 31, 375; unclear Schwyzer 351), κρεμάννυμι (Schwyzer 697), and also κρεμάω, - άζω, κρεμνάω. On κρημνός, however, s.v. - To the old inherited κρεμά-σαι as well as to the other forms there are no agreeing forms outside Greek. In sense Lit. kariù, kárti `hang, hang up' agree best. Goth. hramjan `drucify', compared by Benfey and Pott, can better be left out (after Pok. 623 f. to OE hremman `lock in, hinder', OWNo. hremma `grasp, clench'; diff. again Bengtsson Ark. f. nord. fil. 57, 97 ff.: from * hrams `nail' = OWNo. hrammr `beers claw'). Further Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. kárti 1; also Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. krómy.Page in Frisk: 2,13-14Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρεμάννυμι
-
83 λῆνος
λῆνος, - ουςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `wool, fillet, fleece' (A. Eu. 44, A. R. 4, 173, 177).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1139] *hulh₁-nā `wool'.Etymology: Except for the ending (after εἶρος, πέκος?, s. Walde Stand u. Aufgaben 156) old inherited word for `wool', which is preserved in several languages: Lat. lāna, Balt., e.g. Lith. vìlna, Slav., e.g. Russ. vólna, Gerrn., e.g. Goth. wulla, Av. varǝnā, Skt. ū́rṇā, all forms, that can go back on IE *hu̯lh₁nā (cf. Schwyzer 360 f.); deviating are only Celtic forms like Welh gwlan (IE *u̯lǝnā?). The word belongs prob. as verbal noun in -nā ("pluck out, the plucked out wool") to a verb for `tear, pluck', which is retained in Lat. vellō `pluck' (not to ἁλίσκομαι); here also Lat. vellus n. `shaved wool' (IE *(?)u̯él-nos), Arm. geɫmn `id.' (IE *u̯él-mn?). Further Hitt. h̯ulana-, Luw. *h̯ulani- `wool', from * h₂ulh₁n-? In greek first the laryngeal must have disappeared, after which we had *u̯l̥h₁-n-. Details in WP. 1, 296f., Pok. 1139, W.-Hofmann s. lāna and vellus, Vasmer Wb. s. vólna.Page in Frisk: 2,117-118Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λῆνος
-
84 μάχομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `do battle' (Il.).Other forms: ep. also μαχέομαι ( μαχειόμενος, μαχεούμενον metr. lengthening), aor. μαχέσ(σ)ασθαι (Il.), μαχήσασθαι (D. S., Paus.), μαχεσθῆναι (Plu., Paus.), fut. μαχήσομαι (ep. Ion.), μαχέσ(σ)ομαι (Ion. a. late), μαχέομαι (Β 366), μαχοῦμαι (Att.; μαχεῖται Υ 26), perf. μεμάχημαι (Att.),Compounds: Often with prefix, e.g. δια-, συν-, ἀπο- (on ἀμφι μάχομαι Bolling AmJPh 81, 77ff.). As s. member in synthetic paroxytona like μονο-μάχ-ος `battling alone' (A., E.), m. `gladiator' (Str.), with μονομαχ-έω, - ία etc., ναυ-μάχ-ος `battling on sea' (AP; but ναύ-μαχος from μάχη, s. below).Derivatives: μάχη `battle' (Il.; on the meaning etc. Porzig Satzinhalte 233, Trümpy Fachausdrücke 135 f.); as 2. member e.g. in ἄ-, πρό-, σύμ-, ναύ-, ἱππό-μαχος with derivv. like προμαχ-ίζω, συμμαχ-έω, ναυμαχ-έω, - ία. Derivv. 1. μαχη-τής m. `battler' (Hom., LXX), Dor. μαχατάς (P.; H. μαχάταρ ἀντίπαλος), Aeol. μαχαίτας (Alk. Z 27, 5; hyperaeol.?), also derived from μάχομαι; Trümpy 128. 2. μάχ-ιμος `warlike, soldier of an Egyptian tribe' (IA.; after ἄλκιμος, Arbenz 42) with μαχιμικός `after the μάχιμοι' (pap.). 3. Μαχάων m. PN (Aeol. ep.), Ion. - έων, with Dor. Μαχαν-ίδας (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 207f., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 228). -- From μάχομαι also μαχ-ήμων `martial' (Μ 247, AP) and μαχ-ητός `controllable' (μ 119; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 14), ἀ-, περι-μάχ-ητος (Att.), μαχ-ητικός `prepared to fight' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 137); cf. μαχ-ήσομαι, με-μάχ-ημαι and Fraenkel 2, 79. -- Can be connected both with the noun as with the verb: -μάχᾱς, e.g. ἀπειρο-μάχᾱς `unexperienced in battle' (Pi.), λεοντο-μάχᾱς `fighting with a lion' (Theoc.); cf. Schwyzer 451.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin](X)Etymology: Beside the thematic root-present μάχομαι there is the isolated by-form μαχέομαι, prob. rather after μαχήσομαι (cf. below) than as denominative of μάχη (cf. Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 351). With μαχήσομαι: ἐμαχό-μην compare cases like ἀπ-εχθήσομαι: ἀπ-εχθόμην, μαθήσομαι: ἔμαθον, γενήσομαι: ἐγενόμην (Schwyzer 782). One is therefore prepared to see in ἐμαχόμην (to which μάχομαι was made) an original aorist, with which would agree, that the aorist in Hom. "auffallend selten gebraucht ist" (Trümpy Fachausdrücke 260 n. 333). When μαχεσθαι was reinterpreted as present a new aorist (after κοτέσσασθαι a. o.) μαχέσ-(σ)ασθαι would have arisen. After the type τελέσ(σ)αι: fut. τελῶ arose to μαχέσ(σ)ασθαι the new fut. μαχοῦμαι. -- In the field of fighting and battle old inherited expressions are hardly to be expected. The connection with a supposed Iran. PN * ha-mazan- prop. *"warrior" in Άμαζών (s. v.), with which also ἁμαζακάραν πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι, ἁμαζανίδες αἱ μηλέαι H. is as original as uncertain. Within Greek it is formally possible, to connect μάχομαι with μάχαιρα and further with μῆχαρ, μηχανή (Fick BB 26, 230), which Chantr. rightly calls improbable; cf. esp. χειρο-μάχα f. (scil. ἑταιρεία) name of the workers party in Miletos after Plu. 2, 298 c; new attempt, to find a semantic basis for the connection in Trümpy 127 f. Diff. proposals in Bq and W.-Hofmann s. mactus, mactō. - The isolated root will rather be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,187-188Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάχομαι
-
85 μέλδομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `cause to melt' (F 363), `melt' intr. (Nic. Th. 108), μέλδω `cause to melt' (Call., Man.); ἀμέλδειν τήκειν H. (s. below).Etymology: Full grade thematice root-present (cf. Schwyzer 702) with an exact parallel in Germ., OE meltan `melt, flow away' with the caus. mieltan `dissolve' (\< * maltjan) = OWNo. melta `malt'; beside it with inital s- OHG smelzan, NHG schmelzen; the verbs have in Germ. many derivv., e.g. Goth. ga-malteins ' ἀνάλυσις, analysis'. Further forms e.g. in WP. 2, 288f., Pok. 718. Unclear is Greek ἀμαλδύνω and ἁμέλδειν s.vv. -- The verb was in Greek superseded by inherited τήκω.Page in Frisk: 2,199-200Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέλδομαι
-
86 νόος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `mind, sense, intellect, reason, purpose' (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-νοος, - νους `wellminded' with εὑνο-έω, - ίη, - ιᾰ etc. (IA.); also as 1. member, a.o. in the compounds νου-θετ-έω `put in mind, admonish' (after νομοθετ-έω: νομο-θέ-της: νόμον θεῖναι a.o.) with νουθέ-τησις, - τημα, - σία, - τεία a.o. (IA.); νουν-εχ-ής `prudent', adv. νουνεχ-ῶς, - όντως (: νοῦν ἔχει, ἔχων, Schwyzer 452).Derivatives: Nouns: 1. νοερός `mindful, intellectual' (Heraclit., Arist.); 2. νοήρης `prudent, capable' (Herod., H.); 3. νοότης, - ητος f. `intellectuality' (Procl.); 4. νόαρ n. `illusion, phantom' (Theognost.; archaising innovation). -- Verbs: A. νοέω, aor. νοῆσαι (contr. νῶσαι) etc., very often with prefix (partly hypostasis with νοῦς) in diff. meanings, e.g. δια-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, προ-, μετα-, συν-, `meditate, observe, think, devise, have in mind' (Il.); from this 1. νόη-μα n. `thought, intelligence, decision' (Il.) with - μάτιον (Arr.), - ματικός (sp.). - μων `thoughtful, prudent' (Od., Hdt.); 2. νόη-σις ( νῶσις) f. `oberving, understand, thinking', also διανόη-σις etc. (IA.); 3. προ-, δια-νοία, - νοιᾰ f. etc. `care' resp. `meditating, thought, intention' (IA.); 4. νοη-τικός ( προ- u.a.) `mindful' (Pl.); 5. προ-, δια-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-νοητής m. `director' etc. (late). -- B. νόομαι `be changed into νόος' (Plot. u.a.). --Lit. on νοῦς etc: Schottländer Herm. 64, 228ff., Marg Charakter 44 ff. (use in Hom.), Kurt v. Fritz ClassPhil. 38, 79ff. (in Hom.), 40, 223ff., 41, 12ff. (with the Presocratics); also McKenzie Class Quart. 17, 195 f. and Magmen REGr. 40, 117ff. (both doubted by Kretschmer Glotta 14, 229 resp. by Wahrmann ibd. 19, 214 f. resp. rejected); Porzig Satzinhalte 185 ff. ( νοῦς and νόημα in the Epos).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No doubt an old inherited verbal noun (cf. λόγος, φόρος a.o.), though there is no certain connection. The old connection with Germ., e.g. Goth. snutrs `wise, prudent' (L. Meyer KZ 5, 368), which is possible, is taken up again by Schwyzer Festschr. Kretschmer 247 ff. and further worked out assuming a basic meaning `sense of detection' of supp. * snu- `browse', which would also be found in νυός, Lat. nurus `daughter-in-law' and nūbō `marry' (referring to the browse-kiss (sniffer-?), a form of the kiss of relatives), an hypothesis, which goes far beyond what can be proven. -- Diff., not preferable, Prellwitz s.v.: to νεύω as "nod thoughtfully", to which acc. to Brugmann IF 19, 213 f., 30, 371 ff. also πινυτός `prudent' (but see s.v.) and Cret. νύναμαι = δύναμαι (s.v.). To be rejected Kieckers IF 23, 362ff. (to νέω `swim'), McKenzie (s. above; = Skt. náya- m. `guidance' from náyati `lead'); s. also W.-Hofmann s. sentiō.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νόος
-
87 νυ
νυ, νῠνGrammatical information: pcleMeaning: encl. part., rarely adv. `now', νῦν adv. `now' (Il.), w. deict. -ῑ, νῡν-ί̄ (Att.; like ὁδ-ί̄ etc.); on spread and use Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 57 ff. (also Risch Gnomon 30, 92).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [770] *nu, nū `now'Etymology: Old inherited adv., in several languages retained, e.g. Skt. nú, nū́, nūn-ám, Lat. nu-diūs tertius `(it is) now the third day', num, nun-c, Germ., e. g. OHG nū̆, late MHG nū̆n, Lith. nũ, nù, nūn-aĩ, Hitt. nu (copul. part.), ki-nun `now' etc, s. WP. 2, 340, Pok. 770, W.-Hofmann s. nunc, Mayrhofer s. nūnám, Fraenkel s. nũ. -- Gr. νῦ-ν can have both old -m (Lat. nu-m) and -n (Skt. nūn-ám). The vowellength Specht wants KZ 59, 280ff. to explain as IE lengthening because of the final syllable; rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 22, 240 f.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νυ
-
88 νῠν
νυ, νῠνGrammatical information: pcleMeaning: encl. part., rarely adv. `now', νῦν adv. `now' (Il.), w. deict. -ῑ, νῡν-ί̄ (Att.; like ὁδ-ί̄ etc.); on spread and use Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 57 ff. (also Risch Gnomon 30, 92).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [770] *nu, nū `now'Etymology: Old inherited adv., in several languages retained, e.g. Skt. nú, nū́, nūn-ám, Lat. nu-diūs tertius `(it is) now the third day', num, nun-c, Germ., e. g. OHG nū̆, late MHG nū̆n, Lith. nũ, nù, nūn-aĩ, Hitt. nu (copul. part.), ki-nun `now' etc, s. WP. 2, 340, Pok. 770, W.-Hofmann s. nunc, Mayrhofer s. nūnám, Fraenkel s. nũ. -- Gr. νῦ-ν can have both old -m (Lat. nu-m) and -n (Skt. nūn-ám). The vowellength Specht wants KZ 59, 280ff. to explain as IE lengthening because of the final syllable; rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 22, 240 f.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νῠν
-
89 ὀσφραίνομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to smell, to sniff'; rare a. late caus. ὀσφραίνω, also w. ἀπ-, συν-, παρ- a.o., `to give to smell, to make smell' (Gal., Gp.).Other forms: Aor. ὀσφρ-έσθαι (Att.; ὤσφραντο Hdt. 1, 80), fut. ὀσφρ-ήσομαι (Att.), also ὀσφρανθῆναι (Hp., Arist.), - θήσομαι (LXX), younger pres. ὀσφρ-ᾶται (Paus., Luc.), aor. ὠσφρ-ήσαντο, - ήθη (Arat., Ael.).Compounds: Rarely w. περι-, ὑπ-, κατ-. Comp. καπν-οσφράν-της m. "smoke smeller" (Com. Adesp., Alciphr.).Derivatives: 1. ὄσφρ-ησις f. `olfactory sense, olf. organ' (Pl., Arist.), 2. - ασία f. `smell, the smelling' (LXX, Arr.), 3. - ανσις f. `olfactory sense' (Clearch.). 4. backformation ὄσφραι f. pl. `flavours, smell' (Ach. Tat.) with ὀσφράδιον n. `bunch of flowers' (Eust.). 5. ὀσφρ-αντήριος `smelling, sniffing' (Ar.), 6. - αντικός `smelling, able to smell (Arist.), - ητικός `id.' (Gal., D. L.); 7. - αντός (Arist.). - ητός (S. E., Gal.) `smellable'.Etymology: The complex is clearly built after comparable fomations, but the attestations do not allow certains conclusions on their relative chronology. With ὀσφρέσθαι: ὀσφρήσομαι: ὀσφρητός agree the semantically related, much more frequent αἰσθέσθαι: αἰσθήσομαι: αἰσθητός. ὀσφραίνομαι may have followed it after formal examples like ἀλιτέσθαι: ἀλιταίνομαι, βήσομαι: βαίνω, πεφήσεται: φαίνω etc.; further ὀσφρανθῆναι after εὑφρανθῆναι; ὤσφραντο (Hdt.) prob. after ἠνείκαντο a.o. (cf. Wackernagel Verrn. Beitr. 48 = Kl. Schr. 1, 809). So there is no ground to consider the diff. forms as inherited (thus e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 82f.). -- That the initial syllable is connected with ὄζω, ὀδμή, ὀσμή, is since long accepted (s. Curtius 244 w. lit.); since Wackernagel KZ 33, 43 (Kl. Schr. 1, 722) one supposes in it a zero grade σ-stem *ὀδσ- (cf. - ώδης a.o. s. ὄζω). Against W.s further identification of ὀσ-φραίνομιαι with ἀ-, εὑ-φραίνω (to φρήν) speak esp. the non-present forms ὀσ-φρέσθαι, - φρήσασθαι, with which ἀ-, εὑ-φραίνω give nothing comparable. Instead Brugmann (e.g. IF 6, 100ff.) a.o. try to connect Skt. jí-ghr-ati, ghrā-ti `smell', ghrāṇa-m n. `scent, nose' ( = Toch. A krāṃ `id.'; cf. Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 154). The details remain meanwhile unclear; Schwyzer 644 n. 5 is inclined, with Brugmann4 302 n. 1 a.o. to start from a noun *ὄσ-φρ-ος `detect a smell'; against this with good arguments Debrunner IF 21, 42. -- Older lit. in Bq.Page in Frisk: 2,438-439Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀσφραίνομαι
-
90 πρίασθαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to buy' (Od.).Derivatives: Neg. vbaladj. ἀ-πρία-τος in ἀπριάτην acc. sg. f. `unbought, without ransom' (A 99, h. Cer.132), as adv. `gratuitous' (ξ317, Agath.4,22), pl. ἀπριάτας (Pi. Fr. 169, 8); PN Άπριάτη; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 167 f.Etymology: Old inherited, in Greek isolated aorist. Closest to the Greek form comes the OIr. subj. ni-cria `emat' (IE *kʷrii̯āt); remarkably Greek does not have the both in Sanskrit and Celt. and in Slav. wellknown nasalpresent, Skt. krīṇā́ti (for older *kriṇā́ti), OIr. crenim, ORuss. krьnuti `buy'. A corresponding Gr. *πρίνημι had become awkward because of the resembling opposite πέρνημι, Aeol. πορνάμεν `sell' (Meillet BSL 26, 14). The vbaladj. ἀ-πρία-τος can be identified with Skt. krītá- `bought' (ια \< ih₂e = Skt. ī \< ih₂; Schwyzer 363 w. lit. and 743, where also on the other forms). -- To the further numerous, in the separate languages appearing derivations, e.g. Skt. krayá- m. `purchase(price) \< * kʷroih₂-o-', OIr. crīth `payment, purchase', OLith. krienas `price', Toch. B karyor, A kuryar `purchase, trade', Greek has no correspondence. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 523 f., Pok. 648 and in the relevant dictionaries.Page in Frisk: 2,594-595Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρίασθαι
-
91 πτήσσω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to duck (for fright)'; aor. 1. rarely trans. `to frighten, to drive away' ([Ξ 40], Thgn.), (ΙΑ.; Schwyzer 716).Other forms: also πτώσσω (ep. poet. Il.), Aeol. πτάζω (Alc.?), fut. πτήξω (Att.), aor. 1. πτῆξαι (Il.), Dor. πτᾶξαι (Pi. a.o.), aor. 2. ptc. κατα-πτᾰκών (A. Eu. 252), perf. ἔπτηχα (Att. etc.), ἔπτηκα (LXX [v. l. - χα], late); also ep. forms ptc. perf. πεπτηώς (Β 312, ξ 354 a.o.), aor. 3. du. κατα-πτήτην (Θ 136).Derivatives: πτῆξις f. `fright' (LXX) and the expressive enlargement πτωσκάζω `to duck, to have fear' (Δ 372) after the close ἀλυσκάζω (: ἀλύσκω, ἀλύσσω), ἠλασκάζω; perh. from *πτώσκω; the v. l. πτωκάζω after πτώξ. Cf. Schwyzer 708, Chantraine Rev. de phil. 57, 125, Gramm. hom. 1, 338.Etymology: The presents πτήσσω (with πτῆξαι etc.), πτώσσω go back on *πτᾱκ-ι̯ω, *πτωκ-ι̯ω (\< * ptoh₂k-; Aeol. πτάζω is an innovation; Schwyzer 715); to this the zero grade πτᾰκ-ών. In nominal function we find these stems in πτώξ and (acc.) πτάκ-α; s. vv., also πτωχός. The formantic character of the velar appears from ep. πε-πτη-ώς, κατα-πτή-την, which form at the same time a bridge to πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-σις (s. πίπτω) and to πτᾰ́-σθαι (s. πέτομαι). Semant. this combination ('fall, sink down' \> `squat') seems not to provide a serious difficulty (diff. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 428). A further cognate is πτοέω, s. v. -- If the comparison with Arm. t`ak`-čim, t`ak`-eay `hide oneself' (Pedersen KZ 39, 342 f. w. n.) is correct, the velar enlargement is inherited. On Arm. s. Clackson 1994, 169f. -- WP. 2, 19f., Pok. 825; older lit. in Bq. -- So an IE * pteh₂-k-, with * ptoh₂-k-, is perhaps not impossible; but Hackstein ( Glotta 70, 1992) 136-165 rejects a root of this shape, and it is indeed remarkable. Note futher πτωχός and πτοέω, which are also rather strange. Photius gives πτεκάς πτάξ.Page in Frisk: 2,613-614Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτήσσω
-
92 ῥᾶ (1)
ῥᾶGrammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `easy' (Alcm., S.Fr. 1086, Ion. trag.).Other forms: ep. ῥῆα (wr. ῥεῖα), ῥέα (monosyll. reading necessary or possible; so for Aeol. ῥᾶ?), Ion. ῥέᾱ (Simon.), Aeol. βρᾶ ( = Ϝρᾶ, gramm., ῥῆα in Alc. homerism or mistake of the tradit.).Compounds: As 1. member in ῥᾳ-θυμος `lighthearted, carefree' (Att.) from *ῥαΐ-θυμος (as καλλί-ζωνος a.o.), if not secondary for the well attested ῥά-θυμος (Wackernagel Hell. 26 = Kl. Schr. 2, 1057).Derivatives: Comp.forms: comp. ep. ῥηΐτερον, Ion. ῥῄτερον (Thgn.), Dor. ῥᾳτερον (Pi.), also Ion. ῥήϊον, Att. ῥᾳ̃ον; to this ῥᾶσσον (gramm. in EM) after θᾶσσον (Seiler Steigerungsformen 73); sup. ep. ῥηΐτατα, Ion. ῥήϊστα, Dor. ῥάϊστα (Theoc.), Att. ῥᾳ̃στα. From the adv. arose the adj. forms ῥηΐτερος, ῥήϊστος, ῥᾳων, ῥᾳ̃στος; from ῥῆα, ῥᾶ the pos. ῥη-ϊδίως, Att. ῥᾳδίως, Aeol. βρα-ϊδίως (Alc.), to which the adj. ῥηΐδιος, ῥᾳδιος (like μαψ-ιδίως, - ίδιος a.o.); to this ῥᾳδιέστερος a. o. -- From ῥήϊον, ῥᾳ̃ον: ῥηΐζω, ῥαΐζω, aor. - ίσαι `to recover' (IA.) and ῥαΐαν ὑγείαν H. From ῥήϊστος, ῥᾳ̃στος: ῥῃστώνη, ῥᾳστώνη f. `recovery, leisurely condition, leisure' (IA.); formation unclear, cf. Schwyzer IF 45, 259ff., Meid IF 62, 277. Further details in Schwyzer 467 a. 539, Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 11ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 772ff.), Seiler Steigerungsformen 72f., Leumann Hom. Wörter 18 n. 10.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From ep. ῥῆα and Aeol. βρᾶ we reconstruct PGr. *Ϝρᾶα, which can stand for *Ϝρᾶσ-α, perh. for *Ϝρᾶι̯-α; on the ending -α Schwyzer 622. No doubt old, inherited word, but without certain etymology. After Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1918, 281 f. prop. `raisable' (Lat. levis: levāre), to Lith. viršùs `the upper', Skt. vársman-'hight', to which also ἀπηύρα, ἀπούρας (doubts in Kretschmer Glotta 11, 249). To ἀπηύρα (but further diff.) also Schwyzer IF 45, 259ff. Still diff. Specht KZ 59, 93ff.: to ἀραιός `thin' (s. Schwyzer 539 w. n. 3). Szemerényi, Welt d. Slaven (1967) 272f. connects Av. uruuāza- `joy, bliss', from IE *u̯rādh-s- (but then the -s- would have been preserved in Greek); Pisani Acme 8(1955)117f.Page in Frisk: 2,636Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥᾶ (1)
-
93 σήπομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to rot, to become rotten', act. `to make rot' (Il.).Other forms: Perf. σέσηπα, aor. σαπῆναι (Il.), fut. σαπήσομαι (Hp., Pl. a. o.), also act. σήπω (IA.), non-pres. forms rare: fut. σήψω (A. Fr. 275 = 478M.), aor. σῆψαι (Ael.).Derivatives: Subst.: 1. σηπεδών, - δόνος f. `decomposition', pl. `rotting juices' (Hp., Antipho Soph., Pl. a. o.; as τηκεδών a. o.), also as des. of a snake, of which the bites cause putrescence (Nic., Ael.; as τερηδών a.o.; Chantraine Form. 360f., Schwyzer 529); from it - δονώδης, - δονικός (medic.); 2. σῆψις ( ἀπό-, σύν- a.o.), Dor. (Ti. Locr.) σᾶψις f. `decomposition, fermentation' (Emp., Hp., Arist. a.o.); 3. σήψ, σηπός f. `festering sore' (Hp., Dsc.), m. kind of snake (also lizard), of which the bites cause thirst and fire (Arist., Nic. a.o.); 4. σήπη f. `decomposition' (Aq.), σηπο-ποιός = σηπτικός (Alex. Aphr.); 5. σηπετοῦ σηπεδόνος H. (from σήπομαι or σήψ; Chantraine Form. 300, Schwyzer 501). -- Adj.: 6. σηπ-τός `rotten' (Arist.), `causing rot' (Dsc. a. o.), earlier and more often attested ἄ-σηπ-τος `not rotting' (Hp., X., Arist., Thphr. a.o.); 7. - τικός `causing rot' (Hp., Arist. a.o.); 8. - τήριος `id.' (Hp.). -- Verb: 9. σηπ-εύω = σήπω (Man.); rather enlarged from σήπω than from σήπη. -- With other ablaut: 10. σαπ-ρός `rotting, rotten, rancid', of wine `matured' (IA), with σαπρ-ίας οἶνος (Hermipp.), - ότης f. `decomposition' (Pl., Arist. etc.), - ίζομαι (Hp.), - ύνομαι (Nic.), - όομαι (sch.) `to rot', - ίζω `to make rot' (LXX).Etymology: Seen the structur no soubt inherited word, but as opposed to the synonyms πύθομαι, πύθω isolated. -- On Skt. kyāku n. `mushroom' and Lith. šiùpti `putrefy', which have been connected (lit. in Bq and WP. 1, 500), cf. Mayrhofer resp. Fraenkel s. v. On σηπία s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,696-697Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σήπομαι
-
94 σκεῦος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `vessel, device', mostly pl. `house-, ship-equipment, weapon, armour, luggage' (IA.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. σκευο-φόρος `carrying luggage, luggage-carrier' (IA.), σκευ-ωρός `luggage-watcher' (Cratin.) with - ωρέομαι, - ωρέω, - ωρία, - ώρημα `to look after, through the luggage, to instigate (slyly)' (D., Arist. etc.), later also σκαιωρέομαι etc. (after σκαιός); as 2. member in ἀ-σκευής `without equipment' (Hdt.).Derivatives: σκευή f. `armour, clothing, wear' (IA.); as 2. member e.g. ὁμό-σκευος `with equal armour' (Th.); to this very often w. prefix: παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι-σκευή a.o. as backformations to παρα-σκευάζω etc. (cf. below). -- Diminut.: σκευ-άριον n. `small device' (Ar. a. o.), `simple wear' (Pl. Alc. 1, 113e), - ύφιον n. `small device' (Lyd.). -- Secondary formation: σκευ-άζω, - άζομαι, aor. σκευ-άσαι, - άσασθαι, very often w. prefix, παρα-, κατα-, ἐπι- etc. in diff. shades of meaning, `to equip, to arm, to dress, to prepare etc.' (IA. since h. Merc.); from there, mostly to the prefixcompp., σκεύ-ασις, - άσιμος, - ασία, - ασμα, - αστός, - αστής, - αστι-κός; also παρασκευ-ή etc. (s. above). Denominative ἐπι-, κατα-σκευ-όω (: ἐπι-, κατα-σκευή) = - ἀζω (Argos, Crete, Delphi a. o.), σκευοῦσθαι = ἑτοιμάζεσθαι H.Etymology: The nouns σκεῦος, -ή (for *σκεῦσος, - σά because of the retained ευ-diphthongs?; cf. Schwyzer 348 Zus. 4) look like primary formations and presuppose as such the former existence of a primary verb, approx. *σκεῦ[σ]-σαι, *σκεύ[σ]-ι̯ω, which must have been replaced by the second., denomin. or deverbat., σκευ-άζω. -- Expression of every-day language, prob. inherited, but without convincing etymology. Hypotheses by Prellwitz (to Lith. šáu-ju, -ti `shut, scove', Russ. sovátь `shove, sting, push', OHG sciozan `shut' a. o.; cf. Vasmer s. v.); by Zupitza Germ. Gutt. 122 (to OWNo. høyja, OE hēgan `carry out', Slav., e.g. OCS prě-kutiti `adorn'; cf. Vasmer s. kutítь). WP. 2, 546, Pok. 950f. Older lit. in Curtius 169.Page in Frisk: 2,727Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκεῦος
-
95 στίλβω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to shine, to gleam, to shimmer'(Il.)Other forms: Aor. στίλψαι (rare a. late) (esp. ep. poet. Il., late prose).Compounds: Also w. ἀπο- a.o.Derivatives: 1. στίλβ-η f. `lamp' (com.), Άττικοὶ δε ἔσοπτρον H. 2. - ηδών, - όνος f. `brilliance, shimmer' (Thphr., Phld. a.o.; cf. λαμπηδών). 3. στίλψις f. `the sparkling' (Tz.). 4. στιλβ-άς (γῆ) `shimmering' (late). 5. - αῖος = coloratus (gloss.). 6. - ηδόν adv. `gleaming, sparkling' (Suid.). 7. - ων, - οντος a. - ωνος m. name of the planet Mercury (Arist. a.o.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 89 f.), also PN as Στίλπων. 8. στιλβός `gleaming' (Gal.) with - ότης f. (v. l. for στιλπνότης Plu.), - όω `to make shine' (LXX, Dsc.), from which - ωσις, - ωμα, - ωθρον, - ωτής (LXX, Dsc. a..). -- Beside it στιλπνός `shining, sparkling' (Ξ 351, Arist. a.o.) with - ότης (Gal., Plu. a.o.), - όω `to polish' (Arr., Gal.) with - ωτής (Lyd.); cf. θαλπνός, τερπνός a.o.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. As a sequence - ilb\/p- for the Indo-European phonological system is unacceptable, the word can at least in this form not have been inherited. A more than uncertain combination with a Celt. word for `eye, aspect', Ir. sell, sellaim etc., in Fick 2, 313 a.o. (s. Bq and WP. 2, 646, Pok. 1035). Not better Machek Rev. et. slav. 23, 63 and Listy filol. 72, 72 f. (to Russ. blistátь `gleam'). -- Furnée 154 assumes στιλπ- beside στιλβ-, because of στιλπνός and Στίλπων. So the word seems Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,798-799Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στίλβω
-
96 στρέφω
στρέφω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to twist, to turn', intr. a. midd. `to twist, turn, to run (Il.).Other forms: Dor. στράφω? (Nisyros IIIa; quite doubtful), Aeol. στρόφω (EM), aor. στρέψαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Dor. ἀπο-στράψαι (Delph.), pass. στρεφθῆναι (Hom. [intr.], rarely Att.), Dor. στραφθῆναι (Sophr., Theoc.), στραφῆναι (Hdt., Sol., Att.), ἀν-εστρέφησαν (young Lac. a.o., Thumb. Scherer 2, 42), fut. στρέψω (E. etc.), perf. midd. ἔστραμμαι (h. Merc.), hell. also ἐστρεμμένος (Mayser Pap.I: 2, 196), act. ἔστροφα (hell.), also ἔστραφα (Plb.).Derivatives: A. With ε-vowel: 1. στρεπ-τός `twisted, flexible' (Il.), m. `necklace, curl etc.' (IA.) with - άριον (Paul Aeg.). 2. - τικός ( ἐπι-, μετα- a.o.) `serving to twist' (Pl. a.o.). 3. - τήρ m. `door-hinge' (AP). 4. στρέμμα ( περι-, διά- a.o) n. `twist, strain' (D., medic. a.o.), σύ- στρέφω `ball, swelling, round drop, heap, congregation etc.' (Hp., Arist., hell. a. late). 5. στρέψ-ις ( ἐπι-) f. `the turning, turn' (Hp., Arist.) with - αῖος, PN - ιάδης. 6. στρεπτ-ίνδα. adv. kind of play (Poll.). 7. ἐπιστρεφ-ής `turning to (something), attentive' (IA.) witf - εια f. (pap. IIIp). -- B. With o-ablaut: 1. στρόφος m. `band, cord, cable' (Od.), `gripes' (Ar., medic.); as 2. member e.g. εὔ ( ἐΰ-)στροφος = στρέφω - στρεφής `well-twisted, easy to twist, to bend', (Ν599 = 711, E., Pl. etc.) with - φία f. `flexibility' (hell. a. late); from the prefixcompp. e.g. ἀντίστροφ-ος `turned face to face, according' (Att. etc.: ἀντι-στρέφω). From it στρόφ-ιον n. `breast-, head-band' (com., inscr. a.o.), - ίς ( περι- a. o.) f. `id.' (E. a.o.), - ίολος m. `edge, border' (Hero), - ώδης `causing gripes' (Hp. a.o.), - ωτός `provided with pivots' (LXX), - ωμα n. `pivot, door-hinge' with - ωμάτιον (hell.), - ωτήρ m. `oar' (gloss.), - όομαι `to have gripes' (medic. a.o.), ἐκστροφῶσαι H. s. ἐξαγκυρῶσαι την θύραν, - έω `to cause gripes' (Ar.); as 2. member e.g. in οἰακοστροφ-έω `to turn the rudder' (A.) from οἰακο-στρόφος (Pi., A. a..). 2. στροφή ( ἐπι-, κατα- etc.) f. `the twisting, turning around etc.' (IA.) with - αῖος surn. of Hermes (Ar. Pl. 1153; as door-waiter cf. στρο-φεύς] referring to his dexterity [cf. στρόφις). From στροφή or στρόφος: 3. στρόφ-ις m. `clever person, sly guy' (Ar., Poll.). 4. - άς f. `turning' (S. in lyr., Arat. a.o.), - άδες νῆσοι (Str. a.o.). 5. - εῖον m. `winch, cable etc.' (hell. a. late). 6. - εύς m. `door-hinge, cervical vertebra' (Ar., Thphr. a.o.; Bosshardt 47). 7. - ιγξ m. (f.) `pivot, door-hinge' (E., com. etc.). 8. - στροφάδην (only with ἐπι-, περι- a.o.) `to turn around' (ep. Ion.). 9. With λ-enlargement: στρόφ-αλος m. `top' (V--VIp); - άλιγξ f. `vertebra, curve etc.' (ep. Il.), - αλίζω `to turn, to spin' (o 315, AP). -- C. With lengthened grade: iter. intens. στρωφ-άω, - άομαι ( ἐπι-, μετα- a.o.) `to turn to and fro, to linger' (ep. Ion. poet. Il.), - έομαι `to turn' (Aret.). -- D. With zero grade: ἐπιστραφ-ής = ἐπιστρεφ-ής (s. ab.; late). PN Στραψι-μένης (Dor.). -- E. As 1. member a.o. in στρεφε-δίνηθεν aor. pass. 3. pl. `they turned around, swindled' (H 792; after it in act. Q. S. 13, 7), prob. combination of στρέφομαι and δινέομαι (Schwyzer 645 w. n. 1 a. lit.); for it with nominal 1. member στροφο-δινοῦνται (A. Ag. 51 [anap.]); στρεψο-δικέω `to twist the right' (Ar.) beside στρεψί-μαλλος `twisting the wool-flakes' = `with frizzly wool' (Ar.); cf. Schwyzer 442.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The above strongly productive group of words can because of its regular system and extension not be very old. On the other hand there is nothing in it, that could point to loans. So an inherited word of recent date with unknown prehistory and without helpful non-Greek agreements (quite doubtful Lat. [Umbr.] strebula pl. n. `the meat on the haunches of sacricial animals'; on this W.-Hofmann s. v.). A (popular) byform with β is maintained in στρεβλός (s. v.), στρόβιλος, στραβός [this is improbable to me] -- Through στρέφω a. cogn. older words for `turn etc.', e.g. εἰλέω, εἰλύω and σπερ- in σπεῖρα, σπάρτον etc. were partly pushed aside or replaced.Page in Frisk: 2,808-809Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στρέφω
-
97 certa
noun "rune" pl. certar given, adapted from Sindarin certh a "true" or inherited Quenya form of primitive ¤kirtē would have been *cirtë, but this word did not occur. WJ:396 -
98 Gillette, King Camp
[br]b. 5 January 1855 Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USAd. 9 July 1932 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American inventor and manufacturer, inventor of the safety razor.[br]Gillette's formal education in Chicago was brought to an end when a disastrous fire destroyed all his father's possessions. Forced to fend for himself, he worked first in the hardware trade in Chicago and New York, then as a travelling salesman. Gillette inherited the family talent for invention, but found that his successful inventions barely paid for those that failed. He was advised by a previous employer, William Painter (inventor of the Crown Cork), to look around for something that could be used widely and then thrown away. In 1895 he succeeded in following that advice of inventing something which people could use and then throw away, so that they would keep coming back for more. An idea came to him while he was honing an old-fashioned razor one morning; he was struck by the fact that only a short piece of the whole length of a cutthroat razor is actually used for shaving, as well as by the potentially dangerous nature of the implement. He "rushed out to purchase some pieces of brass, some steel ribbon used for clock springs, a small hand vise and some files". He thought of using a thin steel blade sharpened on each side, placed between two plates and held firmly together by a handle. Though coming from a family of inventors, Gillette had no formal technical education and was entirely ignorant of metallurgy. For six years he sought a way of making a cheap blade from sheet steel that could be hardened, tempered and sharpened to a keen edge.Gillette eventually found financial supporters: Henry Sachs, a Boston lamp manufacturer; his brother-in-law Jacob Heilbron; and William Nickerson, who had a considerable talent for invention. By skilled trial and error rather than expert metallurgical knowledge, Nickerson devised ways of forming and sharpening the blades, and it was these that brought commercial success. In 1901, the American Safety Razor Company, later to be renamed the Gillette Safety Razor Company, was set up. When it started production in 1903 the company was badly in debt, and managed to sell only fifty-one razors and 168 blades; but by the end of the following year, 90,000 razors and 12.4 million blades had been sold. A sound invention coupled with shrewd promotion ensured further success, and eight plants manufacturing safety razors were established in various parts of the world. Gillette's business experiences led him into the realms of social theory about the way society should be organized. He formulated his views in a series of books published over the years 1894 to 1910. He believed that competition led to a waste of up to 90 per cent of human effort and that want and crime would be eliminated by substituting a giant trust to plan production centrally. Unfortunately, the public in America, or anywhere else for that matter, were not ready for this form of Utopia; no omniscient planners were available, and human wants and needs were too various to be supplied by a single agency. Even so, some of his ideas have found favour: air conditioning and government provision of work for the unemployed. Gillette made a fortune from his invention and retired from active participation in the business in 1913, although he remained President until 1931 and Director until his death.[br]Bibliography"Origin of the Gillette razor", Gillette Blade (February/March).Further ReadingObituary, 1932, New York Times (11 July).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention, London: Macmillan.LRD / IMcN -
99 Hedley, William
[br]b. 13 July 1779 Newburn, Northumberland, Englandd. 9 January 1843 Lanchester, Co. Durham, England[br]English coal-mine manager, pioneer in the construction and use of steam locomotives.[br]The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.[br]Further ReadingP.R.B.Brooks, 1980, William Hedley Locomotive Pioneer, Newcastle upon Tyne: Tyne \& Wear Industrial Monuments Trust (a good recent short biography of Hedley, with bibliography).R.Young, 1975, Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive, Shildon: Shildon "Stockton \& Darlington Railway" Silver Jubilee Committee; orig. pub. 1923, London.C.R.Warn, 1976, Waggonways and Early Railways of Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.See also: Stephenson, GeorgePJGR -
100 Salomans, Sir David Lionel
SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Electricity, Land transport[br]b. 1851d. 1925[br]English pioneer of electricity and the automobile in England.[br]Salomans inherited his baronetcy from his uncle, Sir David Salomans (1797–1873), who had been Member of Parliament for Greenwich and the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London. He was the archetypal amateur engineer and inventor of the Victorian age, indulging in such interests as photography, motoring, electricity, woodworking, polariscopy and astronomy. His house, "Broomhill", near Tun bridge Wells in Kent, was one of the first to be lit by electricity and is said to have been the first to use electricity for cooking. He acted as architect for the building of the stables, the water tower and the 150-seat theatre at his home. In 1874 he was granted a patent for an automatic railway signalling system. He was the founder in 1895 of the first motoring organization in Great Britain, the Self Propelled Traffic Association, forerunner of the Royal Automobile Club (RAC). He was also the organizer of the first motor show to be held in Britain, on 15 October 1895. It is said that, in spite of being the Mayor of Tunbridge Wells, Salomans defied the law and drove without the obligatory pedestrian with a red flag preceding his vehicle; this requirement was removed with the later Light (Road) Locomotives Act, which raised the speed limit to 12 mph (19 km/h).[br]Further ReadingVarious papers may be consulted from the Sir David Salomans Society. See also Simms, Frederick.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Salomans, Sir David Lionel
См. также в других словарях:
have inherited — index hold (possess) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
inherited — UK US /ɪnˈherɪtɪd/ adjective ► LAW, PROPERTY received from someone who has died: »inherited money/property/wealth ► an inherited situation, problem, department, etc. is one that you have become responsible for dealing with or managing: »The… … Financial and business terms
Inherited Rights Mask — Abbreviated IRM. In NetWare 3, the mechanism that controls the rights a trustee can inherit. By default, IRM allows all rights to be inherited. Both files and directories have individual IRM controls. See also Inherited Rights Filter;… … Dictionary of networking
Inherited — Inherit In*her it, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Inherited}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Inheriting}.] [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Inherited metabolic diseases — Also called inborn errors of metabolism, these are heritable (genetic) disorders of biochemistry. Examples include albinism, cystinuria (a cause of kidney stones), phenylketonuria (PKU), and some forms of gout, sun sensitivity, and thyroid… … Medical dictionary
inherited periodic spasticity — an autosomal recessive muscle disorder seen in adult cattle; upon arising, for a few seconds to 30 minutes the animal is unable to flex the hindlimbs or walk and may have limb tremors. Called also stretches … Medical dictionary
inherited — Transmitted through genes that have been passed from parents to their offspring (children) … English dictionary of cancer terms
The Carters (The Hills Have Eyes) — Infobox Family colour = powderblue name = The Carters crest = caption = ethnicity = American region = flagicon|USA United States early forms = origin = Cleveland, Ohio members = Big Bob Carter Ethel Carter Bobby Carter Brenda Carter Lynne… … Wikipedia
Diseases, inherited metabolic — Also called inborn errors of metabolism, these are heritable (genetic) disorders of biochemistry. Examples include albinism, cystinuria (a cause of kidney stones), phenylketonuria (PKU), and some forms of gout, sun sensitivity, and thyroid… … Medical dictionary
Metabolic diseases, inherited — Also called inborn errors of metabolism, these are heritable (genetic) disorders of biochemistry. Examples include albinism, cystinuria (a cause of kidney stones), phenylketonuria (PKU), and some forms of gout, sun sensitivity, and thyroid… … Medical dictionary
genetic disease, human — Introduction any of the diseases and disorders that are caused by mutations in one or more genes (gene). With the increasing ability to control infectious and nutritional diseases in developed countries, there has come the realization … Universalium