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1 σκίγγος
Greek: ̀ σκίγγοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: alizard found in Asia Minor and used as medicine (Dsc. 2, 66 Welm.).).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)Etymology: Seen the variation Pre-Greek.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκίγγος
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2 Ἑλληνικός
A Hellenic, Greek, Hdt.4.108, etc.3 τὸ Ἑ. the Greeks collectively, Hdt.7.139, al.; Greek soldiery, X.An.1.4.13.4 τὰ Ἑ. the history of Greek affairs, Th.1.97, etc.; title of works by X., Theopomp.Hist., etc.; Greek literature, App. BC4.67.II like the Greeks, οὐ.. πατρῷον τόνδ' ἐδεξάμην νόμον, οὐδ' Ἑ. E Alc.684, cf. Ar.Ach. 115, Plu.Luc.41: [comp] Comp.- ώτερος Id.Comp.Lyc.Num.1
;ἡ συγγνώμη τῆς τιμωρίας -ώτερον Lib.Ep.75.4
: [comp] Sup.- ώτατος D.19.308
, D.H.1.89. Adv. - κῶς in Greek fashion, Hdt.4.108, E.IT 660, Antiph.184.III pure Greek, οὐχ Ἑ. λέξις Orusap. Eust.859.55, cf. Ael.Dion.Fr. 207, S.E.M.1.187. Adv. - κῶς in pure Greek, opp. βαρβαρικῶς, Phld.Lib.p.13 O., cf. S.E.M.1.243, Porph. Abst.3.3.2 in Hellenistic Greek, opp. Ἀττικῶς, Moer.1, al.; but also, opp. κοινόν 'in common speech', Id.347,al.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > Ἑλληνικός
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3 θρόνος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `throne, seat', also `chair of state, judge's seat'.Dialectal forms: Myc. tono, toronowokoCompounds: Compp., e. g. χρυσό-θρονος `with golden throne' (Il.)Derivatives: Diminutives θρονίς f. (Them.), θρόνιον (EM, Ptol.); further θρονίτης (cod. - τις) πρώτιστος H. (cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 24); θρονιτικός `throne-like' (Sidyma); denomin. verb θρονίζομαι `be placed on the throne' (LXX) with θρονιστής `enthroner' (liter. pap.), θρονισμός `enthronisation' (D. Chr.); also θρόνωσις `id.' (Pl. Euthd. 277d; as Rite of the Corybantes) as if from *θρονόομαι; cf. Chantraine Formation 279; on the facts v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 187.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like κλ-όνος (from κέλομαι(?); cf. also χρόνος and Κρόνος), from a verb `hold, support, bear', seen e. g. in Skt. perf. dā̆dhā́ra (would be Gr. *τέ-θορ-α), in the athem. root aor. dhr̥-thās (2. sg.), perhaps also in ἐν-θρ-εῖν φυλάσσειν H. (s. θρησκεύω); θρόνος would then be prop. "supporter, bearer". Greek relatives are: θόρναξ ὑποποδιον. Κύπριοι. η ἱερὸν Άπόλλωνος ἐν τῃ̃ Λακωνικῃ̃ H., prob. for *θρόναξ through metathesis and so directly derived from θρόνος. Forms with θρᾱ- are too far away: θρή-σασθαι with θρᾶ-νος (s. v.), θρῆ-νυς; θρά̄-σκω with θρησκεύω (s. v.); there is no indication that they have enything to do with θρόνος. - Representatives in other languages, e. g. Lat. ferē, frētus, firmus, Skt. caus. dhāráyati, dhárma- `right, custom', dháraṇa- `holding', give nothing new for Greek. More forms Pok. 252f., W.-Hofmann s. firmus, ferē, Mayrhofer s. dhāráyati. - However, Greek has no forms in - ον-ος, only - ων, - ων-ος and - ων, - ον-ος (Chantr. Form. 159ff); there is no certain instance of IE - ον-ος (as opposed to roots with o-vocalism, like βρόμ-ος); on the other hand most Greek words in - ον-ος are suspected to be of Pre-Greek origin; also there is no word for `chair' derived from the root * dher- (Pok. 252f, nor is there any Greek substantive which is certainly derived from this root (Pok. 252). So we can be rather certain that this word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,686-687Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θρόνος
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4 Έλλάς
Έλλάς, -άδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: Έλλάς, - άδος`Hellas', land of the Ε῝λληνες, name of a territory in southern Thessaly (Il.), also Anatolian Ionia (Hdt.); - also adj. f. `hellenic' ( γλῶσσα, πόλις; Hdt., A.).Other forms: Further Ε῝λληνες, Dor. -ᾱνες pl. `Hellenes', name of a Thessalian tribe (Β 684), name of all Greeks (since Hdt.), `Heathen' (LXX), sg. also adj. `hellenic' (Pi., A.). As 1. member in Έλλανο-δίκαι pl. " judges of the Hellenes", name of the arbiters at the Olympic Games (Pi.), also name of a martial court in Sparta (X.); Έλληνο-ταμίαι pl. name of the treasurers of the Delic-Attic Confederacy (Att.). As 2. member in Πανέλληνες `Panhellenes' (Β 530 beside Άχαιοί, Hes. Op. 528, Archil. 52,); cf. below; φιλ-έλλην `friend of the Hellenes' (Ion.-Att.), μισ-έλλην `enemy of the Hellenes' (X.).Compounds: As 1. member in Έλλαδ-άρχης (with ἑλλαδαρχέω) `Leader of the H.', President of the Achaeic Confederacy, the Delphic Amphiktyonie and other communities (imper. times).Derivatives: Έλλαδικός `belonging to H.' (Xenoph., Str.). - Έλλήνιος, -ά̄νιος `hellenic' (Hdt., Pi.), f. - ηνίς, -ᾱνίς (Pi., Att.), Έλληνικός `id.' (Hdt.; s. Chantr. Ét. sur le vocab. grec, s. index); denomin. verb ἑλληνίζω `speak Greek', also trans. `hellenise' (late), with ἑλληνισμός `Greek way of expression', also opposed to ἀττικισμός `Attic expression' (hell.), ἑλληνιστής `who speaks Greek', name of a Jew speaking Greek ( Act. Ap. 6, 1; oppos. Έβραῖος) etc.; - ιστί adv. `in Greek' (Pl., X.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Like most names of lands and peoples Έλλάς and Ε῝λληνες have no etymology. - As formation in - άς (cf. Τρωάς, Φθιάς, Λευκάς etc.; Schwyzer 507f., Chantr. Form. 356) Έλλάς supposes a noun (Sommer Münch. Stud. z. Sprachwiss. 4, 1ff.). Also for Ε῝λληνες a noun will have been the basis; the deviant intonation (cf. Άθαμᾶνες, Άκαρνᾶνες, Δυμᾶνες etc., which is also found in Ἴωνες (s. v.), is mostly explained from Παν-έλληνες (like πάν-δεινος, παν-άγαθος a. o.; but Παν-αχαιοί Β 404 etc.!). The ending -ᾱν- is of course Pre-Greek. - Beside Ε῝λληνες we find Ἔλλοπες (like Δρύοπες a. o.) in Έλλοπία name of the region of Dodona (Hes. Fr. 134, 1) and of northern Euboea (Hdt. 8, 23; note the suffix - οπ-); since Arist. ( Mete. 352a 34) the area of Dodona and the basin of the Acheloos was seen as the land of origin of the Hellenes, the ἀρχαία Έλλάς. The basis of Έλλάς and Ε῝λληνες prob. is Έλλοί (Pi. Fr. 59), after H. = Ε῝λληνες οἱ ἐν Δωδώνῃ, καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς; but perh. it is juist the consequence of the reading σ' Έλλοί for Σελλοί in Π 234, s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 40. It is obvious, to connect the Ε῝λληνες also with the Σελλοι, who live also around Dodona; Ε῝λληνες and Έλλάς would have lost the σ- through Greek development. - Further unknown, s. Wilamowitz on Eur. Her. 1 n. 1, Güntert WuS 9, 132 (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 17, 250), Chatzis ( PhilWoch 58, 497), further Chantraine Form. 168 n. 1. Details in Schwyzer 77f.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Έλλάς
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5 Ἑλληνίζω
Aἑλληνίσαι D.C.55.3
: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. without augm., Th.2.68 codd.: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass.ἡλλήνισται J.AJ1.6.1
:— speak Greek,Ἕλλην μέν ἐστι καὶ ἑλληνίζει Pl.Men. 82b
, cf. Chrm. 159a, Prt. 328a, etc.; ἑ. τῇ φωνῇ, τὴν φωνήν, Aeschin.3.172, Charito l.c.; esp. speak or write pure or correct Greek, Arist.Rh. 1407a19, D.H.Pomp.2.5; ἄκρως ἑ. S.E.M.1.186; opp. βαρβαρίζω, ib. 246.b οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἑλληνίζοι οὕτως τὸ ἐρώτημα λεχθέν would not be Greek, Arist.SE 182a34.c speak common Greek, opp. the Attic dialect,σὺ μὲν ἀττικίζεις.. οἱ δ' Ἕλληνες ἑλληνίζομεν Posidipp.28
.II trans., make Greek, Hellenize,τὴν βάρβαρον Lib.Or.11.103
; translate into Greek, D.C. l.c.:—[voice] Pass., ἑλληνισθῆναι τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπό τινος acquire the Greek language from.., Th. l.c.; τὰ ὀνόματα.. ἡλλήνισται have assumed an Hellenic form, J.AJ1.6.1.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > Ἑλληνίζω
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6 κλάδος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `branch, twig, sprout' (IA., Arist., Thphr.), also a few cases of monosyllabic κλαδ- in κλαδ-ί, κλάδ-α, - ας and of an s-stem in κλάδεσι, - έεσσι, - έων (after δένδρεσι etc.?);Compounds: Compp., e. g. ὀλιγό-κλαδος (Thphr.), κλαδο-τομέω (pap.).Derivatives: Diminut. κλάδιον (Lib., pap.) and κλαδίσκος (Gal.); κλαδεών (Orph.), κλαδών (H.) = κλάδος; κλαδώδης `full of branches' (sch., Eust.), κλάδινος = rameus (Gloss.). Denomin. verb κλαδεύω `cut off branches, clip' (Artem.; - έω Arr.) with κλάδευσις (Aq., Sm., Gp.), κλαδεία (Gp.) `cutting off..., clipping', κλαδευτήρια pl. `pruned leaves' (Gloss.), κλαδευτής `pruner' (Gloss.), κλαδευτήριον, - ια `pruning knife, -festival' (H.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: One often connects * kelh₂- `cut off' (but Pok. 545ff. contains much irrelevant material). But this cannot give the Greek form. The connection with the Germ. word for ` Holz, Wald', OIc. OE holt n. etc. is probably wrong. That both forms can be derived from IE. *kl̥do- must be accidental, and there is no root * kel- without laryneal. Kluge-Seebold notes *kl̥h₂d- [there clearly is a misprint]; a Greek pre-form * klǝd- is impossible since the laryngeal theory: it should be *kl̥h₂d- which would have given *κλᾱδος. For the realia one referred to J. Trier, Holz (Münster-Köln 1952) p. 43ff. Mostly connected with κλάω `break off' (s. v.), but with a pre-Greek (i.e. from before hist. Greek) dental enlargement. Independent of κλάδος is the δ-formation of κλαδαρός `invalid' (s. v.); further καλαδία ἑυκάνη (= `plane') H. [LSJ gives ῥυκάνη (`plane-tree'); thus Frisk s.v.; but this lemma does not exist in H.] with diff. ablaut, s.s.v. - Outside Greek one connects Lat. clādēs `damage etc.', but this requires * klh₂d-, which is impossible for Greek ; and Slav., e. g. Russ.-Csl. klada, Russ. kolodá `beam, block, trunk', on whch I have no opinion. Kuiper GS Kretschmer 121f connected with κλάδος κλών, κλῶναξ, with nasalization (replacement of a stop by the nasal of that series) of the δ; cf. κλῶναξ κλάδος H. Further Pok. 546f..Page in Frisk: 1,864-865Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κλάδος
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7 ἀλώπηξ
ἀλώπηξ, - εκοςGrammatical information: f. (on the gender DELG).Meaning: `fox' (Archil.).Other forms: A shortened form is ἀλωπά (Alc.), ἀλωπός (Hdn.); on its origin Sommer Nominalkomp. 5 A. 5. Denom. ἀλωπεύει ἀνιχνεύει H., cf. NGr. (Crete) λαγονεύω `trace' from λαγώς, Kukules Άρχ. Έφ. 27, 70f.Derivatives: ἀλωπεκέη, -ῆ `fox-skin' (Hdt.); ἀλωπεκία a disease of the skin (Arist.); ἀλωπεκίς f. = κυναλώπηξ (X.), also `head-gear from fox-skin' (X.) and `kind of vine' (Plin.), s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 139Etymology: ἀλώπηξ can agree with Arm. aɫuēs, gen. - esu `fox'. Cf. further Lith. lãpė and Latv. lapsa. Schrijver, JIES 26, 1998, 421-434 connects the Celtic words W. llywarn etc., which he derives from * lop-erno-, and reconstructs * h₂lop-. The Greek long ō is explained from an old nom. * h₂lōp-s. (Skt. lopāśá- `jackal' and MP rōpās `fox' have an orig. diphthong in the root and cannot be connected. Lat. volpes `fox', Lith. vilpišỹs `wild cat' should also be kept apart; Schrijver starts from a root * ulp-). - The inflection ἀλώπηξ, - εκος is unique in Greek. There is no support for Rix's - ōk-s, - ek-os (1976,, 143). In the Armenian form, the ē presents difficulties and is prob. secondary, the word rather showing old short e; Clackson 1994, 95. De Vaan, IIJ 43, 2000, 279-293, disconnects the suffix from the Indo-Ir. one (as above the words were disconnected) and doubts that Skt. -āśa- etc. is of IE origin. He follows Chantr. Form. 376, in assuming that the Greek (and Armenian) suffix - ek- was taken from a non-IE language; Greek would have lengthened the vowel in the nominative. But this does not explain the Greek ablaut: one would expect that the long vowel was introduced everywhere. Rather the suffixes are IE, and the long vowel of Saskrit and the short of Armenian confirm the Greek ablaut as archaic. - See also Blažek, Linguistica Baltica 7, 1998, 25-31. Cf. Nehring Glotta 14, 184, Lidén KZ 56, 212ff., Fraenkel KZ 63, 189f., Hermann KZ 69, 66.Page in Frisk: 1,83Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλώπηξ
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8 ἀντικρύ
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `right opposite' (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: With ἀντι- ?, further unclear. Kretschmer Glotta 4, 356 connects ἀντικρούω `come into collision'. Improbable Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2, 148: to κάρη. Improb. also vW. (to Lat. crūs). Beekes - Cuypers, Mnem. 56 (2003): -υ short, but metrically lengthened. The Attic form hardly substituted ἀντα- for ἀντι- (the anticipation of the ρ and the assimilation would then be strange); but this also suggests that ἀντα\/ι- is not the Greek word (assimilation ο \> υ is also rare in Greek). If the word was Pre-Greek (* ant(r)ak(r)u-) identification with ἀντι would not surprise. Interchange ο\/ι is known from Pre-Greek words (Fur. 191 n. 37), so the word will be Pre-Greek. Then, it is also uncertain what the original position of the ρ was; if *ἀντρα-κυ, the last element might be compared with μεσσηγυ, ἐγγύς.Page in Frisk: 1,114Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀντικρύ
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9 ἕλμις
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: (Arist.), gen. ἕλμινθος (with new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος etc.; also acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom. pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.). Difficult λίμινθες ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι H.Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον `herb used against worms' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: If the dental- and velar enlargements are removed (Schwyzer 510 and 498, Chantr. Form. 366 and 400) we get a word, that agrees in its ending with two other names for `worm'. (One is found in Indo-Iranian (e. g. Skt. kŕ̥mi-), in Albanian ( krimp), Baltic (e. g. Lith. kirmìs), Slavic (e. g. OCS črъmьnъ `red' \< * črъmь, slov. čr̂m `fingerworm, carbuncle'), Celtic (e. g. OIr. cruim). The other is limited to Latin ( vermis) and Germanic (e. g. Goth. waurms), but has relatives in Balto-Slavic (e. g. OPr. vormyan `red', ORuss. vermie `ἀκρίδες') and Greek (Boeot. PN Ϝάρμιχος; cf. also, with different formation, ῥόμος σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις H.). Of these IE *kʷr̥mi- seems to be the oldest, both for its wide distribution, especially in frontier areas, as because it is etymologically isolated (cf. Porzig Gliederung 208f.). The riming *u̯r̥mi- may have been adapted to the verb *u̯er- `turn, bend' (cf. ῥόμος and ῥατάναν). A further innovation would be found in Greek because it connected the verb u̯el- `turn, wind' (s. 2. εἰλέω), which gave two further forms for `worm', εὑλή and Ϝάλη (written ὑάλη). (From Tocharian A one adds walyi pl. `worms'.) - The last mentioned (three) forms (with -l-) are clearly unrelated. The IE forms have -r-, but our word has -l- (so the word is not IE, as Furnée 290 holds). Though DELG does not think it necessary to take the - νθ- as a sign of Pre-Greek, I don't see why. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG IV 12, 122,10 Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also rather suggests a Pre-Greek variant. Was it *lymi(n)t-? (with proothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal l?). Note that the NGr. forms λεβίθα, - ίδες confirm the vowel right of the l (see DELG).Page in Frisk: 1,501Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλμις
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10 κύλιξ
κύλιξ, - ικοςGrammatical information: f. (m.)Meaning: `(drinking) cup' (posthom.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. κυλικ-ήρυτος `scooped with a cup' (Call.), εὑ-κύλικος `with beautiful cups' (AP).Derivatives: Diminut.: κυλίκιον (Thphr.), κυλίσκη (D. H., Poll., hardly from - ικ-ίσκη Schwyzer 542), - ίσκιον (Poll.); - ίχνη (Alc., Ar.; Chantraine Formation 195); Lat. LW [loanword] culigna (cf. W.-Hofmann s. calix); - ίχνιον (Ar., hell.), - ιχνίς (Achae.); further κυλικ-εῖον `cup-stander' (comp., pap.), - ειος `belonging to a cup' (Poll.), - ώδης 'κ.-like' (sch.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Agrees but for the stem-vowel with Lat. calix `deep bowl, cup' (from where NHG Kelch etc.), but a variation a\/u is unknown. The word κάλυξ (s.v.) `seed-vessel, husk' is not identical with our word for the same reason. With anlaut sk Umbr. skalçe-ta `ex patera', cf. σκαλλίον κυλίκιον μικρόν, σκαλίς σκαφεῖον H. does not belong here for the same reason (s. v.). (Also not here Skt. kaláśa- m. `jar, pot, dish'.) As with so many names of cups etc. we must reckon with loans. Wrong Pok. 550 f., W.-Hofmann s. calix (also Ernout-Meillet) who consider the word as IE. Connecting IE * (s)kel- is (in spite of NHG Schale a. o.) not convincing. See Fur. 110, 132 with n. 65, who points to κυλί-σκ-η and κυλίχν-ιον etc. with aspiration before the nasal (which is un-Greek and un-IE). So the word is Pre-Greek. - ικ is a typical Pre-Greek suffix (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes); κυλ-ικ- has a typical Pre-greek structure (ib.)Page in Frisk: 2,46-47Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύλιξ
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11 οὖραξ
οὖραξ, - αγοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: Att. `name of the bird τέτριξ' (Arist.).Derivatives: PG [Pre-Greek] [Pre-Greek]Origin: The suffix occurs in Pre-Greek, and it has parallels with the three Pre-Greek vowels, -υγ- -ῑγ- (with long vowel as often in Pre-Greek), Chantraine Form. 397, cf. λάταξ. This means that the word is Pre-Greek, and has prob. nothing to do with the word for `tail'.See also: s. οὑρά.Page in Frisk: 2,447Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖραξ
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12 Έρῑνῡς
Έρῑνύ̄ς, -ύοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: name of a revenging god(dess), orig. perh. the revenging soul of the the murdered man; appellativ. `revenge, curse' (Il.), name of Demeter in Arcadia (Antim., Call., Paus. 8, 25, 6).Other forms: On the length of the υ see LSJ. Εριννυς rejected by LSJDialectal forms: Myc. Erinu.Derivatives: ἐρινυώδης `like the E.' (Plu.); ἐρινύω = θυμῳ̃ χρῆσθαι (Arc., Paus. l. c., EM), cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 390.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Uncertain; diff. proposals: to ἔρις, ὀρίνω (Solmsen KZ 42, 230 n. 2), to Skt. ríṣyati `be damaged' (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 35, Prellwitz KZ 47, 187); to Skt. roṣati, ruṣyati `be unpleasant, be angry' with dissimilation υ-υ to ι-υ (Froehde BB 20, 187f.); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 9, 233. Etym. from Sanskrit are improbable - A connection with the mythical stallion Έρίων ( Άρίων, ΌρίϜων; Bechtel Dial. 1, 349; s. also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 399f.) requires further demonstration. - On the Erinyes Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 100f. - It is to be expected that the name is Pre-Greek. Cf. Herter, Lexis 3(1954)232 and Arena, Helikon 6 (1966)144f. Neumann, Sprache 32 (1986) 43-51 proposes * eri-snh₁-u- `who provokes struggle', from * sneh₁- as in νεῦρον. This would give, however, * eri-san-u- \> * eri-(h)anu-; this could be avoided by assuming that the laryngeal was lost in the compound. But does `provoke struggles' fit? Heubeck, Glotta 64 (1986), who accepts Neumann, answers no; (in fact he says that such a meaning "zwar nicht restlos geschwunden, aber doch... weitgehend zurückgedrängt worden ist", p. 164. The Erinyes have nothing to do with ἔρις, and the proposal cannot be correct; their primary function is to punish. So there is no good IE etymology and the word will be Pre-Greek. (The ending -ῡς would have to be from - uH-s, i.e. - u-h₂- (there is no suffix - uH-_), but Motionsfem. of this type in Greek are not known). I think that the ending is Pre-Greek. Also the variation ν\/νν may represent a palatal (phoneme) ny (cf. ly in Α᾽χιλ(λ)εύς; for the phenomenon see Beekes, Pre-Greek B 1).Page in Frisk: 1,559Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Έρῑνῡς
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13 Ἑλληνίς
Ἑλληνίς, ίδος, ἡ (Pind., Trag., Thu. et al.; ins; PGiss 36, 10; 2 Macc 6:8)① Greek in language and culture, Greek as adj. (opp. βάρβαρος) πόλις (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 136, 10 Jac.; Ael. Aristid. 24, 29 K.=44 p. 833 D.; Jos., Ant. 17, 320; 18, 377 al.; Just., A I, 33, 7 τῇ Ἑ. διαλέκτῳ; Tat. 37, 1 εἰς Ἑ. … φώνην; contrast Just., A I, 31, 4 Ἑλλάδα φ.) with Greek heritage Dg 5:4.—γυνή Ac 17:12.; the woman mentioned Mk 7:26 may be in this same category, but s. 2.② a Greek-oriented woman alien to Israel’s life, Greek (polytheist), subst. ἡ Ἑ. Greek (from Israel’s perspective) Mk 7:26, w. focus on the woman’s religious interest, but s. 1.—S. Συροφοινίκισσα and Χαναναῖος. Frisk s.v. Ἑλλάς. DELG s.v. Ἕλληνες. M-M. TW. -
14 Ἕλλην
Ἕλλην, ηνος, ὁ (s. Ἑλλάς; Hdt.+)① a pers. of Greek language and culture, Greek (opp. βάρβαρος [ANikolaidis, Ἑλληνικός–βαρβαρικός, Plutarch on Greek and Barbarian Characteristics: WienerStud n.s. 20, ’86, 229–44] as Thu. 1, 1, 2 et al.; TestSol 6:8 PL; Philo, Ebr. 193 al.; Jos., Ant. 4, 12 al.; Just., D. 117, 5; Tat. 21, 3; s. UWilcken, Hellenen u. Barbaren: NJklA 17, 1906, 457–71; JJüthner, Hell. u. Bar. 1923; HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 1ff) Ro 1:14 (cultured Romans affected interest in things Greek and would therefore recognize themselves under this term).② in the broader sense, all persons who came under the influence of Greek, as distinguished from Israel’s, cultureⓐ gentile, polytheist, Greco-Roman (2 Macc 4:36; 11:2; 3 Macc 3:8; 4 Macc 18:20; ViJon 1 [p. 82, 15 Sch.]; SibOr 5, 265; Praxagoras [Hist. IV A.D.]: 219 T 1, 8 [Phot., Bibl. 62, 8:219] Jac. τὴν θρησκείαν Ἕλλην; apolog.) J 7:35; Ac 9:29 v.l. and 11:20 v.l. (both for Ἑλληνιστάς); 16:1, 3; 21:28; 1 Cor 1:22; Gal 2:3; PtK 2 p. 14, 1 and 7; p. 15, 7; Dg 1; 3:3; 5:17. The expr. Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ Ἕλληνες, which clearly indicates Israel’s advantages fr. Judean perspective, embraces a broad range of nationalities, with Ἕλλην focusing on the polytheistic aspect: Ac 14:1; 18:4; 19:10, 17; 20:21; Ro 1:16; 2:9f; 3:9; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; Gal 3:28; Col 3:11 (CPJ 33, 6f=Mitt-Wilck. 55, 6 [III B.C.] παρὰ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων does not mean to indicate that Judeans have any special privilege [despite the fact that Ἰ. comes before Ἑ.]. Here the expression expresses gentile perspective. Cp. also Epict. 2, 9, 19 τί ὑποκρίνῃ Ἰουδαῖον ὢν Ἕλλην=why do you play the part of a Judean, when you are actually a Greek?).ⓑ used of non-Israelites/gentiles who expressed an interest in the cultic life of Israel (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 45) J 12:20. οἱ σεβόμενοι Ἕλληνες God-fearing gentiles Ac 17:4.—On the use of the art. s. B-D-F §262, 2=Rehkopf §262, 3.—LWeniger, Jesus u. d. Griechen: NJklA 41, 1918, 477–80; JLeipoldt, Jesu Verh. zu Griech. u. Juden ’41; B. 1489.—Frisk s.v. Ἑλλάς. DELG s.v. Ἕλληνες. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv. -
15 βόλβιτον
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: - ος m. (Thphr.), βόλβιθος (PMag. Par.; after σπύραθος, σπέλεθος ?, s. Chantr. Form. 367); also βόλιτον, - ος (Cratin.); βόλβιτα ἀφόδευμα βοός H. (i.e. βόλβις), βόλβυθον τὸ αὐτό H.Derivatives: βολίτινος (Ar.); βολίταινα cuttle fish, which smells badly (Arist.), also βολβίτιον (Gal.) and βολβίς (Epich.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: "The usual assumption that βόλιτον arose from βόλβιτον through progressive dissimilation, is hardly convincing" (Frisk). But that βόλβιτον is euphemistical through the influence of βολβός (Frisk) is not very convincing either. To derive βόλιτον from βάλλω, βόλος, and βολεών `Düngerhaufen' leaves the formation unexplained. It is much more natural to assume variation in a Pre-Greek word, which is confirmed by the fact that the suffix - ιτον is known from there (Fur. 163; further 180, 187; further the θ and the υ are typical variations. I wonder whether the variation β\/zero, to which Furnée devotes a chapter, derived from a labial [l]: * balʷ-it-, on which see αὖλαξ and Beekes, Pre-Greek. - The discussions in Frisk and DELG are examples of the wrong approach of Pre-Greek words: explaining away the characteristics of Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,249Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βόλβιτον
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16 γναθμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `jaw' (Hom.)Derivatives: PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denom. γναθόω `hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: γναθμός from γνάθος after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. - Always compared with Lith. žándas `id.', Latv. zuôds `chin, sharp side'; the Lith. acute was explained from a laryngeal, which is impossible for Greek; it can also have been caused by a following d (Winter-Kortlandt law). A preform *gn̥h₂dʰ- would have given *γνᾱθος, *gn̥h₂edʰ- *γαναθος; so a laryngeal is impossible for Greek, nor can - να- be derived from any other PIE form. (The Lithuanian form, which has a quite different structure, cannot be cognate.) The form must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Further connection with γένυς is improbable, as this is IE. Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι H. has also often been compared; this may well be cognate, as a Pre-Greek form; does it stand for *κναδοι? (with epenthesis? for which see Fur. 378); it has also been connected with κνώδων, κνώδαλον.Page in Frisk: 1,316Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γναθμός
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17 γρῡπός
γρῡπόςGrammatical information: adj.Meaning: `hook-nosed, curved' (Pl.).Derivatives: γρυπότης (X.). Denom. γρυπόομαι `get curbed, of nails' (Hp.), γρύπωσις (medi.); γρύπτω, γρυπαίνω and, γρυμπαίνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν H. Thematic aorist ἔγρυπον (like ἔκτυπον) `become wrinkled', of the earth in an earthquake' (Melanth. Hist. 1); thus γᾶν ἐγρυμμέναν (Gortyn); idem γρυπανίζω (Antiph. Soph.) and γρυπάνιος (ib.); γρυπάλιον γερόντιον. η γρυπάνιον H. γρυπνόν στυγνόν (s. DELG) - Root noun γρῡ́ψ, - πός m. the mythological `griffin' (Aristeas ap. Hdt., A.), later the real `Lämmergeier' (LXX); cf. γύψ, σκώψ, γλαῦξ; also γρῦπαι αἱ νεοσσιαὶ τῶν γυπῶν. οἱ δε γῦπαι H. - γρυβός γρυψ H. after the nouns in - βος? (Chantr. Form. 261). Metaph. γρῦπες μέρος τῶν τῆς νεὼς σκευῶν καὶ ἄγκυραι H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: A connection with OE crumb, OHG krump ` krumm' is not very probable (the nasal difficult). The nasal in γρυμπαίνω could be Pre-Greek prenasalization but may be of Greek origin. The long u is difficult for IE (requires *- uH-). - Güntert Reimwortbildungen 132f. thought that γρύψ was γύψ influenced by γρυπός; which is not convincing. Grimme Glotta 14, 17 assumed a loan from Akkadian ( karūbu `griffin, cherub'; cf. Hebr. kerūb and Lewy Fremdw. 11f.) through Hittite. From the archaeological perspective origin in Asia Mindor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable; DNP s.v. Greif; Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970) 51f. (but not toAkk. karūbu); Wild, SBWien 241\/4 (1963) 3-28. It is not certain that γρύψ is related to γρυπός. The adjective makes the impression of a Pre-Greek word ( γρυμπ-) and this will be true of the mythical bird as well (whatever it ultimate origin); note γρυβός, which may well show Pre-Greek alternation. Fur. 175 assumes more variations on the basis of the Latin forms. Note also γρῦνος γρύψ H., which fits in Furnée's system as showing π\/F (236).- Through Lat. gryphus the word came in the WEur. languages (griffin. Greif).Page in Frisk: 1,329-330Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γρῡπός
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18 θύμβρᾱ
θύμβρᾱGrammatical information: f.Meaning: name of a sweet-scented plant, savory, `Satureia Thymbra' (Com., Thphr., Dsc.),Other forms: also θύμβρον (Thphr.) and θυμβραία (Hp. ap. Gal.; after other plant names in - αία). Trough metathesis (or adaptation to θρύ-πτω?) θρύμβη (Gp.).Derivatives: θυμβρώδης `θ.-like' (Thphr.), θυμβρίτης οἶνος `with θ. spiced wine' (Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 96).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Connected with θύμον, θύμος `thyme', but hardly directly derived from it (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 149); the β could be epenthetic between μ and ρ. An ρ-derivation from τύφω with nasalisation and deaspiration (Persson Stud. 56 n. 4 ;) is most improbable: there is no nasalization in Greek (except in Pre-Greek) and there was no deaspiration after nasal ( ἀμφί); the proposal is rejected by DELG - Further Slavic plant names are mentioned like Russ. dubrávka `Potentilla erecta'; "alles ganz hypothetisch oder unwahrscheinlich (dubrávka wohl von dubráva `Laubwald, Park')" Frisk. Niedermann Glotta 19, 14 recalls an Anatolian GN like Θύμβρη, Θύμβριον, and on the other side Τυφρηστός (southern spur of the Pindos, called after θύμβρα?). - It is clearly a non-(IE-)Greek plant-name, prob. Pre-Greek. The Anatolian place name could stem from a related language. Note also the metathesized form. The ending - αια is remarkable.Page in Frisk: 1,692Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύμβρᾱ
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19 ἴμβηρις
Grammatical information: ?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The ending as in λεβηρίς `snake-skin' (Muller Altital. Wb. 30; so accent ἰμβηρίς?). The word resembles BaltoSlavic words for `eel', e. g. Lith. ungurỹs, Russ. úgorь, IE *engu- (? de Saussure MSL 6, 78f.) with ε \> ι before nasal (which is not a Greek rule) and Aeolic development of the idg. gu̯ (Schwyzer 275f.; cf. ibd. 352; also 300 and 302). - Unclear is the relation to ἔγχελυς, Lat. anguilla etc., s. v. and W.-Hofmann (s. anguis), for which no IE protoform can be reconstructed (Frisk). The assumption of Illyrian origin (Bonfante, Barić) has little support, cf. Mayer Glotta 32, 67. - The ending, seen also in λεβηρίς, rather points to a Pre-Greek word; see on - ηρ- Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes. (If one removes the λ-, and assumes prenasalization, we would get *εμβηρις; ε\/ι is frequent in Pre-Greek.)Page in Frisk: 1,725Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴμβηρις
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20 κεράμβυξ
κεράμβυξ, - υκοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `longicorn beetle, `Hornschröter' (Nic. Fr. 39, H.; on the meaning Goossens L'Ant. Class. 17, 263ff.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Cf. σήραμβος, κόλυμβος, κόρυμβος a. o. (Chantraine Formation 261), and βόμβυξ, ὄρτυξ etc. (ib. 383 and 397). Another formation is κεράμβηλον, glossed by H. a. o. with κάνθαρος; cf. πέτηλος, κίβδηλος a. o. - The form cannot be derived from κέρας `horn'. If they have prenasalization, as seems probable, it is a Pre-Greek word. We know that - ηλ(ο)- is a Pre-Greek suffix. Also the suffix - υκ- is Pre-Greek. Fur. (passim) compares κᾱ́ραβος, καρά(μ)βιος and καραβίδες, as well as *σκαραβαῖος, all beetles; the form κερα- may have been adapted to κέρας. It is surprising that th etymology with κέρας is so long retained and that the Pre-Greek character has not been observed.Page in Frisk: 1,822-823Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεράμβυξ
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