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1 σκαμβός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `crooked, bandy-legged' (LXX, hell. pap., Gal.),Derivatives: σκαμβό-πους `with crooked feet' (Ps.-Archyt.), σκαμβόομαι `to curve' (Aq.). Further in H.: σκάμβυκες σκόλοπες, χάρακες (as θρῆνυξ a. o.); σκαμβάλυξ σκαμβός, στρεβλός (as if from *σκαμβαλος; cf. βαύκαλος a. o.; ταρβάλυξ, φεψάλυξ a. o.); σκαμβηρίζοντες ὀλισθαίνοντες (: *σκαμβηρός like ὀλισθηρός a. o.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (S)Etymology: Popular formation with α-vowel and β-suffix like κλαμβός, θραμβός; cf. further σκιμβός, λιμβός, λομβός and several other words not frequently found in literature (Chantraine Form. 260 ff., Schwyzer 496). For such a word one should not look for a straight genealogy. Inside Greek one thinks with Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 15 best of σκάζω (semantic doubts in WP. 2, 539); under non-Greek words Fick 2, 78 f. adduced OIr. camm `crooked', Gaul. PN Cambo-dūnum, so that one compares also the family of κάμπτω. Further combinations of varying value in WP. l.c., Pok. 918, W.-Hofmann s. cambiō and campus w. rich lit.; further to it Machek Ling. Posn. 5, 61. -- Cross of σκάζω with the very rare σκιμβός (Sommer Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 426) is not probable. -- The word is clearly Pre-Greek (suff. - υκ-, - αλ-); or does Celt. camb- points to a Eur. substratum?Page in Frisk: 2,716-717Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκαμβός
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2 ἀνιγρός
Grammatical information: adj.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unexplained. To νίζω (J. Baunack RhM 37, 474, v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 34; cf. Schwyzer 299: 6); improbable, as is Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 61f. (to Lat. niger; s. νεβρός).Page in Frisk: 1,112Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀνιγρός
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3 γυγαί
Grammatical information: ?Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] [probably] Anat.Etymology: If πάπποι is correct, an Anatolian word cognate with Hitt. ḫuḫḫaš `grandfather', Hierogl.-Luw. ḫuḫa-, Lyc. χ uga- `mütterl. Großvater (?)'. Tischler HEW 260 - Brandenstein Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 65 connects the Lydian kings name Γύγης. Cf. Heubeck, Lydiaka 62f; but Neumann, Weiterleben 69ff. connected the bird γύγης. - The same word as Lat. avus, arm. hav `Großvater', * h₂euh₂os.Page in Frisk: 1,331Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυγαί
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4 δίψᾰ
δίψᾰ, - ηςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `thirst' (Il.).Other forms: rarely δίψη (A. Ch. 756), also δίψος n. (Th.; after πνῖγος, ῥῖγος etc.; s. Chantr. Form. 420)Derivatives: δίψιος `thirsty, dry' (trag.), διψηρός `id.' (Hp.; after αὑχμηρός), διψώδης `id.' (Hp.), διψαλέος `id.' (hell. and late; after ἀζαλέος etc.), διψάς f. `id.' (Thphr.), also name of a snake, whose bite caused a strong thirst (cf. Chantraine 354f.). - δίψακος m. the name of diabetes (medic.; because of the drinking of the patients, Strömberg Wortstudien 89), also plant name `Dipsacus silvestris' (Dsc., Gal.; see Strömberg Pflanzennamen 78), with διψακερός `thirsty' (EM), acc. to H. = ταλαίπωρος; - διψοσύνη = δίψα (Orac. ap. Porph.). - διψά̄ων Ptz. (λ 584), inf. διψῆν (Hdt.), 3. sg. διψῃ̃ (Pi., Pl.), hell. also διψᾶν, -ᾳ̃; also διψέω (Archil.) and διψώω (Tryph.); with δίψησις (Ath. 1, 10b; doubtful) and διψητικός (Arist.). - One cites also forms with διφ-, δίφας `a kind of snake' (Artemid. 2,13), δίφατον and δίβαν ὄφιν. Κρῆτες H. (s. διφάω).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With διψά̄ων, διψῆν compare πεινά̄ων, πεινῆν; the forms διψά̄ων, πεινά̄ων might be (Aeolic?) analogical formations after the normal epic ending -ά̄ων; διψῆν and πεινῆν are unexplained (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 21 and 362, Leroy Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 288f.; improbable on διψῆν, πεινῆν K. Meister HK 89 [cf. Fraenkel Mélanges Boisacq 1, 376f.]). These formations show, that they are not denominatives ; rather δίψᾰ, δίψη and πείνη, πεῖνα are postverbal (Schwyzer 476, Chantraine l. c.). Cf. Lasso de la Vega Emerita 22, 88f.; 96f. Meillet speaks of it BSL 28 (1927) 125 (unclear to me). - The final of δίπ-σα can hardly be IE. So prob. a Pre-Greek word. See the variants with φ and β (Fur. 326).Page in Frisk: 1,401-402Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δίψᾰ
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5 δόξα
δόξα Szem 376n4Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `opinion, glory' (Il. [Κ 324]; see Greindl RhM 89, 220ff., Buttmann Phil. 97, 25, Kittel Forschungen und Fortschritte 7, 457f., Mohrmann Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 321ff.Derivatives: Diminut. δοξάριον (Arr.); denomin. δοξάζω `believe, praise' (trag., Th.) with δόξασμα, δοξασμός, δοξαστής, - αστός, - αστικός (Att. etc.), also δοξασία (D. C.) and δόξασις (Simp.); δοξόομαι `have the name' (Hdt.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: To δοκέω; formation unclear. - Leumann Hom. Wörter 173ff. rejects older theories (*δόκ-τι̯ᾰ, *δόκ-σᾱ); his own theory is also improbable (see Fraenkel Gnomon 23, 374). The word, with short final -α, will be Pre-Greek (cf. Beekes, Pre-Greek p. 48).Page in Frisk: 1,409-410Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δόξα
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6 θέλγω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `enchant, beguile, cheat' (Il.)Compounds: rarely with prefix, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα, παρα-, iter. ipf. θέλγεσκ' (γ 264). θέλξι- as 1. member in governing compp., e. g. θελξι-επής `with enchanting word' (B.), θελξί-φρων `enchanting the mind' (E. in lyr.); s. Schwyzer 443.Derivatives: θελκτήρ `enchanter etc.' (h. Hom. 16, 4) with θελκτήριον `charm' (Il.), adj. θελκτήριος `enchanting' (A., E.); θέλκτωρ `id.' (A. Supp. 1040 [lyr.]; on semantic differences Benveniste Noms d'agent 31 a. 39; s. also Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 10 and 49); θέλκτρον = θελκτήριον (S. Tr. 585), θέλγητρον `charm, spell' (E.); θέλγμα `id.' (sch., H.); θέλκταρ (cod. θέρκαλ) θέλγμα H. (s. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 29); ( κατά-)θέλξις `charm' (Plu., Luc., Ael.). - On Τελχῖνες s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unexplained. Several hypotheses: to Lith. žvelgiù `look at' (de Saussure MSL 8, 443 A., Thumb IF, Anz. 11, 23; enchanting through he evil eye); to Skt. hvárate `go oblique' from ǵhu̯el-gō (?, Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 29); to Germ., e. g. OE dolg, OHG tolc `wound' (Havers IF 28, 190ff.; s. also ἀσελγής).Page in Frisk: 1,658-659Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θέλγω
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7 ἴγνητες
Grammatical information: pl.Meaning: `αὑθιγενεῖς, inborn' (A. D., H.), also as name of the old inhabitants of Rhodes (Simmias 11, H.).Etymology: Fron *ἔν-γνη-τες, comp. of ἐν and γίγνομαι (cf. γνησιος, from *γνη-το- \< * gnh₁-to-) with a τ-suffix (Schwyzer 451, Solmsen Wortforsch. 215). (Not with Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 14 (and Schwyzer 613) to the deictic pronoun i- `is'.)Page in Frisk: 1,708Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴγνητες
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8 ἵππος
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `horse, mare' (Il.), collective f. `cavalry' (IA)Compounds: Very often in compp.: bahuvrihi ( λεύκ-ιππος), governing compp. ( ἱππό-δαμ-ος, ἱππ-ηλά-της), determin. compp. ( ἱππο-τοξότης); with transformed 2. member ( ἱππο-πόταμος, ἵππ-αγρος for ἵππος ποτάμιος, ἄγριος, Risch IF 59, 287; ἱππο-κορυστής, s. κόρυς); with metr. conditioned ἱππιο- for ἱππο- in ἱππιο-χαίτης, - χάρμης (ep.). As 1. member also augmentative, esp in plant-names ( ἱππο-λάπαθον a. o., Strömberg Pflanzennamen 30).Derivatives: A. Substantives: diminut. ἱππάριον (X.), ἱππίσκος `(small) statue of a horse' (Samos IVa) etc., ἱππίδιον as fishname (Epich.; Strömberg Fischnamen 100). - ἱππότης m. `horse-, chariot-driver' (Il.; in Homer always ἱππότᾰ with voc. = nom.; see Risch Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 389ff), f. ἱππότις (Nonn.); ἱππεύς `horse-driver, chariot-fighter' (Il.), `cavalrist' (Sapph., A., Hdt.), `knight' as social class (Hdt., Ar., Arist.); from there ἱππεύω, s. C.; also as name of a comet like ἱππίας (Plin., Apul.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 107); ἱππών `stable' (Att. inscr., X.); ἱππάκη `cheese of mare-milk' (Hp.), also plant-name (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 136; formation like ἐριθάκη, ἁλωνάκη a. o.); ἵππερος "horse-fever" (Ar., like ἴκτερος, ὕδερος); ἱπποσύνη `art of driving, cavalry' (Il.; Urs Wyss Die Wörter auf - σύνη 23 u. 49). - B. Adjectives: ἱππάς f. `belonging to a horse, status and census of the knights in Athens' (Hp., Arist.); ἵππειος `belonging to a horse' (Il.); ἵππιος `id.' (Alc., Pi., trag.), often as epithet of gods (Poseidon, Athena etc.); from there Ίππιών as month-name (Eretria); ἱππικός `id.' (IA; Chantraine Et. sur le vocab. gr. 141); ἱππώδης `horse-like' (X.). - C. Verbs: 1. ἱππάζομαι, also with ἀφ-, ἐφ-, καθ- a. o., `drive horses, serve as riding-horse' (Il.) with ἱππασία, ἱππάσιμος, ἱππαστήρ, - άστρια, ἱππαστής, - αστικός, ἵππασμα, ἱππασμός. 2. ἱππεύω `id.' (IA), prop. from ἱππεύς, but also referring to ἵππος (Schwyzer 732), also with prefix, e. g. ἀφ-, καθ-, παρ-, συν-; from there ἱππευτήρ, - τής, ἱππεία, ἵππευσις, ἵππευμα; details in Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 34f. - Further endless proper-names, both full- and short-names ( Ίππόλυτος, Ίππίας, Ι῝ππη etc.etc.). See E. Delebecque Le cheval dans l'Iliade. Paris 1951.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [301] *h₁eḱuos `horse'Etymology: Inherited word for `horse', e. g. Skt. áśva-, Lat. equus, Venet. acc. ekvon, Celt., e. g. OIr. ech, Germ., e. g. OE eoh, OLith. ešva `mare', Toch. B yakwe, perh. also Thrac. PN Βετεσπιος, give IE *h₁eḱu̯os; further HLuw. aśuwa, Lyc. esbe. From this form we expect Gr. *ἔππος or *ἔκκος (s. Schwyzer 301). A form with geminate is indeed found in ἴκκος (EM 474, 12), Ἴκκος PN (Tarent., Epid.); s. Lejeune, Phonétique 72. (With ἴκκος: ἵππος cf. Pannonian PN Ecco, Eppo.) A problem is the ἰ-; one suggestion was that it is Mycenaean; Cf. W.-Hofmann s. equus, Schwyzer 351. The aspiration is also difficult. - There is no further explanation for the word (connection e.g. with ὠκύς cannot be demonstrated).Page in Frisk: 1,734-735Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἵππος
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9 καρόω 1
καρόω 1.Grammatical information: v.Compounds: also with ὑπο-,Derivatives: κάρωσις `heaviness in the head, drowsiness' (Hp.), καρωτικός `stupefying' (Arist., Gal.), καρώδης `id., drowsy, soporific' (Hp.; on the formation cf. ὑπνώδης and the verbal derivations in - ώδης in Chantraine Formation 431); καρωτίδες ( ἀρτηρίαι) pl. (also sg.) `carotid arteries' medic.); postverbal κάρος n. `torpor, drowsiness' (Arist., Phld., A. R.), cf. καρός κωφός, οἱ δε σκοτόδινος H.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Prob. prop. as denomin. of κάρα, κάρη `head' "have a heavy head" as καρηβαρέω; cf. καρωθείς την κεφαλην σεισθείς, μεθυσθεὶς η βαρηθείς H., s. Baunack Philol. 70, 379. The verb was orig. medial-intransitive. Not from a noun *κάρος n. `head' (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 6) s. WP. 1, 404.Page in Frisk: 1,791Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καρόω 1
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10 κήρ
κήρ, κηρόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `death, doom', often personified `goddess or demon of death' (Il.), in plur. `types of death, accidents'; see Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 222ff., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 271ff.Compounds: Compp. z. B. κηρεσσι-φόρητος `by the Keres driven (into death)' (Q 527; Schwyzer 446, Pfister Würzb. Jb. 3, 406f.), κηρι-τρεφεῖς `brought up for death' ( ἄνθρωποι, Hes. Op. 418), κηρο-τρόφος `feeding death, deadly' ( ὄφις, Nic. Th. 192); ἐπί-κηρος `fallen to death' (Hp., Arist., hell.); also ἀ-κήρ-ατος with ἀκηράσιος and ἀ-κήρ-ιος `unharmed', s. 1. ἀκήρατος and Sommer Nominalkomp. 152.Derivatives: κηρέσιον ὀλέθριον, νοσηρόν H. (after θεσπέσιος); κηραίνω `damage, destroy' (A. Supp. 999, Ph.; after πημαίνω), κηρόομαι `be injured' (EM).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: A root noun, which has been derived from κεραΐζω; Sanskrit and Celtic have a root aorist (s. on κεραΐζω); so κήρ would prop. be an agent noun "the destroyer". The disyll. root however, is a problem: we would expect *κηρας (cf. γῆρας \< *ǵērh₂-s). Problematic is further the long vowel α in Alc. ( κᾶρι B 6 A 7) and Alcm. ( κᾶρα Fr. 56; trad. κάραν), PGr. *κά̄ρ (cf. κάρ θάνατος H.). Also καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι and ἐκαρίωσας ἀπέκτεινας H. have α which will have been long (there is no evidence for short α. Then we have the old Attic saying θύραζε Κᾶρες, οὑκ ἔτ' Άνθεστήρια. That Κᾶρες meant `Carians', i.e. `slaves' is clearly an aetological story invented to explain the α. See also Brunel PPh. 41 (1967) 81-104.) Opposed to κᾶρι, κᾶρα in Alc. and Alcm. stand κῆρες and κήρ both in Pi. Fr. 277 and in the choral songs of the tragedy. The suggestion of an ablauting paradigm κήρ, *κᾰρός (not retained in ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, s. καρός) with a secondary nom. *κά̄ρ (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 9f.) cannot be maintained. The conclusion is that the long α is original; the η is simply the IA development of the long α (which was spread over a larger area). The word, then, is Pre-Greek, as may be expected for such an archaic idea: there is no IE root *kār-. Beekes, xxx, 200x, ppp - ppp. Lee Glotta 39 (1961) 191-207 and Ramat Arch. glottol. it. 50 (1965) 137ff. derive the word from κείρω, which is hardly probable.Page in Frisk: 1,842-843Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κήρ
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11 κηρός (1)
κήρ, κηρόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `death, doom', often personified `goddess or demon of death' (Il.), in plur. `types of death, accidents'; see Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 222ff., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 271ff.Compounds: Compp. z. B. κηρεσσι-φόρητος `by the Keres driven (into death)' (Q 527; Schwyzer 446, Pfister Würzb. Jb. 3, 406f.), κηρι-τρεφεῖς `brought up for death' ( ἄνθρωποι, Hes. Op. 418), κηρο-τρόφος `feeding death, deadly' ( ὄφις, Nic. Th. 192); ἐπί-κηρος `fallen to death' (Hp., Arist., hell.); also ἀ-κήρ-ατος with ἀκηράσιος and ἀ-κήρ-ιος `unharmed', s. 1. ἀκήρατος and Sommer Nominalkomp. 152.Derivatives: κηρέσιον ὀλέθριον, νοσηρόν H. (after θεσπέσιος); κηραίνω `damage, destroy' (A. Supp. 999, Ph.; after πημαίνω), κηρόομαι `be injured' (EM).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: A root noun, which has been derived from κεραΐζω; Sanskrit and Celtic have a root aorist (s. on κεραΐζω); so κήρ would prop. be an agent noun "the destroyer". The disyll. root however, is a problem: we would expect *κηρας (cf. γῆρας \< *ǵērh₂-s). Problematic is further the long vowel α in Alc. ( κᾶρι B 6 A 7) and Alcm. ( κᾶρα Fr. 56; trad. κάραν), PGr. *κά̄ρ (cf. κάρ θάνατος H.). Also καριῶσαι ἀποκτεῖναι and ἐκαρίωσας ἀπέκτεινας H. have α which will have been long (there is no evidence for short α. Then we have the old Attic saying θύραζε Κᾶρες, οὑκ ἔτ' Άνθεστήρια. That Κᾶρες meant `Carians', i.e. `slaves' is clearly an aetological story invented to explain the α. See also Brunel PPh. 41 (1967) 81-104.) Opposed to κᾶρι, κᾶρα in Alc. and Alcm. stand κῆρες and κήρ both in Pi. Fr. 277 and in the choral songs of the tragedy. The suggestion of an ablauting paradigm κήρ, *κᾰρός (not retained in ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ, s. καρός) with a secondary nom. *κά̄ρ (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 9f.) cannot be maintained. The conclusion is that the long α is original; the η is simply the IA development of the long α (which was spread over a larger area). The word, then, is Pre-Greek, as may be expected for such an archaic idea: there is no IE root *kār-. Beekes, xxx, 200x, ppp - ppp. Lee Glotta 39 (1961) 191-207 and Ramat Arch. glottol. it. 50 (1965) 137ff. derive the word from κείρω, which is hardly probable.Page in Frisk: 1,842-843Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κηρός (1)
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12 κόρδᾱξ
κόρδᾱξ, -ᾱκοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `name of a dance in the old comedy (Ar., Thphr.), also in the cult of Apollon (Amorgos) and Artemis (Sipylos, Elis; Paus. 6, 22, 1).Derivatives: Κορδάκα f. surn. of Artemis in Elis (Paus. l. c.), κορδακικός `κ.-like ' (Arist.), κορδακίζω `dance the κ.' (Hyp.) with - ισμός (D.), - ισμα (H.), - ιστής (Amorgos, pap.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Doric word (Björck Alpha impurum 61) of uncertain origin. For comparison one adduces since long (s. Curtius 154) Skt. kūrdati `spring, skip' (Dravidian?; s. Mayrhofer KEWA s. v., Kuiper Sprachgesch. u. Wortbedeutung 244), further κραδάω, κραδαίνω, κράδη (s. v.) and σκορδινάομαι (s. v.); cf. on κορδύλη. - Against IE. origin Nehring Glotta 14, 185ff. - The ending -ᾱξ is typical of Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,917-918Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόρδᾱξ
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13 κρήδεμνον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `woman's headdress, veil', metaph. `battlements, cover, lid (of a jar)' (Il.; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 296 w. n. 60, Haakh Gymnasium 66, 374ff.).Dialectal forms: Dor. κρά̄-, n., often plur.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [574] *ḱerh₂- `head, horn'Etymology: Compound from κάρᾱ `head' and δέω `bind', but in detail unclear. The 1. member can (with Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 6 ff.; against it Kretschmer Glotta 4, 336) stand through dissimilation for κρηνο-, i.e. thematic enlargement of the zero grade of κάρᾱ (s. κρᾱνίον), but also have arisen from κρησ- with loss of the σ before δ (rejected by DELG); the formation of κράσπεδον (s. v.) might support the latter. An original σ-less κρη- cannot be deduced from it (cf. on κάρᾱ). The 2. member - δεμνον, -α contains a derivation of δέω `bind'; cf. βέλεμνα s. βάλλω and δέμνια. Slightly diff. Bechtel Lex. s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,15Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρήδεμνον
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14 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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15 κύανος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `name of a dark-blue substance, enamel, lapis lazuli, blue copper carbonate' (Il.); also name of a bird (Arist., Ael.; s. Thompson Birds s. v.) and a plant, `blue cornflower' (Plin.);Dialectal forms: Myc. kuwano.Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. κυανό-πρῳρος `with dark-blue prow' (Hom., B.; - πρῴρειος metr. lengthening at verse-end, Risch 120), - χαίτης `with dark hair' (Hom.; Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 389 ff.), - πεπλος `with dark cloth' (h. Cer., Hes.; Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 244).Derivatives: κυάνεος (ῡ metr. length.) `made of κ.', usu. `dark-blue' (Il.; on the meaning Capelle RhM 101, 10 a. 35).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As Anat. LW [loanword] identical with Hitt. kuu̯anna(n)- `copper(blue), ornamental stone' (Friedrich Wb. after Götze). Cf. Danka and Witczak. IES 25 (1997) from *ḱwm̥Hos.Page in Frisk: 2,37Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύανος
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16 μαδάω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `be moist' (Thphr.; on a disease of a fir-tree), also `fall off' of hair, also with ἀπο- (Hp., Ar., Arist., LXX).Other forms: aor. μαδῆσαιDerivatives: μάδησις `falling off of hair' (Hp.), μαδαῖος `being moist' (Poet. de herb.; after ἰκμαῖος?). - Factitive μαδίζω, also with ἀπο-, `remove the hair, pluck or singe bare' (medic.) with μαδιστήριον `instrument, place where depilation is carried on' = ευ῝στρα (Halicarn. Ia, sch.), ὁλο-μάδιστος `quite bald' (Cyran.), also μάδισος (s. below); as iterative μαδάσκομαι `become moist' (medic. VIIp). - Expressive enlargement μα[γ]δάλλει τίλλει, ἐσθίει; μα[γ]δάλλοντες τίλλοντες, ἐσθίοντες H., cf. κναδάλλεται κνήθεται H. and Debrunner IF 21, 91. - Besides μαδαρός `being moist' (Hp., Arist.), `bald' (Luc.) with μαδαρότης `baldness, falling off of the hair, the eyelashes' (Hp., Gal.), μαδαρόω `remove the hairs' (LXX Ne. 13, 25, v. l., Crete IIa), μαδάρωσις = - ότης (Gal., Vett. Val.; prob. direct from μαδαρός, cf. Chantraine Form. 279); μαδαρ-ιάω `suffer loss of hair' (Cleopatra ap. Gal. 12, 405). Beside μαδαρός there is μαδι-γένειος `with bald chin' (Arist.); cf. χαλαρός: χαλί-φρων.Etymology: On the development `flow away' \> `fall out' cf. ἐκρέω `flow away, fall out' and Lat. dēfluō `flow down', also `fall out, go out' of hairs. - With μαδάω: μαδαρός cf. χαλάω: χαλαρός and the synonymous pair πλαδάω: πλαδαρός; but aor. μαδῆσαι innovation against χαλάσαι (as λαγαρός: λαγάσαι a. o.); the morphological analysis, however, remains uncertain, cf. Schwyzer 682 f. - Only formally different are: Lat. madeō `be moist, drip, be drunk' (after the intransitives in - ēre), OIr. maidim `break (out)' (intr.), `fall to pieces' (from *'flow out, away' v.t.; can be formally identical with madeō), Skt. mádati (themat. root-pres.), ma-mát-ti (redupl.) a. o. `be drunken, fuddle oneself, swallow, be marry'; further connections, partly uncertain, in Bq, WP. 2, 230ff., Pok. 694f., W.-Hofmann s. madeō; ib. more lit. Attempt to identify μαδαρός and Lat. madidus (\< - iro-s?), in Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 24. - Cf. μαστός and μήδεα. - Note (as backformation?) μάδος (- ον) as plant-name, = ἄμπελος λευκή (Dsc.), because its root was used for depilation; by H. rendered with ψίλωθρον, which may indicate the same plant. Besides μαδωνάϊς = νυμφαία, `water-lily' (Boeot. acc. to Thphr. HP 9, 13; because of its humid stand?); cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 307, who with several others changes to μαδωνία (cf. Chantraine Form. 208). - Also μάδισος δίκελλα. οἱ δε μαδιβός H., prob. from μαδίζω, s. above a. Chantraine 435; cf. τάμισος (from ταμεῖν)? On * meh₂d- see Lubotsky, MSS 40 (1981)133-138.Page in Frisk: 2,157-158Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαδάω
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17 μῆτις
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `wisdom, skill, craft' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πολύ-μητις `with many councils, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης `with crooked councils, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.); on the transfer to the ᾱ-stems Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 48 f. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 11 50 f.), Schwyzer 561 w. n. 5.Derivatives: 1. μητιέτᾰ nom. a. (orig.) voc., adjunct of Zeus, `who possesses μῆτις', metr. conditioned form at verse-end for *μητῖτα, after νεφεληγερ-έτα ( Ζεύς) a.o.; with acc. μητιέτην (versinscr. Tegea), nom.- έτης (Corn.); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 186 n.1, Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 394; wrong Fraenkel Festschr. B. Snell (1956) 186 ff. -- 2. μητιόεις `filled with μ.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα a.o. (δ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.); on the formation beyond Schwyzer 527 Fraenkel l.c. -- Denomin. verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι `reflect, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.; pres. μητίομαι Pi. P. 2, 92); as pres. is used in the epic for metr. reasons (after the verbs in - ιάω) μητιάω, - άομαι ( μητιόων, μητιάασθαι etc.), also with ἐπι-, συν-, (Hom., A. R.); Schwyzer 727 u. 732. Verbal noun μητίματα pl. H. s.v. μήτεα (for μήδεα?).Etymology: As orig. verbal noun *'measuring' (improb. `measurer' as nom. ag.; cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 26 a. 37 f., Borgström NTS 16, 145) μῆτις has exact correspondences in Skt. māti- `measure' (lex.) and in the Germ. word, which is isolated, OE mǣd f. `measure'; the same noun is also supposed by Lat. mētior `measure'. The basic primary verb is found only in Indoiran., e.g. Skt. mā́-ti, redupl. mí-mā-ti `measure' (with a.o. upa-mā- with úpamā-ti-'distribution, measuring out'). An other formation is μή-τρα `land-measure'; ablauting with this μέτρον (s.v.). Also in the other languages several isolated verbal nouns with diff. meanings are preserved, thus Germ., e.g. Goth. mēl `time', OHG māl `point of time, (time for) meal, Mahl'. -- The unassibilated - τι- (for - σι-) has been explained from the isolated position of the archaic μῆτις, cf. Schwyzer 505 and Chantraine Form. 277. On μῆτις in gen. Porzig Satzinhalte 329 a. 336, Benveniste Noms d'agent 77. -- Further forms WP. 2, 237f., Pok. 703f., W.-Hofmann s. mētior.Page in Frisk: 2,232-233Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῆτις
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18 μιμνήσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `remind (oneself), give heed, care for, make mention'; usu. - ομαι (- ῄσκω, Schwyzer 709f., Aeol. μιμναισκω [Gramm.], μνήσκεται Anacr.); fut. μνήσω, - ομαι, aor. μνῆσαι (Dor. μνᾶσαι), - ασθαι, perf. midd. μέμνημαι (Dor. -μνᾱ-, Aeol. - μναι-) with fut. μεμνήσομαι (all Il.), aor. pass. μνησθῆναι (δ 418, Aeol. μνασθῆναι) with fut. μνησθήσομαι (IA); pres. also μνάομαι, μνῶμαι, μνώοντο, μνωόμενος etc. (Il.), `woo for one's bride, court' (Od.) `solicit' (Hdt., Pi.), προ-μνάομαι `court for' (S., Pl., X.); cf. below.Compounds: Often with prefix, esp. ὑπο-, ἀνα-, with παρ-, προσ-υπομιμνήσκω, ἐπ-, συν-, προ-αναμιμνήσκω.Derivatives: 1. μνῆμα, Dor. Aeol. μνᾶμα n. `memorial, monument, tomb' (Il.) with μνημ-εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον, Dor. μναμ- `id.' (Dor., IA; cf. σῆμα: σημεῖον a.o., Chantraine Form. 61, Schwyzer 470), rare a. late - άτιον, - άδιον, - άφιον, - όριον (s. μεμόριον); μνηματίτης λόγος `funeral oration' (Choerob., Eust.; Redard 47); ὑπόμνη-μα `remembrance, note' (Att.) with - ματικός, - ματίζομαι -- 2. μνήμη, Dor. μνάμα f. `remembrance, mention' (Dor., IA; μνή-σ-μη Lycaonia); from this or from μνῆμα: μνημ-ήϊος `as a remembrance' (Phryg.), - ίσκομαι = μιμνήσκομαι (Pap.). -- 3. μνεία f. `remembrance, mention' (Att.), verbal noun \< * μνᾱ-ΐα as πεν-ία a.o. (cf. Chantraine Form. 81), hardly with Schwyzer 425 foll. Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 75f. enlarged from a root noun *μνᾱ. -- 4. μνῆστις ( μνᾶσ-) f. `remembrance, thought, renown' (ν 280) with - σ- as in μνη-σ-θῆναι, μνη-σ-τύς etc.; rather after λῆστις (s. λανθάνω) than with Porzig Satzinhalte 196 the other way round. -- 5. ἀνά-, ὑπό-μνη-σις `remembrance, admonition' (Att.); also μνησι- as verbal 1. member e.g. in μνησι-κακέω `remember the (suffered) wrong' with - ία, - ος (IA). -- 6. μνηστύς, - ύος f. `courting' (Od.), later replaced by μνηστ-εία, - ευμα (s. μνηστεύω); attempt at semantic differentiation by Benveniste Noms d'agent 68f. -- 7. μνηστήρ (μνᾱσ-), - τῆρος m. `wooer' (Od.; on μνηστήρ: μνηστύς Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 32 n. 2), also name of a month ( μναστήρ, Messene; cf. Γαμη-λιών and Fraenkel 1, 162); adjectiv. `remembering, reminding' (Pi.; Fraenkel 1, 156 f.), f. μνήστειρα `bride' (AP, `reminding' (Pi.); μνῆστρον `betrothal, marriage' ( Cod. Just.) ; προμνήστρ-ια ( προ-μνάομαι) f. `(woman) matchmaker' (E., Ar., Pl.), - ίς `id.' (X.). -- 8. μνήστωρ `mindful' (A.); on μνήσ-τωρ, - τήρ Fraenkel 2, 12, Benveniste Noms d'agent 47. -- 9. μνηστή f. `wood and won, wedded, memorable' (Hom., A. R.) also `worth remembering' ( Sammelb. 6138), πολυ-μνήστη (- ος) `much wood' (Od.), also `mindful, remaining in memory' (Emp., A.); but Ἄ-μνᾱτος (Gortyn; Schwyzer 503); from this μνηστεύω ( μνασ-) `woo a wife' (Od.), also `canvass a job' with μνήστευμα (E.), - εία (hell.) `wooing'. --10. μνήμων ( μνά-), - ονος m. f., first from μνῆμα, but also directly associated with the verb, `mindful' (Od.), often as title of an office `notary, registrator' (Halic., Crete, Arist.), with μνημο-σύνη `remembrance' (Θ 181); cf. Wyss - σύνη 34; also as name of one of the Muses (h. Merc., Hes.); - συνον n. `id.' (Hdt., Th., Ar.); prob. poetical (Wyss 50); - ος `for remembrance' (LXX); besides Μναμόν-α (Ar. Lys. 1248; cf. on εὑφρόνη), Μνημ-ώ (Orph.) = Μνημοσύνη. Denominat. μνημον-εύω `remember' (IA) with μνημόνευ-σις, - μα etc. Adj. μνημον-ικός `for remembrance, with good memory' (Att.). -- 11. PN like Μνησεύς (Pl.; short name of Μνήσ-αρχος, Bosshardt 130), Μνασίλλει (Boeot.); Μνασέας; prob. hellenis. of Sem. Mǝnašše = Μανασση (Schulze Kl. Schr. 394 f.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 414).Etymology: The above paradigm, together with the nominal formations built on a general μνᾱ-, is a purely Greek creation. The basis of the generalized system were of course one or a few verbal forms; as however the new system was already complete at the beginneing of Greek and the cognate languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms, we can no more follow its creation. A monosyllabic IE * mnā- is found in class. Sanskrit, as in aor. a-mnā-siṣ-uḥ `they mentioned', which typologically reminds of μνῆ-σ-αι, in the perf. act. ma-mnau (gramm.), prob. innovation to midd. ma-mn-e (cf. μέμονα) and not (with Brugmann Grundr.2 II: 3,441) to be connected with μέμνημαι; further in - mnā-ta- `mentioned' and mnā-ya-te `is mentioned', with which agree on the one hand Ἄ-μνᾱ-τος and - with secondary σ (Schwyzer 503) - μνη-σ-τή, on the other hand μνάομαι. But the last is undoubtedly analogically innovated after wellknown patterns to μνήσασθαι etc.; also the verbal adj. does not look archaic. The development of μιμνήσκω has been prob. about the same as with κικλήσκω (where however καλέ-σαι was retained) or with βιβρώσκω (s.v.), where also non-Greek agreements to βρω- are rare or doubtful. The general re-creation isolated μιμνήσκω both formally and semantically from the old μέμονα and even more from μαίνομαι. -- From μνάομαι `remind, mention' developed as courteous expression the meaning `woo a woman, court'; s. Benveniste Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 13 ff., where also against the connection with γυνή (Schwyzer 726 n. 1). Against Benveniste Ambrosini Rend. Acc. Lincei 8: 10, 62ff. with new interpretation: to δάμνημι, ἀδμής; not convincing. -- Further rich lit. in WP. 2, 264ff., Pok. 726ff., W. -Hofmann s. meminī, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. miñti. Cf. μαίνομαι, μέμονα, μένος.Page in Frisk: 2,238-241Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιμνήσκω
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19 μόνος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `alone'.Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e.g. μόν-(μούν-)αρχος m. `monarch' with - έω, - ία etc. (Thgn., Pi., IA; cf. Scheller KZ 74, 233 n. 1).Derivatives: 1. μονάς, μουνάς, - άδος adj. f. (also m. Schwyzer 507, Chantraine Form. 358) `lonely' Trag., AP), subst. f. `unity' (Pl.; Schwyzer 597) with μοναδ-ιαῖος `of uniform greatness' (Hero), - ικός `consisting of unities, uniform, individual' (Arist.), - ιστί adv. `in unities' (Nicom.), - ισμός m. `formation of unity' (Dam.). -- 2. μοναχ-ῃ̃ (Pl., X.), - ῶς (Arist.) `only in one way', - οῦ (Pl., Thphr.) `onl in one place'; adj. μοναχός `individual' (Arist., Epicur.), also m. `hermit, monk' (AP, Procop.), Lat. monachus, with f. μονάχ-ουσα (Jerusalem VIp), adj. - ικός `belonging to a hermit, monkish' (Just., pap. VIp); subst. μοναχισμός `monastic life', cf. Leumann Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 304; μοναχ-όω `get lonely' (Aq.). -- 3. μουνάξ adv. `lonely, alone' (Od., Arat.; to μοναχοῦ etc.?, Schwyzer 620), μοναξία `lonelyness' (sch., Eust.) from *μοναξός as διξός etc., PN Μονάξιος (Vp); Schulze KZ 33, 394f. = Kl. Schr. 313f., Schwyzer 598. -- 4. μονιός, μούνιος `living alone, wild' (Call., AP), μονίας m. `lonely man' (Ael.). -- 5. μονία, - ίη `lonelyness, celibate' (Max.), μονότης f. `unity' (Sm., Iamb.), `singularity' (Alex. Aphr. in Metaph.). -- 6. μουνόθεν (Hdt. 1, 116; v. 1. - οθέντα), μονά-δην (A. D., EM), μουνα-δόν (Opp.) `lonely, alone'. -- 7. Verbs: μονόομαι ( μουν-), - όω `be left alone, leave alone' (Il.; Wackernagel Unt. 122ff.) with μόν-ωσις `lonelyness' (Pl., Ph.), - ώτης m. = μονίας (Arist.), - ωτικός `(left) alone' (Ph.); μονάζω `stay alone, isolate oneself' (LXX, Christ. writers, gramm.) with μονασμός `lonely situation' (Eust.), μοναστήριον `cel of a hermit, cloister' (Ph., pap.), μονάστρια f. `nun' (Just.).Etymology: Beside PGr. *μόνϜος, from where Ion. μοῦνος, Att. etc. μόνος (Kretschmer KZ 31, 444), stands, though in meaning a little apart, *μανϜός in μᾱνός, μανός (s.v.) `thin, rare', which agrees with Arm. manr, gen. manu `small, thin'. An element -u̯o- appears also in the synonymous οἶϜος (s. οἶος) and in ὅλος (s.v.) of related meaning; further *μόνϜος is isolated. A quite different formation with velar shows Skt. manā́k `a little', Lith. meñkas `scanty', Toch. B meṅki `less' a.o.; ambiguous is Hitt. maninku- `short, near' (formation as Lat. prop-inquus? Duchesne-Guillemin Trans. Phil. Soc. 1946 p. 82f., Benveniste BSL 50, 41). On the occasional contact with the group of μινύθω s.v.; also WP. 2, 266 f. Pok. 728 f., W.-Hofmann s. minor. -- Improbable Hahn Lang. 18, 88.Page in Frisk: 2,253-254Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μόνος
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20 μόσχος 1
μόσχος 1Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `offshoot of plants, slip' (Λ 105, Thphr.), `stalk of a leaf' (Dsc.; cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 116); m. a. f. `young cow, heifer, calf', also of other young animals and (metaph.) of young men (Hdt., com.. E., pap.).Compounds: As 1. member almost only = `calf', e.g. μοσχο-τρόφος `raising calves' (pap.), μοσχό-ταυρος m. prop. `bull as old as a μόσχος', i.e. `bull-calf' (Al. Le. 4, 3), hardly (Strömberg Wortstudien 6) with inversion of the elements for μόσχος ταύρειος; as 2. member only in μονό-μοσχος `with one stalk' (Dsc.).Derivatives: 1. Diminut.: μοσχ-ίδιον `small shoot' (Ar., Ael.), - ίον `young calf' (Ephipp., Theoc.), - άριον `id.' (LXX, pap.). -- 2. subst.: μοσχ-άς, - άδος f. `shoot, slip' (Pamphylian; after φυτάς a.o., Chantraine Form. 353), also `heifer' (gloss.); - ίας -n. `young of a animal' (Poll.; as νεανίας a.o.); - ών, - ῶνος m. `calf-stable' (pap.); -ῆ f. `calf's skin' (Anaxandr.). -- 3. Adj.: μόσχ-(ε)ιος `of a calf' (E., X., Plb., AP); - ινος `of calf-leather' (pap.), - ίναι οἱ σκιρτητικοί H. -- 4. Adv.: μοσχ-ηδόν `like calves' (Nic.). -- 5. Verb: μοσχεύω `plant a root-shoot' (D., Thphr., D. H.), also `raise a calf' (Philostr.), with μοσχ-εία f. `planting of shoots' (Ph. Byz.), - ευσις f. `id.' (Gp.), - ευμα n. `shoot, offspring' (Thphr., pap.), - ευματικός = malleolaris (gloss.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [750] *mosǵho- `young of an animal'Etymology: To μοσχίον agrees exactly Arm. mozi, gen. - voy `calf'; in both languages there came to Gr.-Arm. *mozǵhos a i̯o-deriv. The old but rare meaning`shoot of a plant' can without difficulty be understood as metaphor (cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 50 f.; not right on μόσχος ibd. 52). The comparison μόσχος `shoot of a plant' = Lith. mãzgas `knob of a tree' (Fick 1, 518 u.a.), where μόσχος `calf' together with Arm. mozi would have to be separated, is unnecessary, as the meaning `knob' originated from `round, hard raising, knob' (to mègsti `knot'). Old combinations in Bq, WP. 2, 308 f., Güntert Reimwortbildungen 147 f. Further Schwyzer 541. -- Here also the PN Μόσχοι ("youngmen") with Brandenstein Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 82?Page in Frisk: 2,259Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μόσχος 1
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