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formal+event

  • 21 unwonted

    unwonted [‚ʌn'wəʊntɪd]
    formal (event) exceptionnel; (generosity, kindness) inaccoutumé, inhabituel

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > unwonted

  • 22 gala

    f.
    1 gala (fiesta).
    cena de gala black tie dinner, formal dinner
    traje de gala formal dress
    uniforme de gala dress uniform
    2 gala show or performance (actuación). (peninsular Spanish)
    3 elegance, finery, gracefulness, grace.
    * * *
    2 (vestido) best dress
    1 (adorno) finery sing
    \
    de gala (gen) dressed up 2 (militar) in full uniform
    hacer gala de to make a show of
    lucir sus mejores galas to be dressed in all one's finery
    tener algo a gala to be proud of something
    cena de gala gala dinner
    galas de novia bridal attire
    noche de gala gala night
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=fiesta) show
    2)

    de gala: cena de gala — gala dinner

    traje de gala — [gen] formal dress; (Mil) full dress

    estar de gala — [ciudad] to be in festive mood

    3) pl galas (=ropa) finery sing ; (=joyas) jewels

    vestir sus mejores galas — [persona] to put on one's Sunday best; [edificio, ciudad] to show one's best face

    4) (=elegancia) elegance, gracefulness; (=pompa) pomp, display

    hacer gala de algo — (=jactarse) to boast of sth; (=lucirse) to show sth off

    5) (=lo más selecto) pride
    6) (=especialidad) speciality, specialty (EEUU)
    7) LAm (=regalo) gift; (=propina) tip
    galo
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cena) gala

    cena de gala — gala (dinner); ( en el teatro) tb

    función de gala — gala (evening o performance)

    vestido de gala — formal o full dress

    vestirse de gala — to wear full o formal dress

    b) galas femenino plural ( ropa) clothes (pl)

    mis/tus mejores galas — my/your best clothes o Sunday best

    2) (Esp) ( concierto) concert
    * * *
    Ex. But these designers did more than copy the Aldine original: they developed it in a whole range of new sizes, and produced a series of romans hitherto unparalleled for elegance and utility.
    ----
    * de gala = gala.
    * gala de recepción = gala reception.
    * hacer gala de = sport.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * recepción de gala = gala reception.
    * uniforme de gala = dress uniform, full-dress uniform.
    * vestido de gala = dressed (up) to the nines.
    * vestir de gala = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( cena) gala

    cena de gala — gala (dinner); ( en el teatro) tb

    función de gala — gala (evening o performance)

    vestido de gala — formal o full dress

    vestirse de gala — to wear full o formal dress

    b) galas femenino plural ( ropa) clothes (pl)

    mis/tus mejores galas — my/your best clothes o Sunday best

    2) (Esp) ( concierto) concert
    * * *

    Ex: But these designers did more than copy the Aldine original: they developed it in a whole range of new sizes, and produced a series of romans hitherto unparalleled for elegance and utility.

    * de gala = gala.
    * gala de recepción = gala reception.
    * hacer gala de = sport.
    * hacer gala del conocimiento que uno tiene = air + knowledge.
    * recepción de gala = gala reception.
    * uniforme de gala = dress uniform, full-dress uniform.
    * vestido de gala = dressed (up) to the nines.
    * vestir de gala = dress to + kill, dress (up) to + the nines.

    * * *
    A
    1 (cena) gala
    gala benéfica or cena de gala gala, gala dinner
    función de gala gala, gala night o performance, charity ball ( o dinner etc)
    vestido de gala formal o full dress
    uniforme de gala full-dress uniform
    vestirse de gala to wear full o formal dress
    hacer gala de algo to display sth
    tener algo a gala to pride oneself on sth
    2 galas fpl (ropa) clothes (pl)
    mis/tus mejores galas my/your best clothes o Sunday best
    luciendo sus galas nupciales in her bridal attire
    B ( Esp) (concierto) concert
    * * *

    gala sustantivo femenino
    a) ( cena) gala;



    ( en el teatro) tb
    ◊ función de gala gala (evening o performance);

    vestido de gala formal o full dress;
    hacer gala de algo to display sth
    b)

    ◊ galas sustantivo femenino plural ( ropa) clothes (pl);

    mis/tus mejores galas my/your best clothes o Sunday best
    gala sustantivo femenino
    1 (traje de fiesta) full dress: iban vestidos de gala, they were dressed up
    2 (espectáculo) gala 3 galas, finery sing
    vestir las mejores galas, to be dressed up
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer gala de, to glory in: hizo gala de su ingenio, she made a great show of her cleverness
    ' gala' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    banquete
    - cena
    - traje
    English:
    gala
    - state
    - dinner
    - display
    * * *
    gala nf
    1. [fiesta] gala;
    cena de gala black tie dinner, formal dinner;
    recepción de gala gala reception;
    traje de gala formal dress;
    uniforme de gala dress uniform;
    iba vestido de gala he was in full formal dress;
    hacer gala de algo [preciarse de] to be proud of sth;
    [exhibir] to demonstrate sth;
    tener a gala algo to be proud of sth
    gala benéfica benefit gala
    2.
    galas [ropa] finery;
    se puso sus mejores galas she put on all her finery
    3. Esp [actuación] gala show o performance
    * * *
    1 f gala;
    traje de gala formal dress;
    vestirse de gala wear formal dress;
    función de gala gala event;
    hacer gala de show off;
    tener algo a gala pride o.s. on sth
    2 f ( francesa) Frenchwoman
    * * *
    gala nf
    1) : gala
    vestido de gala: formal dress
    tener algo a gala: to be proud of something
    2) galas nfpl
    : finery, attire
    * * *
    gala n gala

    Spanish-English dictionary > gala

  • 23 acto

    m.
    1 act.
    no es responsable de sus actos he's not responsible for his actions
    hacer acto de presencia to show one's face
    acto de fe act of faith
    acto reflejo reflex action
    acto sexual sexual act
    2 ceremony (ceremonia).
    actos culturales cultural events
    acto electoral election rally
    3 act (Teatro).
    * * *
    1 act, action
    2 (ceremonia) ceremony, meeting, public function
    3 TEATRO act
    4 RELIGIÓN Act
    \
    acto seguido immediately afterwards
    en el acto at once
    acto de fe act of faith
    acto reflejo reflex action
    acto sexual sexual intercourse
    Actos de los Apóstoles Acts of the Apostles
    * * *
    noun m.
    act, deed
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción) act, action

    el acto de escribir es un tipo de terapia — the act o action of writing is a kind of therapy

    hacer acto de presencia — (=asistir) to attend, be present; (=aparecer) to appear; (=dejarse ver brevemente) put in an appearance

    el acto sexual — the sexual o sex act

    2) (=ceremonia)
    3) (Teat) act
    4)

    en el acto — (=inmediatamente) there and then

    5)

    acto seguido, acto continuo — frm immediately after(wards)

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) act

    en el acto: murió en el acto he died instantly; lo despidieron en el acto he was fired on the spot; acudieron en el acto they arrived immediately; fotocopias en el acto — photocopies while you wait

    2) ( ceremonia)

    los actos conmemorativos de... — the celebrations to commemorate...

    3) (Teatr) act
    * * *
    = act, event, deed.
    Ex. The sheer act of preservation renders the material permanent rather than transitory.
    Ex. The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.
    Ex. Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    ----
    * acto barbárico = barbaric act.
    * acto comunicativo = communication act.
    * acto de cobardía = act of cowardice.
    * acto de evitar = avoidance.
    * acto de fé = act of faith.
    * acto delictivo = delinquent act, criminal act.
    * acto de piratería = piracy.
    * acto de publicar = publication.
    * acto de rebeldía = act of opposition.
    * acto de traición = treasonable, treasonable, act of treachery, act of treason.
    * acto espontáneo de = random act of.
    * acto extraño = weirdness.
    * acto ilícito = wrongful act.
    * acto irracional = irrational act.
    * acto oficial = official act, public engagement.
    * acto racional = rational act.
    * acto raro = weirdness.
    * acto reflejo = knee-jerk reaction.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * acto seguido = thereupon [thereon].
    * acto sexual = sexual act.
    * actos heróicos = heroics.
    * acto social = networking event.
    * acto terrorista = act of terror.
    * cometer un acto de traición = commit + an act of treason.
    * cometer un acto violento = commit + violence.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * fusilar en el acto = shoot on + sight.
    * organizar un acto = hold + event.
    * organizar un acto público = organise + function.
    * presidir un acto = preside over + act.
    * realizar un acto = commit + act.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) act

    en el acto: murió en el acto he died instantly; lo despidieron en el acto he was fired on the spot; acudieron en el acto they arrived immediately; fotocopias en el acto — photocopies while you wait

    2) ( ceremonia)

    los actos conmemorativos de... — the celebrations to commemorate...

    3) (Teatr) act
    * * *
    = act, event, deed.

    Ex: The sheer act of preservation renders the material permanent rather than transitory.

    Ex: The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    * acto barbárico = barbaric act.
    * acto comunicativo = communication act.
    * acto de cobardía = act of cowardice.
    * acto de evitar = avoidance.
    * acto de fé = act of faith.
    * acto delictivo = delinquent act, criminal act.
    * acto de piratería = piracy.
    * acto de publicar = publication.
    * acto de rebeldía = act of opposition.
    * acto de traición = treasonable, treasonable, act of treachery, act of treason.
    * acto espontáneo de = random act of.
    * acto extraño = weirdness.
    * acto ilícito = wrongful act.
    * acto irracional = irrational act.
    * acto oficial = official act, public engagement.
    * acto racional = rational act.
    * acto raro = weirdness.
    * acto reflejo = knee-jerk reaction.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * acto seguido = thereupon [thereon].
    * acto sexual = sexual act.
    * actos heróicos = heroics.
    * acto social = networking event.
    * acto terrorista = act of terror.
    * cometer un acto de traición = commit + an act of treason.
    * cometer un acto violento = commit + violence.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * fusilar en el acto = shoot on + sight.
    * organizar un acto = hold + event.
    * organizar un acto público = organise + function.
    * presidir un acto = preside over + act.
    * realizar un acto = commit + act.

    * * *
    A
    1 (acción) act
    2 ( en locs):
    acto seguido immediately after, immediately afterward(s)
    en el acto: murió en el acto he died instantly
    me cambiaron la rueda en el acto they changed my wheel there and then o then and there
    los bomberos acudieron en el acto the firefighters arrived immediately
    [ S ] llaves/fotocopias en el acto keys cut/photocopies while you wait
    Compuestos:
    act of war
    ( frml):
    el acto carnal the sexual act ( frml)
    act of contrition
    act of atonement
    act of faith
    act of war
    hacer acto de precencia to put in an appearance
    morir en acto de servicio «soldado» to die on active service;
    «policía/bombero» to die in the course of one's duty
    Freudian slip
    legally binding act
    public engagement
    religious service
    reflex action
    sexual act ( frml)
    durante el acto sexual during sexual intercourse o the sexual act
    B
    (ceremonia): acto inaugural/de clausura opening/closing ceremony
    los actos conmemorativos de … the celebrations to commemorate …
    asiste a todos los actos oficiales he attends all official functions
    C ( Teatr) act
    una comedia en tres actos a comedy in three acts
    * * *

     

    acto sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( acción) act;



    [policía/bombero] to die in the course of one's duty;

    b) ( en locs)


    en el acto ‹ morir› instantly;

    ‹ acudir› immediately;

    2

    b) (Teatr) act

    acto sustantivo masculino
    1 act, action: es un acto impropio de su carácter, the behaviour is out of character for him
    acto reflejo, reflex action
    acto sexual, sexual intercourse
    2 (evento público) ceremony: el acto de inauguración fue muy aburrido, the opening ceremony was really boring
    3 Teat act
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer acto de presencia, to put in an appearance
    acto seguido, immediately afterwards
    Mil en acto de servicio, in action
    en el acto, at once: vinieron en el acto, they came immediately
    "se reparan zapatos en el acto", "shoes repaired while you wait"
    ' acto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acción
    - alevosa
    - alevoso
    - amarre
    - coordinador
    - coordinadora
    - deplorable
    - desarrollo
    - deslucir
    - escena
    - fastos
    - impresión
    - presencia
    - responder
    - robar
    - seca
    - seco
    - sumisión
    - vandalismo
    - abrir
    - amor
    - asistir
    - atrocidad
    - barbaridad
    - cerrar
    - cívico
    - clausurar
    - comienzo
    - cultural
    - desarrollar
    - descortesía
    - disparatado
    - duración
    - emotivo
    - entierro
    - estupidez
    - extravagancia
    - gamberrada
    - hecho
    - homenaje
    - injusticia
    - introducir
    - lícito
    - ligereza
    - majadería
    - maldad
    - necedad
    - obra
    - patrocinador
    - patrocinar
    English:
    act
    - afterwards
    - appearance
    - benefit
    - deed
    - do
    - formal
    - function
    - ill-considered
    - impure
    - impurity
    - mindless
    - mount
    - on
    - opening
    - outright
    - presence
    - proceedings
    - reception
    - restoration
    - roll call
    - sober
    - spot
    - state
    - stay away
    - then
    - action
    - defiance
    - intercourse
    - most
    - there
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [acción] act;
    no es responsable de sus actos she's not responsible for her actions;
    lo acusaron de cometer actos terroristas he was charged with committing acts of terrorism;
    lo cazaron en el acto de huir con el dinero they caught him just as he was making off with the money
    acto de conciliación = formal attempt to reach an out-of-court settlement;
    acto de fe act of faith;
    Ling acto de habla speech act; Ling acto ilocutivo illocution, illocutionary act; Ling acto perlocutivo perlocution, perlocutionary act;
    acto de presencia: [m5] hacer acto de presencia to attend;
    acto reflejo reflex action;
    acto de servicio: [m5] murió en acto de servicio [militar] he died on active service;
    [policía] he was killed in the course of his duty;
    acto sexual sexual act;
    acto de solidaridad show of solidarity
    2. [ceremonia] ceremony;
    un acto conmemorativo del Día de la Independencia an Independence Day celebration, an event to mark Independence Day;
    es responsable de la organización de actos culturales she is responsible for organizing cultural events;
    asistió a todos los actos electorales de su partido he attended all his party's election rallies;
    su último acto oficial fue la inauguración de un hospital her last official engagement was the opening of a hospital
    3. Teatro act;
    una comedia en dos actos a comedy in two acts
    ♦ acto seguido loc adv
    immediately after
    ♦ en el acto loc adv
    on the spot, there and then;
    reparaciones en el acto repairs done while you wait;
    murió en el acto she died instantly
    * * *
    m
    1 TEA act
    2 ( ceremonia) ceremony
    3 ( acción)
    :
    acto violento act of violence;
    en acto de servicio on active service;
    hacer acto de presencia put in an appearance
    4
    :
    acto seguido immediately afterward(s);
    en el acto instantly, there and then
    * * *
    acto nm
    1) acción: act, deed
    2) : act (in a play)
    3)
    el acto sexual : sexual intercourse
    4)
    en el acto : right away, on the spot
    5)
    acto seguido : immediately after
    * * *
    acto n
    2. (ceremonia) ceremony [pl. ceremonies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > acto

  • 24 affair

    ə'feə
    1) (happenings etc which are connected with a particular person or thing: the Suez affair.) caso
    2) (a thing: The new machine is a weird-looking affair.) cosa
    3) ((often in plural) business; concern(s): financial affairs; Where I go is entirely my own affair.) asunto
    4) (a love relationship: His wife found out about his affair with another woman.) amorío, relación
    affair n asunto
    tr[ə'feəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (matter) asunto
    2 (case) caso
    3 familiar (event) acontecimiento; (thing) cosa
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    affair [ə'fær] n
    1) matter: asunto m, cuestión f, caso m
    2) event: ocasión f, acontecimiento m
    3) liaison: amorío m, aventura f
    4)
    business affairs : negocios mpl
    5)
    current affairs : actualidades fpl
    n.
    • negocio s.m. (Event)
    n.
    • evento s.m. (Issue)
    n.
    • asunto s.m.
    • cuestión s.f. (Love)
    n.
    • amorío s.m.
    • lío s.m.
    ə'fer, ə'feə(r)
    1)
    a) ( case) caso m, affaire m

    the Watergate affair — el caso or affaire Watergate

    b) ( event)

    the wedding was a small, family affair — la boda se celebró en la intimidad

    c) (business, concern) asunto m
    d) affairs pl ( matters) asuntos mpl
    2) ( liaison) affaire m, aventura f (amorosa), lío m (fam)

    they're having an affair — tienen relaciones, tienen un lío (fam)

    3) ( thing) (colloq)
    [ǝ'fɛǝ(r)]
    N
    1) (=business) asunto m
    2) affairs (=matters) asuntos mpl

    affairs of the heart — asuntos mpl del corazón

    3) (=event) ocasión f

    it will be a big affair — será una ocasión importante, será todo un acontecimiento

    4) (=case) caso m, asunto m

    the Watergate affair — el caso Watergate, el asunto (de) Watergate

    5) (=concern) asunto m

    that's my affair — eso es asunto mío or cosa mía, eso solo me concierne a mí

    if he wants to make a fool of himself, that's his affair — si quiere hacer el ridículo, es asunto suyo or allá él

    6) (=love affair) aventura f (amorosa), affaire m, lío m (amoroso) *

    he had an affair with a French girl — tuvo una aventura or un affaire con una chica francesa, tuvo un lío or estuvo liado con una chica francesa *

    7) * (=thing)

    the house was a ramshackle, wooden affair — la casa era un destartalado cobertizo de madera

    * * *
    [ə'fer, ə'feə(r)]
    1)
    a) ( case) caso m, affaire m

    the Watergate affair — el caso or affaire Watergate

    b) ( event)

    the wedding was a small, family affair — la boda se celebró en la intimidad

    c) (business, concern) asunto m
    d) affairs pl ( matters) asuntos mpl
    2) ( liaison) affaire m, aventura f (amorosa), lío m (fam)

    they're having an affair — tienen relaciones, tienen un lío (fam)

    3) ( thing) (colloq)

    English-spanish dictionary > affair

  • 25 witness

    'witnəs
    1. noun
    1) (a person who has seen or was present at an event etc and so has direct knowledge of it: Someone must have seen the accident but the police can find no witnesses.) testigo
    2) (a person who gives evidence, especially in a law court.) testigo
    3) (a person who adds his signature to a document to show that he considers another signature on the document to be genuine: You cannot sign your will without witnesses.) testigo

    2. verb
    1) (to see and be present at: This lady witnessed an accident at three o'clock this afternoon.) presenciar, ver
    2) (to sign one's name to show that one knows that (something) is genuine: He witnessed my signature on the new agreement.) firmar como testigo
    •
    - bear witness
    witness1 n testigo
    witness2 vb presenciar / ser testigo de
    tr['wɪtnəs]
    a witness for the defence/prosecution un testigo de descargo/cargo
    2 formal use (testimony, evidence) testimonio
    1 (see) presenciar, ver
    2 (document) firmar como testigo
    3 (be a sign or proof of) testimoniar; (look at the example of) ver, notar, considerar
    1 SMALLLAW/SMALL formal use (give evidence, testify) atestiguar (to, -), declarar (to, -)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be witness to something ver algo, presenciar algo
    to bear witness to something dar fe de algo, atestiguar algo
    to call somebody as a witness citar a alguien como testigo, poner a alguien por testigo
    witness box barra de los testigos
    witness stand SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL barra de los testigos
    witness ['wɪtnəs] vt
    1) see: presenciar, ver, ser testigo de
    2) : atestiguar (una firma, etc.)
    testify: atestiguar, testimoniar
    1) testimony: testimonio m
    to bear witness: atestiguar, testimoniar
    2) : testigo mf
    witness for the prosecution: testigo de cargo
    v.
    • atestiguar v.
    • firmar como testigo v.
    • mostrar v.
    • presenciar v.
    n.
    • deponente s.m.
    • fe s.f.
    • testigo s.m.
    • testimonio s.m.

    I 'wɪtnəs, 'wɪtnɪs
    1) c
    a) ( Law) testigo mf

    witness for the prosecution/defense — testigo de cargo/de la defensa or de descargo; (before n)

    witness stand o (BrE) box — estrado m

    b) ( to event)

    to be witness/a witness TO something — ser* testigo de algo

    c) (to contract, signature) testigo mf

    to stand witness — atestiguar*, testificar*

    2) u (testimony, evidence)

    to be witness TO something — ser* testimonio or prueba de algo, atestiguar* algo

    to bear witness — ( in a court of law) atestiguar*, testificar*

    to bear false witness — ( Bib) levantar falsos testimonios


    II
    a) (observe, see) \<\<change/event\>\> ser* testigo de; \<\<crime/accident\>\> presenciar, ser* testigo de, ver*
    b) ( authenticate) ( Law) \<\<signature\>\> atestiguar*; \<\<will\>\> atestiguar* la firma de
    ['wɪtnɪs]
    1. N
    1) (=person) testigo mf

    witness for the prosecution/defence — testigo de cargo/descargo

    we want no witnesses to this — no queremos que nadie vea esto, no queremos que haya testigos

    I was (a) witness to this event — yo presencié este suceso, yo fui testigo de este suceso

    2) (=evidence) testimonio m

    to give witness for/against sb — atestiguar a favor de/en contra de algn

    to bear witness to sth — (lit) atestiguar algo; (fig) demostrar or probar algo

    2. VT
    1) (=be present at) presenciar, asistir a; (=see) ver

    to witness sb doing sth — ver a algn hacer algo, ver cómo algn hace algo

    this period witnessed important changes — liter este periodo fue testigo de cambios importantes

    2) (=attest by signature) atestiguar la veracidad de
    3) (=consider as evidence) ver, mirar
    3.
    VI (=testify) dar testimonio, atestiguar

    to witness to sth — dar testimonio de or atestiguar algo

    4.
    CPD

    witness box (Brit), witness stand (US) N — tribuna f de los testigos, estrado m

    witness statement N — declaración f de testigo

    * * *

    I ['wɪtnəs, 'wɪtnɪs]
    1) c
    a) ( Law) testigo mf

    witness for the prosecution/defense — testigo de cargo/de la defensa or de descargo; (before n)

    witness stand o (BrE) box — estrado m

    b) ( to event)

    to be witness/a witness TO something — ser* testigo de algo

    c) (to contract, signature) testigo mf

    to stand witness — atestiguar*, testificar*

    2) u (testimony, evidence)

    to be witness TO something — ser* testimonio or prueba de algo, atestiguar* algo

    to bear witness — ( in a court of law) atestiguar*, testificar*

    to bear false witness — ( Bib) levantar falsos testimonios


    II
    a) (observe, see) \<\<change/event\>\> ser* testigo de; \<\<crime/accident\>\> presenciar, ser* testigo de, ver*
    b) ( authenticate) ( Law) \<\<signature\>\> atestiguar*; \<\<will\>\> atestiguar* la firma de

    English-spanish dictionary > witness

  • 26 be

    be [bi:]
    être ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (f), 1 (h), 1 (i), 1 (m), 1 (o), 1 (p), 2 aller ⇒ 1 (d) avoir ⇒ 1 (e) mesurer ⇒ 1 (g) coûter ⇒ 1 (j) il y a ⇒ 1 (k) voici, voilà ⇒ 1 (l) faire ⇒ 1 (n), 1 (q) aller, venir ⇒ 1 (o) Dans les question tags ⇒ 2 (j)
    (pres 1st sing am [əm, stressed æm], pres 2nd sing are [ə, stressed ɑ:(r)], pres 3rd sing is [ɪz], pres pl
    are [ə, stressed ɑ:(r)], pt 1st sing was [wəz, stressed wɒz], pt 2nd sing were [wə, stressed wɜ:(r)], pt 3rd sing was [wəz, stressed wɒz], pt pl were [wə, stressed wɜ:(r)], pp been [bi:n], cont being ['bi:ɪŋ])
    ⓘ GRAM À l'oral et dans un style familier à l'écrit, le verbe be peut être contracté: I am devient I'm, he/she/it is deviennent he's/she's/it's et you/we/they are deviennent you're/we're/they're. Les formes négatives is not/are not/was not et were not se contractent respectivement en isn't/aren't/wasn't et weren't.
    (a) (exist, live) être, exister;
    ∎ I think, therefore I am je pense, donc je suis;
    ∎ to be or not to be être ou ne pas être;
    ∎ God is Dieu existe;
    ∎ the greatest scientist that ever was le plus grand savant qui ait jamais existé ou de tous les temps;
    ∎ there are no such things as ghosts les fantômes n'existent pas;
    ∎ she's a genius if ever there was one c'est ou voilà un génie si jamais il en fut;
    ∎ as happy as can be heureux comme un roi;
    ∎ that may be, but… cela se peut, mais…, peut-être, mais…
    (b) (used to identify, describe) être;
    ∎ she is my sister c'est ma sœur;
    ∎ I'm Elaine je suis ou je m'appelle Elaine;
    ∎ she's a doctor/engineer elle est médecin/ingénieur;
    ∎ the glasses were crystal les verres étaient en cristal;
    ∎ he is American il est américain, c'est un Américain;
    ∎ be careful! soyez prudent!;
    ∎ to be frank… pour être franc…, franchement…;
    ∎ being the boy's mother, I have a right to know étant la mère de l'enfant, j'ai le droit de savoir;
    ∎ the situation being what or as it is… la situation étant ce qu'elle est…;
    ∎ the problem is knowing or is to know when to stop le problème, c'est de savoir quand s'arrêter;
    ∎ the rule is: when in doubt, don't do it la règle c'est: dans le doute abstiens-toi;
    ∎ seeing is believing voir, c'est croire;
    ∎ just be yourself soyez vous-même, soyez naturel;
    ∎ you be Batman and I'll be Robin (children playing) on dirait que tu es Batman et moi je suis Robin
    ∎ he was angry/tired il était fâché/fatigué;
    ∎ I am hungry/thirsty/afraid j'ai faim/soif/peur;
    ∎ my feet/hands are frozen j'ai les pieds gelés/mains gelées
    (d) (indicating health) aller, se porter;
    ∎ how are you? comment allez-vous?, comment ça va?;
    ∎ I am fine ça va;
    ∎ he is not well il est malade, il ne va pas bien
    ∎ how old are you? quel âge avez-vous?;
    ∎ I'm twelve (years old) j'ai douze ans;
    ∎ it's different when you're fifty ce n'est pas pareil quand on a cinquante ans;
    ∎ you'll see when you're fifty tu verras quand tu auras cinquante ans
    ∎ the cake was on the table le gâteau était sur la table;
    ∎ the hotel is next to the river l'hôtel se trouve ou est près de la rivière;
    ∎ be there at nine o'clock soyez-y à neuf heures;
    ∎ where was I? où étais-je?; figurative (in book, speech) où en étais-je?
    ∎ the table is one metre long la table fait un mètre de long;
    ∎ how tall is he? combien mesure-t-il?;
    ∎ he is two metres tall il mesure ou fait deux mètres;
    ∎ the school is two kilometres from here l'école est à deux kilomètres d'ici
    (h) (indicating time, date) être;
    ∎ it's five o'clock il est cinq heures;
    ∎ yesterday was Monday hier on était ou c'était lundi;
    ∎ today is Tuesday nous sommes ou c'est mardi aujourd'hui;
    ∎ what date is it today? le combien sommes-nous aujourd'hui?;
    ∎ it's the 16th of December nous sommes ou c'est le 16 décembre
    (i) (happen, occur) être, avoir lieu;
    ∎ the concert is on Saturday night le concert est ou a lieu samedi soir;
    ∎ when is your birthday? quand est ou c'est quand ton anniversaire?;
    ∎ the spring holidays are in March this year les vacances de printemps tombent en mars cette année;
    ∎ how is it that you arrived so quickly? comment se fait-il que vous soyez arrivé si vite?
    ∎ how much is this table? combien coûte ou vaut cette table?;
    ∎ it is expensive ça coûte ou c'est cher;
    ∎ the phone bill is £75 la facture de téléphone est de 75 livres
    (k) (with "there")
    ∎ there is, there are il y a, literary il est;
    ∎ there is or has been no snow il n'y a pas de neige;
    ∎ there are six of them ils sont ou il y en a six;
    ∎ what is there to do? qu'est-ce qu'il y a à faire?;
    ∎ there will be swimming on nagera;
    ∎ there is nothing funny about it il n'y a rien d'amusant là-dedans, ce n'est pas drôle;
    ∎ there's no telling what she'll do il est impossible de prévoir ce qu'elle va faire
    ∎ this is my friend John voici mon ami John;
    ∎ here are the reports you wanted voici les rapports que vous vouliez;
    ∎ there is our car voilà notre voiture;
    ∎ there are the others voilà les autres;
    ∎ here I am me voici;
    ∎ there you are! (I've found you) ah, te voilà!; (take this) tiens, voilà!;
    ∎ now there's an idea! voilà une bonne idée!
    ∎ who is it? - it's us! qui est-ce? - c'est nous!;
    ∎ it was your mother who decided c'est ta mère qui a décidé;
    ∎ formal it is I who am to blame c'est moi le responsable
    ∎ it is cold/hot/grey il fait froid/chaud/gris;
    ∎ it is windy il y a du vent
    (o) (go) aller, être; (come) être, venir;
    ∎ she's been to visit her mother elle a été ou est allée rendre visite à sa mère;
    ∎ I have never been to China je ne suis jamais allé ou je n'ai jamais été en Chine;
    ∎ have you been home since Christmas? est-ce que tu es rentré (chez toi) depuis Noël?;
    ∎ has the plumber been? le plombier est-il (déjà) passé?;
    ∎ wait for us, we'll be there in ten minutes attends-nous, nous serons là dans dix minutes;
    ∎ there's no need to rush, we'll be there in ten minutes inutile de se presser, nous y serons dans dix minutes;
    ∎ he was into/out of the house in a flash il est entré dans/sorti de la maison en coup de vent;
    ∎ I know, I've been there je sais, j'y suis allé; figurative je sais, j'ai connu ça;
    ∎ she is from Egypt elle vient d'Égypte;
    ∎ your brother has been and gone votre frère est venu et reparti;
    ∎ someone had been there in her absence quelqu'un est venu pendant son absence;
    ∎ British familiar he's only been and wrecked the car! il est allé casser la voiture!;
    ∎ British familiar now you've been (and gone) and done it! (caused trouble, broken something) et voilà, c'est réussi!
    (p) (indicating hypothesis, supposition)
    ∎ if I were you si j'étais vous ou à votre place;
    ∎ if we were younger si nous étions plus jeunes;
    ∎ formal were it not for my sister sans ma sœur;
    ∎ formal were it not for their contribution, the school would close sans leur assistance, l'école serait obligée de fermer
    ∎ 1 and 1 are 2 1 et 1 font 2;
    ∎ what is 5 less 3? combien fait 5 moins 3?
    ∎ he is having breakfast il prend ou il est en train de prendre son petit déjeuner;
    ∎ they are always giggling ils sont toujours en train de glousser;
    ∎ where are you going? où allez-vous?;
    ∎ a problem which is getting worse and worse un problème qui s'aggrave;
    ∎ I have just been thinking about you je pensais justement à toi;
    ∎ we've been waiting hours for you ça fait des heures que nous t'attendons;
    ∎ when will she be leaving? quand est-ce qu'elle part ou va-t-elle partir?;
    ∎ what are you going to do about it? qu'est-ce que vous allez ou comptez faire?;
    ∎ why aren't you working? - but I AM working! pourquoi ne travaillez-vous pas? - mais je travaille!
    ∎ she is known as a good negotiator elle est connue pour ses talents de négociatrice;
    ∎ the car was found la voiture a été retrouvée;
    ∎ plans are being made on fait des projets;
    ∎ what is left to do? qu'est-ce qui reste à faire?;
    ∎ smoking is not permitted il est interdit ou défendu de fumer;
    ∎ socks are sold by the pair les chaussettes se vendent par deux;
    ∎ it is said/thought/assumed that... on dit/pense/suppose que...;
    ∎ to be continued (TV programme, serialized story) à suivre;
    ∎ not to be confused with à ne pas confondre avec
    (c) (with infinitive → indicating future event)
    ∎ the next meeting is to take place on Wednesday la prochaine réunion aura lieu mercredi;
    ∎ he's to be the new headmaster c'est lui qui sera le nouveau directeur;
    ∎ she was to become a famous pianist elle allait devenir une pianiste renommée;
    ∎ we were never to see him again nous ne devions jamais le revoir
    (d) (with infinitive → indicating expected event)
    ∎ they were to have been married in June ils devaient se marier en juin
    (e) (with infinitive → indicating obligation)
    ∎ I'm to be home by ten o'clock il faut que je rentre avant dix heures;
    ∎ you are not to speak to strangers il ne faut pas parler aux inconnus
    (f) (with infinitive → expressing opinion)
    ∎ you are to be congratulated on doit vous féliciter;
    ∎ they are to be pitied ils sont à plaindre
    (g) (with infinitive → requesting information)
    ∎ are we then to assume that taxes will decrease? faut-il ou doit-on en conclure que les impôts vont diminuer?;
    ∎ what am I to say to them? qu'est-ce que je vais leur dire?
    (h) (with passive infinitive → indicating possibility)
    ∎ bargains are to be found even in the West End on peut faire de bonnes affaires même dans le West End;
    ∎ she was not to be dissuaded rien ne devait ou il fut impossible de lui faire changer d'avis
    (i) formal (with infinitive → indicating hypothesis)
    ∎ if he were or were he to die s'il venait à mourir, à supposer qu'il meure
    ∎ he's always causing trouble, isn't he? - yes, he is il est toujours en train de créer des problèmes, n'est-ce pas? - oui, toujours;
    ∎ you're back, are you? vous êtes revenu alors?;
    ∎ you're not leaving already, are you? vous ne partez pas déjà, j'espère?
    ∎ is she satisfied? - she is est-elle satisfaite? - oui(, elle l'est);
    ∎ you're angry - no I'm not - oh yes you are! tu es fâché - non - mais si!;
    ∎ it's a touching scene - not for me, it isn't c'est une scène émouvante - je ne trouve pas ou pas pour moi;
    ∎ I was pleased to see him but the children weren't (moi,) j'étais content de le voir mais pas les enfants
    ∎ we're finished nous avons terminé;
    ∎ Religion Christ is risen (le) Christ est ressucité;
    ∎ when I looked again, they were gone quand j'ai regardé de nouveau, ils étaient partis
    ∎ the husband-to-be le futur mari;
    ∎ the father-to-be le futur père
    quoi qu'il en soit

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > be

  • 27 fiesta

    f.
    1 (local) festivities.
    el pueblo está en fiestas the town is holding its annual fair o festival
    aguar la fiesta a alguien to spoil somebody's fun
    fiesta mayor = local celebrations for the festival of a town's patron saint
    fiesta(s) patronal(es) = celebrations for the feast day of a town's patron saint
    2 public holiday.
    ser fiesta to be a public holiday
    hacer fiesta to be on holiday
    3 party.
    dar una fiesta en honor de alguien to give a party in somebody's honor
    fiesta de disfraces fancy dress party
    4 formal party, gala, party.
    5 feast, holy day, religious celebration.
    * * *
    2 (reunión) party
    3 RELIGIÓN feast
    1 (festividades) festivity, fiesta
    2 (navidad) Christmas
    \
    aguar la fiesta to be a wet blanket, be a killjoy
    estar de fiesta figurado to be in a festive mood
    ¡felices fiestas! Merry Christmas!
    hacer fiesta un día to take a day off
    no estar para fiestas to be in no mood for jokes
    ¡tengamos la fiesta en paz! let's not argue!
    fiesta de cumpleaños birthday party
    fiesta de disfraces fancy-dress party
    fiesta de guardar day of obligation
    fiesta de la cerveza beer festival
    fiesta de precepto day of obligation
    Fiesta del Trabajo Labour (US Labor) Day
    fiesta fija immovable feast
    fiesta móvil movable feast
    fiesta nacional (día festivo) public holiday 2 (tauromaquia) bullfighting
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=reunión) party

    dar u organizar una fiesta — to give o throw a party

    tener la fiesta en paz —

    no os peleéis, ¡tengamos la fiesta en paz! — behave yourselves, don't fight!

    aguar 2)
    2) (=día festivo) holiday

    Fiesta del Trabajo — Labour day, Labor day (EEUU)

    fiesta nacional — public holiday, bank holiday

    fiesta movible, fiesta móvil — movable feast

    fiesta patria — LAm independence day

    3) (Rel) feast day

    guardar o santificar las fiestas — to observe feast days

    fiesta de guardar, fiesta de precepto — day of obligation

    4) (=festejo) fiesta, festival

    el pueblo está en fiestas o de fiesta — the town's having its local fiesta

    la fiesta nacional — (Taur) bullfighting

    fiesta de armas — ( Hist) tournament

    5) pl fiestas (=vacaciones) holiday, vacation (EEUU)

    ¡Felices Fiestas! — [en navidad] Happy Christmas

    6) pl fiestas (=carantoñas)
    FIESTAS There are a fixed number of public holidays in the Spanish calendar but some dates vary locally. National public holidays include Navidad (25 December), Reyes (6 January), the Día de los Trabajadores (1 May), the Día de la Hispanidad/del Pilar (12 October) and the Día de la Constitución (6 December). Additionally, each autonomous region and town has at its discretion a small number of public holidays that usually coincide with local traditions like a patron saint's day or other celebrations such as Carnaval. Thus there is a holiday in Madrid for San Isidro, the city's patron saint, and one in Catalonia for Sant Jordi, who is the patron saint of the region.
    * * *
    1) ( celebración) party

    dieron una gran fiesta — they threw o had a big party

    hacerle fiestas a alguien — to make a fuss of somebody

    tener la fiesta en paz — (Esp fam) to enjoy some peace and quiet

    2)
    a) ( día festivo) (public) holiday
    b) fiestas femenino plural ( festejos) fiesta, festival; (de fin de año, etc) festive season

    ¿dónde vas a pasar estas fiestas? — where are you going to spend the vacation (AmE) o (BrE) holidays?

    •
    •• Cultural note:
    A fiesta in Spain can be a day of neighborhood celebrations, a larger event for a town or city, or a national holiday, to commemorate a saint's day or some historical event. For example, Madrid has the fiestas de San Isidro, in honor of its patron saint. Other famous Spanish holidays include the Fallas in Valencia, the Sanfermines in July in Pamplona, and the Feria de Sevilla, two weeks after Easter. They can last for a week or more, during which everyday life is often interrupted. Classes in schools may stop and banks, stores, and post offices alter their opening hours. There are often bullfights and dancing to live bands and people eat and drink plentifully
    In Latin America, a period of one or more days on which each country celebrates its independence. There are usually military parades, firework displays, and folk activities typical of the country
    * * *
    = party, celebration, feast, bash, festive occasion, social gathering.
    Ex. Their purposes was to settle the disputes between the members, to negotiate with master, to accumulate and disburse a benevolent fund, and to exact contributions for drinks and parties.
    Ex. The sense of camaraderie experienced in meeting with other devotees is not unworthy of some kind of celebration.
    Ex. Sometimes this was done simply by staying away (Saint Monday was always a popular feast in the trade), but perhaps more often by contracting with the master to work less.
    Ex. The 'Book bash' designed to recruit special needs children and their families to the library.
    Ex. The sale, nearly stopped on legal technicalities, was held as a festive occasion with tea and auction of more valuable books.
    Ex. The study room was transformed for an evening into a coffee house where an intellectual and social gathering took place.
    ----
    * dar una fiesta = give + a party.
    * día de fiesta = holiday, public holiday.
    * droga de fiesta = club drug.
    * ¡felices fiestas! = season's greetings!.
    * fiesta de aniversario = anniversary celebration, anniversary party.
    * fiesta de apertura = opening party.
    * fiesta de borrachos = drunken party.
    * fiesta de despedida = farewell dinner, goodbye party.
    * fiesta de despedida de soltera = bachelorette party, bridal shower, bachelorette shower.
    * fiesta de despedida de soltero = stag night, bachelor party, stag party.
    * fiesta de disfraces = costume party, fancy dress ball.
    * fiesta de guardar = holiday of obligation.
    * fiesta de inauguración = opening party.
    * fiesta de la cerveza = beer party.
    * fiesta de Navidad = festive season holiday.
    * fiesta de Nochevieja = New Year's Eve party.
    * fiesta de pijamas = slumber party, pyjamas party.
    * fiesta de precepto = holiday of obligation.
    * fiesta de recién nacido = baby shower.
    * fiesta en honor al sol = solar festival.
    * fiesta rave = rave.
    * fiesta sorpresa = surprise party.
    * ofrecer una fiesta = host + party.
    * reina de las fiestas = beauty queen.
    * sala de fiestas = dance-hall.
    * salir de fiesta = party.
    * salón de baile = ballroom.
    * ser el éxito de la fiesta = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.
    * * *
    1) ( celebración) party

    dieron una gran fiesta — they threw o had a big party

    hacerle fiestas a alguien — to make a fuss of somebody

    tener la fiesta en paz — (Esp fam) to enjoy some peace and quiet

    2)
    a) ( día festivo) (public) holiday
    b) fiestas femenino plural ( festejos) fiesta, festival; (de fin de año, etc) festive season

    ¿dónde vas a pasar estas fiestas? — where are you going to spend the vacation (AmE) o (BrE) holidays?

    •
    •• Cultural note:
    A fiesta in Spain can be a day of neighborhood celebrations, a larger event for a town or city, or a national holiday, to commemorate a saint's day or some historical event. For example, Madrid has the fiestas de San Isidro, in honor of its patron saint. Other famous Spanish holidays include the Fallas in Valencia, the Sanfermines in July in Pamplona, and the Feria de Sevilla, two weeks after Easter. They can last for a week or more, during which everyday life is often interrupted. Classes in schools may stop and banks, stores, and post offices alter their opening hours. There are often bullfights and dancing to live bands and people eat and drink plentifully
    In Latin America, a period of one or more days on which each country celebrates its independence. There are usually military parades, firework displays, and folk activities typical of the country
    * * *
    = party, celebration, feast, bash, festive occasion, social gathering.

    Ex: Their purposes was to settle the disputes between the members, to negotiate with master, to accumulate and disburse a benevolent fund, and to exact contributions for drinks and parties.

    Ex: The sense of camaraderie experienced in meeting with other devotees is not unworthy of some kind of celebration.
    Ex: Sometimes this was done simply by staying away (Saint Monday was always a popular feast in the trade), but perhaps more often by contracting with the master to work less.
    Ex: The 'Book bash' designed to recruit special needs children and their families to the library.
    Ex: The sale, nearly stopped on legal technicalities, was held as a festive occasion with tea and auction of more valuable books.
    Ex: The study room was transformed for an evening into a coffee house where an intellectual and social gathering took place.
    * dar una fiesta = give + a party.
    * día de fiesta = holiday, public holiday.
    * droga de fiesta = club drug.
    * ¡felices fiestas! = season's greetings!.
    * fiesta de aniversario = anniversary celebration, anniversary party.
    * fiesta de apertura = opening party.
    * fiesta de borrachos = drunken party.
    * fiesta de despedida = farewell dinner, goodbye party.
    * fiesta de despedida de soltera = bachelorette party, bridal shower, bachelorette shower.
    * fiesta de despedida de soltero = stag night, bachelor party, stag party.
    * fiesta de disfraces = costume party, fancy dress ball.
    * fiesta de guardar = holiday of obligation.
    * fiesta de inauguración = opening party.
    * fiesta de la cerveza = beer party.
    * fiesta de Navidad = festive season holiday.
    * fiesta de Nochevieja = New Year's Eve party.
    * fiesta de pijamas = slumber party, pyjamas party.
    * fiesta de precepto = holiday of obligation.
    * fiesta de recién nacido = baby shower.
    * fiesta en honor al sol = solar festival.
    * fiesta rave = rave.
    * fiesta sorpresa = surprise party.
    * ofrecer una fiesta = host + party.
    * reina de las fiestas = beauty queen.
    * sala de fiestas = dance-hall.
    * salir de fiesta = party.
    * salón de baile = ballroom.
    * ser el éxito de la fiesta = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.

    * * *
    fiesta de cumpleaños birthday party
    dieron una gran fiesta they threw o had a big party
    cualquier visita es una fiesta para ella every visit is a treat for her
    los vecinos están de fiesta the neighbors are having a party
    aguar la fiesta to spoil the fun, be a wet blanket ( colloq)
    hacerle fiestas a algn to make a fuss of sb
    no estoy para fiestas I'm not in the mood for fun and games
    tener la fiesta en paz to enjoy some peace and quiet
    tengamos la fiesta en paz that's enough!, cut it out! ( colloq), let's have some peace and quiet
    B
    1 (día festivo) holiday
    el lunes es fiesta Monday is a holiday
    santificar las fiestas ( Relig) to observe feast days
    2 fiestas fpl (festejos) fiesta, festival; (de fin de año, etc) festive season
    esta semana son las fiestas del pueblo this week the town's holding its annual festival o fiesta
    ¡felices fiestas! Merry o ( BrE) Happy Christmas!
    ¿dónde vas a pasar estas fiestas? where are you going to spend the vacation ( AmE) o ( BrE) holidays?; fiestas (↑ fiesta a1)
    Compuestos:
    day of obligation
    fixed feast
    ● fiesta movible or móvil
    movable feast
    A (día festivo) public holiday
    B ( Esp) ( Taur) bullfighting
    ( AmL) independence day fiestas patrias (↑ fiesta aa1)
    * * *

     

    fiesta sustantivo femenino


    dieron una gran fiesta they threw o had a big party;
    estar de fiesta to be having a party;
    aguar la fiesta to spoil the fun


    fiesta nacional ( día festivo) public holiday;

    (Taur) bullfighting;

    c)

    ◊ fiestas sustantivo femenino plural ( festejos) fiesta, festival;


    (de fin de año, etc) festive season;
    ◊ ¡felices fiestas! Merry Christmas!;

    ¿dónde vas a pasar estas fiestas? where are you going to spend the vacation (AmE) o (BrE) holidays?
    fiesta sustantivo femenino
    1 (reunión de amigos) party: daremos una fiesta, we'll hold a party
    2 (festividad) celebration, festivity
    fuimos a las fiestas del pueblo, we went to the village fiesta/carnival
    día de fiesta, holiday
    fiesta nacional, bank holiday
    Esp la fiesta nacional, bullfighting
    3 Rel feast
    ♦ Locuciones: aguar la fiesta, to spoil the fun
    tengamos la fiesta en paz, let's not quarrel
    ' fiesta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguar
    - animar
    - animada
    - animado
    - animarse
    - baile
    - bochinche
    - cabezudo
    - celebración
    - cóctel
    - comistrajo
    - conocerse
    - corear
    - dar
    - deslucir
    - disfraz
    - disfrazarse
    - elemento
    - escabullirse
    - gala
    - haber
    - hazmerreír
    - hogareña
    - hogareño
    - languidecer
    - mañana
    - mentar
    - mescolanza
    - mezcolanza
    - motivo
    - nanay
    - obligada
    - obligado
    - organizar
    - organizarse
    - pensar
    - preparar
    - propia
    - propio
    - quisque
    - quisqui
    - rabiar
    - reticencia
    - romería
    - sarao
    - velada
    - acabar
    - aguado
    - alargar
    - alegrar
    English:
    advance
    - annoy
    - ask back
    - bank holiday
    - beeline
    - book
    - booze-up
    - cocktail party
    - do
    - family
    - feast
    - festival
    - find out
    - first
    - folding
    - frazzled
    - funny
    - gala
    - garden party
    - gatecrash
    - gatecrasher
    - give
    - go
    - half-holiday
    - Hallowe'en
    - Halloween
    - have
    - heart
    - hoedown
    - hold
    - holiday
    - housewarming
    - legal holiday
    - let on
    - loud
    - miffed
    - miss
    - name
    - night
    - nobody
    - noisy
    - party
    - presentable
    - rave
    - reception
    - riotous
    - rip-roaring
    - rowdy
    - shower
    - swing
    * * *
    fiesta nf
    1. [reunión] party;
    dar una fiesta en honor de alguien to give a party in sb's honour;
    Fam
    ¡se acabó la fiesta, todo el mundo a trabajar! the party's over, back to work everyone!;
    Fam
    aguar la fiesta a alguien to spoil sb's fun;
    Fam
    no estar para fiestas to be in no mood for joking;
    Fam
    no sabe de qué va la fiesta he hasn't got a clue;
    Fam
    tengamos la fiesta en paz let's have no more arguments
    fiesta benéfica fête;
    fiesta de cumpleaños birthday party;
    fiesta de disfraces fancy dress party;
    fiesta de fin de año New Year o Year's party;
    Urug fiesta lluvia potluck party;
    la fiesta nacional [de país] national holiday;
    Esp [los toros] bullfighting; Am fiesta patria national holiday [commemorating important historical event];
    fiesta sorpresa surprise party;
    2.
    fiestas [de pueblo, barrio] (local) festivities;
    el pueblo está en fiestas the town is holding its annual fair o festival
    fiesta(s) mayor(es) = local celebrations for the festival of a town's patron saint;
    fiesta(s) patronal(es) = celebrations for the feast day of a town's patron saint
    3. [día] public holiday;
    ser fiesta to be a public holiday;
    hacer fiesta to be on holiday;
    mañana tenemos fiesta en la oficina it's an office holiday tomorrow;
    fiestas [vacaciones] Br holidays, US vacation;
    ¡felices fiestas! [en Navidad] Merry Christmas!, US happy holidays!
    Rel fiesta de guardar holiday of obligation; Rel fiesta movible moveable feast; Rel fiesta de prefecto holiday of obligation
    FIESTAS
    Coming from the same Latin root as “feast”, the Spanish word fiesta has long since entered the vocabulary of English. This is largely because of the importance of such celebrations in the Spanish-speaking world. Every town or village, of whatever size, has its day (if not week) of annual celebrations. These may be associated with the local patron saint or with some historical event, such as Independence Day. On these days people may dress up in traditional clothes, take part in traditional dances and eat special dishes associated with the festival. There may be firework displays and street processions of a more or less religious nature, and, as the saying goes, a good time is generally had by all.
    * * *
    f
    1 festival;
    ¡felices fiestas! de pueblo enjoy the fiesta!; en Navidad Happy Holidays!, Merry Christmas!
    2 ( reunión social) party;
    estar de fiesta be in a party mood;
    no estar para fiestas be in no mood for jokes;
    ¡se acabó la fiesta! the party’s over!
    3 ( día festivo) public holiday;
    hacer fiesta have a day off
    * * *
    fiesta nf
    1) : party, fiesta
    2) : holiday, feast day
    * * *
    1. (celebración) party [pl. parties]
    2. (día festivo) holiday
    hacer fiesta / tener fiesta to have a day off

    Spanish-English dictionary > fiesta

  • 28 occasion

    ə'keiʒən
    1) (a particular time: I've heard him speak on several occasions.) ocasión
    2) (a special event: The wedding was a great occasion.) ocasión, acontecimiento
    •
    - occasionally
    occasion n ocasión
    tr[ə'keɪʒən]
    1 (time) ocasión nombre femenino; (event) acontecimiento
    3 (reason, motive) ocasión nombre femenino, motivo
    1 formal use ocasionar, causar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    on occasion de vez en cuando
    on the occasion of con motivo de
    to have occasion to do something tener motivo de hacer algo
    to rise to the occasion estar a la altura de las circunstancias, dar la talla
    to take the occasion to do something aprovechar la oportunidad para hacer algo
    occasion [ə'keɪʒən] vt
    : ocasionar, causar
    1) opportunity: oportunidad f, ocasión f
    2) cause: motivo m, razón f
    3) instance: ocasión f
    4) event: ocasión f, acontecimiento m
    5)
    on occasion : de vez en cuando, ocasionalmente
    n.
    • caso s.m.
    • coyuntura s.f.
    • jornada s.f.
    • motivo s.m.
    • ocasión s.f.
    • resquicio s.m.
    • vez s.f.
    v.
    • acarrear v.
    • ocasionar v.

    I ə'keɪʒən
    1) c
    a) (particular time, instance) ocasión f

    what's the occasion? — ¿qué se celebra?

    he has no sense of occasion — no sabe vestirse (or comportarse etc) en las grandes ocasiones

    on the occasion of her retirement — con ocasión or motivo de su jubilación

    to rise o be equal to the occasion — estar* a la altura de las circunstancias, dar* la talla

    2) u (frml)
    a) ( opportunity) ocasión f, oportunidad f

    may I take this occasion to remind you that... — permítame que aproveche la ocasión or la oportunidad para recordarle que...

    b) ( cause) ocasión f, motivo m

    II
    transitive verb (frml) ocasionar, dar* lugar a
    [ǝ'keɪʒǝn]
    1. N
    1) (=particular time) ocasión f

    • (on) the first occasion that it happened — la primera vez que ocurrió

    • this would be a good occasion to try it out — esta sería una buena oportunidad or ocasión para probarlo

    • on occasion — de vez en cuando

    on that occasion — esa vez, en aquella ocasión

    • as (the) occasion requires — si la ocasión lo requiere

    • he was waiting for a suitable occasion to apologize — esperaba el momento adecuado para disculparse, esperaba una oportunidad or ocasión para disculparse

    • to take (the) occasion to do sth — aprovechar la oportunidad para hacer algo

    2) (=event) acontecimiento m

    what's the occasion? — ¿qué se celebra?

    • to rise or be equal to the occasion — ponerse a la altura de las circunstancias

    • I keep it for special occasions — lo guardo para las grandes ocasiones

    sense 1., 8)
    3) (=reason) razón f, motivo m

    there is no occasion for alarm, there is no occasion to be alarmed — no hay razón or motivo para alarmarse

    • should the occasion arise, if the occasion arises — si se da el caso

    • to give (sb) occasion to do sth — (=opportunity) dar ocasión a algn de hacer algo; (=reason) dar motivo a algn para hacer algo

    to give (sb) occasion for sth — (=opportunity) dar ocasión a algn para algo; (=reason) dar motivo a algn para algo

    • to have occasion to do sth — (=opportunity) tener ocasión de hacer algo; (=reason) tener motivo para hacer algo

    you had no occasion to say that — no había necesidad de que dijeras eso, no había motivo para decir eso

    2.
    VT frm ocasionar frm, causar

    losses occasioned by bad weather — pérdidas ocasionadas por el mal tiempo frm, pérdidas causadas por el mal tiempo

    * * *

    I [ə'keɪʒən]
    1) c
    a) (particular time, instance) ocasión f

    what's the occasion? — ¿qué se celebra?

    he has no sense of occasion — no sabe vestirse (or comportarse etc) en las grandes ocasiones

    on the occasion of her retirement — con ocasión or motivo de su jubilación

    to rise o be equal to the occasion — estar* a la altura de las circunstancias, dar* la talla

    2) u (frml)
    a) ( opportunity) ocasión f, oportunidad f

    may I take this occasion to remind you that... — permítame que aproveche la ocasión or la oportunidad para recordarle que...

    b) ( cause) ocasión f, motivo m

    II
    transitive verb (frml) ocasionar, dar* lugar a

    English-spanish dictionary > occasion

  • 29 Thinking

       But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)
       I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)
       Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)
       In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)
       Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)
       There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)
       But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)
       It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)
       The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)
       Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)
       What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)
       [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking

  • 30 precipitate

    pri'sipiteit
    (the substance that settles at the bottom of a liquid.) precipitado
    tr[ (vb) prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt; (adj) prɪ'sɪpɪtət]
    1 formal use (hasten) precipitar
    2 SMALLCHEMISTRY/SMALL precipitar
    1 SMALLCHEMISTRY/SMALL precipitarse
    1 SMALLCHEMISTRY/SMALL precipitado
    1 formal use precipitado,-a
    precipitate [pri'sɪpə.teɪt] v, - tated ; - tating vt
    1) hasten, provoke: precipitar, provocar
    2) hurl: arrojar
    3) : precipitar (en química)
    : precipitarse (en química), condensarse (en meteorología)
    adj.
    • precipitado, -a adj.
    n.
    • precipitado s.m.
    v.
    • desgalzar v.
    • precipitar v.

    I
    1. prɪ'sɪpəteɪt
    1) (bring about, hasten) (frml) \<\<crisis/event/incident\>\> precipitar
    2) ( hurl) (frml) precipitar, despeñar

    2.
    vi
    a) ( Chem) precipitarse
    b) ( Meteo) condensarse

    II prɪ'sɪpətət, prɪ'sɪpɪtət
    adjective (liter) <exit/departure> precipitado
    1.
    [prɪ'sɪpɪtɪt]
    ADJ precipitado, apresurado
    2. [prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]
    VT
    1) (=bring on) precipitar, provocar
    2) (=hurl) lanzar
    3) (Chem) precipitar; (Met) condensar
    3.
    VI [prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]
    (Chem) precipitarse; (Met) condensarse
    4.
    [prɪ'sɪpɪtɪt]
    N (Chem) precipitado m
    * * *

    I
    1. [prɪ'sɪpəteɪt]
    1) (bring about, hasten) (frml) \<\<crisis/event/incident\>\> precipitar
    2) ( hurl) (frml) precipitar, despeñar

    2.
    vi
    a) ( Chem) precipitarse
    b) ( Meteo) condensarse

    II [prɪ'sɪpətət, prɪ'sɪpɪtət]
    adjective (liter) <exit/departure> precipitado

    English-spanish dictionary > precipitate

  • 31 concurso

    m.
    1 competition (prueba) (literaria, deportiva).
    concurso de belleza beauty contest
    concurso televisivo o de televisión game show
    2 tender.
    salir a concurso público to be put out to tender
    3 co-operation (ayuda).
    4 contest, competition, tournament, game show.
    5 concurrence, coming together of a group of people, confluence, grouping.
    6 bankruptcy proceeding, insolvency proceedings.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: concursar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) competition; (de belleza, deportivo) contest; (en televisión) quiz
    2 (para puestos) public examination
    3 formal (concurrencia) gathering; (de factores, circunstancias) combination
    4 (ayuda) help, aid, collaboration
    5 (licitación) tender
    \
    estar fuera de concurso to be out of the running
    concurso hípico horse show
    concurso literario literary competition
    concurso radiofónico radio quiz, radio quiz programme (US program)
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (Com) tender

    presentar algo a concurso — to open sth up to tender, put sth out to tender

    2) (=competición) competition, contest; (TV, Radio) quiz, game show

    concurso de ideas — (Arquit) design competition

    concurso hípico — horse show, show-jumping contest o competition

    3) (=examen) examination, open competition
    4)

    concurso de acreedores — (Jur) meeting of creditors

    5) (=coincidencia) coincidence, concurrence
    6) (=ayuda) cooperation, help

    prestar su concurso — to help, collaborate

    2.
    ADJ
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( certamen) competition
    2) ( licitación) tender
    3) (frml) (de circunstancias, factores) combination, concurrence (frml)
    * * *
    = contest, competition, tournament, quiz [quizzes, -pl.].
    Ex. The children love puppet shows, the movies, story hours, contests.
    Ex. There was a competition organised for the best motto for each event to be held during library week.
    Ex. The author traces the development of the tournament in Scotland from the 13th to 16th centuries and its relationship to European chivalric activity.
    Ex. A variety of extension activities, such as book clubs, competitions and quizzes also help to publicize the stock and the work of the library.
    ----
    * concurso cultural = talent contest, talent show.
    * concurso de baile = dance competition.
    * concurso de belleza = beauty pageant, beauty contest.
    * concurso de cante = singing competition.
    * concurso de cultura general = quiz [quizzes, -pl.].
    * concurso de misses = beauty pageant.
    * concurso de música = music competition.
    * concurso de popularidad = popularity contest.
    * concurso de redacción = essay competition.
    * concurso de talentos = talent contest, talent show.
    * concurso ecuestre = equestrian competition, equestrian event.
    * concurso humorística = comedy competition.
    * concurso literario = literary contest.
    * concurso público = bid, bidding, tender, tender procedure, tendering, tendering procedure, tendering process.
    * concurso público de licitación = competitive tendering.
    * organizar un concurso = conduct + contest.
    * sacar a concurso = tender for, tender out.
    * sacar a concurso público = bid, bid + Posesivo + business, tender for, tender out.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( certamen) competition
    2) ( licitación) tender
    3) (frml) (de circunstancias, factores) combination, concurrence (frml)
    * * *
    = contest, competition, tournament, quiz [quizzes, -pl.].

    Ex: The children love puppet shows, the movies, story hours, contests.

    Ex: There was a competition organised for the best motto for each event to be held during library week.
    Ex: The author traces the development of the tournament in Scotland from the 13th to 16th centuries and its relationship to European chivalric activity.
    Ex: A variety of extension activities, such as book clubs, competitions and quizzes also help to publicize the stock and the work of the library.
    * concurso cultural = talent contest, talent show.
    * concurso de baile = dance competition.
    * concurso de belleza = beauty pageant, beauty contest.
    * concurso de cante = singing competition.
    * concurso de cultura general = quiz [quizzes, -pl.].
    * concurso de misses = beauty pageant.
    * concurso de música = music competition.
    * concurso de popularidad = popularity contest.
    * concurso de redacción = essay competition.
    * concurso de talentos = talent contest, talent show.
    * concurso ecuestre = equestrian competition, equestrian event.
    * concurso humorística = comedy competition.
    * concurso literario = literary contest.
    * concurso público = bid, bidding, tender, tender procedure, tendering, tendering procedure, tendering process.
    * concurso público de licitación = competitive tendering.
    * organizar un concurso = conduct + contest.
    * sacar a concurso = tender for, tender out.
    * sacar a concurso público = bid, bid + Posesivo + business, tender for, tender out.

    * * *
    A
    1 (certamen) competition
    se presentó a un concurso de cocina he took part in a cookery competition o contest
    un concurso de disfraces a fancy dress competition
    2 ( Rad, TV) (programa — de preguntas y respuestas) quiz show o program; (—de juegos y pruebas) game show
    se convoca concurso para cubrir 20 plazas de maestros applications are invited for 20 teaching posts
    Compuestos:
    beauty contest
    ● concurso (de or por) oposición
    horse show, show jumping competition
    B (licitación) tender
    las obras se sacarán a concurso the work will be put out to tender
    Compuesto:
    competitive tendering ( with pre-determined maximum price)
    C ( frml)
    1 (de circunstancias, factores) combination, concurrence ( frml)
    2 ( frml) (reunión) gathering
    Compuesto:
    creditors' meeting
    D (ayuda, cooperación) help, support
    * * *

     

    Del verbo concursar: ( conjugate concursar)

    concurso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    concursó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    concursar    
    concurso
    concursar ( conjugate concursar) verbo intransitivo ( en concurso) to take part;
    ( para puesto) to compete ( through interviews and competitive examinations)
    concurso sustantivo masculino


    concurso de belleza beauty contest o (esp AmE) pageant;
    concurso hípico show jumping competition


    ( de juegos y pruebas) game show


    concursar verbo intransitivo to compete, take part
    concurso sustantivo masculino
    1 (competición) competition
    (de pintura, baile, etc) contest
    (de televisión) quiz show
    2 (para conseguir una obra pública, licitación) tender
    sacar (una obra) a concurso, to invite tenders (for a piece of work)
    3 frml (colaboración) help
    ' concurso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antelación
    - base
    - concurrir
    - concursante
    - II
    - presentador
    - presentadora
    - programa
    - seudónima
    - seudónimo
    - subastar
    - tocar
    - tribunal
    - azafata
    - concursar
    - convocar
    - desempate
    - fallo
    - inscribir
    - inscripción
    - jurado
    - licitar
    - oposición
    - participante
    - presentar
    - triunfar
    English:
    amateurish
    - beauty contest
    - booby prize
    - competition
    - contest
    - drop out
    - entrant
    - entry
    - fix
    - form
    - go in for
    - outsider
    - point
    - quiz
    - show-jumping
    - tender
    - beauty
    - drop
    - enter
    - game
    - horse
    * * *
    1. [literaria, deportiva] competition;
    un concurso de disfraces/de piano a fancy dress/piano competition;
    presentarse a un concurso to enter a competition;
    presentar una película a concurso to enter a movie o Br film in competition
    concurso de belleza beauty contest;
    concurso hípico horse show;
    concurso de saltos show-jumping event
    2. [de televisión] game show;
    [de preguntas y respuestas] quiz show
    3. [oposición]
    concurso(-oposición) = public competitive examination
    concurso de méritos merit-based selection process
    4. [para una obra] tender;
    adjudicar un concurso to award a contract;
    convocar un concurso to call for tender, to invite tenders;
    salir a concurso público to be put out to tender
    concurso de adjudicación tendering process
    5. [colaboración] cooperation;
    con el concurso de todos, saldremos del apuro if everyone helps o cooperates, we can get ourselves out of this mess
    6. [concurrencia]
    el enorme concurso de visitantes desbordó a los organizadores the organizers couldn't cope with the huge number of visitors
    * * *
    m
    1 competition
    2 COM tender;
    sacar a concurso put out to tender
    * * *
    1) : contest, competition
    2) : concurrance, coincidence
    3) : crowd, gathering
    4) : cooperation, assistance
    * * *
    1. (en general) competition / contest
    2. (de televisión, radio) quiz show / game show
    3. (selección para un trabajo) open competition

    Spanish-English dictionary > concurso

  • 32 violento

    adj.
    1 violent.
    2 violent, bitter, forceful.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: violentar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) violent
    2 (vergonzoso) embarrassing, awkward
    3 (molesto) embarrassed, awkward, ill at ease
    4 (dicho, escrito) twisted, distorted
    5 (postura) forced, unnatural
    6 DEPORTE rough
    * * *
    (f. - violenta)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [acto, deporte, persona] violent
    2) (=incómodo) awkward, uncomfortable

    me encuentro violento estando con ellos — I feel awkward o I don't feel at ease when I'm with them

    3) [postura] awkward
    4) [interpretación] forced
    5) (LAm) (=repentino) quick
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) <choque/deporte/muerte> violent; < discurso> vehement; <persona/tono/temperamento> violent
    2) ( incómodo) < situación> embarrassing, awkward

    le es or resulta violento hablar del tema — she finds it embarrassing o difficult to talk about it

    * * *
    = violent, furious, crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], virulent, savage, stormy [stormier -comp., stormiest -sup.], embarrassing, rough [rougher -comp., roughest -sup.], virulently, uneasy, uncomfortable, ill-at-ease, bloodthirsty.
    Ex. There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.
    Ex. 'Punch' satirised the opponents more cruelly: 'Here is an institution doomed to scare the furious devotees of laissez faire'.
    Ex. Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.
    Ex. It is easy to become carried away by the sheer size of the so-called 'information explosion' and to regard the growth of literature as a phenomenon as threatening to civilization as a virulent epidemic or the 'population explosion' in the third world.
    Ex. The most vulnerable nations are Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which have all experienced savage war and civil unrest in recent years.
    Ex. The stormy period of the 50s and 60s are considered to have seriously damaged the cause of improving the salaries of librarians.
    Ex. This is highly embarrassing for the innocent reader and for the apologetic library staff.
    Ex. The changes for the latter group are going to be abrupt, and rough -- very revolutionary.
    Ex. This work presents a startling contrast to the virulently anti-Catholic sentiments prevalent in 18th-century popular writing.
    Ex. Hawthorne gave an uneasy laugh, which was merely the outlet for her disappointment.
    Ex. And making matters worse, this uncomfortable group sat in a suburban sitting-room flooded with afternoon sunlight like dutifully polite guests at a formal coffee party.
    Ex. One quite serious barrier to improvement is the reluctance of users to tell librarians of their feelings, but perhaps it is expecting too much of them to complain that they are ill-at-ease.
    Ex. All the way through, the Jews are portrayed as bloodthirsty.
    ----
    * cometer un acto violento = commit + violence.
    * comportamiento violento = violent behaviour.
    * no violento = nonviolent [non-violent].
    * perturbado y violento = violently insane.
    * reacción violenta = backlash.
    * sentirse violento = look + uncomfortable.
    * sentirse violento por = be embarrassed at.
    * volverse violento = turn + violent.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) <choque/deporte/muerte> violent; < discurso> vehement; <persona/tono/temperamento> violent
    2) ( incómodo) < situación> embarrassing, awkward

    le es or resulta violento hablar del tema — she finds it embarrassing o difficult to talk about it

    * * *
    = violent, furious, crude [cruder -comp., crudest -sup.], virulent, savage, stormy [stormier -comp., stormiest -sup.], embarrassing, rough [rougher -comp., roughest -sup.], virulently, uneasy, uncomfortable, ill-at-ease, bloodthirsty.

    Ex: There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.

    Ex: 'Punch' satirised the opponents more cruelly: 'Here is an institution doomed to scare the furious devotees of laissez faire'.
    Ex: Some unfortunate children grow up as readers of James Bond, of dashing thrillers and the blood-and-guts of crude war stories.
    Ex: It is easy to become carried away by the sheer size of the so-called 'information explosion' and to regard the growth of literature as a phenomenon as threatening to civilization as a virulent epidemic or the 'population explosion' in the third world.
    Ex: The most vulnerable nations are Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which have all experienced savage war and civil unrest in recent years.
    Ex: The stormy period of the 50s and 60s are considered to have seriously damaged the cause of improving the salaries of librarians.
    Ex: This is highly embarrassing for the innocent reader and for the apologetic library staff.
    Ex: The changes for the latter group are going to be abrupt, and rough -- very revolutionary.
    Ex: This work presents a startling contrast to the virulently anti-Catholic sentiments prevalent in 18th-century popular writing.
    Ex: Hawthorne gave an uneasy laugh, which was merely the outlet for her disappointment.
    Ex: And making matters worse, this uncomfortable group sat in a suburban sitting-room flooded with afternoon sunlight like dutifully polite guests at a formal coffee party.
    Ex: One quite serious barrier to improvement is the reluctance of users to tell librarians of their feelings, but perhaps it is expecting too much of them to complain that they are ill-at-ease.
    Ex: All the way through, the Jews are portrayed as bloodthirsty.
    * cometer un acto violento = commit + violence.
    * comportamiento violento = violent behaviour.
    * no violento = nonviolent [non-violent].
    * perturbado y violento = violently insane.
    * reacción violenta = backlash.
    * sentirse violento = look + uncomfortable.
    * sentirse violento por = be embarrassed at.
    * volverse violento = turn + violent.

    * * *
    violento1 -ta
    A
    1 ‹choque/deporte/muerte› violent; ‹discusión› violent, heated; ‹discurso› vehement
    utilizar métodos/medios violentos to use violent methods/means
    2 ‹persona/tono/temperamento› violent
    B
    (incómodo): le resulta violento hablar del tema she finds it embarrassing o difficult to talk about it
    estaba muy violento I felt very awkward o embarrassed o uncomfortable
    ¡qué situación más violenta! how embarrassing!
    ( Per fam) quickly
    * * *

    Del verbo violentar: ( conjugate violentar)

    violento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    violentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    violentar    
    violento
    violentar ( conjugate violentar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( forzar) ‹cerradura/puerta› to force;

    ‹ persona› to rape
    b) ( poner en situación embarazosa) to make … feel awkward

    violentarse verbo pronominal
    to get embarrassed
    violento
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1 ( en general) violent;

    2 ( incómodo) ‹ situación› embarrassing, awkward;

    estaba muy violento I felt very awkward
    violentar verbo transitivo
    1 (incomodar) to embarrass
    2 (enfadar) to infuriate
    3 (violar) to rape
    4 (forzar una puerta, cerradura, etc) to force
    violento,-a adjetivo
    1 (una persona, tormenta, muerte, etc) violent
    2 (una situación) embarrassing: se sintió muy violenta, she felt very awkward
    ' violento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - cacharrazo
    - castaña
    - dura
    - duro
    - impetuosa
    - impetuoso
    - vándala
    - vándalo
    - violenta
    - bestia
    - bruto
    - cochino
    - enojoso
    - fuerte
    - gamberrada
    - gamberrismo
    - molesto
    - remolino
    English:
    aggressive
    - appal
    - appall
    - bang
    - bring out
    - fierce
    - furious
    - horseplay
    - onslaught
    - rough
    - rough-and-tumble
    - sense
    - smash-up
    - trouble
    - video nasty
    - violent
    - wild
    - burning
    - embarrassed
    - harsh
    - savage
    - smash
    - sticky
    * * *
    violento, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona, deporte, acción] violent;
    muerte violenta violent death;
    se hicieron con el parlamento por medios violentos they took control of the parliament by violent means
    2. [intenso] [pasión, tempestad] intense, violent;
    [viento] fierce;
    los despertó una violenta sacudida del wagón they were awoken when the carriage gave a violent jolt
    3. [incómodo] awkward;
    aquello lo puso en una situación muy violenta that put him in a very awkward situation;
    me resulta violento hablar con ella I feel awkward talking to her
    ♦ nmpl
    los violentos the men of violence
    * * *
    adj
    1 violent;
    morir de muerte violenta die a violent death
    2 situación embarrassing; persona embarrassed
    * * *
    violento, -ta adj
    1) : violent
    2) embarazoso, incómodo: awkward, embarassing
    * * *
    1. (en general) violent
    2. (incómodo) awkward

    Spanish-English dictionary > violento

  • 33 appeal

    I [ə'piːl]
    1) (call) appello m. ( for a)

    an appeal to sb. to do — un appello a qcn. perché faccia

    an appeal for — (charity event) una raccolta di [food, clothes]

    2) dir. sport. appello m.
    3) (attraction) fascino m., attrazione f.; (interest) interesse m.

    it holds no appeal for me — non mi interessa, non mi attira

    II [ə'piːl]
    1) dir. appellarsi, ricorrere in appello

    to appeal to — appellarsi a [tribunal, individual]

    to appeal to — appellarsi a [ referee]

    to appeal against — protestare contro [ decision]

    3) (call, request)

    to appeal for — richiamare a [order, tolerance]

    to appeal for witnesses — appellarsi, ricorrere ai testimoni

    to appeal to sb. to do — (formal call) appellarsi, fare appello a qcn. perché faccia

    4) (attract, interest)

    to appeal to sb. — [ idea] interessare a qcn.; [place, person] affascinare, attrarre qcn

    * * *
    [ə:pi:l] 1. verb
    1) ((often with to) to ask earnestly for something: She appealed (to him) for help.) fare appello, ricorrere
    2) (to take a case one has lost to a higher court etc; to ask (a referee, judge etc) for a new decision: He appealed against a three-year sentence.) fare appello
    3) ((with to) to be pleasing: This place appeals to me.) attrarre; interessare
    2. noun
    1) ((the act of making) a request (for help, a decision etc): The appeal raised $500 for charity; a last appeal for help; The judge rejected his appeal.) appello, invocazione
    2) (attraction: Music holds little appeal for me.) attrazione; interesse
    •
    * * *
    I [ə'piːl]
    1) (call) appello m. ( for a)

    an appeal to sb. to do — un appello a qcn. perché faccia

    an appeal for — (charity event) una raccolta di [food, clothes]

    2) dir. sport. appello m.
    3) (attraction) fascino m., attrazione f.; (interest) interesse m.

    it holds no appeal for me — non mi interessa, non mi attira

    II [ə'piːl]
    1) dir. appellarsi, ricorrere in appello

    to appeal to — appellarsi a [tribunal, individual]

    to appeal to — appellarsi a [ referee]

    to appeal against — protestare contro [ decision]

    3) (call, request)

    to appeal for — richiamare a [order, tolerance]

    to appeal for witnesses — appellarsi, ricorrere ai testimoni

    to appeal to sb. to do — (formal call) appellarsi, fare appello a qcn. perché faccia

    4) (attract, interest)

    to appeal to sb. — [ idea] interessare a qcn.; [place, person] affascinare, attrarre qcn

    English-Italian dictionary > appeal

  • 34 party

    I 1. ['pɑːtɪ]
    1) (social event) festa f.; (in evening) soirée f.; (formal) ricevimento m.

    to give o have a party — dare o organizzare una festa

    2) (group) gruppo m.; mil. distaccamento m., reparto m.
    3) pol. partito m.
    4) dir. (individual, group) parte f.
    5) form. (participant)

    to be a party to — essere complice di [ crime]

    2.
    1) [ spirit] di festa; [ game] di società
    2) pol. [member, policy] di, del partito
    II ['pɑːtɪ]
    verbo intransitivo colloq. fare festa, divertirsi
    * * *
    plural - parties; noun
    1) (a meeting of guests for entertainment, celebration etc: a birthday party; She's giving/having a party tonight; ( also adjective) a party dress.) festa, party
    2) (a group of people with a particular purpose: a party of tourists.) gruppo, comitiva
    3) (a group of people with the same ideas and purposes, especially political: a political party.) partito
    * * *
    I 1. ['pɑːtɪ]
    1) (social event) festa f.; (in evening) soirée f.; (formal) ricevimento m.

    to give o have a party — dare o organizzare una festa

    2) (group) gruppo m.; mil. distaccamento m., reparto m.
    3) pol. partito m.
    4) dir. (individual, group) parte f.
    5) form. (participant)

    to be a party to — essere complice di [ crime]

    2.
    1) [ spirit] di festa; [ game] di società
    2) pol. [member, policy] di, del partito
    II ['pɑːtɪ]
    verbo intransitivo colloq. fare festa, divertirsi

    English-Italian dictionary > party

  • 35 notice

    1. noun
    1) Anschlag, der; Aushang, der; (in newspaper) Anzeige, die

    no-smoking notice — Rauchverbotsschild, das

    2) (warning)

    give [somebody] [three days'] notice of one's arrival — [jemandem] seine Ankunft [drei Tage vorher] mitteilen

    have [no] notice [of something] — [von etwas] [keine] Kenntnis haben

    at short/a moment's/ten minutes' notice — kurzfristig/von einem Augenblick zum andern/innerhalb von zehn Minuten

    3) (formal notification) Ankündigung, die

    until further notice — bis auf weiteres

    4) (ending an agreement) Kündigung, die

    give somebody a month's notice — jemandem mit einer Frist von einem Monat kündigen

    hand in one's notice, give notice — (Brit.)

    give one's notice — (Amer.) kündigen

    5) (attention) Beachtung, die

    bring somebody/something to somebody's notice — jemanden auf jemanden/etwas aufmerksam machen

    it has come to my notice that... — ich habe bemerkt od. mir ist aufgefallen, dass...

    take no notice of somebody/something — (not observe) jemanden/etwas nicht bemerken; (disregard) keine Notiz von jemandem/etwas nehmen

    take notice of — wahrnehmen; hören auf [Rat]; zur Kenntnis nehmen [Leistung]

    6) (review) Besprechung, die; Rezension, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (perceive, take notice of) bemerken; abs.

    I pretended not to notice — ich tat so, als ob ich es nicht bemerkte

    2) (remark upon) erwähnen
    * * *
    ['nəutis] 1. noun
    1) (a written or printed statement to announce something publicly: He stuck a notice on the door, saying that he had gone home; They put a notice in the paper announcing the birth of their daughter.) die Notiz
    2) (attention: His skill attracted their notice; I'll bring the problem to his notice as soon as possible.) die Aufmerksamkeit; die Kenntnis
    3) (warning given especially before leaving a job or dismissing someone: Her employer gave her a month's notice; The cook gave in her notice; Please give notice of your intentions.) die Warnung
    2. verb
    (to see, observe, or keep in one's mind: I noticed a book on the table; He noticed her leave the room; Did he say that? I didn't notice.) bemerken
    - academic.ru/50561/noticeable">noticeable
    - noticeably
    - noticed
    - notice-board
    - at short notice
    - take notice of
    * * *
    no·tice
    [ˈnəʊtɪs, AM ˈnoʊt̬-]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \notice sb/sth jdn/etw bemerken; (catch)
    ▪ to \notice sth etw mitbekommen; (perceive)
    ▪ to \notice sth etw wahrnehmen
    did you \notice how she did that? hast du mitbekommen, wie sie das gemacht hat? fam
    we \noticed a car stopping outside the house wir bemerkten, wie [o dass] ein Auto vor der Tür hielt
    she waved at him but he didn't seem to \notice sie winkte ihm zu, aber er schien es nicht zu bemerken
    2. (pay attention to)
    ▪ to \notice sth/sb etw/jdn beachten, auf etw/jdn achten; (take note of)
    ▪ to \notice sth/sb etw/jdn zur Kenntnis nehmen; (become aware of)
    ▪ to \notice sb/sth auf jdn/etw aufmerksam werden; (realize)
    ▪ to \notice sth etw [be]merken
    she was first \noticed by the critics at the age of 12 sie fiel den Kritikern zum ersten Mal im Alter von zwölf Jahren auf
    \notice the details achten Sie auf die Details
    to \notice a book ein Buch besprechen
    4. (inform)
    ▪ to \notice sb jdn benachrichtigen
    ▪ to \notice sth etw anzeigen
    II. n
    1. no pl (attention) Beachtung f
    to avoid \notice Aufsehen vermeiden
    it came [or was brought] to my \notice that... es ist mir zu Ohren gekommen [o ich habe erfahren], dass...
    it escaped my \notice that... es ist mir [o meiner Aufmerksamkeit] entgangen, dass
    to bring sth to sb's \notice jdn auf etw akk aufmerksam machen
    to deserve some \notice Beachtung verdienen
    to take \notice Notiz nehmen
    the news made everyone sit up and take \notice die Nachrichten alarmierten alle
    I asked him to drive more slowly but he didn't take any \notice ich bat ihn, langsamer zu fahren, aber er reagierte nicht
    to take \notice of sb/sth von jdm/etw Notiz nehmen, jdm/etw Beachtung schenken
    don't take any \notice of what she says kümmere dich nicht um das, was sie sagt
    to take no \notice of the fact that... die Tatsache ignorieren, dass...
    2. (poster) Plakat nt, Anschlag m
    3. (in a newspaper) Anzeige f
    death \notice Todesanzeige f, Leidzirkular m SCHWEIZ, Pate f ÖSTERR
    4. no pl (information in advance) Vorankündigung f; (warning) Vorwarnung f
    to give sb \notice jdn [vorab] informieren; (warn) jdn [vor]warnen
    to give sb \notice of a visit jdm einen Besuch ankündigen
    at a day's/four days'/ten minutes' \notice binnen eines Tages/vier Tagen/zehn Minuten
    at a moment's \notice jederzeit
    at short \notice kurzfristig
    until further \notice bis auf Weiteres
    to be on \notice informiert sein; (be warned) [vor]gewarnt sein
    to have \notice of sth ( form) über etw akk informiert sein, von etw dat Kenntnis haben
    without \notice ohne Vorankündigung; (without warning) ohne Vorwarnung
    to leave without \notice weggehen ohne vorher Bescheid zu sagen
    to show up without \notice unangemeldet erscheinen
    5. (written notification) Benachrichtigung f, Mitteilung f, Bescheid m form
    \notice of acceptance Annahmeerklärung f
    \notice of arrival Eingangsbestätigung f
    \notice of departure polizeiliche Abmeldung
    \notice to pay Zahlungsaufforderung f, Mahnung f bes SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR
    public \notice öffentliche Bekanntmachung
    6. LAW Vorladung f
    7. no pl (to end an arrangement) Kündigung f
    she is under \notice to leave ihr ist gekündigt worden
    \notice to quit Kündigung f
    to give [in] [or hand in] one's \notice seine Kündigung einreichen, kündigen
    to give sb his/her \notice jdm kündigen [o form die Kündigung aussprechen]
    to get [or be given] one's \notice die Kündigung erhalten
    8. no pl (period) [Kündigungs]frist f
    seven days'/a month's \notice wöchentliche/monatliche Kündigung, eine Kündigungsfrist von sieben Tagen/einem Monat
    you must give seven days' \notice of withdrawal Sie haben sieben Tage Kündigungsfrist
    she gave him a month's \notice to move out sie gab ihm eine Frist von einem Monat, um auszuziehen
    to have fifteen days'/three months' \notice eine Kündigungsfrist von vierzehn Tagen/drei Monaten haben
    without \notice fristlos
    9. LIT, THEAT Besprechung f, Rezension f, SCHWEIZ meist Buchkritik f
    the book received good \notices das Buch erhielt gute Kritiken
    * * *
    ['nəʊtɪs]
    1. n
    1) (= warning, communication) Bescheid m, Benachrichtigung f; (= written notification) Mitteilung f; (of forthcoming event, film etc) Ankündigung f

    to give notice of sth — von etw Bescheid geben; of film, change etc etw ankündigen; of arrival etc etw melden

    to give sb one week's notice of sth — jdn eine Woche vorher von etw benachrichtigen, jdm eine Woche vorher über etw (acc) Bescheid geben

    to give sb notice of sth — jdn von etw benachrichtigen, jdm etw mitteilen

    to give official notice that... — öffentlich bekannt geben, dass...; (referring to future event) öffentlich ankündigen, dass...

    without notice — ohne Ankündigung; (of arrival also) unangemeldet

    notice is hereby given that... — hiermit wird bekannt gegeben, dass...

    he didn't give us much notice, he gave us rather short notice — er hat uns nicht viel Zeit gelassen or gegeben

    to have notice of sth —

    I must have notice or you must give me some notice of what you intend to do — ich muss Bescheid wissen or Kenntnis davon haben (form), was Sie vorhaben

    to serve notice on sb ( Jur, to appear in court ) — jdn vorladen

    at a moment's notice — jederzeit, sofort

    at three days' notice — binnen drei Tagen, innerhalb von drei Tagen

    2) (= public announcement) (on notice board etc) Bekanntmachung f, Anschlag m; (= poster) Plakat nt; (= sign) Schild nt; (in newspaper) Mitteilung f, Bekanntmachung f; (short) Notiz f; (of birth, wedding, vacancy etc) Anzeige f

    the notice says... — da steht...

    to post a notice — einen Anschlag machen, ein Plakat nt

    birth/marriage/death notice — Geburts-/Heirats-/Todesanzeige f

    3) (prior to end of employment, residence etc) Kündigung f

    to give sb notice (employer, landlord) — jdm kündigen; (lodger, employee also) bei jdm kündigen

    I am under notice of redundancy, I got my notice — mir ist gekündigt worden

    a month's notice —

    I have to give (my landlady) a week's notice — ich habe eine einwöchige Kündigungsfrist

    4) (= review) Kritik f, Rezension f
    5)

    (= attention) to take notice of sth — von etw Notiz nehmen

    I'm afraid I wasn't taking much notice of what they were doing — ich muss gestehen, ich habe nicht aufgepasst, was sie machten

    to take no notice of sb/sth — jdn/etw ignorieren, von jdm/etw keine Notiz nehmen, jdm/etw keine Beachtung schenken

    take no notice! —

    a lot of notice he takes of me! — als ob er mich beachten würde!

    to attract notice —

    it might not have escaped your notice that... — Sie haben vielleicht bemerkt, dass...

    to bring sth to sb's notice — jdn auf etw (acc) aufmerksam machen; (in letter etc) jdn von etw in Kenntnis setzen

    it came to his notice that... — er erfuhr, dass..., es ist ihm zu Ohren gekommen, dass...

    2. vt
    bemerken; (= feel, hear, touch also) wahrnehmen; (= realize also) merken; (= recognize, acknowledge existence of) zur Kenntnis nehmen; difference feststellen

    without my noticing it —

    I noticed her hesitating —

    did he wave? – I never noticed — hat er gewinkt? – ich habe es nicht bemerkt or gesehen

    to get oneself noticed — Aufmerksamkeit erregen, auf sich (acc) aufmerksam machen; (negatively) auffallen

    * * *
    notice [ˈnəʊtıs]
    A s
    1. Beachtung f:
    avoid notice (Redew) um Aufsehen zu vermeiden;
    that’s beneath my notice das nehme ich nicht zur Kenntnis;
    bring sth to sb’s notice jemandem etwas zur Kenntnis bringen, jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen, jemanden von etwas unterrichten;
    come to sb’s notice jemandem bekannt werden, jemandem zur Kenntnis gelangen;
    escape notice unbemerkt bleiben;
    escape sb’s notice jemandem oder jemandes Aufmerksamkeit entgehen;
    a) (keine) Notiz nehmen von,
    b) (nicht) beachten;
    “notice” „zur Beachtung!“
    2. Notiz f, Nachricht f, Anzeige f, Meldung f, Ankündigung f, Mitteilung f:
    notice of an engagement Verlobungsanzeige f;
    this is to give notice that … es wird hiermit bekannt gemacht, dass …;
    give sb notice of sth jemanden von etwas benachrichtigen;
    on short notice bes US kurzfristig, auf Abruf
    3. Anzeige f, Ankündigung f, Hinweis m, Bekanntgabe f, Benachrichtigung f, Mitteilung f, Bericht m, Anmeldung f:
    notice of assessment WIRTSCH Steuerbescheid m;
    notice of a loss Verlustanzeige;
    give notice of appeal JUR Berufung anmelden oder einlegen;
    a) einen Antrag anmelden,
    b) PARL einen Initiativantrag stellen;
    give notice of a patent ein Patent anmelden;
    serve notice upon sb JUR jemandem eine Vorladung zustellen, jemanden vorladen
    4. a) Warnung f
    b) Kündigung(sfrist) f:
    subject to a month’s notice mit monatlicher Kündigung;
    give sb (their) notice (for Easter) jemandem (zu Ostern) kündigen;
    give the company ( oder give in) one’s notice kündigen;
    give sb three months’ notice jemandem drei Monate vorher kündigen;
    we have been given notice to quit uns ist (die Wohnung) gekündigt worden;
    I am under notice to leave mir ist gekündigt worden;
    at a day’s notice binnen eines Tages;
    at a moment’s notice jeden Augenblick, sogleich, jederzeit;
    at short notice kurzfristig, auf Abruf; sofort, auf Anhieb;
    it’s a bit short notice umg das kommt etwas plötzlich;
    till ( oder until) further notice bis auf Weiteres;
    without notice fristlos (entlassen etc)
    5. schriftliche Bemerkung, (auch Presse-, Zeitungs) Notiz f, ( besonders kurze kritische) Rezension, (Buch- etc) Besprechung f:
    receive good notices gute Kritiken erhalten
    B v/t
    1. bemerken:
    notice sb do(ing) sth bemerken, dass jemand etwas tut; jemanden etwas tun sehen
    2. (besonders) beachten oder achten auf (akk):
    notice that … beachten, dass …
    3. anzeigen, melden, bekannt machen
    4. besonders JUR benachrichtigen
    C v/i es bemerken
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Anschlag, der; Aushang, der; (in newspaper) Anzeige, die

    no-smoking notice — Rauchverbotsschild, das

    give [somebody] [three days'] notice of one's arrival — [jemandem] seine Ankunft [drei Tage vorher] mitteilen

    have [no] notice [of something] — [von etwas] [keine] Kenntnis haben

    at short/a moment's/ten minutes' notice — kurzfristig/von einem Augenblick zum andern/innerhalb von zehn Minuten

    3) (formal notification) Ankündigung, die
    4) (ending an agreement) Kündigung, die

    hand in one's notice, give notice — (Brit.)

    give one's notice — (Amer.) kündigen

    5) (attention) Beachtung, die

    bring somebody/something to somebody's notice — jemanden auf jemanden/etwas aufmerksam machen

    it has come to my notice that... — ich habe bemerkt od. mir ist aufgefallen, dass...

    take no notice of somebody/something — (not observe) jemanden/etwas nicht bemerken; (disregard) keine Notiz von jemandem/etwas nehmen

    take notice of — wahrnehmen; hören auf [Rat]; zur Kenntnis nehmen [Leistung]

    6) (review) Besprechung, die; Rezension, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (perceive, take notice of) bemerken; abs.

    I pretended not to notice — ich tat so, als ob ich es nicht bemerkte

    2) (remark upon) erwähnen
    * * *
    n.
    Anschlag -¨e m.
    Anzeige -n f.
    Bekanntmachung f.
    Bemerkung f.
    Kündigung f.
    Merkblatt n.
    Notiz -en f. v.
    beachten v.
    bemerken v.
    daran denken ausdr.
    merken v.
    notieren v.
    vermerken v.
    wahrnehmen v.

    English-german dictionary > notice

  • 36 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 37 ceremony

    noun
    1) Feier, die; (formal act) Zeremonie, die
    2) no pl., no art. (formalities) Zeremoniell, das

    without [great] ceremony — ohne große Förmlichkeit

    * * *
    ['serəməni, ]( American[) -mouni]
    American - ceremonies; noun
    1) (a sacred or formal act, eg a wedding, funeral etc: a marriage ceremony.) die Zeremonie
    2) (solemn display and formality: pomp and ceremony.) die Feierlichkeit
    •
    - academic.ru/11829/ceremonial">ceremonial
    - ceremonially
    - ceremonious
    - ceremoniously
    * * *
    cer·emo·ny
    [ˈserɪməni, AM -əmoʊni]
    n
    1. (ritual) Zeremonie f, Feier f; (celebration also) Feierlichkeiten pl
    opening \ceremony Eröffnungsfeier f
    to perform a \ceremony eine Zeremonie vollziehen geh
    2. no pl (formality) Förmlichkeit f
    pomp and \ceremony Pomp und Zeremoniell
    to do sth without \ceremony etw ohne viel Aufhebens tun
    to receive sb with great \ceremony jdn mit großem Pomp begrüßen
    to stand on \ceremony förmlich sein
    * * *
    ['serImənɪ]
    n
    1) (= event etc) Zeremonie f, Feier(lichkeiten pl) f
    2) (= formality) Förmlichkeit(en pl) f
    * * *
    ceremony [ˈserımənı; US ˈserəˌməʊniː] s
    1. Zeremonie f, Feier(lichkeit) f, feierlicher Brauch:
    a) Zeremonienmeister m,
    b) THEAT etc bes US Conférencier m
    2. Förmlichkeit(en) f(pl):
    without ceremony ohne Umstände (zu machen); → stand on 1
    3. Höflichkeitsgeste f
    * * *
    noun
    1) Feier, die; (formal act) Zeremonie, die
    2) no pl., no art. (formalities) Zeremoniell, das

    without [great] ceremony — ohne große Förmlichkeit

    * * *
    n.
    Feier -n f.
    Feierlichkeit f.
    Zeremonie -n f.

    English-german dictionary > ceremony

  • 38 oficjaln|y

    adj. grad. 1. (urzędowy) [komunikat, język, wersja] official
    - część oficjalna imprezy the official part of an event
    2. (służbowy) [pismo, ton, styl] formal
    - oficjalne spotkanie a formal meeting
    3. (formalny) [sposób bycia, strój] formal

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > oficjaln|y

  • 39 advance

    advance [əd'vɑ:ns]
    (a) (move forward → clock, tape, film) faire avancer; (→ time, event, chess piece) avancer;
    ∎ the date of the meeting was advanced by one week la réunion a été avancée d'une semaine
    (b) (further → project, work) avancer; (→ interest, cause) promouvoir; (→ growth, development) accélérer;
    ∎ this discovery has advanced our research by months cette découverte nous a fait gagner plusieurs mois de recherches
    (c) (suggest → idea, proposition) avancer, mettre en avant; (→ opinion) avancer, émettre; (→ explanation) avancer
    (d) Finance (money) avancer, faire une avance de;
    ∎ we advanced her £100 on her salary nous lui avons avancé 100 livres sur son salaire;
    ∎ we will advance him £500 before completion of the contract nous lui verserons un acompte de 500 livres avant l'achèvement des travaux;
    ∎ sum advanced avance f, acompte m
    (e) formal (increase) augmenter, hausser
    (a) (go forward) avancer, s'avancer;
    ∎ to advance on or towards sth avancer ou s'avancer vers qch;
    ∎ the army advanced on Paris l'armée avançait ou marchait sur Paris
    (b) (make progress) avancer, progresser, faire des progrès
    (c) (time) avancer, s'écouler; (evening, winter) avancer
    (d) formal Commerce & Finance (price, shares, rent) augmenter (de prix), monter;
    ∎ the shares advanced to their highest point in May les actions ont atteint leur valeur la plus haute au mois de mai
    (e) (be promoted) avancer, obtenir de l'avancement; Military monter en grade
    3 noun
    (a) (forward movement) avance f, marche f en avant; Military avance f, progression f;
    ∎ the enemy planned their advance on the city l'ennemi a organisé son avance ou sa marche sur la ville;
    ∎ figurative the advance of old age le vieillissement
    (b) (progress) progrès m;
    ∎ the great advance in medicine le progrès ou les progrès en médecine
    (c) Finance (of funds) avance f, acompte m;
    ∎ he asked for an advance of £200 on his salary il a demandé une avance de 200 livres sur son salaire;
    ∎ an advance on royalties une avance sur droits d'auteur;
    ∎ advances on securities or against collateral prêts mpl sur titres
    (d) formal Commerce & Finance (in price, rent) hausse f, augmentation f
    ∎ any advance? qui dit mieux?;
    ∎ any advance on a hundred? cent, qui dit mieux?
    (prior) préalable
    avances fpl;
    ∎ to make advances to sb faire des avances à qn
    (beforehand → pay, thank) à l'avance, d'avance; (→ prepare, reserve, write, know) à l'avance;
    ∎ well in advance largement à l'avance;
    ∎ we had to pay two weeks in advance il a fallu qu'on paie deux semaines d'avance;
    ∎ the agency asked for £50 in advance l'agence a demandé 50 livres d'avance;
    ∎ thanking you in advance (in letter) en vous remerciant à l'avance, avec mes remerciements anticipés;
    ∎ he sent the messenger on in advance (ahead) il a envoyé le messager devant
    avant;
    ∎ they arrived in advance of their guests ils sont arrivés en avance sur ou avant leurs invités;
    ∎ their computer technology is far in advance of anything we have ils sont très en avance sur nous en matière d'informatique
    ►► Finance advance account compte m d'avances;
    advance booking réservation f à l'avance;
    ∎ advance booking is advisable il est recommandé de réserver à l'avance;
    advance booking office guichet m de location;
    advance copy (of book) exemplaire m de lancement; (of speech) texte m distribué à l'avance;
    Finance advance dividend dividende m anticipé;
    advance group (gen) groupe m de reconnaissance; Military détachement m précurseur;
    Military advance guard avant-garde f;
    American Politics advance man organisateur m de la publicité (pour une campagne politique);
    advance notice préavis m, avertissement m;
    advance party (gen) groupe m de reconnaissance; Military détachement m précurseur;
    Finance advance payment paiement m anticipé, paiement m par anticipation;
    Military advance post poste m avancé;
    advance publicity publicité f d'amorçage;
    Advance Purchase Excursion = tarif préférentiel sujet à des restrictions de délai d'achat;
    advance warning avertissement m

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > advance

  • 40 party

    party ['pɑ:tɪ] (pl parties, pt & pp partied)
    1 noun
    (a) (social event) fête f; (more formal) soirée f, réception f;
    ∎ to give a party (formal) donner une réception ou une soirée; (informal) faire une fête;
    ∎ to have or to throw a party for sb organiser une fête en l'honneur de qn;
    ∎ I'm having a little cocktail party on Friday je fais un petit cocktail vendredi;
    ∎ he's caught the party spirit il s'est abandonné aux joies de la fête;
    ∎ he's a real party person il adore faire la fête;
    ∎ New Year's Eve party réveillon m de fin d'année
    (b) Politics parti m;
    ∎ the Conservative/Democratic Party le parti conservateur/démocrate;
    ∎ he joined the Socialist Party in 1936 il est entré au parti socialiste en 1936
    (c) (group → of tourists, climbers) groupe m; (→ of miners, workers etc) brigade f, équipe f, groupe; Military détachement m;
    ∎ will you join our party? voulez-vous être des nôtres?;
    ∎ we're a small party nous sommes peu nombreux;
    ∎ I was one of the party j'étais de la partie;
    ∎ a tour party un groupe de touristes;
    ∎ the funeral party le cortège funèbre;
    ∎ the rescue party l'équipe f de secours;
    ∎ the wedding party les invités mpl (à un mariage);
    ∎ to make dinner reservations for a party of six réserver une table pour six personnes;
    ∎ a reservation for the Miller party une réservation au nom de Miller
    (d) formal or Law (participant) partie f;
    ∎ to be a party to (conversation) prendre part à; (crime) être complice de; (conspiracy, enterprise) être mêlé à, tremper dans;
    ∎ also figurative the guilty party le (la) coupable;
    ∎ figurative this broken wire is the guilty party c'est à cause de ce fil coupé;
    ∎ the injured party la partie lésée;
    ∎ Law the contracting parties les parties fpl contractantes;
    ∎ Law (the) interested parties les intéressés mpl;
    ∎ I would never be (a) party to such a thing je ne me ferais jamais complice d'une chose pareille, je ne m'associerais jamais à une chose pareille
    (e) (person) individu m
    (a) (atmosphere, clothes) de fête
    (b) Politics (leader, leadership, funds) du parti; (system) des partis
    familiar faire la fête□ ;
    ∎ let's party! faisons la fête!;
    ∎ we partied all night nous avons fait la fête toute la nuit;
    ∎ she's a great one for partying elle adore faire la fête
    ►► familiar party animal fêtard(e) m,f;
    ∎ she's a real party animal elle adore faire la fête, c'est une sacrée fêtarde;
    Politics Party Conference Congrès m du parti;
    party dress robe f habillée;
    party games = jeux auxquels on joue dans les soirées ou les fêtes;
    party invitations invitations fpl;
    party line Telecommunications ligne f commune (à plusieurs abonnés); Politics ligne f du parti;
    ∎ to toe or follow the party line suivre la ligne du parti;
    Politics party machine machine f du parti;
    Politics party man homme m de parti;
    Politics party member membre m du parti;
    British familiar party piece numéro□ m (à l'occasion d'une fête);
    ∎ ironic that's his party piece c'est son numéro habituel;
    Politics party politics politique f de parti; pejorative politique f politicienne;
    familiar party pooper rabat-joie m inv;
    party snacks amuse-gueule(s) mpl;
    party wall mur m mitoyen

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > party

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См. также в других словарях:

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