avoid+(

ē-vīto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to shun, avoid (class.;

most freq. since the Aug. per.): tela amictu,

Cat. 116, 7:

metaque fervidis Evitata rotis,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 5:

fraxinum,

Ov. M. 12, 123:

bidental,

Pers. 2, 27 et saep.—Of abstract objects:

causas suspicionum offensionumque,

Cic. Lael. 24:

dolorem,

id. Fin. 5, 7 fin.:

continuatos pedes,

id. Or. 57, 194; cf.

asperitatem,

Quint. 1, 5, 42:

ejusmodi verba,

id. 9, 4, 145:

expositionem,

id. 4, 2, 75; 4, 1, 71 et saep.

ē-vīto, āre, āvi, v. a. [vita], to deprive of life, to kill (ante- and post-class.): vidi, Priamo vi vitam evitari, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85 (Trag. v. 129 ed. Vahl.): evitat vitam regi, Att. ap. Non. 449, 32 (Rib. Trag. Fragm. p. 181):

tres juvenes,

App. M. 3, p. 133 (al. enecasse); cf. Enarizô, evito, Gloss. Gr. Lat.

ex-ĕo, ĭi (rarely īvi, Gell. 12, 12, 3; Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 50; perf. exit, for exiit, id. Ps. 2, 4, 40; Verg. A. 2, 497), ĭtum, īre ( fut. [p. 683] exibo, but exies, exiet, Sen. Ep. 113, 20; id. Apocol. 3, 1 al.;

exiet for exibit,

Tert. adv. Jud. 13; Vulg. Matt. 2, 6; 5, 26 al.; perh. also in Hor. C. 4, 4, 65; acc. to some MSS. al. evenit; v. Orell. ad h. l.), v. n. and a.

Neutr., to go out or forth, to go away, depart.

Lit.

In gen.:

dum intro eo atque exeo,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 43:

jam ad te exeo,

id. Bacch. 4, 6, 24; 4, 9, 129:

foras,

id. Cas. 5, 2, 51; cf. id. Rud. 2, 2, 2:

ex urbe,

id. Am. 1, 3, 35:

ex urbe, oppido,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 2; Caes. B. G. 2, 33, 1:

e patria,

Cic. Pis. 14, 33:

e finibus suis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 5, 1:

clam ex castris,

id. ib. 7, 20, 10:

ab aliquo,

from one's house, Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7 (v. ab, I. a.):

ab urbe,

away from, Liv. 10, 37, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.; 21, 13, 7; 23, 18, 14;

al. a villa sua,

Quint. 6, 3, 49:

de triclinio, de cubiculo,

Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 263:

de balneis,

id. de Or. 2, 55, 223:

de navi,

id. Att. 2, 7, 4:

(cornix) a cauda de ovo,

tail first, Plin. 10, 16, 18, § 38:

portā,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 39:

domo,

Cic. Rep. 1, 12; cf.:

erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent,

i. e. withdraw from, leave their country, Caes. B. G. 1, 6, 1; so,

domo,

id. ib. 1, 12, 5;

1, 29, 1: castris,

id. B. C. 1, 69, 3:

in solitudinem,

to withdraw, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 118:

in alias domos tamquam in colonias,

id. ib. 1, 17, 54:

in provinciam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33, 4:

in terram,

i. e. to land, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 433:

in luminis oras,

i. e. to be born, Lucr. 1, 170:

ad aliquem,

i. e. to go from home to visit a person, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 6 et saep.—Prov.:

exeat aulā, qui vult esse pius,

Luc. 8, 493.— Poet., with inf.:

exierant dare veris opes,

Stat. Ach. 1, 288.—Of inanim. or abstr. subjects:

cum de consularibus mea prima sors exisset,

Cic. Att. 1, 19, 3; so,

sors,

Hor. C. 2, 3, 27; cf.:

cujus nomen exisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 51, § 127:

nummi, qui per simulationem ab isto exierant,

id. ib. 2, 2, 25, §

61: per septem portus in maris exit aquas (Nilus),

flows out, empties, Ov. Am. 2, 13, 10:

septem aquis (Ister),

Val. Fl. 8, 187:

populo albae folia vetustiora in angulos exeunt,

terminate, Plin. 16, 23, 35, § 86:

color in florem heliotropii,

id. 37, 6, 22, § 83; cf.:

masculina nomina in A atque S litteras,

to end, terminate, Quint. 1, 5, 61.— Pass. impers.:

uti inde exiri possit,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

crepuit ostium: exitur foras,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 15:

in Velabro, qua in Novam viam exitur,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 24 Müll.—

In partic.

In milit. lang., to move out, march out:

milites, qui de tertia vigilia exissent,

Caes. B. C. 1, 64 fin.:

ut paludati (praetores) exeant,

depart for the battle-field, id. ib. 1, 6, 6:

ad pugnam,

Liv. 44, 39, 2; Verg. G. 4, 67:

ex Italia ad bellum civile,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 3 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

non posse clam exiri,

Caes. B. C. 1, 67, 2:

postquam exitum est maximā copiā,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 64.—

In jurid. Lat.: potestate, de or a potestate alicujus, to get out of any one's power (potestas), to be emancipated, become free, Dig. 37, 4, 1, § 6; 62; 28, 6, 3 et saep. (cf. B. 1. infra).—

De vita, to depart from life, decease, die (for the usual excedere or decedere de vita):

quem (me) fuerat aequius ut prius introieram, sic prius exire de vita,

Cic. Cael. 4, 15; so,

de vita,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 5; cf.:

e vita tamquam e theatro,

Cic. Fin. 1, 15, 49:

vitā exire,

Val. Max. 9, 12, ext. 1.—

To go out or forth in any manner, to issue, escape (very rare):

cujus (Isocratis) e ludo tamquam ex equo Trojano meri principes exierunt,

Cic. de Or. 2, 22, 94:

hanc tamen Antonius fugam suam, quia vivus exierat, victoriam vocabat,

Vell. 2, 82, 3.—Of inanimate subjects:

currente rota cur urceus exit?

Hor. A. P. 22: libri quidem ita exierunt, ut, etc., turned out (the figure being borrowed from works of art which are cast and turned out of the mould), Cic. Att. 13, 13, 1.—

Of plants, to come up, spring forth, sprout out:

plerumque e terra exit hordeum diebus VII.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 45, 1:

ne semina in frugem exeant e terra,

Plin. 11, 30, 36, § 109:

folia a radice,

id. 25, 4, 9, § 28:

lupinus agro limoso,

Col. 2, 10, 3:

fabae in folia,

Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 57; and absol.:

ut vix ulla herba exeat,

Col. 2, 11, 3; so,

lens sata (with grandescere),

Pall. Febr. 4;

and, messis,

Val. Fl. 7, 549.—

To mount upwards, ascend, rise ( poet. and postAug. prose):

in auras (ignis),

Lucr. 6, 886:

ad caelum (arbor),

Verg. G. 2, 81:

in altitudinem (comae palmarum),

Plin. 13, 4, 8, § 37.—

Trop.

In gen.:

exisse ex potestate dicimus eos, qui effrenati feruntur aut libidine aut iracundia, etc.... Qui igitur exisse ex potestate dicuntur, idcirco dicuntur, quia non sunt in potestate mentis,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11; cf.:

itaque iratos proprie dicimus exisse de potestate, id est de consilio, de ratione, de mente,

id. ib. 4, 36, 77;

for which: a se,

Petr. 90: ex hac aerumna, Lucil. ap. Non. 296, 16; cf.:

exire aere alieno,

Cic. Phil. 11, 6, 13 (dub. al. se exserere):

quam nihil non consideratum exibat ex ore!

id. Brut. 76, 265; id. de Or. 2, 22 fin.:

nequaquam similiter oratio mea exire atque in vulgus emanare poterit,

id. Rosc. Am. 1, 3; Plin. Pan. 75, 3:

ea res prodita est et in vulgus exivit,

Gell. 12, 12, 3; cf. with object-clause:

exiit opinio, descensurum eum ad Olympia inter athletas,

Suet. Ner. 53; for which also with a subject-clause:

quod ante paucos dies exierat in vulgus, laudanti cuidam formam suam, respondisse eum, etc.,

id. Galb. 20:

ob hoc exivit proverbium, etc.,

became current, Vulg. Gen. 10, 9.—

In partic.

Of time, to run out, end, expire:

quinto anno exeunte,

Cic. Div. 1, 25, 53:

indutiarum dies exierat,

Liv. 4, 30, 14; 30, 25, 1; 42, 47, 10:

dies censurae, stipendii,

id. 9, 34, 22; 22, 33, 5:

nullus mihi per otium dies exit,

Sen. Ep. 8; Plin. Pan. 68, 2 et saep.—

To extend beyond a certain measure or limit (mostly post-Aug.):

extra aliquid,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 25:

vestra vita, licet supra mille annos exeat,

run out, extend, Sen. Brev. Vit. 6:

probationes in tertium diem exierunt,

Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 18:

digressus in laudes Castoris ac Pollucis exierat,

Quint. 11, 2, 11; cf.:

continuus (translationis usus) in allegorias et aenigmata exit,

id. 8, 6, 14:

in longum exierit ordo rerum,

id. 4, 2, 51.—

To pass away, perish:

opus laudabile, numquam a memoria hominum exiturum,

Sen. Ben. 3, 38; so with a subjectclause:

an jam memoriā exisse, neminem ex plebe tribunum militum creatum esse?

Liv. 6, 37, 5.—

Act. ( poet. and in postAug. prose), to go or pass beyond a thing.

Lit.

In gen.:

limen,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 18:

Avernas valles,

Ov. M. 10, 52:

flumen,

Val. Fl. 4, 698:

quantum diurni itineris miliariorum numero in reda possit exiri,

Vitr. 10, 9, 3:

donec minor filius lubricum juventae exiret,

Tac. A. 6, 49 (55) fin. —

Pregn., to avoid, evade, ward off:

corpore tela atque oculis vigilantibus exit,

avoids the blows, Verg. A. 5, 438; cf.:

feros exibant dentis adactus (jumenta),

Lucr. 5, 1330; Stat. Th. 6, 802:

procul absiliebat, ut acrem exiret odorem,

Lucr. 6, 1217:

profluvium sanguinis,

id. 6, 1206:

vim viribus,

Verg. A. 11, 750 et saep.—

Trop.

To exceed:

modum,

Ov. M. 9, 632.—

Of time: ad exitam aetatem = ad ultimam aetatem, Paul. ex Fest. p. 28, 5 Müll.

fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 (archaic inf. praes. pass. fallier, Pers. 3, 50; perf. pass. fefellitus sum, Petr. Fragm. 61, MSS.), v. a. [Sanscr. sphal, sphul, to waver; Gr. sphallô, a-sphalês], to deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, disappoint (freq. and class.; syn.: decipio, impono, frustror, circumvenio, emungo, fraudo).

In gen.

Of living objects:

T. Roscius non unum rei pecuniariae socium fefellit, verum novem homines honestissimos ejusdem muneris, etc.... induxit, decepit, destituit, omni fraude et perfidia fefellit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116 sq.; so,

aliquem dolis,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. Heaut. 3, 1, 61:

senem,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 43:

referam gratiam, atque eas itidem fallam, ut ab illis fallimur,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 93: tu illum fructu fallas, Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 50, 2:

tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco Inventum,

Verg. G. 1, 139; cf. Ov. M. 15, 474:

is enim sum, nisi me forte fallo, qui, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 12, 8, 21:

num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, verum dies?

id. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

nisi me fallit animus,

id. Rosc. Am. 17, 48; cf.:

neque eum prima opinio fefellit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 67, 3:

ne spes eum fallat,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 10, 4:

si in hominibus eligendis spes amicitiae nos fefellerit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 28:

in quo cum eum opinio fefellisset,

Nep. Ages. 3, 5:

nisi forte me animus fallit,

Sall. C. 20, 17:

nisi memoria me fallit,

fails me, Gell. 20, p. 285 Bip.:

nisi me omnia fallunt,

Cic. Att. 8, 7, 1; cf.:

omnia me fallunt, nisi, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 95 med.:

nisi quid me fallit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 6; cf.:

si quid nunc me fallit in scribendo,

id. ib. 3, 5, 4:

dominum sterilis saepe fefellit ager,

Ov. A. A. 1, 450:

certe hercle hic se ipsus fallit, non ego,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 15:

tam libenter se fallunt, quam si una fata decipiunt,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 11, 1:

cum alios falleret, se ipsum tamen non fefellit,

Lact. 1, 22, 5.— Pass. in mid. force, to deceive one's self, be deceived, to err, be mistaken:

errore quodam fallimur in disputando,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35:

qua (spe) possumus falli: deus falli qui potuit?

id. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

memoriā falli,

Plin. 10, 42, 59, § 118:

jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest,

Verg. A. 5, 49; Cic. Att. 4, 17, 1; 16, 6, 2:

ni fallor,

Ov. F. 4, 623; Lact. 2, 19, 1; cf.:

ordinis haec virtus erit et venus, aut ego fallor,

Hor. A. P. 42.—With object-clause:

dicere non fallar, quo, etc.,

Luc. 7, 288:

quamquam haut falsa sum, nos odiosas haberi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 4; cf.:

id quam facile sit mihi, haud sum falsus,

id. Men. 5, 2, 3; Ter. And. 4, 1, 23; Sall. J. 85, 20:

neque ea res falsum me habuit,

did not deceive me, id. ib. 10, 1:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 43.—

Of inanim. or abstr. objects:

promissum,

not to fulfil, Curt. 7, 10, 9:

fidem hosti datam fallere,

to violate, break, betray, deceive, Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39:

quodsi meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit,

id. Cat. 4, 11, 23; cf. id. de Or. 1, 1, 2:

non fallam opinionem tuam,

id. Fam. 1, 6 fin.; cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 86 fin.:

imperium,

to fail to execute, Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125:

cum lubrica saxa vestigium fallerent,

betrayed, Curt. 4, 9.— Poet.:

tu faciem illius Falle dolo,

imitate deceptively, assume, Verg. A. 1, 684:

sua terga nocturno lupo,

i. e. to hide, conceal, Prop. 4, 5, 14:

casses, retia,

to shun, avoid, Ov. H. 20, 45; 190. —

Absol.: neque quo pacto fallam... Scio quicquam, Caecil. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29 fin.:

cum maxime fallunt, id agunt, ut viri boni esse videantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 41:

ea (divinatio) fallit fortasse nonnumquam,

id. Div. 1, 14, 25:

non in sortitione fallere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

in ea re,

Nep. Them. 7, 2; Cels. 7, 26, 2: ne falleret bis relata eadem res, Liv. 29, 35, 2:

ut, si quid possent, de induciis fallendo impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13, 5:

germinat et numquam fallentis termes olivae,

Hor. Epod. 16, 45:

plerumque sufflati atque tumidi (oratores) fallunt pro uberibus,

Gell. 7, 14, 5.—

Impers.: fallit (me) I deceive myself, I mistake, am mistaken:

sed nos, nisi me fallit, jacebimus,

Cic. Att. 14, 12, 2; cf.:

nisi me propter benevolentiam forte fallebat,

id. Cael. 19, 45; id. Sest. 50, 106:

nec eum fefellit,

id. Off. 2, 7, 25:

vide, ne te fallat,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 25. And cf. under II. B. 2.

In partic.

To deceive in swearing, to swear falsely:

is jurare cum coepisset, vox eum defecit in illo loco: SI SCIENS FALLO,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 2; cf.:

lapidem silicem tenebant juraturi per Jovem haec verba dicentes: SI SCIENS FALLO, TVM ME DISPITER, etc., Paul. ex Fest. s. v. lapidem, p. 115 Müll.: si sciens fefellisset,

Plin. Pan. 64, 3; cf. Liv. 21, 45, 8; Prop. 4, 7, 53:

expedit matris cineres opertos Fallere,

i. e. to swear falsely by the ashes of your mother, Hor. C. 2, 8, 10.—

With respect to one's knowledge or sight, for the more usual latēre: to lie concealed from, to escape the notice, elude the observation of a person (so in Cic., Sall., and Caes. for the most part only impers., v. 2. infra).

With acc.:

neque enim hoc te, Crasse, fallit, quam multa sint et quam varia genera dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255:

tanto silentio in summum evasere, ut non custodes solum fallerent, sed, etc.,

Liv. 5, 47, 3:

nec fefellit veniens ducem,

id. 2, 19, 7; Curt. 7, 6, 4; cf.:

quin et Atridas duce te (Mercurio)... Priamus... Thessalosque ignes et iniqua Trojae Castra fefellit,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 16:

quos fallere et effugere est triumphus,

id. ib. 4, 4, 52:

Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem Fallere testa,

id. ib. 3, 14, 20; Suet. Caes. 43:

nec te Pythagorae fallant arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; id. Ep. 1, 6, 45:

nec quicquam eos, quae terra marique agerentur, fallebat,

Liv. 41, 2, 1 Drak.:

ut plebem tribunosque falleret judicii rescindendi consilium initum,

id. 4, 11, 4:

tanta celeritate, ut visum fallant,

Plin. 9, 50, 74, § 157:

oculos littera fallit,

cannot be distinctly read, Ov. A. A. 3, 627.— With acc. and inf.:

neutros fefellit hostes appropinquare,

Liv. 31, 33, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.—Mid. with gen.:

nec satis exaudiebam, nec sermonis fallebar tamen,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 55.—

Absol., to escape notice, be unseen, remain undiscovered:

speculator Carthaginiensium, qui per biennium fefellerat, Romae deprehensus,

Liv. 22, 33, 1; 25, 9, 2:

spes fallendi, resistendive, si non falleret,

of remaining unnoticed, id. 21, 57, 5:

non fefellere ad Tifernum hostes instructi,

id. 10, 14, 6.—So with part. perf., Liv. 42, 64, 3; 23, 19, 11.—With part. pres.: ne alio itinere hostis falleret ad urbem incedens, i. e. arrive secretly, lanthanoi prosiôn, Liv. 8, 20, 5; cf. id. 5, 47, 9; Verg. A. 7, 350:

nec vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit,

i. e. has remained unnoticed, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 10:

fallere pro aliquo,

to pass for, Gell. 7, 14:

bonus longe fallente sagitta,

Verg. A. 9, 572.—

Impers.: fallit (me), it is concealed from me, unknown to me, I do not know, am ignorant of (for the most part only with negatives or in negative interrogations), constr. with subject-clause:

non me fefellit: sensi,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 64:

num me fefellit, hosce id struere?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 3; cf.:

in lege nulla esse ejusmodi capita, te non fallit,

Cic. Att. 3, 23, 4:

nec me animi fallit, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 136; 5, 97:

quem fallit?

who does not know? Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233:

neque vero Caesarem fefellit, quin, etc.,

Caes. B C. 3, 94, 3.—

To cause any thing (space, time, etc.) not to be observed or felt, to lighten any thing difficult, or to appease, silence any thing disagreeable, to beguile ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

medias fallunt sermonibus horas Sentirique moram prohibent,

Ov. M. 8, 652:

jam somno fallere curam,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 114:

Fallebat curas aegraque corda labor,

Ov. Tr. 3, 2, 16; cf.

dolores,

id. ib. 5, 7, 39:

luctum,

Val. Fl. 3, 319:

molliter austerum studio fallente laborem,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 12; Ov. M. 6, 60; Plin. 27, 7, 28, § 49.—Prov.:

fallere credentem non est operosa puellam Gloria,

Ov. H. 2, 63.—Hence, falsus, a, um, P. a., deceptive, pretended, feigned, deceitful, spurious, false (syn.: adulterinus, subditus, subditicius, spurius).

[p. 722] Adj.:

testes aut casu veri aut malitia falsi fictique esse possunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 11, 27; cf.:

falsum est id totum, neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum,

id. Rep. 2, 15:

ementita et falsa plenaque erroris,

id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

pro re certa spem falsam domum retulerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; cf.:

spe falsa atque fallaci,

id. Phil. 12, 2, 7; so,

spes,

id. Sull. 82, 91:

falsa et mendacia visa,

id. Div. 2, 62, 127; cf.:

falsa et inania visa,

id. ib.:

falsum et imitatione simulatum,

id. de Or. 2, 45, 189; cf. id. Phil. 11, 2, 5:

argumentum,

id. Inv. 1, 48, 90:

qui falsas lites falsis testimoniis Petunt,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 13:

reperiuntur falsi falsimoniis,

id. Bacch. 3, 6, 12:

ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri subegit,

Sall. C. 10, 5 Kritz.:

pater (opp. verus),

a supposed father, Ov. M. 9, 24; cf. id. ib. 1, 754:

falsi ac festinantes,

Tac. A. 1, 7: suspectio, Enn. ap. Non. 511, 5:

nuntius,

Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 175:

rumores,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20, 2:

poena falsarum et corruptarum litterarum,

Cic. Fl. 17, 39; cf.:

falsas esse litteras et a scriba vitiatas,

Liv. 40, 55, 1:

falsarum tabularum rei,

Suet. Aug. 19:

fama,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

appellatio,

Quint. 7, 3, 5:

sententiae,

id. 8, 5, 7:

crimina,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 14;

terrores,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 212:

opprobria,

i. e. undeserved, id. ib. 1, 16, 38; cf.

honor,

id. ib. 39: falsi Simoëntis ad undam, i. e. fictitious (simulati), Verg. A. 3, 302; cf.:

falsi sequimur vestigia tauri (i. e. Jovis),

Val. Fl. 8, 265:

vultu simulans Haliagmona,

Stat. Th. 7, 739:

ita ceteros terruere, ut adesse omnem exercitum trepidi ac falsi nuntiarent,

Tac. H. 2, 17:

ne illi falsi sunt qui divorsissumas res pariter expectant,

deceived, mistaken, Sall. J. 85, 20; cf.:

falsus utinam vates sim,

Liv. 21, 10, 10; so,

vates,

id. 4, 46, 5.— Comp. (rare):

quanto est abjectior et falsior ista (theologia),

Aug. Civ. D. 7, 5 fin.:

nihil est hominum inepta persuasione falsius,

Petr. 132; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 92, 11 Müll.— Sup.:

id autem falsissimum est,

Col. 1, 6, 17.—

With gen.:

Felix appellatur Arabia, falsi et ingrati cognominis,

Plin. 12, 18, 41, § 82.—

False, counterfeit, spurious, = adulterinus (late Lat.): moneta, Cod. Th. 9, 21, 9.—

As subst.

falsus, i, m., a liar, deceiver:

Spurinnam ut falsum arguens,

a false prophet, Suet. Caes. 81 fin.; id. Tib. 14.—

falsum, i, n., falsehood, fraud:

ex falsis verum effici non potest,

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf.:

veris falsa remiscet,

Hor. A. P. 151:

vero distinguere falsum,

id. Ep. 1, 10, 29:

falsum scripseram,

Cic. Att. 7, 14, 2; Quint. 7, 2, 53:

ex illa causa falsi,

i. e. of fraud, Dig. 48, 10 (De lege Cornelia de falsis), 1;

v. the whole title: acclinis falsis animus,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 6:

nec obstitit falsis Tiberius,

Tac. A. 2, 82:

simulationum falsa,

id. ib. 6, 46 et saep.—Adverb.:

telisque non in falsum jactis,

i. e. not at random, with effect, Tac. A. 4, 50 fin.:

jurare falsum,

Ov. Am. 3, 3, 11.— Adv., untruly, erroneously, unfaithfully, wrongly, falsely; in two forms, falso and false.

falso:

eho mavis vituperari falso, quam vero extolli?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 21 sq.; cf. id. Trin. 1, 2, 173;

so opp. vero,

Curt. 5, 2, 2: ei rei dant operam, ut mihi falso maledicatur, Cato ap. Charis. p. 179 P.: falso criminare, Enn. ap. Non. 470, 16:

neque me perpetiar probri Falso insimulatam,

id. Am. 3, 2, 7; 21; cf.:

non possum quemquam insimulare falso,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:

falso memoriae proditum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 41:

cum Tarquinius... vivere falso diceretur,

id. Rep. 2, 21; cf.:

adesse ejus equites falso nuntiabantur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14, 1:

cum utrumque falso fingerent,

Liv. 42, 2:

falso in me conferri,

Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 2: aliquem falso occidere, i. e. by mistake, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 179 P.; cf.:

ut miseri parentes quos falso lugent, vivere sciant,

Liv. 34, 32, 13; and:

falso lamentari eas Darium vivum,

Curt. 3, 12:

falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum,

Sall. J. 1:

falso plurima volgus amat,

Tib. 3, 3, 20 (so perh. also in Cic. Ac. 2, 46, 141, non assentiar saepe falso, instead of false).—Ellipt.: Da. Si quid narrare occepi, continuo dari tibi verba censes. Si. Falso, Ter. And. 3, 2, 24; cf.:

atqui in talibus rebus aliud utile interdum, aliud honestum videri solet. Falso: nam, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 18, 74; so Quint. 2, 17, 12; Nep. Alc. 9:

quia inter inpotentes et validos falso quiescas, = quia falluntur qui putant quiesci posse,

Tac. Germ. 36.—

false (very rare): judicium false factum, Sisenn. ap. Charis. p. 179; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 78 Fleck. (Cic. Ac. 2, 46, 141 dub., B. and K., al. falso).— Sup.:

quae adversus haec falsissime disputantur,

Aug. Conf. 10, 13.

fallo, fĕfelli, falsum, 3 (archaic inf. praes. pass. fallier, Pers. 3, 50; perf. pass. fefellitus sum, Petr. Fragm. 61, MSS.), v. a. [Sanscr. sphal, sphul, to waver; Gr. sphallô, a-sphalês], to deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, disappoint (freq. and class.; syn.: decipio, impono, frustror, circumvenio, emungo, fraudo).

In gen.

Of living objects:

T. Roscius non unum rei pecuniariae socium fefellit, verum novem homines honestissimos ejusdem muneris, etc.... induxit, decepit, destituit, omni fraude et perfidia fefellit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116 sq.; so,

aliquem dolis,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 13; cf. id. Heaut. 3, 1, 61:

senem,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 43:

referam gratiam, atque eas itidem fallam, ut ab illis fallimur,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 93: tu illum fructu fallas, Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 50, 2:

tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco Inventum,

Verg. G. 1, 139; cf. Ov. M. 15, 474:

is enim sum, nisi me forte fallo, qui, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 12, 8, 21:

num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, verum dies?

id. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

nisi me fallit animus,

id. Rosc. Am. 17, 48; cf.:

neque eum prima opinio fefellit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 67, 3:

ne spes eum fallat,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 10, 4:

si in hominibus eligendis spes amicitiae nos fefellerit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 28:

in quo cum eum opinio fefellisset,

Nep. Ages. 3, 5:

nisi forte me animus fallit,

Sall. C. 20, 17:

nisi memoria me fallit,

fails me, Gell. 20, p. 285 Bip.:

nisi me omnia fallunt,

Cic. Att. 8, 7, 1; cf.:

omnia me fallunt, nisi, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 95 med.:

nisi quid me fallit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 6; cf.:

si quid nunc me fallit in scribendo,

id. ib. 3, 5, 4:

dominum sterilis saepe fefellit ager,

Ov. A. A. 1, 450:

certe hercle hic se ipsus fallit, non ego,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 15:

tam libenter se fallunt, quam si una fata decipiunt,

Sen. Brev. Vit. 11, 1:

cum alios falleret, se ipsum tamen non fefellit,

Lact. 1, 22, 5.— Pass. in mid. force, to deceive one's self, be deceived, to err, be mistaken:

errore quodam fallimur in disputando,

Cic. Rep. 3, 35:

qua (spe) possumus falli: deus falli qui potuit?

id. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

memoriā falli,

Plin. 10, 42, 59, § 118:

jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest,

Verg. A. 5, 49; Cic. Att. 4, 17, 1; 16, 6, 2:

ni fallor,

Ov. F. 4, 623; Lact. 2, 19, 1; cf.:

ordinis haec virtus erit et venus, aut ego fallor,

Hor. A. P. 42.—With object-clause:

dicere non fallar, quo, etc.,

Luc. 7, 288:

quamquam haut falsa sum, nos odiosas haberi,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 4; cf.:

id quam facile sit mihi, haud sum falsus,

id. Men. 5, 2, 3; Ter. And. 4, 1, 23; Sall. J. 85, 20:

neque ea res falsum me habuit,

did not deceive me, id. ib. 10, 1:

ut falsus animi est!

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 43.—

Of inanim. or abstr. objects:

promissum,

not to fulfil, Curt. 7, 10, 9:

fidem hosti datam fallere,

to violate, break, betray, deceive, Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39:

quodsi meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit,

id. Cat. 4, 11, 23; cf. id. de Or. 1, 1, 2:

non fallam opinionem tuam,

id. Fam. 1, 6 fin.; cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 86 fin.:

imperium,

to fail to execute, Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125:

cum lubrica saxa vestigium fallerent,

betrayed, Curt. 4, 9.— Poet.:

tu faciem illius Falle dolo,

imitate deceptively, assume, Verg. A. 1, 684:

sua terga nocturno lupo,

i. e. to hide, conceal, Prop. 4, 5, 14:

casses, retia,

to shun, avoid, Ov. H. 20, 45; 190. —

Absol.: neque quo pacto fallam... Scio quicquam, Caecil. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29 fin.:

cum maxime fallunt, id agunt, ut viri boni esse videantur,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 41:

ea (divinatio) fallit fortasse nonnumquam,

id. Div. 1, 14, 25:

non in sortitione fallere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 132:

in ea re,

Nep. Them. 7, 2; Cels. 7, 26, 2: ne falleret bis relata eadem res, Liv. 29, 35, 2:

ut, si quid possent, de induciis fallendo impetrarent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 13, 5:

germinat et numquam fallentis termes olivae,

Hor. Epod. 16, 45:

plerumque sufflati atque tumidi (oratores) fallunt pro uberibus,

Gell. 7, 14, 5.—

Impers.: fallit (me) I deceive myself, I mistake, am mistaken:

sed nos, nisi me fallit, jacebimus,

Cic. Att. 14, 12, 2; cf.:

nisi me propter benevolentiam forte fallebat,

id. Cael. 19, 45; id. Sest. 50, 106:

nec eum fefellit,

id. Off. 2, 7, 25:

vide, ne te fallat,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 25. And cf. under II. B. 2.

In partic.

To deceive in swearing, to swear falsely:

is jurare cum coepisset, vox eum defecit in illo loco: SI SCIENS FALLO,

Cic. Fam. 7, 1, 2; cf.:

lapidem silicem tenebant juraturi per Jovem haec verba dicentes: SI SCIENS FALLO, TVM ME DISPITER, etc., Paul. ex Fest. s. v. lapidem, p. 115 Müll.: si sciens fefellisset,

Plin. Pan. 64, 3; cf. Liv. 21, 45, 8; Prop. 4, 7, 53:

expedit matris cineres opertos Fallere,

i. e. to swear falsely by the ashes of your mother, Hor. C. 2, 8, 10.—

With respect to one's knowledge or sight, for the more usual latēre: to lie concealed from, to escape the notice, elude the observation of a person (so in Cic., Sall., and Caes. for the most part only impers., v. 2. infra).

With acc.:

neque enim hoc te, Crasse, fallit, quam multa sint et quam varia genera dicendi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255:

tanto silentio in summum evasere, ut non custodes solum fallerent, sed, etc.,

Liv. 5, 47, 3:

nec fefellit veniens ducem,

id. 2, 19, 7; Curt. 7, 6, 4; cf.:

quin et Atridas duce te (Mercurio)... Priamus... Thessalosque ignes et iniqua Trojae Castra fefellit,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 16:

quos fallere et effugere est triumphus,

id. ib. 4, 4, 52:

Spartacum si qua potuit vagantem Fallere testa,

id. ib. 3, 14, 20; Suet. Caes. 43:

nec te Pythagorae fallant arcana,

Hor. Epod. 15, 21; id. Ep. 1, 6, 45:

nec quicquam eos, quae terra marique agerentur, fallebat,

Liv. 41, 2, 1 Drak.:

ut plebem tribunosque falleret judicii rescindendi consilium initum,

id. 4, 11, 4:

tanta celeritate, ut visum fallant,

Plin. 9, 50, 74, § 157:

oculos littera fallit,

cannot be distinctly read, Ov. A. A. 3, 627.— With acc. and inf.:

neutros fefellit hostes appropinquare,

Liv. 31, 33, 8 Weissenb. ad loc.—Mid. with gen.:

nec satis exaudiebam, nec sermonis fallebar tamen,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 55.—

Absol., to escape notice, be unseen, remain undiscovered:

speculator Carthaginiensium, qui per biennium fefellerat, Romae deprehensus,

Liv. 22, 33, 1; 25, 9, 2:

spes fallendi, resistendive, si non falleret,

of remaining unnoticed, id. 21, 57, 5:

non fefellere ad Tifernum hostes instructi,

id. 10, 14, 6.—So with part. perf., Liv. 42, 64, 3; 23, 19, 11.—With part. pres.: ne alio itinere hostis falleret ad urbem incedens, i. e. arrive secretly, lanthanoi prosiôn, Liv. 8, 20, 5; cf. id. 5, 47, 9; Verg. A. 7, 350:

nec vixit male, qui natus moriensque fefellit,

i. e. has remained unnoticed, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 10:

fallere pro aliquo,

to pass for, Gell. 7, 14:

bonus longe fallente sagitta,

Verg. A. 9, 572.—

Impers.: fallit (me), it is concealed from me, unknown to me, I do not know, am ignorant of (for the most part only with negatives or in negative interrogations), constr. with subject-clause:

non me fefellit: sensi,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 64:

num me fefellit, hosce id struere?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 3; cf.:

in lege nulla esse ejusmodi capita, te non fallit,

Cic. Att. 3, 23, 4:

nec me animi fallit, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 136; 5, 97:

quem fallit?

who does not know? Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 233:

neque vero Caesarem fefellit, quin, etc.,

Caes. B C. 3, 94, 3.—

To cause any thing (space, time, etc.) not to be observed or felt, to lighten any thing difficult, or to appease, silence any thing disagreeable, to beguile ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

medias fallunt sermonibus horas Sentirique moram prohibent,

Ov. M. 8, 652:

jam somno fallere curam,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 114:

Fallebat curas aegraque corda labor,

Ov. Tr. 3, 2, 16; cf.

dolores,

id. ib. 5, 7, 39:

luctum,

Val. Fl. 3, 319:

molliter austerum studio fallente laborem,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 12; Ov. M. 6, 60; Plin. 27, 7, 28, § 49.—Prov.:

fallere credentem non est operosa puellam Gloria,

Ov. H. 2, 63.—Hence, falsus, a, um, P. a., deceptive, pretended, feigned, deceitful, spurious, false (syn.: adulterinus, subditus, subditicius, spurius).

[p. 722] Adj.:

testes aut casu veri aut malitia falsi fictique esse possunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 11, 27; cf.:

falsum est id totum, neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum,

id. Rep. 2, 15:

ementita et falsa plenaque erroris,

id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

pro re certa spem falsam domum retulerunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; cf.:

spe falsa atque fallaci,

id. Phil. 12, 2, 7; so,

spes,

id. Sull. 82, 91:

falsa et mendacia visa,

id. Div. 2, 62, 127; cf.:

falsa et inania visa,

id. ib.:

falsum et imitatione simulatum,

id. de Or. 2, 45, 189; cf. id. Phil. 11, 2, 5:

argumentum,

id. Inv. 1, 48, 90:

qui falsas lites falsis testimoniis Petunt,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 13:

reperiuntur falsi falsimoniis,

id. Bacch. 3, 6, 12:

ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri subegit,

Sall. C. 10, 5 Kritz.:

pater (opp. verus),

a supposed father, Ov. M. 9, 24; cf. id. ib. 1, 754:

falsi ac festinantes,

Tac. A. 1, 7: suspectio, Enn. ap. Non. 511, 5:

nuntius,

Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 175:

rumores,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20, 2:

poena falsarum et corruptarum litterarum,

Cic. Fl. 17, 39; cf.:

falsas esse litteras et a scriba vitiatas,

Liv. 40, 55, 1:

falsarum tabularum rei,

Suet. Aug. 19:

fama,

Cic. Lael. 4, 15:

appellatio,

Quint. 7, 3, 5:

sententiae,

id. 8, 5, 7:

crimina,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 14;

terrores,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 212:

opprobria,

i. e. undeserved, id. ib. 1, 16, 38; cf.

honor,

id. ib. 39: falsi Simoëntis ad undam, i. e. fictitious (simulati), Verg. A. 3, 302; cf.:

falsi sequimur vestigia tauri (i. e. Jovis),

Val. Fl. 8, 265:

vultu simulans Haliagmona,

Stat. Th. 7, 739:

ita ceteros terruere, ut adesse omnem exercitum trepidi ac falsi nuntiarent,

Tac. H. 2, 17:

ne illi falsi sunt qui divorsissumas res pariter expectant,

deceived, mistaken, Sall. J. 85, 20; cf.:

falsus utinam vates sim,

Liv. 21, 10, 10; so,

vates,

id. 4, 46, 5.— Comp. (rare):

quanto est abjectior et falsior ista (theologia),

Aug. Civ. D. 7, 5 fin.:

nihil est hominum inepta persuasione falsius,

Petr. 132; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 92, 11 Müll.— Sup.:

id autem falsissimum est,

Col. 1, 6, 17.—

With gen.:

Felix appellatur Arabia, falsi et ingrati cognominis,

Plin. 12, 18, 41, § 82.—

False, counterfeit, spurious, = adulterinus (late Lat.): moneta, Cod. Th. 9, 21, 9.—

As subst.

falsus, i, m., a liar, deceiver:

Spurinnam ut falsum arguens,

a false prophet, Suet. Caes. 81 fin.; id. Tib. 14.—

falsum, i, n., falsehood, fraud:

ex falsis verum effici non potest,

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf.:

veris falsa remiscet,

Hor. A. P. 151:

vero distinguere falsum,

id. Ep. 1, 10, 29:

falsum scripseram,

Cic. Att. 7, 14, 2; Quint. 7, 2, 53:

ex illa causa falsi,

i. e. of fraud, Dig. 48, 10 (De lege Cornelia de falsis), 1;

v. the whole title: acclinis falsis animus,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 6:

nec obstitit falsis Tiberius,

Tac. A. 2, 82:

simulationum falsa,

id. ib. 6, 46 et saep.—Adverb.:

telisque non in falsum jactis,

i. e. not at random, with effect, Tac. A. 4, 50 fin.:

jurare falsum,

Ov. Am. 3, 3, 11.— Adv., untruly, erroneously, unfaithfully, wrongly, falsely; in two forms, falso and false.

falso:

eho mavis vituperari falso, quam vero extolli?

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 21 sq.; cf. id. Trin. 1, 2, 173;

so opp. vero,

Curt. 5, 2, 2: ei rei dant operam, ut mihi falso maledicatur, Cato ap. Charis. p. 179 P.: falso criminare, Enn. ap. Non. 470, 16:

neque me perpetiar probri Falso insimulatam,

id. Am. 3, 2, 7; 21; cf.:

non possum quemquam insimulare falso,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 41, § 107:

falso memoriae proditum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 41:

cum Tarquinius... vivere falso diceretur,

id. Rep. 2, 21; cf.:

adesse ejus equites falso nuntiabantur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 14, 1:

cum utrumque falso fingerent,

Liv. 42, 2:

falso in me conferri,

Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 2: aliquem falso occidere, i. e. by mistake, Naev. ap. Charis. p. 179 P.; cf.:

ut miseri parentes quos falso lugent, vivere sciant,

Liv. 34, 32, 13; and:

falso lamentari eas Darium vivum,

Curt. 3, 12:

falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum,

Sall. J. 1:

falso plurima volgus amat,

Tib. 3, 3, 20 (so perh. also in Cic. Ac. 2, 46, 141, non assentiar saepe falso, instead of false).—Ellipt.: Da. Si quid narrare occepi, continuo dari tibi verba censes. Si. Falso, Ter. And. 3, 2, 24; cf.:

atqui in talibus rebus aliud utile interdum, aliud honestum videri solet. Falso: nam, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 18, 74; so Quint. 2, 17, 12; Nep. Alc. 9:

quia inter inpotentes et validos falso quiescas, = quia falluntur qui putant quiesci posse,

Tac. Germ. 36.—

false (very rare): judicium false factum, Sisenn. ap. Charis. p. 179; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 78 Fleck. (Cic. Ac. 2, 46, 141 dub., B. and K., al. falso).— Sup.:

quae adversus haec falsissime disputantur,

Aug. Conf. 10, 13.

fĕrĭo, īre (archaic FERINVNT for feriunt; acc. to Fest. s. v. nequinunt, p. 162, 24 Müll.; part. fut. feriturus, Serv. Verg. A. 7, 498. The perf. forms are supplied by percutio, v. Varr. L. L. 9, 55, § 98 Müll.), 4, v. a. [perh. Sanscr. dhūr-, injure, destroy; Lat. ferus, ferox; Gr. thêr; Aeol. phêr; cf. Gr. thourios, impetuous, thorein, to leap; and Lat. furere, furia, etc.], to strike, smite, beat, knock, cut, thrust, hit (class.; syn.: icio, percutio, verbero, vapulo, pulso, tundo, pavio).

Lit.

In gen.:

fores,

to knock, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 63; cf.

parietem,

Cic. Cael. 24, 59:

murum arietibus,

to batter, shake, Sall. J. 76, 6:

pugiles adversarium,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23 fin.: jacere telum, voluntatis est;

ferire quem nolueris, fortunae,

to strike, id. Top. 17, 64:

partem corporis sibi,

Lucr. 2, 441:

frontem,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1:

femur,

Quint. 11, 3, 123:

pectora solito plangore,

Ov. M. 4, 554; cf.:

calce feritur aselli,

id. F. 3, 755: uvas pede (rusticus), to stamp or tread, Tib. 2, 5, 85:

feriri a serpente,

to be stung, Plin. 29, 4, 22, § 71; cf. Ov. Ib. 481:

cetera (venenata animalia) singulos feriunt,

id. ib. 23:

tabulam malleo,

Cels. 6, 7 fin.: stricto ferit retinacula ferro, cuts to pieces (shortly before:

incidere funes),

Verg. A. 4, 580: certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt, strike, lash (in rowing), id. ib. 3, 290: ut frontem ferias, that you may beat your brow, i. e. be provoked, Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1.— Poet.:

sublimi feriam sidera vertice,

hit, touch, Hor. C. 1, 1, 36; cf. in the foll. 2.— Absol.:

pugno ferire vel calce,

Quint. 2, 8, 13; cf. Hor. S. 2, 7, 99:

occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto,

pushes, butts, Verg. E. 9, 25.—

Of inanim. and abstr. subjects:

principio omnibus a rebus, quascumque videmus, Perpetuo fluere ac mitti spargique necesse est Corpora, quae feriant oculos visumque lacessant,

strike, touch, Lucr. 6, 923:

oculos (corpora, simulacra),

id. 4, 217; 257:

oculorum acies (res),

id. 4, 691:

speciem colore (res),

id. 4, 243; cf.:

his spectris etiam si oculi possent feriri, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 2:

feriuntque summos fulmina montes,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 11:

nec semper feriet, quodcumque minabitur, arous,

id. A. P. 350; cf.:

si fractus illabatur orbis, Impavidum ferient ruinae,

id. C. 3, 3, 8:

nec levius tabulae laterum feriuntur ab undis, Quam, etc.,

Ov. Tr. 2, 47.— Poet.: ferientia terram corpora, smiting (in falling), Luc. 4, 786:

sole fere radiis foriente cacumina primis,

hitting, touching, Ov. M. 7, 804:

palla imos ferit alba pedes,

touches, reaches to, Val. Fl. 1, 385:

ferit aethera clamor,

Verg. A. 5, 140:

feriat dum maesta remotas Fama procul terras,

extends to, Luc. 5, 774.—

In partic.

To kill by striking, to give a deathblow, to slay, kill: hostem, Enn. ap. Cic. Balb. 22, 51 (Ann. v. 284 ed. Vahl.); Sall. C. 7, 6; 60, 4; id. J. 85, 33; cf.:

aliquem securi feriri,

to be beheaded, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 75:

aliquem telo trabali,

Verg. A. 12, 295:

retiarium (mirmillo),

Quint. 6, 3, 61:

te (maritum),

Hor. C. 3, 11, 43:

leonem atque alias feras primus aut in primis ferire,

Sall. J. 6, 1:

aprum,

Ov. M. 3, 715.—

Of the animals for sacrifice, to kill, slaughter; and hence, to offer, sacrifice:

nos humilem feriemus agnam,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 32:

vaccam Proserpinae,

Verg. A. 6, 251; cf. the form of oath in making a compact (when a swine was sacrificed): SI PRIOR DEFEXIT [p. 737] (populus Romanus) PVBLICO CONSILIO DOLO MALO, TV ILLO DIE IVPPITER, POPVLVM ROMANVM SIC FERITO, VT EGO HVNC PORCVM HIC HODIE FERIAM:

TANTOQVE MAGIS FERITO, QVANTO MAGIS POTES POLLESQVE,

Liv. 1, 24, 8:

Quid aut sponsoribus in foedere opus esset aut obsidibus, ubi precatione res transigitur? per quem populum fiat, quo minus legibus dictis stetur, ut eum ita Juppiter feriat, quemadmodum a Fetialibus porcus feriatur,

id. 9, 5, 3. (Cf. also:

Jovis ante aram Stabant et caesā jungebant foedera porcă,

Verg. A. 8, 641).— Hence,

Transf., foedus ferire, to make a compact, covenant, or treaty (in Hebrew in precisely the same manner,): accipe daque fidem, foedusque feri bene firmum, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 33 ed. Vahl.):

is, quicum foedus feriri in Capitolio viderat,

Cic. Rab. Post. 3, 6:

videret ut satis honestum foedus feriretur,

id. Inv. 2, 30, 92:

amorum turpissimorum foedera ferire,

to form illicit connections, id. Cael. 14, 34:

Tarchon jungit opes foedusque ferit,

Verg. A. 10, 154 al. —

Of money, to strike, stamp, coin:

asses sextantario pondere,

Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 44. Thus the designation of a triumvir monetalis is III. VIR. A. A. A. F. F., i. e. Triumvir auro argento aeri flando feriundo, Inscr. Orell. 569.

Trop.

In gen.:

quae faciliora sunt philosophis, quo minus multa patent in eorum vita, quae fortuna feriat,

reaches, affects, Cic. Off. 1, 21, 73:

accidit, ut ictu simili (i. e. morte propinqui) ferirer,

was struck with a similar blow, Quint. 6 praef. §

3: verba palato,

to bring out, utter, speak, Hor. S. 2, 3, 274; cf.:

sonat vox, ut feritur,

Quint. 11, 3, 61:

feriunt animum (sententiae),

id. 12, 10, 48:

ut omnis sensus in fine sermonis feriat aurem,

id. 8, 5, 13; cf. id. 9, 3, 4.— Absol.:

binis aut ternis ferire verbis,

Cic. Or. 67, 226:

videtur Chrysippus medium ferire voluisse,

i. e. to avoid extremes, id. Fat. 17, 39.—

In partic., to cozen, cheat, gull, trick (mostly in vulg. lang.;

not in Cic.): ubi illa pendentem ferit, jam amplius orat,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 19; Ter. Ph. 1, 1, 13:

cum ferit astutos comica moecha Getas,

Prop. 4 (5), 5, 44:

austeros arte ferire viros,

id. 3, 3 (4, 2), 50.—

To punish, inflict punishment: aliquem condemnatione centum librarum auri, Cod. 11, 11, 1.

flecto, xi, xum, 3, v. a. and n. [root in Gr. pholkos, bandy-legged; phalkês, the bent rib of a ship; L. falx; falco, so called from the curve of its claws or beak; cf. Germ. Falke; Engl. falcon].

Act., to bend, bow, curve, turn, turn round (freq. and class.; syn.: plecto, plico, curvo).

Lit.

In gen.:

animal omne membra quocumque vult, flectit, contorquet, porrigit, contrahit,

Cic. Div. 1, 53, 120:

ora retro,

Ov. M. 3, 188:

vultus ad illum,

id. ib. 4, 265;

10, 236: lumina a gurgite in nullam partem,

id. ib. 8, 367:

geminas acies huc,

to turn, direct, Verg. A. 6, 789; cf.

oculos,

id. ib. 8, 698:

equos brevi moderari ac flectere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 33 fin.:

equum,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 25:

currum de foro in Capitolium,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30, § 77:

plaustrum,

Ov. M. 10, 447: navem, Auct. B. Alex. 64 fin.:

habenas,

Ov. M. 2, 169:

cursus in orbem,

id. ib. 6, 225; cf.:

cursus in laevum,

id. Tr. 1, 10, 17:

iter ad Privernum,

Liv. 8, 19, 13 Drak. N. cr.:

iter Demetriadem,

id. 35, 31, 3:

tu (Bacche) flectis amnes, tu mare barbarum,

Hor. C. 2, 19, 17:

arcus,

to bend, Ov. M. 4, 303; cf.:

flexos incurvant viribus arcus,

Verg. A. 5, 500:

flexum genu,

Ov. M. 4, 340:

artus,

Liv. 21, 58, 9:

flexi crines,

curled, Mart. 3, 63, 3; 10, 65, 6; Juv. 6, 493:

flexum mare,

i.e. a bay, Tac. A. 14, 4:

flexi fractique motus,

contorted, Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

hinc (silva) se flectit sinistrorsus,

Caes. B. G. 6, 25, 3.—Mid.: quasi amnis celeris rapit, sed tamen inflexu flectitur, Naev. ap. Non. 191, 34 (Trag. Rel. v. 42 Rib.):

(milvus) flectitur in gyrum,

wheels, Ov. M. 2, 718:

modo flector in anguem,

I bend, wind myself into a snake, id. ib. 8, 883:

sol ab ea (Cancri) meta incipit flecti,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264: Euphrates ad meridiem flectitur, id. 6, 26, 30, § 125.—

In partic., naut. t. t., to go round or double a promontory:

cum in flectendis promontoriis ventorum mutationes maximas saepe sentiant,

Cic. Div. 2, 45, 94:

Leucaten flectere molestum videbatur,

id. Att. 5, 9, 1.—

Trop.

In gen., to bend, turn, direct:

ducere multimodis voces et flectere cantus,

Lucr. 5, 1406:

vocem,

Ov. Am. 2, 4, 25:

qui teneros et rudes cum acceperunt, inficiunt et flectunt, ut volunt,

Cic. Leg. 1, 17, 47; cf.:

imbecillitatem animorum torquere et flectere,

id. ib. 1, 10, 29:

suam naturam huc et illuc torquere ac flectere,

id. Cael. 6, 13:

vitam flectere fingereque,

id. Sull. 28, 79:

mentes suas ad nostrum imperium nomenque,

id. Balb. 17, 39:

aliquem a proposito,

Liv. 28, 22, 11:

scribentis animum a vero,

id. 1 praef. 5:

animus ab aliqua opinione flectendus,

Quint. 4, 2, 80:

animos ad publica carmina,

Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 23: quo vobis mentes... dementes sese flexere viaï? Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 6, 16 (Ann. v. 209 ed. Vahl.):

est viri et ducis oblata casu flectere ad consilium,

Liv. 28, 44, 8:

juvenis cereus in vitium flecti,

Hor. A. P. 163:

quod procul a nobis flectat Fortuna gubernans,

turn aside, avert, Lucr. 5, 108.—

In partic.

To bend (in opinion or in will), to move, persuade, prevail upon, overcome, soften, appease (cf.:

moveo, afficio): quibus rebus ita flectebar animo atque frangebar, ut, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 6, 18:

sed quid te oratione flectam?... qua re flecte te, quaeso,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 35: facile Achivos flexeris, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4, 3 (Trag. v. 229 ed. Vahl.):

judices,

Quint. 6, 1, 9:

flectere mollibus jam durum imperiis,

Hor. C. 4, 1, 6:

precibus si flecteris ullis,

Verg. A. 2, 689:

flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo,

id. ib. 7, 312; cf.:

nisi dii immortales suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent,

Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 19:

desine fata deum flecti sperare precando,

Verg. A. 6, 376:

animos commutare atque omni ratione flectere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 52 fin.:

ingenium alicujus aversum,

Sall. J. 102, 3:

si quem a proposito spes mollitiave animi flexisset,

divert, dissuade, Liv. 28, 22, 11: dictis nostris sententia flexa est, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 257 Müll. (Ann. v. 264 ed. Vahl.):

si flectitur ira deorum,

Ov. M. 1, 378: cf. id. Tr. 3, 5, 41:

hortaturque simul flectitque labores,

soothes, Stat. S. 5, 1, 119:

ad deditionem primos,

Liv. 5, 43, 1.—Mid.:

plurimum valet miseratio, quae judicem flecti non tantum cogit, sed, etc.,

to let himself be moved, Quint. 6, 1, 23:

flexi in misericordiam,

Amm. 12, 27.—

(Acc. to I. A. 2.) To turn aside from, to avoid a thing:

ut eam (viam) flectas, te rogo,

Cic. Att. 11, 18, 2 (but B. and K. ex conj. C. F. Hermann read ira, v. a. sup.); cf.:

flexit viam,

Liv. 1, 60, 1:

dolo a se flexos imputavit civilis,

Tac. H. 5, 24.—

To refer to or apply to any one:

versus qui in Tiberium flecterentur,

Tac. A. 6, 29:

Augustus quaedam ex horrida illa antiquitate ad praesentem usum flexisset,

id. ib. 4, 16.—

In grammar.

To form a word from another language:

verba derivare, flectere, conjungere,

Quint. 8, 3, 36:

hoc vocabulum (pollex) de Graeco flexum est,

Gell. 4, 3 fin. —

To decline, conjugate, inflect, Varr. L. L. 10, 2, 29 al.—

Flectere syllabam, to mark with the circumflex accent, and hence, to lengthen, Quint. 1, 5, 23 Spald. and Zumpt.

Neutr., to turn, go, or march in any direction (post-Aug.).

Lit.:

cum procul hos laevo flectentes limite cernunt,

Verg. A. 9, 372:

ex Gabino in Tusculanos flexere colles,

Liv. 3, 8, 6;

Hasdrubal ad Oceanum flectit,

id. 28, 16, 3:

inde Vitellius Cremonam flexit,

Tac. H. 2, 70:

in Capitolium,

Suet. Tib. 20.—

Trop., of thought or speech, to turn in any direction:

ad providentiam sapientiamque,

Tac. A. 13, 3:

in ambitionem,

id. ib. 4, 37:

a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias Tiberii,

id. ib. 1, 34.—Hence, flexus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., bent, winding:

error,

Ov. M. 8, 160:

zodiacus circa Cancrum Capricornumque flexior,

Mart. Cap. 8, § 878.—In neutr. plur. subst.: collium flexa, Minuc. Fel. Octav. 17.—

Trop., of tones, lengthened:

infinito magis illa flexa et circumducta sunt,

Quint. 11, 3, 172.

Ixīon, ŏnis, m., = Ixiôn, the son of Phlegyas (acc. to others, of Antion or of Jupiter), king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly, and father of Pirithoüs. He murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the nuptial presents; and as no one would absolve him after such a deed, Jupiter took him into heaven and there purified him. When, notwithstanding this, he made an attempt on the chastity of Juno, Jupiter substituted for her an image of cloud, with which he begat the Centaurs; but having boasted of his imaginary criminal success with Juno, Jupiter hurled him into Tartarus, where he was bound fast to an ever-revolving wheel, Ov. M. 4, 465; 10, 42; Verg. A. 6, 601:

Ixione natus,

i. e. Pirithoüs, Ov. M. 12, 210:

Ixione nati,

the Centaurs. id. ib. 12, 504.—

Derivv.

Ixīŏnĭus ( - onĕus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Ixion:

Ixionei rota orbis,

Verg. G. 4, 484:

Ixionii amici,

Lampr. Heliog. 24.—

Ixīŏnĭdes, ae, m., son of Ixion, i. e. Pirithoüs, Prop. 2, 1, 38.—In plur.: Ixīŏnĭdae, ārum, the Centaurs, Luc. 6, 386; Ov. M. 8, 566.

Ixīon, ŏnis, m., = Ixiôn, the son of Phlegyas (acc. to others, of Antion or of Jupiter), king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly, and father of Pirithoüs. He murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the nuptial presents; and as no one would absolve him after such a deed, Jupiter took him into heaven and there purified him. When, notwithstanding this, he made an attempt on the chastity of Juno, Jupiter substituted for her an image of cloud, with which he begat the Centaurs; but having boasted of his imaginary criminal success with Juno, Jupiter hurled him into Tartarus, where he was bound fast to an ever-revolving wheel, Ov. M. 4, 465; 10, 42; Verg. A. 6, 601:

Ixione natus,

i. e. Pirithoüs, Ov. M. 12, 210:

Ixione nati,

the Centaurs. id. ib. 12, 504.—

Derivv.

Ixīŏnĭus ( - onĕus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Ixion:

Ixionei rota orbis,

Verg. G. 4, 484:

Ixionii amici,

Lampr. Heliog. 24.—

Ixīŏnĭdes, ae, m., son of Ixion, i. e. Pirithoüs, Prop. 2, 1, 38.—In plur.: Ixīŏnĭdae, ārum, the Centaurs, Luc. 6, 386; Ov. M. 8, 566.

Ixīon, ŏnis, m., = Ixiôn, the son of Phlegyas (acc. to others, of Antion or of Jupiter), king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly, and father of Pirithoüs. He murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the nuptial presents; and as no one would absolve him after such a deed, Jupiter took him into heaven and there purified him. When, notwithstanding this, he made an attempt on the chastity of Juno, Jupiter substituted for her an image of cloud, with which he begat the Centaurs; but having boasted of his imaginary criminal success with Juno, Jupiter hurled him into Tartarus, where he was bound fast to an ever-revolving wheel, Ov. M. 4, 465; 10, 42; Verg. A. 6, 601:

Ixione natus,

i. e. Pirithoüs, Ov. M. 12, 210:

Ixione nati,

the Centaurs. id. ib. 12, 504.—

Derivv.

Ixīŏnĭus ( - onĕus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Ixion:

Ixionei rota orbis,

Verg. G. 4, 484:

Ixionii amici,

Lampr. Heliog. 24.—

Ixīŏnĭdes, ae, m., son of Ixion, i. e. Pirithoüs, Prop. 2, 1, 38.—In plur.: Ixīŏnĭdae, ārum, the Centaurs, Luc. 6, 386; Ov. M. 8, 566.

Ixīon, ŏnis, m., = Ixiôn, the son of Phlegyas (acc. to others, of Antion or of Jupiter), king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly, and father of Pirithoüs. He murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the nuptial presents; and as no one would absolve him after such a deed, Jupiter took him into heaven and there purified him. When, notwithstanding this, he made an attempt on the chastity of Juno, Jupiter substituted for her an image of cloud, with which he begat the Centaurs; but having boasted of his imaginary criminal success with Juno, Jupiter hurled him into Tartarus, where he was bound fast to an ever-revolving wheel, Ov. M. 4, 465; 10, 42; Verg. A. 6, 601:

Ixione natus,

i. e. Pirithoüs, Ov. M. 12, 210:

Ixione nati,

the Centaurs. id. ib. 12, 504.—

Derivv.

Ixīŏnĭus ( - onĕus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Ixion:

Ixionei rota orbis,

Verg. G. 4, 484:

Ixionii amici,

Lampr. Heliog. 24.—

Ixīŏnĭdes, ae, m., son of Ixion, i. e. Pirithoüs, Prop. 2, 1, 38.—In plur.: Ixīŏnĭdae, ārum, the Centaurs, Luc. 6, 386; Ov. M. 8, 566.

Ixīon, ŏnis, m., = Ixiôn, the son of Phlegyas (acc. to others, of Antion or of Jupiter), king of the Lapithæ in Thessaly, and father of Pirithoüs. He murdered his father-in-law, to avoid paying the nuptial presents; and as no one would absolve him after such a deed, Jupiter took him into heaven and there purified him. When, notwithstanding this, he made an attempt on the chastity of Juno, Jupiter substituted for her an image of cloud, with which he begat the Centaurs; but having boasted of his imaginary criminal success with Juno, Jupiter hurled him into Tartarus, where he was bound fast to an ever-revolving wheel, Ov. M. 4, 465; 10, 42; Verg. A. 6, 601:

Ixione natus,

i. e. Pirithoüs, Ov. M. 12, 210:

Ixione nati,

the Centaurs. id. ib. 12, 504.—

Derivv.

Ixīŏnĭus ( - onĕus), a, um, adj., of or belonging to Ixion:

Ixionei rota orbis,

Verg. G. 4, 484:

Ixionii amici,

Lampr. Heliog. 24.—

Ixīŏnĭdes, ae, m., son of Ixion, i. e. Pirithoüs, Prop. 2, 1, 38.—In plur.: Ixīŏnĭdae, ārum, the Centaurs, Luc. 6, 386; Ov. M. 8, 566.

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

prae-cīdo (old form praecaedit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 18), cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off in front; hence, in gen., to cut off.

Lit. (class.); constr. with acc. alone, or with acc. and dat. or gen. of person.

With acc. and dat.:

linguam alicui,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 12:

manum alicui gladio,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59:

aures, nasum et labia alicui,

Just. 1, 10, 5.—

With acc. and gen.:

collegae sui praecidi caput jussit,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55:

quae patrem occiderit, manus ejus praecidantur,

Sen. Contr. 9, 27, 8.—

With acc.:

manus,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 44:

caput, Quadrig. ap. Gell. l. l.: capita,

Petr. 1:

medici membra praecidunt,

Quint. 8, 3, 75:

capillos,

id. ib. 8, 3, 105:

ancoras,

to cut the cables, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88:

fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31:

traducem,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211.—

Transf.

To cut through, cut up (class.):

cotem novaculā,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 32:

linguam Nicanoris praecisam jussit particulatim avibus dari,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 33:

naves,

to cripple, make unfit for service, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3.—

To beat to pieces, to batter, smash (ante-class.):

praecide os tu illi,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 52 (dub.; cf. id. Pers. 2, 4, 12 Ritschl).—

Praecidere sinum maris, to cut off, avoid, i. e. to sail straight (postAug.), Sen. Ep. 53, 1: medium mare, Auct. Quint. Decl. 12, 22; cf.

iter,

Plin. 8, 22, 34, [p. 1413] § 83.—

Trop., to cut off, to take away.

Of speech, to cut short, abridge; to cut short one's words, to be brief, break off or finish abruptly:

dum te obtuetur, interim linguam oculi praeciderunt,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 56:

maximam partem defensionis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 151:

sibi licentiam libertatemque vivendi,

id. ib. 2, 3, 1, §

3: sibi reditum,

id. Pis. 22, 51:

per abscissionem significatio fit, si, cum incipimus aliquid dicere, praecidimus,

Auct. Her. 4, 54, 67:

brevi praecidam,

in a word, in short, briefly, Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

praecide, inquit,

cut it short, be brief, id. Ac. 2, 43, 133.—

To break off, cut off, end, destroy; esp. with spem:

si non praeciditur spes plebeio quoque, apiscendi summi honoris,

Liv. 4, 3, 7:

praecisa consulatūs spes erit,

id. 4, 3, 15; 24, 31, 12; 42, 50, 1:

id sum assecutus, ut una hora perdito spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20:

utrum spem nostram praecidat an differat,

Sen. Ira, 3, 28, 4; id. Ben. 2, 5, 1.—Also of friendship, etc.: amicitias repente praecidere, to break off suddenly (opp. sensim dissuere), Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120.—

To deny flatly, refuse, decline, etc.:

plane sine ullā exceptione praecidit,

flatly refused, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

cupiebam eum esse nobiscum: quod quia praeciderat,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1.—Hence, praecīsus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., cut or torn off, separated ( poet.):

Trinacria Italiā praecisa,

Manil. 4, 630.— Subst.: praecī-sum, i, n., a piece of meat cut off, a cutlet, steak (ante-class.), Naev. ap. Non. 151, 2: praeciso capi, Lucil. ib.—

Transf.

Castrated (post-class.):

fanatici,

Lampr. Elag. 7:

praecisi ac professi impudientiam,

Sen. Prov. 5, 3.—

Broken off, steep, abrupt, precipitous ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

acuta silex praecisis undique saxis,

Verg. A. 8, 233:

iter,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

rupes,

Quint. 12, 9, 2.—

Trop.

Shortened, short, brief (post-Aug.):

praecisis conclusionibus obscuri,

Quint. 10, 2, 17:

comprehensio,

id. 7, 3, 15.—

Troublesome (postclass.):

ut sub obtentu militiae praecisiorem se adversario faceret (al. pretiosiorem),

Dig. 49, 16, 4.—Hence, adv.: prae-cīsē.

In short, in few words, briefly, concisely (class.):

praecise dicere (opp. plene et perfecte dicere),

Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—

Positively, absolutely (class.):

praecise negare alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

non praecise, sed sub condicione,

Dig. 36, 3, 1.

prae-cīdo (old form praecaedit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 18), cīdi, cīsum, 3, v. a. [caedo], to cut off in front; hence, in gen., to cut off.

Lit. (class.); constr. with acc. alone, or with acc. and dat. or gen. of person.

With acc. and dat.:

linguam alicui,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 12:

manum alicui gladio,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59:

aures, nasum et labia alicui,

Just. 1, 10, 5.—

With acc. and gen.:

collegae sui praecidi caput jussit,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 55:

quae patrem occiderit, manus ejus praecidantur,

Sen. Contr. 9, 27, 8.—

With acc.:

manus,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 44:

caput, Quadrig. ap. Gell. l. l.: capita,

Petr. 1:

medici membra praecidunt,

Quint. 8, 3, 75:

capillos,

id. ib. 8, 3, 105:

ancoras,

to cut the cables, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 34, § 88:

fistulas, quibus aqua suppeditatur,

id. Rab. Perd. 11, 31:

traducem,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 211.—

Transf.

To cut through, cut up (class.):

cotem novaculā,

Cic. Div. 1, 17, 32:

linguam Nicanoris praecisam jussit particulatim avibus dari,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 15, 33:

naves,

to cripple, make unfit for service, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3.—

To beat to pieces, to batter, smash (ante-class.):

praecide os tu illi,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 52 (dub.; cf. id. Pers. 2, 4, 12 Ritschl).—

Praecidere sinum maris, to cut off, avoid, i. e. to sail straight (postAug.), Sen. Ep. 53, 1: medium mare, Auct. Quint. Decl. 12, 22; cf.

iter,

Plin. 8, 22, 34, [p. 1413] § 83.—

Trop., to cut off, to take away.

Of speech, to cut short, abridge; to cut short one's words, to be brief, break off or finish abruptly:

dum te obtuetur, interim linguam oculi praeciderunt,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 56:

maximam partem defensionis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 62, § 151:

sibi licentiam libertatemque vivendi,

id. ib. 2, 3, 1, §

3: sibi reditum,

id. Pis. 22, 51:

per abscissionem significatio fit, si, cum incipimus aliquid dicere, praecidimus,

Auct. Her. 4, 54, 67:

brevi praecidam,

in a word, in short, briefly, Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

praecide, inquit,

cut it short, be brief, id. Ac. 2, 43, 133.—

To break off, cut off, end, destroy; esp. with spem:

si non praeciditur spes plebeio quoque, apiscendi summi honoris,

Liv. 4, 3, 7:

praecisa consulatūs spes erit,

id. 4, 3, 15; 24, 31, 12; 42, 50, 1:

id sum assecutus, ut una hora perdito spem judicii corrumpendi praeciderem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 7, § 20:

utrum spem nostram praecidat an differat,

Sen. Ira, 3, 28, 4; id. Ben. 2, 5, 1.—Also of friendship, etc.: amicitias repente praecidere, to break off suddenly (opp. sensim dissuere), Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120.—

To deny flatly, refuse, decline, etc.:

plane sine ullā exceptione praecidit,

flatly refused, Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

cupiebam eum esse nobiscum: quod quia praeciderat,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1.—Hence, praecīsus, a, um, P. a.

Lit., cut or torn off, separated ( poet.):

Trinacria Italiā praecisa,

Manil. 4, 630.— Subst.: praecī-sum, i, n., a piece of meat cut off, a cutlet, steak (ante-class.), Naev. ap. Non. 151, 2: praeciso capi, Lucil. ib.—

Transf.

Castrated (post-class.):

fanatici,

Lampr. Elag. 7:

praecisi ac professi impudientiam,

Sen. Prov. 5, 3.—

Broken off, steep, abrupt, precipitous ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

acuta silex praecisis undique saxis,

Verg. A. 8, 233:

iter,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

rupes,

Quint. 12, 9, 2.—

Trop.

Shortened, short, brief (post-Aug.):

praecisis conclusionibus obscuri,

Quint. 10, 2, 17:

comprehensio,

id. 7, 3, 15.—

Troublesome (postclass.):

ut sub obtentu militiae praecisiorem se adversario faceret (al. pretiosiorem),

Dig. 49, 16, 4.—Hence, adv.: prae-cīsē.

In short, in few words, briefly, concisely (class.):

praecise dicere (opp. plene et perfecte dicere),

Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—

Positively, absolutely (class.):

praecise negare alicui,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 2:

non praecise, sed sub condicione,

Dig. 36, 3, 1.

propter, adv. and prep. [contr. for propiter, from prope; cf.: inter, subter].

Adv., near, hard by, at hand (syn.: prope, juxta;

rare but class.). serito in loco, ubi aqua propter siet,

Cato, R. R. 151, 2:

ibi angiportum propter est,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 37:

propter dormire,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 77:

araque Panchaeos exhalat propter odores,

Lucr. 2, 417:

propter est spelunca,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107 (al. prope):

vident unum virum esse... et eum propter esse,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13:

cum duo reges propter assint,

id. ib. 6, 16:

(caules) si propter sati sunt,

id. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

duo filii propter cubantes,

id. Rosc. Am. 23, 64; id. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

adulescentia voluptates propter intuens,

id. Sen. 14, 48; id. ap. Non. 367, 25:

cornix propter volans,

Phaedr. 2, 6, 7: praeter propter, v praeter. —

Prep. with acc., near, hard by, close to (syn.: prope, juxta, ad).

Lit., of place (rare but class.);

stat propter virum fortem,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 9; id. Curc. 4, 1, 14; id. Rud. prol. 33: partem cohortium propter mare collocat, Sisenn ap. Non. 367, 32:

hic propter hunc assiste,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 15: propter eam porticum situm erat dolium, Varr ap. Non. 367, 31:

propter Platonis statuam consedimus,

Cic. Brut. 6, 25:

propter aliquem assidere,

id. Rep. 1, 11, 17 (cited ap. Non. 367, 28):

insulae propter Siciliam,

id. N. D. 3, 22, 55:

propter aquae rivum,

Lucr. 2, 30; Verg. E. 8, 87.—Following its case:

viam propter,

Tac. A. 15, 47:

hostem propter,

id. ib. 4, 48.—

Trop., in stating a cause.

On account of, by reason of, from, for, because of (syn. ob;

the predom. signif. of the word): parere legibus propter metum,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34; cf.:

propter metum poenae,

id. Sest. 46, 99:

propter eam ipsam causam,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 72:

propter frigora frumenta in agris matura non erant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

propter humanitatem,

Cic. Att. 7, 5, 2:

is propter morbum exire non potuit,

Auct. Her. 1, 11, 19:

excusato languore faucium propter quem non adesset,

Suet. Ner. 41; id. Aug. 8; Sall. J. 23, 1: bidentes propter viam facere, to sacrifice on account of a journey, Laber, ap. Non. 53, 26; cf.:

propter viam fit sacrificium quod est proficiscendi gratiā, Herculi aut Sanco,

Fest. p. 229 Müll.; Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 62:

propter injuriam,

to avoid injury, Pall. 12, 13:

propter hoc, propter quod,

on that account, for which reason, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 14; Col. 1, 6, 18: propter me, te, etc., on my, thy account, etc., as far as I ( you, etc.) are concerned, = mea causā, or per me:

egon propter me illam decipi miseram sinam?

Ter. And. 1, 5, 36; id. Eun. 4, 6, 6:

non est aequom me propter vos decipi,

id. Phorm. 5, 7, 34:

di numquam propter me de caelo descendent,

Liv. 6, 18, 9.—

Through, by means of (rare).

Referring to persons in whom lies the cause of a thing:

te propter tuam Matrem non posse habere hanc uxorem domi,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 55:

propter quos vivit,

through whom he lives, to whom he owes life, Cic. Mil. 22, 58:

lugere eum, propter quem ceteri laetarentur,

id. ib. 30, 81; 34, 93.—

To things by means of which any thing takes place:

quid enim refert, utrum propter oves, an propter aves fructus capias?

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 11.—

Placed after its case: quod propter studi, um cum rem neglegere familiarem videretur,

Cic. Sen. 7, 22; id. Pis. 7, 15; id. Att. 10, 4, 1 al.:

suctum propter lactis,

Plin. 10, 40, 56, § 115:

quam propter tantos potui perferre labores,

Verg. A. 12, 177.

rĕ-formīdo, no perf., ātum, 1, v. a., to fear greatly, to dread, to stand in awe of, to shun or avoid through fear (class.).

With acc.:

si qui imbecillius horrent dolorem et reformidant,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 30, 85:

ea fugiat et reformidet oratio,

id. ib. 1, 45, 108; cf. Quint. 8, 5, 32:

homines maritimos,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 27, § 69; so,

aliquem,

Quint. 1, 2, 18; 10, 7, 16:

bellum,

Cic. Phil. 7, 6, 19:

crimen amicitiae,

id. Cael. 6, 14:

reprehensionem vulgi,

id. Fin. 3, 2, § 7:

hunc locum,

id. Caecin. 29, 84:

ferrum,

Quint. 2, 4, 11:

arbitros,

id. 10, 7, 16:

communem loquendi morem,

id. 8, 2, 17:

posteritatis memoriam,

Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 2:

occursum,

id. ib. 1, 10, 7:

quorum mentionem,

Curt. 6, 9, 3:

sapientiae studium et praecepta prudentium penitus,

Tac. Or. 32 al. —

With inf.:

ea dicere reformidat,

Cic. Phil. 14, 3, 9:

ominari,

Liv. 9, 34:

comparari tibi,

Plin. Pan. 44, 4. —

With rel.-clause:

nec, quid tibi de alio audienti, de se ipso occurrat, reformidat,

Cic. Lig. 2, 6.—

With quod:

neque se reformidare, quod in senatu Pompeius dixisset, ad quos legati mitterentur, iis auctoritatem attribui,

Caes. B. C. 1, 32 fin. —

Absol.:

vide, quam non reformidem,

Cic. Lig. 3, 6; Hor. S. 2, 7, 2.—

Of things:

etenim fides mea custodem repudiat, diligentia speculatorem reformidat,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 16, 51:

tum bracchia (vitium) tonde: Ante reformidant ferrum,

Verg. G. 2, 369:

reformidant insuetum lumina solem,

Ov. P. 3, 4, 49:

mens reformidat tempus,

id. Tr. 3, 6, 29:

reformidat vulnus humus,

id. F. 1, 666:

membra mollem quoque saucia tactum,

id. ib. 2, 7, 13:

medentium manus crudum adhuc vulnus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 11; Col. 3, 10, 20.— Absol.:

putatio non debet secundum articulum fieri, ne reformidet oculus,

i. e. be checked in its growth, cease growing, Col. 4, 9, 1; 4, 11, 1; 4, 24, 15; 4, 33, 4.

rĕ-fŭgĭo, fūgi, 3, v. n. and a. (freq. and class.).

Neutr., to flee back; to run away, flee, escape.

Lit.:

ex alto,

Caes. B. C. 2, 23; cf.:

ex castris in montem,

id. ib. 3, 99 fin.:

ex caede in castra,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 36:

ex cursu ad Philippum,

Liv. 23, 39:

a Parthiā,

Just. 42, 5, 3:

acie refugere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 95:

velocissime,

id. B. G. 5, 35.— Absol., Caes. B. G. 7, 31; id. B. C. 3, 40; 3, 101; Liv. 2, 50; 31, 36; Verg. A. 12, 449.— With acc. of distance:

mille fugit refugitque vias (cervus),

Verg. A. 12, 753:

admissis equis ad suos refugerunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34:

ad urbem,

Liv. 43, 47 fin.:

in portum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 24:

in aquam,

Liv. 21, 28:

in silvam,

Verg. A. 3, 258:

in nemus,

id. ib. 6, 472:

intra tecta,

id. ib. 7, 500:

per devios tramites,

Suet. Aug. 16:

Syracusas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38, § 101:

domum,

Suet. Caes. 16. —

Of things: refugiat timido sanguen, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 218; and id. Fin. 5, 11, 31 (Trag. v. 46 Vahl.):

(sol) ubi medio refugerit orbe,

shrinks from sight, Verg. G. 1, 442:

vites a caulibus ut a pestiferis et nocentibus refugere dicuntur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120: refugere oculi, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26:

quo pridie refugisset (mare),

Curt. 9, 9, 26.—

Of places, to run back, recede in the distance:

refugit ab litore templum,

Verg. A. 3, 536; cf. Plin. 4, 12, 24, § 76:

ex oculis visa refugit humus,

flees, disappears, vanishes, Ov. F. 3, 590:

nam praestat a mari longo potius intervallo quam brevi refugisse (villas),

Col. 1, 5, 6.—

Trop.:

ne recordatione mei casus a consiliis fortibus refugiatis,

Cic. Sest. 23, 51:

ab institutā consuetudine,

id. Att. 1, 1, 4:

ab hac orationis turpitudine,

id. Cael. 17, 41:

a genere hoc toto sermonis,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 99:

a dicendo,

id. ib. 2, 3, 10:

dum recordationes fugio... refugio a te admonendo,

id. Att. 12, 18, 1; cf.:

ab iis quae laedunt,

Quint. 4, 1, 44:

animus luctu refugit,

Verg. A. 2, 12:

refugit animus eaque dicere reformidat,

Cic. Phil. 14, 3, 9: possum multa tibi veterum praecépta referre, Ni refugis, if you do not decline (to hear them), Verg. G. 1, 177. —

Pregn., to flee, to take refuge with a person or thing:

ad legatos,

Cic. Deiot. 11, 32:

in arcem majorem,

Liv. 38, 29:

ad planctus,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 30:

ad carminis tranquillitatem tamquam ad portum faciliorem,

Petr. 118, 2.—

Act., to flee back, run away from any thing; to avoid, shun a thing.

Lit.:

judicem,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 15, 45: impetum armati Antiochi ceterorumque tela atque incursus refugit, id. Caecin. 8, 22:

quod autem refugit (animal), id contra naturam est,

id. N. D. 3, 13, 33:

non modo id refugisti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 40:

C. Cassium obvium sibi,

Suet. Caes. 63:

trepidus repente refugit Attollentem iras (anguem),

Verg. A. 2, 380:

(Cupido) refugit te,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 10.— Poet., with inf.:

nec Polyhymnia Lesboum refugit tendere barbiton,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 34; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 5.—

Trop. (freq. after the Aug. per.):

refugit Foeda ministeria,

Verg. A. 7, 618:

vicina jurgia,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 171:

mandatum opus,

Ov. H. 14, 50:

haec vitia,

Quint. 4, 2, 43:

delicatam modulandi voluptatem,

id. 9, 4, 31:

distinctionem quaestionum,

id. 4, 5, 6:

id quod malum casurum putat refugit mens,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 48 Miill.:

et alia, quae nunc memoriam meam refugiunt,

escape my memory, Col. 12, 52, 8:

mortem natura refugit,

Aug. Serm. 172, 1.

sestertĭus, a, um, num. adj. [contr. from semis-tertius], two and a half; only in the phrases sestertius nummus and milia sestertia; v. I. A. and I. B. 1. infra.— Mostly as subst.

sestertĭus (written also with the characters HS.; v. B. 4. infra), ii, m. (sc. nummus); also in full: sestertius nummus; gen. plur. sestertiūm; rarely sestertiorum or sestertiūm nummūm, a sesterce, a small silver coin, originally equal to two and a half asses, or one fourth of a denarius. When the as was reduced in weight, during the Punic wars, the denarius was made equal to sixteen asses, and the sestertius continued to be one fourth of the denarius. Its value, up to the time of Augustus, was twopence and half a farthing sterling, or four and one tenth cents; afterwards about one eighth less. The sestertius was the ordinary coin of the Romans, by which the largest sums were reckoned. The sestertium (1000 sestertii) was equal (up to the time of Augustus, afterwards about one eighth less) to

1 d. sterling, or $42.94 in United States coin (v. Zumpt, Gram. § 842; Dict. of Ant. s. v. as, sestertius).

In gen.:

sestertius, quod duobus semis additur (dupondius enim et semis antiquus sestertius est) et veteris consuetudinis, ut retro aere dicerent, ita ut semis tertius, quartus semis pronunciarent, ab semis tertius sestertius dicitur,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 173 Müll.: nostri quartam denarii partem, quod efficie [p. 1686] batur ex duobus assibus et tertio semisse, sestertium nominaverunt, Vitr. 3, 1 med.; Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 30:

taxatio in libras sestertii singuli et in penuriā bini,

Plin. 18, 13, 34, § 130.—Freq. joined with nummus:

mille nongentos quinquaginta sestertios nummos,

Col. 3, 3, 9.— Gen. plur. sestertiūm: quid verum sit, intellego;

sed alias ita loquor, ut concessum est, ut hoc vel pro deum dico vel pro deorum, alias, ut necesse est, cum triumvirum non virorum, cum sestertiūm nummūm non nummorum, quod in his consuetudo varia non est,

Cic. Or. 46, 56:

sestertiūm sexagena milia nummūm,

Varr. R. R. 3, 6, 1; cited ap. Plin. 10, 20, 23, § 45.—Rarely, sestertiorum:

duo milia sestertiorum,

Col. 3, 3, 13.—

In partic.

As adj. in neutr. plur., with milia (in Varr. and Col.):

ut asinus venierit sestertiis milibus LX. (= sexaginta milibus sestertium),

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 14:

grex centenarius facile quadragena milia sestertia ut reddat,

id. ib. 3, 6, 6:

hos numquam minus dena milia sestertia ex melle recipere,

id. ib. 3, 6, 11:

Hirrius ex aedificiis duodena milia sestertia capiebat,

id. ib. 3, 17, 3:

sestertiis octo milibus,

Col. 3, 3, 8; 3, 3, 9; 3, 3, 10.—

To express more than two complete thousands sestertia is used as plurale tantum, with distrib. numerals (rare before the Aug. per.):

si qui vilicus ex eo fundo, qui sestertia dena meritasset... domino XX. milia nummūm pro X. miserit (= decem milia sestertiūm),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 50, § 119:

candidati apud eum HS. quingena deposuerunt (= quindecim milia sestertiūm),

id. Att. 4, 15, 7:

capit ille ex suis praediis sexcena sestertia, ego centena ex meis,

id. Par. 6, 3, 49:

bis dena super sestertia nummum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 33:

Tiberius Hortalo se respondisse ait, daturum liberis ejus ducena sestertia singulis,

Tac. A. 2, 38:

princeps capiendis pecuniis posuit modum usque ad dena sestertia,

id. ib. 11, 7.—Rarely with card. numerals:

sestertia centum,

Sall. C. 30, 6:

septem donat sestertia,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 80:

centum sestertia,

Mart. 6, 20, 1:

sex sestertia,

id. 6, 30, 1; cf.:

ne cui jus esset nisi qui... HS. CCCC. census fuisset,

Plin. 33, 2, 8, § 32.—

Millions of sesterces were expressed in three ways:

By the words centena (or centum) milia sestertiūm, preceded by a numeral adverb (rare): miliens centena milia sestertium, a hundred millions, etc., Plin. 12, 18, 41, § 84.—

With ellips. of the words centena milia, the gen. plur. sestertiūm being preceded by the numeral adv. (rare;

once in Cic.): HS. (i. e. sestertium) quater decies P. Tadio numerata Athenis... planum faciam (i.e. sestertiūm quater decies centena milia, = 1,400,000 sesterces),

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 39, § 100 (where B. and K. after Orell. read. ex conj., sestertium; v. Kühner, Gram. § 229, 5 b.).—

With sestertium, declined as subst. neutr., and the numeral adverbs from decies upward (also with ellips. of centena or centum milia; sestertium here = centum milia sestertiūm. The origin of this usage, which became general, has been much disputed, and it is usual to explain it, after Non. p. 495 (cf. Quint. 1, 6, 18), as a grammatical blunder, by which the gen. plur. sestertium has been mistaken for a neutr. sing., Zumpt, Gram. § 873; but it more probably grew out of the adj. use of sestertium with mille, supra; v. Fischer, Gram. 2, p. 269; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 116; Kühner, Gram. § 209).

Nom. and acc.:

quom ei testamento sestertium milies relinquatur,

Cic. Off. 3, 24, 93:

nonne sestertium centies et octogies... Romae in quaestu reliquisti?

id. Pis. 35, 86:

sestertium sexagies, quod advexerat Domitius,

Caes. B. C. 1, 23, 4:

sestertium quadringenties aerario illatum est,

Tac. A. 13, 31:

sestertium deciens numeratum esse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 7, § 20; 2, 3, 70, § 163:

quadringenties sestertium, quod debuisti,

id. Phil. 2, 37, 93; id. Off. 3, 24, 93; Nep. Att. 14, 2:

sestertium ducenties ex eā praedā redactum esse,

Liv. 45, 43, 8; Val. Max. 9, 1, 6:

sestertium milies in culinam congerere,

Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 10, 3:

quater milies sestertium suum vidit,

id. Ben. 2, 27, 1; Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37; Tac. A. 6, 45; 12, 22; 12, 53; 13, 31; id. H. 4, 47; Suet. Calig. 37; id. Galb. 5.—Sometimes with ellips. of sestertium:

dissipatio, per quam Antonius septies miliens avertit,

Cic. Phil. 5, 4, 11.—

Gen.:

syngrapha sestertii centies per legatos facta,

Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95:

argenti ad summam sestertii decies in aerarium rettulit,

Liv. 45, 4, 1:

sestertii milies servus,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 16, 1:

liberalitas decies sestertii,

Tac. A. 2, 37; 2, 86:

centies sestertii largitio,

id. ib. 12, 58; 12, 53; Plin. Ep. 10, 3 (5), 2.—

Abl.:

quadragies sestertio villam venisse,

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 3:

sexagies sestertio, tricies sestertio,

Val. Max. 9, 1, 4:

centies sestertio cenavit uno die,

Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 9, 11:

pantomimae decies sestertio nubunt,

id. ib. 12, 5; id. Ben. 4, 36, 1; Plin. 8, 48, 74, § 196:

accepto quinquagies sestertio,

Tac. A. 3, 17; 6, 17; 16, 13; id. H. 4, 42; Plin. Ep. 3, 19, 7; Suet. Caes. 50; id. Tib. 48; id. Calig. 38, 4.—The sign HS., i.e. II. and semis, stands for sestertius, sestertia, and sestertium, in all the uses described above; when it is necessary, to avoid ambiguity, its meanings are distinguished thus: HS. XX. stands for sestertii viginti; HS. X̅X̅., with a line over the numeral, = sestertia vicena, or 20,000 sesterces; H̅S̅. X̅X̅., with lines over both signs, = sestertium vicies, or 2,000,000 sesterces (Kühner, Gram. § 229 Anm. 1). But in recent edd. the numerals are usu. written in full, when the meaning would otherwise be doubtful.—

Transf., in gen.

Nummo sestertio or sestertio nummo, for a small sum, for a trifle (good prose):

ecquis est, qui bona C. Rabirii Postumi nummo sestertio sibi addici velit? Tua, Postume, nummo sestertio a me addicuntur,

Cic. Rab. Post. 17, 45; Val. Max. 5, 2, 10:

C. Matienus damnatus sestertio nummo veniit,

Liv. Epit. 55:

quae maxima inter vos habentur, divitiae, gratia, potentia, sestertio nummo aestiman da sunt,

Sen. Ep. 95, 59; Val. Max. 8, 2, 3.—

Money, a sum of money:

sestertio amplo comparare,

for a large sum, Sol. 27 (40) fin. —

In the times of the emperors, also, a copper coin, worth four asses, Plin. 34, 2, 2, § 4; cf. Eckhel. Doctr. Num. 6, p. 283.—

ses-tertĭum, ii, n., in econom. lang., as a measure of dimension, two and a half feet deep:

ipsum agrum sat erit bipalio vertere: quod vocant rustici sestertium,

Col. Arb. 1, 5 (for which:

siccus ager bipalio subigi debet, quae est altitudo pastinationis, cum in duos pedes et semissem convertitur humus,

id. ib. 3, 5, 3).