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81 ῥέθος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `face, countenance' (S. Ant. 529, E. HF 1205 [both anap.], Theoc. 29, 16, Lyc. 1137), `body' (Lyc. 173), meaning un χερταιν (Sapph. 22, 3); pl. `faces' (A. R. 2, 68), `limb' (Theoc. 23, 39); older meaning unclear ( ἐκ ῥεθέων Π 856 = Χ 362, Χ 68); cf. ῥεθέων σπλάγχνων, μελῶν, σωμάτων H.; sch. on Χ 68 proposes `face, mouth', also `nostrils', the last of which is preferred by Leumann Hom. Wörter 218ff. (where older lit.) because of the plur. Cf. Snell, Entdeckung des Geistes 24-6, who demonstratess the transition from the literal meaning (a bodypart) to `body'.Compounds: As 1. member in Aeol. ῥεθο-μαλίδας, after sch. on Χ 68 = εὑπροσώπους; litt. "with face-apples". As the meaning `face, countenance', by gramm. given as Aeolic, is certain, we have to start from this in explaining the word. Both an older ep. meaning `mouth' and `figure, body' seems possible; cf. e.g. Lat. ōs `mouth, face', faciēs `figure, face'; the plur. could be after μέλεα, στήθεα, στέρνα, νῶτα a.o. On the meaning in Hom. cf. Vivante Arch. glottol. it. 40, 41 f. -- An orig. mening `nostril(s)' fits excellently, and the transition to `face' or `body' is unproblematic.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No convincing etymology. If we can trust the byform ῥόθος in EM 701, 34, the word must be IE and the θ must belong to the root [but this is doubtful]. Against connection with Skt. várdhati `grow' (to which a.o. Slav., e.g. Russ. rod `lineage, birh', Czech. ú-roda `figure, beauty') as *`figure' (= 'Wuchs'), Frisk IF 49, 101 ff., tells, as Leumann l.c. rightly remarks, the lack of the Ϝ- (β-) in Aeol. ῥέθος. Diff. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 31 ff. (agreeing Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 190 n. 4): to ῥίς, ῥέω; neither morpholog. nor semant. convincing. -- An orig. mening `nostril(s)' fits excellently, and the transition to `face' or `body' is unproblematic.Page in Frisk: 2,648Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥέθος
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82 κτίζω
κτίζω (s. three next entries) 1 aor. ἔκτισα; pf. inf. ἐκτικέναι (Just., D. 41, 1). Pass.: fut. κτισθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐκτίσθην; pf. ἔκτισμαι (Hom.+) to bring someth. into existence, create, in our lit. of God’s creative activity (LXX, pseudepigr.; Eupolem. Hist. [II B.C.]: 723 Fgm. 2, 31 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 31]; Philo, Decal. 97; Jos., Bell. 3, 369; 379, Ant. 1, 27; Just.; SibOr 3, 20; IDefixWünsch 4, 1; PGM 5, 98ff) τὶ someth. 1 Ti 4:3. κτίσιν Mk 13:19. τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ the heaven and what is in it Rv 10:6. δημιουργὸν … ᾧ τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἔκτισεν through whom (God) created the heavens Dg 7:2 (on the dat. s. Kühner-G. §425, 7; cp. Menand., Dyscolus 156). τὰ πάντα (Herm. Wr. 13, 17) 4:11a; D 10:3; cp. Rv 4:11b. ὁ θεὸς ὁ τὰ πάντα κτίσας Eph 3:9; Hm 1:1; cp. Hs 5, 5, 2. Pass. Col 1:16ab (cp. ἐν 4a). ὁ θεὸς κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is from what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (cp. Iren. 4, 38, 3 [Harv. II 295, 9]). τὸν κόσμον Hv 1, 3, 4. τὸν κόσμον ἕνεκα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου m 12, 4, 2. τὰ ἔθνη Hs 4:4. τὸν λαόν Hs 5, 6, 2. τὴν οἰκουμένην 1 Cl 60:1 (cp. Ps 88:12). Pass. ἐκτίσθη ἀνήρ 1 Cor 11:9. τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κτισθέντων … καλῶς κτισθέντα Dg 4:2. στοιχείων … ἐκτισμένων 8:2. Of the Christian community imaged as transcending time πάντων πρώτη ἐκτίσθη Hv 2, 4, 1; πρὸ ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης ἐκτισμένης 2 Cl 14:1 (cp. Ps 71:5). Of the angels οἱ πρῶτοι κτισθέντες v 3, 4, 1; Hs 5, 5, 3. Abs. ὁ κτίσας the Creator (Jos., Bell. 3, 354) Ro 1:25; Mt 19:4 (v.l. ποιήσας). ὁ τὰ πάντα κτίσας the Creator of the universe Hs 7:4 (PGM 13, 62 τὸν πάντα κτίσαντα; 983).—Also of the Spirit τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ κτίσαν πᾶσαν τὴν κτίσιν Hs 5, 6, 5.—Of the divine creative activity w. regard to the inner life: of pers. who were κτισθέντες ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐπὶ ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς created (by God) in Christ Jesus for good deeds Eph 2:10. In ref. to Gen 1:26f: ἵνα τοὺς δύο κτίσῃ ἐν αὐτῷ εἰς ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον in order that he (Christ) might make them both (Israelites and non-Israelites) one new being (or humanity) in him vs. 15; τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ the new being, created in the likeness of God in righteousness 4:24. Corresp. τὸν νέον (ἄνθρωπον) τὸν ἀνακαινούμενον εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν κατʼ εἰκόνα τοῦ κτίσαντος αὐτόν the new being, renewed in knowledge according to the image of its Creator Col 3:10. ἐγενόμεθα καινοί, πάλιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς κτιζόμενοι we became new, created again from the beginning B 16:8. καρδίαν καθαρὰν κτίσον ἐν ἐμοί 1 Cl 18:10 (Ps 50:12). τῷ θεῷ τῷ κτίσαντι ἡμᾶς 2 Cl 15:2. Fig. ὁ … κτίσας τὸ δένδρον τοῦτο Hs 8, 2, 9 (cp. 8, 3, 2). S. on ἐκλογή, end, and Teschendorf under γίνομαι 2a.—PKatz, The mng. of the root קנה: JJS 5, ’54, 126–31.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
83 σῴζω
σῴζω fut. σώσω; 1 aor. ἔσωσα; pf. σέσωκα. Pass.: impf. ἐσῳζόμην; fut. σωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐσώθην; pf. 3 sing. σέσωται Ac 4:9 (UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.] σέσωμαι) w. σέσῳσται or σέσωσται as v.l. (s. Tdf. ad loc. and B-D-F §26); ptc. σεσῳσμένος Eph 2:5, 8 (Hom.+—σῴζω [=σωί̈ζω] and the forms surely derived fr. it are to be written w. ι subscript. On the other hand, it is not possible to say how far the ι has spread fr. the present to the tenses formed fr. the root σω-. Kühner-Bl. II 544; B-D-F §26; Mlt-H. 84; Mayser 134)① to preserve or rescue fr. natural dangers and afflictions, save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue (X., An. 3, 2, 10 οἱ θεοὶ … ἱκανοί εἰσι κ. τοὺς μεγάλους ταχὺ μικροὺς ποιεῖν κ. τοὺς μικροὺς σῴζειν; Musonius p. 32, 10; Chion, Ep. 11; 12 θεοῦ σῴζοντος πλευσοῦμαι; Ar. [Milne 74, 15]).ⓐ save from death (ins [I B.C.]: Sb 8138, 34 σῴζονθʼ οὗτοι ἅπαντες who call upon Isis in the hour of death) τινά someone (Apollon. Rhod. 3, 323 θεός τις ἅμμʼ [=ἡμᾶς] ἐσάωσεν from danger of death at sea; Diod S 11, 92, 3; PsSol 13:2 ἀπὸ ῥομφαίας [cp. Ps 21:21]) Mt 14:30; 27:40, 42, 49; Mk 15:30f; Lk 23:35ab, 37, 39; 1 Cl 16:16 (Ps 21:9); 59, 4; AcPl Ha 5, 12. Pass. (TestJob 19:2 πῶς οὖν σὺ ἐσώθῃς;) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 11:12 (ἐγερθήσεται P75); Ac 27:20, 31; 1 Cl 7:6. Abs., w. acc. easily supplied Mt 8:25. ψυχὴν σῶσαι save a life (Achilles Tat. 5, 22, 6; PTebt 56, 11 [II B.C.] σῶσαι ψυχὰς πολλάς; EpArist 292; Jos., Ant. 11, 255) Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9; 21:19 v.l. τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι save one’s own life (Gen 19:17; 1 Km 19:11; Jer 31:6) Mt 16:25; Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a (on Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b s. 2aβ below); 17:33 v.l. (PGM 5, 140 κύριε [a god] σῶσον ψυχήν).ⓑ w. ἔκ τινος bring out safely fr. a situation fraught w. mortal danger (X., An. 3, 2, 11; SIG 1130, 1 ἐκ κινδύνων; OGI 69, 4; JosAs 4:8 ἐκ τοῦ λιμοῦ; 28:16 ἐκ τῆς ὀργῆς; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 286) ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου Jd 5. ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ AcPl Ha 8, 11; ἐκ Σοδόμων 1 Cl 11:1 (Pla., Gorg. 511d ἐξ Αἰγίνης δεῦρο). ἐκ τῆς ὥρας ταύτης J 12:27. ἐκ θανάτου from (the threat of) death (Hom. et al.; Pla., Gorg. 511c; UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.]) Hb 5:7.—Of the evil days of the last tribulation ἐν αἷς ἡμεῖς σωθησόμεθα B 8:6; cp. 1 Cl 59:4.ⓒ save/free from disease (Hippocr., Coacae Praenotiones 136 vol. 5 p. 612 L.; IG2, 1028, 89 [I B.C.]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 68, 32 [132 B.C.]: gods bring healing) or from possession by hostile spirits τινά someone ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Mt 9:22a; Mk 5:34; 10:52; Lk 8:48; 17:19; 18:42. Cp. Js 5:15; AcPl Ha 5, 31. Pass. be restored to health, get well (Just., D. 112, 1; Ael. Aristid. 33, 9 K.=51 p. 573 D.) Mt 9:21, 22b; Mk 5:23, 28; 6:56; Lk 8:36; Ac 4:9; 14:9. Also of the restoration that comes about when death has already occurred Lk 8:50.ⓓ keep, preserve in good condition (pap; Did., Gen. 145, 1.—Theoph. Ant. 1, 12 [p. 84, 4]) τὶ someth. (Ath. 17, 2 ὁ τύπος … σῴζεται, R. 20 p. 73, 10 μνήμην and αἴσθησιν; Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 107: θειασμός) pass. τὴν κλῆσιν σῴζεσθαι Hs 8, 11, 1.ⓔ pass. thrive, prosper, get on well (SibOr 5, 227) σῴζεσθαι ὅλον τὸ σῶμα 1 Cl 37:5. As a form of address used in parting σῴζεσθε farewell, remain in good health B 21:9 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] σῶσόν σε ὁ θεός).② to save or preserve from transcendent danger or destruction, save/preserve from eternal death fr. judgment, and fr. all that might lead to such death, e.g. sin, also in a positive sense bring Messianic salvation, bring to salvation (LXX; Herm. Wr. 13, 19 σῴζειν=‘endow w. everlasting life’.—Of passing over into a state of salvation and a higher life: Cebes 3, 2; 4, 3; 14, 1. Opp. κολάζειν Orig., C. Cels. 2, 38, 16).ⓐ act. τινά someone or τὶ someth.α. of God and Christ: God (ApcEsdr 2:17 p. 26, 9 Tdf. σὺ δὲ ὸ̔ν θέλεις σῴζεις καὶ ὸ̔ν θέλεις ἀπολεῖς) 1 Cor 1:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; AcPlCor 2:10, 16. The acc. is easily supplied Js 4:12. ὁ θεὸς ὁ σῴζων Mt 16:16 D.—Christ (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 14, 9): Mt 18:11; Lk 19:10; J 12:47; 1 Ti 1:15; 2 Ti 4:18 (εἰς 10d); Hb 7:25; MPol 9:3. σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν Mt 1:21 (ς. ἀπό as Jos., Ant. 4, 128); also ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν GJs 11:3; cp. 14:2. The acc. is to be supplied 2 Cl 1:7. διὰ τῶν ἁγνῶν ἀνδρῶν AcPl Ha 1, 16.β. of persons who are mediators of divine salvation: apostles Ro 11:14; 1 Cor 9:22; 1 Ti 4:16b. The believing partner in a mixed marriage 1 Cor 7:16ab (JJeremias, Die missionarische Aufgabe in der Mischehe, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 255–60). One Christian of another σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου Js 5:20 (on ς. ἐκ θαν. s. 1a above). Cp. Jd 23. Of ultimate personal security 1 Ti 4:16a; Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b (for Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a s. 1a above).γ. of qualities, etc., that lead to salvation ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Lk 7:50 (s. 1c above). Cp. Js 1:21; 2:14; 1 Pt 3:21; Hv 2, 3, 2. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν π[λοῦτος ἢ τὰ νῦν ἐν τῷ βίῳ λαμπ]ρ̣ὰ σώσι (=σώσει) σε it’s not [the wealth or pomp in this life] that will save you AcPl Ha 9, 8 (for the restoration s. corresponding expressions 2, 21–27).ⓑ pass. be saved, attain salvation (TestAbr A 11 p. 90, 3 [Stone p. 28] al.; Just., A I, 18, 8 al.; Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 15]) Mt 10:22; 19:25; 24:13; Mk 10:26; 13:13; 16:16; Lk 8:12; 18:26; J 5:34; 10:9; Ac 2:21 (Jo 3:5); 15:1; 16:30f; Ro 10:9, 13 (Jo 3:5); 11:26; 1 Cor 5:5; 10:33; 1 Th 2:16; 2 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 2:4 (JTurmel, Rev. d’Hist. et de Littérature religieuses 5, 1900, 385–415); 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); 2 Cl 4:2; 13:1; IPhld 5:2; Hs 9, 26, 6; AcPl Ha 1, 5 and 21.—σωθῆναι διά τινος through someone (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 8a p. 452 Jac. [in Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. c. 213] σὺ μὲν διʼ ἐμὲ ἐσώθης, ἐγὼ δέ; Herm. Wr. 1, 26b ὅπως τὸ γένος τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος διὰ σοῦ ὑπὸ θεοῦ σωθῇ) J 3:17; 2 Cl 3:3; through someth. (Mel., P. 60, 440 διὰ τοῦ αἵματος) Ac 15:11; 1 Cor 15:2; 1 Ti 2:15 (διά A 3c); Hv 3, 3, 5; 3, 8, 3 (here faith appears as a person, but still remains as a saving quality); 4, 2, 4. ἔν τινι in or through someone 1 Cl 38:1; AcPl Ha 2, 29; in or through someth. Ac 4:12; 11:14; Ro 5:10. ὑπό τινος by someone (Herm. Wr. 9, 5 ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 101 ὑπὸ θεοῦ σῴζεται) 2 Cl 8:2. ἀπό τινος save oneself by turning away from Ac 2:40 (on ς. ἀπό s. 2aα above; ELövestam, ASTI 12, ’83, 84–92). διά τινος ἀπό τινος through someone from someth. Ro 5:9.—χάριτι by grace Eph 2:5; Pol 1:3. τῇ χάριτι διὰ πίστεως Eph 2:8. τῇ ἐλπίδι ἐσώθημεν (only) in hope have we (thus far) been saved or it is in the context of this hope that we have been saved (i.e., what is to come climaxes what is reality now) Ro 8:24.—οἱ σῳζόμενοι those who are to be or are being saved (Iren. 1, 3, 5 [Harv. I 30, 9]) Lk 13:23; Ac 2:47 (BMeyer, CBQ 27, ’65, 37f: cp. Is 37:2); 1 Cor 1:18; 2 Cor 2:15 (opp. οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι in the last two passages); Rv 21:24 t.r. (Erasmian rdg.); 1 Cl 58:2; MPol 17:2.③ Certain passages belong under 1 and 2 at the same time. They include Mk 8:35=Lk 9:24 (s. 1a and 2a β above) and Lk 9:[56] v.l., where σῴζειν is used in contrast to destruction by fire fr. heaven, but also denotes the bestowing of transcendent salvation (cp. Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9f οὐ πρὸς τὸ βλάπτειν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ σῴζειν γέγονεν ὁ λόγος [=Ἑρμῆς]). In Ro 9:27 τὸ ὑπόλειμμα σωθήσεται (Is 10:22) the remnant that is to escape death is interpreted to mean the minority who are to receive the Messianic salvation. In 1 Cor 3:15 escape fr. a burning house is a symbol for the attainment of eternal salvation (πῦρ a; cp. also Cebes 3, 4 ἐὰν δέ τις γνῷ, ἡ ἀφροσύνη ἀπόλλυται, αὐτὸς δὲ σῷζεται).—WWagner, Über σώζειν u. seine Derivata im NT: ZNW 6, 1905, 205–35; J-BColon, La conception du Salut d’après les Év. Syn.: RSR 10, 1930, 1–39; 189–217; 370–415; 11, ’31, 27–70; 193–223; 382–412; JSevenster, Het verlossingsbegrip bij Philo. Vergeleken met de verlossingsgedachten van de Syn. evangeliën ’36; PMinear, And Great Shall be your Reward ’41; MGoguel, Les fondements de l’assurance du salut chez l’ap. Paul: RHPR 17, ’38, 105–44; BHHW II 995, 1068.—B. 752. DELG s.v. σῶς. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
84 δαίμων
A (lyr.),δαῖμον Theoc.2.11
, ὁ, ἡ, god, goddess, of individual gods or goddesses, Il.1.222, 3.420, etc.;δαίμονι ἶσος 5.438
; ἐμίσγετο δαίμονι δαίμων, of Φιλίη and Νεῖκος, Emp. 59.1 :—but more freq. of the Divine power (while θεός denotes a God in person), the Deity, cf. Od.3.27; πρὸς δαίμονα against the Divine power, Il.17.98; σὺν δαίμονι by its grace, 11.792; κατὰ δαίμονα, almost, = τύχῃ, by chance, Hdt.1.111;τύχᾳ δαίμονος Pi.O.8.67
; ἄμαχος δ., i. e. Destiny, B.15.23: in pl., ὅτι δαίμονες θέλωσιν, what the Gods ordain, Id.16.117;ταῦτα δ' ἐν τῷ δ. S. OC 1443
;ἡ τύχη καὶ ὁ δ. Lys. 13.63
, cf.Aeschin.3.111;κατὰ δαίμονα καὶ συντυχίαν Ar.Av. 544
.2 the power controlling the destiny of individuals: hence, one's lot or forlune,δτυγερὸς δέ οἱ ἔχραε δ. Od.5.396
, cf. 10.64;δαίμονος αἶσα κακή 11.61
; δαίμονα δώσω I will deal thee fate, i.e. kill thee, I1.8.166; freq. in Trag. of good or ill fortune,ὅταν ὁ δ. εὐροῇ A.Pers. 601
;δ. ἀσινής Id.Ag. 1342
(lyr.); ;γενναῖος πλὴν τοῦ δαίμονος S.OC76
;δαίμονος σκληρότης Antipho 3.3.4
;τὸν οἴακα στρέφει δ. ἑκάστψ Anaxandr.4.6
; personified as the good or evil genius of a family or person,δ. τῷπλεισθενιδῶν A.Ag. 1569
, cf. S.OT 1194 (lyr.);ὁ ἑκάστου δ. Pl.Phd. 107d
, cf. PMag.Lond.121.505, Iamb.Myst.9.1;ὁ δ. ὁ τὴν ἡμετέραν μοῖραν λελογχώς Lys.2.78
;ἅπαντι δ. ἀνδρι συμπαρίσταται εὐθὺς γενομένῳ μυσταγωγὸς τοῦ βίου Men.16.2
D.;δ. ἀλάστορες Id.8D.
;ὁ μέγας [τοῦ Καίσαρος] δ. Plu.Caes.69
; ὁ σὸς δ. κακός ibid.;ὁ βασιλέως δ. Id.Art.15
;ἦθος ἀνθρώπῳ δ. Heraclit.119
;Ξενοκράτης φησὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑκάστου εἶναι δ. Arist.Top. 112a37
.II δαίμονες, οἱ, souls of men of the golden age, acting as tutelary deities, Hes.Op. 122, Thgn.1348, Phoc.15, Emp.115.5, etc.;θεῶν, δ., ἡρώων, τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου Pl.R. 392a
: less freq. in sg., ; τὸν τὲ δ. Δαρεῖον ἀγκαλεῖσθε, of the deified Darius, A.Pers. 620; νῦν δ' ἐστὶ μάκαιρα δ., of Alcestis, E.Alc. 1003 (lyr.), cf.IG12(5).305.5 ([place name] Paros): later, of departed souls, Luc.Luct.24; δαίμοσιν εὐσεβέσιν, = Dis Manibus, IG14.1683; so θεοὶ δ., ib.938, al.: also, ghost, Paus.6.6.8.2 generally, spiritual or semi-divine being inferior to the Gods, Plu.2.415a, al., Sallust.12, Dam.Pr. 183, etc.; esp. evil spirit, demon, Ev.Matt.8.31, J.AJ8.2.5;φαῦλοι δ. Alex.Aphr.Pr.2.46
; δαίμονος ἔσοδος εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον, Aret.SD1.4;πρᾶξις ἐκβάλλουσα δαίμονας PMag.Par.1227
.3 ἀγαθὸς δ. the Good Genius to whom a toast was drunk after dinner, Ar.V. 525, Nicostr.Com.20, D.S.4.3, Plu.2.655e, Philonid. ap. Ath.15.675b, Paus.9.39.5, IG12(3).436 ([place name] Thera), etc.; of Nero,ἀ. δ. τῆς οἰκουμένης OGI666.3
; of the Nile, ἀ. δ. ποταμός ib.672.7 (i A.D.); of the tutelary genius of individuals (supr. 1),ἀ. δ. Ποσειδωνίου SIG1044.9
(Halic.): pl., δαίμονες ἀ., = Lat. Di Manes, SIG 1246 ([place name] Mylasa): Astrol., ἀγαθός, κακός δ., names of celestial κλῆροι, Paul.Al.N.4, O.1, etc. (Less correctly written Ἀγαθοδαίμων, q.v.).B = δαήμων, knowing, δ. μάχης skilled in fight, Archil.3.4. (Pl. Cra. 398b, suggests this as the orig. sense; while others would write δαήμονες in Archil., and get rid of this sense altogether; cf. however αἵμων. More probably the Root of δαίμων ( deity) is δαίω to distribute destinies;; cf. Alcm.48.) -
85 ἀνατολή
A rising above the horizon, of any heavenly body, e.g. the sun, freq. in pl.,ἀντολαὶ ἠελίοιο Od.12.4
, E.Ph. 504:—also in sg.,ἀπ' ἀνατολᾶς ἁλίου ἄχρι δύσεως IG4.606
;δύσεώς τε καὶ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων Pl.Plt. 269a
, cf. Lg. 807e; dist. from ἐπιτολή (q.v.), Gem.13.3.2 = ἐπιτολή, A. Pr. 457, Ag.7;περὶ Ὠρίωνος ἀνατολήν Arist.Mete. 361b23
;ἀπὸ Πλειάδος ἀ. Id.HA 599b11
.3 the quarter of sunrise, east, opp. δύσις, freq. in pl.,ἀπὸ ἡλίου ἀνατολέων Hdt.4.8
;ἡλίου πρὸς ἀντολάς A.Pr. 707
; withoutἡλίου, πρὸς ἀνατολάς Thphr.HP9.15.2
, Mon.Anc.Gr.14.12;πρὸς τὰς ἀ. Plb.2.14.4
;ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν LXX Nu.23.7
, Ev.Matt.2.1, etc.b the ascendant, i.e. the point where the eastern horizon cuts the zodiac, Ptol.Tetr.20.c phase of new moon when 150 distant from sun, Cat.Cod.Astr.8(4).204, Paul.Al.G.3.4 in pl., sources of a river, Plb.2.17.4.II growing, of the teeth, Arist. HA 501b28; of the white at the root of the nails, Poll.2.146: pl.,ἀγρὸς ἀνατολὰς καὶ βλάστας ἔχει Ph.1.68
, cf. LXXJe.23.5, al.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀνατολή
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86 ἄκρος
A v. ἀκή A) at the farthest point or end, hence either topmost, outermost, or inmost.1 highest, topmost,ἀκροτάτῃ κορυφῇ Il.1.499
, al.; ἐν πόλει ἄκρῃ, = ἐν ἀκροπόλει, Il.6.88, cf. 257;ἄκρῳ Ὀλύμπῳ 13.523
;ἀνὰ Γαργάρῳ ἄκρῳ 14.352
; λάψοντες.. μέλαν ὕδωρ ἄκρον at its surface, 16.162; ἄκρον ῥινόν surface of skin, Od.22.278; ἐπ' ἄκρων ὀρέων o mountain tops, S.OT 1106: [comp] Sup.ἀκρότατος, ὔσδος Sapph.93.2
; ὀρόφοισι Orac. ap. Hdt.7.140.2 outermost, πεδίον ἐπ' ἄκρον to the farthest edge of the plain, S.Ant. 1197; κατ' ἄκρας σπιλάδος from the surface of a stone, Id.Tr. 678; esp. of extremities of body, ἄ. χείρ, πόδες, ὦμος, end of hand, ends of feet, tip of shoulder, Il.5.336, 16.640, 17.599;ἄκρων χειρῶν καὶ ποδῶν Hdt.1.119
, cf. Th.2.49, Pl.La. 183b, Ti. 76e; but τὸ ἄ. τῆς χειρός, τοῦ ποδός, thumb, great toe, LXX Ex.29.20, Le.18.22;γλῶσσαν ἄκραν S.Aj. 238
; πίτυν ἄκρας τῆς κόμης καθέλκων by the top of the crown, Cratin. 296:—ἐπ' ἄκρων [δακτύλων] on tiptoe, S.Aj. 1230, ubi v. Sch.; comically, ἐπ' ἄκρων πυγιδίων on tip-tail, Ar.Ach. 638; ;παρ' ἄκρας τρίχας Or. 128
;ἀκροτάτοις χείλεσι Epigr.Gr. 547.8
:— οὐκ ἀπ' ἄκρας φρενός not from the outside of the heart, i.e. from the in mostheart, A.Ag. 805, cf. E.Hec. 242; ἄκροισι λαίφους κρασπέδοις with mere edges of sail, i.e. under close-reejed sails, Id.Med. 524, cf. Ar.Ra. 999.b Geom., of the extremity of a line,ἡ ἐπ' ἄκραν τὴν ἀποληφθεῖσαν ἀγομένη Apollon.
Perg.Con. 4.8: Math., of extremes in a proportion, Pl.Ti. 36a, etc.; εἰς ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τέμνειν cut in extremeand mean ratio, Euc.6.30, cf.5 Def.17.c in Tactics, ἄκροι, οἱ, flank men, Ascl.Tact.1.3, cf. 7.6.II of Time, ἄκρᾳ σὺν ἑσπέρᾳ on the edge of evening. i.e. at nightfall, Pi.P. 11.10, cf.ἄκρῃ νυκτί Arat.775
; ἄκρου τοῦ ἔαρος at beginning of spring, IPE12.352.29 (Cherson., ii B. C.); but usu. denoting completeness, ἄκρου τοῦ θέρεος at mid-summer, Hp.Aph.3.18;χειμῶνος ἄκρω Theoc. 11.37
; ἄκρας νυκτός at dead of night, S.Aj. 285.III of Degree, highest in its kind, consummate,1 of persons, Hdt. 5.112, 6.122;τοξότης ἄ. A.Ag. 628
; θεσφάτων γνώμων ἄ. ib. 1130; ;ἰατροί Phld.Lib.p.67
O.;οἱ πάντῃ ἄ., οἱ ἀκρότατοι Pl.Tht. 148c
; of any extremes, opp.τὰ μεταξύ, τοῖς ἄ. τὰ ἄ. ἀποδιδόναι Id.R. 478e
, cf. Phd. 90a; of classes in a state, Arist.Pol. 1296b39: in moral sense, both good and bad,ἐπιδικάζονται οἱ ἄ. τῆς μέσης χώρας Id.EN 1107b31
; αἱ ἄ. [διαθέσεις] ib. 1108b14, cf.ἄκρον 11.1
:—c. acc. modi, ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄ. not strong of mind, Hdt.5.124;ἄ. τὰ πολέμια 7.111
; ἄ. ὀργήν quick to anger, passionate, 1.73; : c.gen.,οἱ ἄ. τῆς ποιήσεως Pl.Tht. 152e
;ἄ. εἰς φιλοσοφίαν R. 499c
;περὶ ὁπλομαχίαν Lg. 833e
.2 of things, highest, extreme,συμφορά Alex. 222.4
(cj. Dobree);νηστεία Diph.54
: [comp] Sup., Pl.Phlb. 45a.IV as Subst., v. ἄκρα, ἄκρον.V neut. as Adv., on the top or surface,ἄκρον ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνος Il.20.229
;ἄκρα δ' ἐπ' αὐτᾶς βαθμῖδος AP7.428.3
(Mel.).2 reg. Adv. ἄκρως, ἀνεστάλθαι to be turned up at the point, Hp.Mochl.24.b utterly, perfectly, Pl.R. 543a, Hegesand. 4;μόνος ἄκρως Euphro 1.5
; σχῆμα ἄ. στρογγύλον absolutely round, Hero *Deff.76. -
87 ἀλθαίνω
ἀλθαίνω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `become whole and sound' (Hp.)Other forms: ἄλθετο (Il.). Fut. ἀλθήσομαι, - σω (Il.). ἀλθεῖν ὑγιάζειν (Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 76). ἄλθα θερμασία η θεραπεία H.; ἄλθος φάρμακον EM; ἀλθεύς ἰατρός H.; ἀλθαίνει αὔξει, θεραπεύει, ὑγιαίνει φάρμακον γὰρ ἄλθος H.Derivatives: The fut. ἀλθέξομαι (Aret.) perh. formed after its opposite πυρέξομαι of πυρέσσω (but Chantr. comments: "l'hypothése reste en l'air"; cf. συναλθάσσομαι; ἄλθεξις. On these forms Van Brock, Vocab. médical 198 - 207 ("capricieuses formations", all late). ἀλθεστήρια `medicine' (Nic.), cf. χαριστήρια, etc. (Chantr. Form. 63f.). - ἀλθαία plant name `marsh mallow', Thphr.; cf. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 81 (partly incorrect). On Ἄλθηπος, also Ἄλθηφος, Bechtel Hermes 56, 228 and the mythical name Άλθαία, s. below.Etymology: Άλθαίνω is connected with the root in ἄναλτος (q.v.) (Schwyzer 703 β). Cf. ἀλδαίνω. Chantr. notes that the word is originally used of the growth of damaged tissue; he translates ἄλθετο χείρ with "le bras se guérit". - However, the meaning `heal' is not evidently connected with ἀλ- `grow, feed'; the glosses give systematically the meaning `heal' etc.; θεραπεία means also `medical or surgical treatment'; θερμασία is less clear (false reading?); αὔξει also deviates (is it for ἀλδαίνω?). - The name Ἄλθηπ\/ φος is clearly Pre-Greek (cf. the river Αἴσηπος); so may be Άλθαία (the suffix - αια, - εια is also known in Pre-Greek); but we cannot be sure that the names belong to the verb. - An alternative etymology connects Skt. r̥dhnóti `obtain luckily', Rix MSS 27 (1970) 88 and Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 118.Page in Frisk: 1,72Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλθαίνω
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88 -θελυμνος
- θελυμνοςGrammatical information: adj.Meaning: in προ-θέλυμνος, τετρα-θέλυμνος; προ-θέλυμνος adjunct of δένδρεα (Ι 541), of χαῖται (Κ 15), of σάκος (Ν 130); posthom. of diff. objects ( δρῦς, καρήατα); - τετρα-θέλυμνος adjunct of σάκος (Ο 479 = χ 122); cf. τριθέλυμνος = τρίπτυχος Eust. 849, 5.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: A the simplex is unknown, Sturz read it in Emp. 21,6 for tradit. θελημ(ν)ά (Diels a. o. θελεμνά). With προ-θέλυμνος cf. πρό-ρριζος `of which the root is gone, uprooted', Lat. prŏ-fundus `of which the bottom is gone (removed), deep', Skt. pra-parṇa- `whose leaves have fallen off, stripped of the leaves'. As the sec. member of προ-θέλυμνος, which can be reconstructed as well as *θέλυμα as as *θελυμνον (- ος), is interpreted as `basis', προ-θέλυμνος would mean `whose basis (bottom) is gone, removed (from its fundament)', what might fit for all occurrences except Ν 130 (after it Nonn. D. 22, 183; 2, 374). Improbable Wackernagel Unt.. 237ff. (criticism of older views) who wans to see in it a variant of τετρα-θέλυμνος `with four layers', with προ- as the Aeolic parallel of τρα- from *πτϜρα- (cf. τρά-πεζα) (impossible as the word is non-IE). - The glosses of H ἀθέλιμνοι κακοί; ἀθέλημον ἄκουσμα κακόν are unclear; id. for θέλεμνον ὅλον ἐκ ῥιζῶν (Latte in Mayrhofer KEWA. 2, 94A.). As the place in Empedokles is unclear, we can only use the compp. Connection with Sanskrit dharúṇam n. in Mayrhofer is also impossible (as the word is Pre-Greek). - Krahe Die Antike 15, 181 thinks the word is Pre-Greek, which is without a doubt correct (suff. (- υμνος).Page in Frisk: 1,659-660Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > -θελυμνος
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89 κερτομέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `taunt, insult, mock, ridicule' (almost only poetic, Il.).Other forms: aor. (rare) κερτομῆσαι.Derivatives: Also κέρτομος `insulting, slandering' (pöet. Hes. Op. 788) with κερτομίαι pl. `mockery, slander' (Hom.; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 207f.); also with ιο-suffix κερτόμιος `id.' (Hom., S. in lyr.), κερτόμησις (S. Ph. 1236). From ἐπικερτομέω: ἐπικερτόμ-ημα (Demetr.), - ησις (Hdn.) and as back-formation ἐπικέρτομος (Q. S.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Expressive word of unknown origin. Acc. to Prellwitz Wb. s. v. univerbation of κείρειν and τέμνειν (cf. the formations in Schwyzer 645; s. also on λοιδορέω); similar, but in detail unclear, Radermacher Festschrift Kretschmer 149ff. Brugmann IF 15, 97f. assumes *κέρ-στομος `having a mocking mouth' (cf. ἐΰ-στομος) also from κείρειν (s. also Benveniste Origines 68 and on σκερβόλλω). Acc. to others (cf. W.-Hofmann s. carinō) the group of κάρνη was also involved in the formation of the 1. element. Diff. again Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 583. - Whether κέρτομος was the basis of κερτομέω seems doubtful; it was rather a backformation (cf. Risch 181). - Fur. 349 reminds of καρτομιστής χλευαστής H. (`mocker'). The variant vocalism shows Pre-Greek origin. The root has been connected with Lat. carināre, and the words cited under κάρνη. Schrijver, Larr. in Latin, 429 is no doubt right to connect the group σκερβόλλω, - βολέω, κερβόλλουσα `insult, mock, slander', which is again connected with ( σ)κέραφος, σχέραφος. All these words are clearly Pre-Greek (thus also Schrijver). The second elements are unknown; are they compounds? Fur. 349 n. 46 suggest σ comparison with Hitt. kartimmii̯a `be angry', kartimnu `get angry', though the meaning is not exactly the same. (Wrong therefore Perpillou RPh. LXXV (2001)145f.)Page in Frisk: 1,832-833Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κερτομέω
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90 κόρη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `young girl, daughter', metaph. `pupil', archit. `female figure', also name of the daughter of Persephone (IA., Arc.); on the contents Kerényi Paideuma 1, 341ff. (h. Cer. 439). Zumbach Neuerungen 57Compounds: Some compp., e. g. κορο-πλάθος m. `sculptor of semale figures' (Att.).Derivatives: Several diminut.: κόριον, Dor. (Megar.) κώριον (Ar., Theoc.) with κορίδιον (Delphi, Naupaktos); κορίσκη (Pl. Com.) with - ίσκιον (Poll.); also Κορίσκος m. name of an arbitrary man (Arist.), also as PN (D. L.); κοράσιον (hell.; Schwyzer 471 n. 5) with - ασίδιον (Arr.), - ασίς (Steph. Med.), - ασιώδης (Com. Adesp., Plu.); κόριλλα, Κόριννα (Boeot.; Chantraine Formation 252 u. 205); κορύδιον (Naupaktos). - Adjectives: κουρίδιος (Ion. Il.), prop. `of a young lady, untouched', then `matrimonial, lawfull' ( ἄλοχος, πόσις, λέχος a. o.; on the meaning Bechtel Lex. s. v., on the formation Schwyzer 467, Chantraine Formation 40); κουρήϊος `of a young lady' (h. Cer. 108; Zumbach Neuerungen 14); Κόρειος `of Κόρη', Κόρειον, -α pl. `temple', resp. `feast of Κόρη' (Attica, Plu.); κοραῖος `of a girl' (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 8), κορικός `id.' (hell.; Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. gr. 121). *Κορίτης (- τις) `servant of Κόρη' in Κορειτῆαι pl. for *Κοριτεῖαι `service of Κόρη?' (Lycosoura). - Verbs: κορεύομαι `pass one's maidenhood' (E.), `loose...' (Pherecyd.) with κόρευμα, κορεία maidenhood' (E., resp. D. Chr., AP); κορίζομαι prop. *"treat like a maiden (child)", `caress' (Ar.), ὑπο- κόρη `call with endearing names, address' (Pi., Att.). - Beside κόρη or perhaps formed from it (s. below): κόρος (trag., Pl. Lg., Plu.; also Dor.), ep. κοῦρος, Theoc. κῶρος m. `youth, boy, son' (Il.). Compp., e. g. ἄ-κουρος `without son' (η 64), κουρο-τρόφος `educating youths' (Od.); on Διόσκουροι s. v. - Derivv: κούρητες m. pl. `younge warrior' (Il.), Κουρῆτες, Dor. Κωρ- (Hes., Crete etc.) `Cureten', name of divine beings, which dance a weapon-dance around the Zeus child etc. (Hes. Fr. 198, Crete etc.) with Κουρητικός, - ῆτις, κουρητεύω, κουρητισμός (hell.); on the formation of κούρητες Schwyzer 499, Chantraine Formation 267; on the accent Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 106 (= Kl. Schr. 2, 1163); also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 129 n. 1. To κοῦρος also κουρώδης `boy-like', prob. also κούριος `youthful' (Orph. A., Orac. ap. Paus. 9, 14, 3), κουροσύνη, -Dor. -α `youth' (Theoc., AP), - συνος `youthful' (AP). - κουρίζω `be a young man, maiden' (χ 185), `educate a youth' (Hes.), κουριζόμενος ὑμεναιούμενος H. -.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [577] *ḱerh₁- `grow'Etymology: The more limited attestation of masc. κοῦρος, κόρος compared with general κούρη, κόρη perhaps indicates that the masc. was an innovation to fem. PGr. *κόρϜα; s. Lommel Femininbildungen 7ff. As masc. counterpart there were e. g. παῖς and νεανίας. - That κόρϜα, *κόρϜος come from the root of κορέννυμι, is generally ccepted, but the exact jugment is difficult: prop. abstractformation, as "growth, flourishing, blossom"? The meaning `sprout, branch' for κόρος (rare: Lysipp. 9, Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 113) is hardly very old, but developed from `son' or the like (or from κείρω?, s. on κοῦρος). Note κόρυξ νεανίσκος H. (beside κόριψ `id.' and Κόρυψ Boeot. PN, s. Bechtel Namenstudien 29f.), which may have an intermediate u-stem; Specht Ursprung 148. Further s. κορέννυμι. - κοῦρος not with Bezzenberger, Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) to Lith. šárvas `armament', κόρυς `helm'; s. Kretschmer Glotta 8, 254.Page in Frisk: 1,920-921Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόρη
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91 μαίνομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `rage, be furious, of the senses, be excited' (Il.); rarely act. ἐκ-μαίνω `make furious' (E., Ar.; μαίνω Orph.), aor. μῆναι (S., E.) with intr. midd. μήνασθαι (Z 160, Theoc.)Derivatives: 1. From the present: μαινάς, - άδος f. `the raging, Bacchantess, Mänade' (Il.; Schwyzer 508, Sommer Münch. Stud. 4, 4); μαινόλης, Aeol. Dor. - λας, f. - λις `raging, excited' (Sapph., A.; Schwyzer 408 and Mus. Helv. 3, 49ff., Chantraine Form. 237). 2. From the root: μανία, - ίη `fury, madness' (IA.) cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 39); μανικός, μανιώδης `furious, raging' (IA.), f. also μανιάς `id.' (after λύσσα: - άς, Schwyzer 508). Verbaladj. like ἐμ-μανής `raging' (IA), prob. hypostasis (to μανία) after ἐμ-φανής a.o. ( ἐμ-μαίνομαι first Act. Ap., J.).Etymology: On μάντις etc. s. v. With the zero-grade yot-present μαίνομαι from *μαν-ι̯ο-μαι agree formally several forms from diff. languages: Skt. mányate = Av. mainyeite `think', Celt., OIr. do-moiniur `believe, have the opinion', Slav., e.g. OCS mьnjǫ `think, consider as', Lith. miniù `think, remember' (innovation for older menù?; s. Fraenkel Wb.), IE *mn̥-i̯o \/ e-. With μανῆ-ναι agree formally also the Balto-Slav. inf. Lith. minė́-ti, OCS mьně-ti as well as Goth. 3. sg. munai-Þ ' μέλλει, thinks (to do)'; genetic connection however is doubtful, as Goth. munaiÞ may as well agree with Skt. manāy-ati `be eager' and for posthom. μανῆναι (as if from μανέεται) also analogical origin ( φαίνομαι: φανῆναι; J. Schmidt KZ 37, 44) is possible; on Lith. minė́ti etc. s. also Fraenkel l.c. and Lexis 2, 196. Also μήνασθαι (analogical or from *μαν-σ-, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 412) and μέμηνα (after τακῆναι: τέτηκα a. o.) are Greek formations. With the formal reorganisation goes the semantic emancipation; the connection with the widespread group μένος, μέμονα, μιμνήσκω (s. vv.) can still be seen e.g. in Z 100 f.: ἀλλ' ὅδε λίην | μαίνεται οὑδέ τίς οἱ δύναται μένος ἰσοφαρίζειν (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 34). - [Not with J. Schmidt l.c. and Specht KZ 62, 79 (cf. also Schwyzer 694 n. 3) to μαιμάω.]Page in Frisk: 2,160-161Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαίνομαι
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92 μαστός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `nipple, motherbreast, breast', metaph. `hill, hight', also name of a beaker (Apollod. Cyren. ap. Ath. 11, 487b, Oropos, Delos); cf. Jaeger RhM 102, 337ff. (on the use in Clem. Al. and Ph.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. φιλό-μαστος `breastloving' (A.), γυναικό-μαστος (- θος) `with female breasts' (medic.), δεκά-μαζος `with ten breasts' ( Epigr. Gr.); μαστό-δε-τον n. `breast-band' (AP); cf. e.g. ἀκμό-θε-τον.Derivatives: Diminutives: μαστίον `small cup' (Oropos), μαστάριον `id.' (Delos), also `small breast' (Alciphr.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The attempt to reduce μαζός, μαστός, μασθός to three different pre-forms, IE * mad-dos, * mad-tos, * mad-dhos, (Schrader KZ 30, 476; also [IE *th \> θ] Specht Ursprung 224 f., 231), does not recognise the familiar character of the word. The only late attested μασθός can be explained easily as reshaping after words with comparable meaning or associated words like στῆθος (WP. 2, 231), κύσθος, βρόχθος (s. v. sub βρόξαι). The older μαζός and μαστός can be derived with i̯o- ( do-?) resp. to-suffix from the root of μαδάω, but semantically this connection is rather non-committal, which is true also for the comparison with OHG mast `fattening, (Germ.) Eichelmast, fodder'. The nasalized form mand- `suckle, breast' (Alb. mënt `suckle, suck' posited by WP. 2, 232) is quite hypothetical; cf. W.-Hofmann s. mannus. Remote connection with the nursery word mā (s. μάμμη) is as well possible. - If the form is Pre-Greek, mazdos mastos only differ in voice: non voiced (and aspirated in masthos),which are no phonemic distinction in Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,183Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαστός
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93 πλάστιγξ
πλάστιγξ, - ιγγοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `scales' (Att.), also `disk of the kottabos-standard' (Critias, Hermipp.), metaph. `oystershell' (Opp.), `horsecollar' (which hangs from the wood of the yoke like the scales from the weighbridge; E. Rh. 303), also (in plur.) `surgical splints' (Hippiatr.).Other forms: πλήστιγγες pl. `id.' (Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 131).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation in - ιγγ- (Chantraine Form. 398ff., Schwyzer 498) from an unknown noun. As the designation of the scales (weighing-machine) and the Kottabosdisk is prob. to be derived from the flat form of it, one connects the root pelā- `broaden' (s. πλάξ). The nearest basis may be a noun *πλαστ(ο)-, which may stand for *πλατ-τ(ο)- (cf. on πλάτη), or for *πλαθ-τ(ο)- (s. πλάσσω). The usu. called "Ion." form πλήστιγ-γες which occurs once only, occurs only in a not quite clear specific meaning, can, if no derailment, represent a form πλᾱ-. -- On the debated πλάστιγξ A. Ch. 290 (for μάστιγξ?) s. Gentili Stud. itfilcl. N. S. 21, 105ff. -- Again, the form πλαθ- cannot be explained from IE; the suffix shows that he word is Pre-Greek (not in Furnée).Page in Frisk: 2,552Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλάστιγξ
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94 πνέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to blow, to breathe, to respire, to smell'.Other forms: ep. πνείω (metr. length.), aor. πνεῦσαι (Il.), ipv. ἄμπνυε, midd. -ῡτο, -ύ̄( ν)θη (Hom.), fut. πνεύ-σομαι (IA.). - σοῦμαι (Ar., Arist.), - σω (hell.), perf. πέπνευκα (Att.), pass. πνευσ-θῆναι (Thphr.), - θήσομαι (Aret.).Derivatives: 1. πνοή, Dor. πνο(ι)ά, ep. πνοιή (- οι- metr. condit. after πνείω, Risch 119; on other explanations, which are not to be preferred, Scheller Oxytonierung 83 n. 2 w. lit.) f. `wind, breeze, breath' (Il.); ἀνα-, δια-, ἐκ-πνέω etc. etc.; very often as 2. member, e.g. ἡδύ- ( ἁδύ-)πνοος, - πνους `with a pleasant wind, breath' (Pi., S., E.), ἐπί-πνοος, - πνους `inspired' with ἐπίπνο-ια f. `inspiration' (A., Pl.); - πνοια also beside - πνοή in ἀνά-, ἀπό-, διά- πνέω a.o.; here ἀναπνο-ϊκος `concerning breathing' (Ptol.). 2. πνεῦμα ( ἄμ-, πρόσ- πνέω) n. `wind, breeze, breath, ghost' (Pi., IA.) with πνευμά-τιον (hell.), - τικός `concerning the wind etc.' (Arist.; on the further life (Nachleben) in the westeur. languages. Chantraine Studii clasice 2, 70f.), - τιος `bringing wind' (Arat.), - τώδης `wind-, breathlike of nature, windy' (Hp., Arist.), - τίας m. `asthmatic' (Hp.) with - τιάω `to gasp' (sch.); - τόω, - τόομαι `to blow up, to (cause to) vaporize' (Anaxipp., Arist.) with - τωσις, - τωτικός; - τίζω ( ἀπο-) `to fan by blowing' (Antig., H.) with - τισμός. 3. πνεῦσις f. `blowing', more usu. the compp., e.g. ἀνάπνευ-σις `to breathe again, to inhale, respite' (Il.). 4. With second. σ and τ-suffix as in ἄ-πνευσ-τος, - τί, - τία: πνευσ-τικός `belonging to breathing' (Gal.), more usu. ἀνα-πνέω (Arist.) a.o.; - τιάω `to gasp' (Hp., Arist.). 5. εἴσπν-ηλος, - ήλας `loving, lover' (Call., Theoc., EM), from εἰσ-πνέω `to inspire (love)' with analog. - ηλος; cf. Chantraine Form. 242.Etymology: The regular structure of the above forms is clearly the result of a generalising development, which will also have had zero grade formations as πνεῦσις, ἄπνευστος. Outside the general pattern there are only the isolated ep. forms ἄμ-πνυ-ε etc. `take breath' = `recover from', which may provide a bridge to the semantically slightly deviating but certainly belonging here πέ-πνυ-μαι, - μένος, `mentally active, animated, be sedate'; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 134 f. Not here prob. πινυ-τή, πινυτός a. cognates, which have only been connected on difficult assumptions; s.v. In any case ἄμπνυε, πέπνυ-μαι are not with Schulze Q. 322 ff. to be separated from πνέω. -- From other languages only some Germ. formations can be compared: OWNo. fnýsa `sniff', OE fnēosan `sneeze', which like πνευ- may contain an IE eu-diphthong; beside them there are however several variants, e.g. OWNo. fnasa, OHG fnehan, which show the unstable character of these orig. onomatop. words. Uncertain is the connection of Skt. abhi-knū́yate `be moist, sound, stink' (Dhātup., Lex.) with dissim. from * abhi-pn- (Mayrhofer s. knū́yate). -- The further analysis of πνέ(Ϝ)-ω in * p-ne-u-mi with nasal infix to the root pu- (assumption by Schwyzer 696 α after Pedersen IF 2, 314) is in the case of a word of this meaning hardly convincing. Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 85, Pok. 838f. Here also ποιπνύω; cf. also πνί̄γω.Page in Frisk: 2,566-567Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πνέω
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95 σκάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hack, to scrape' (Hdt., Arist., Thphr., LXX).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf. (aor. ipv. περίσκαλον Gp.; correct?)Compounds: Rarely w. δια- a. o. (partly controversial).Derivatives: 1. σκαλ-ίς, - ίδος f. `hack' (Att. onscr. IVa, Str., J.) with - ιδεύω `to hack' (gloss.); 2. - σις f. `the hacking' (Thphr.); 3. - μός m. `id.' (pap. IIIp; on σκαλμός `thole' s. v.); 4. - ηνός (- ηνής) `craggy, rough, uneven'; of numbers `odd', of triangles `scalene', of cones `slant' (s. Mugler Dict. géom. 377; Democr. ap. Thphr., Hp., Pl., Arist. etc.; on the formation cf. γαληνός; s. also σκολιός) with - ηνία, - ηνόομαι (Plu.); 5. ἄ-σκαλος `unhacked' (Theoc.; prob. metri c. for ἀσκάλευτος). Secondary verbs: 1. σκαλ-εύω, aor. σκαλεῦσαι, also w. ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ὑπο- a. o. `to hack, to scrape, to stir up' (Hp., Ar., Arist. etc.) with several derivv.: σκαλ-εύς m. `hack' (X., Poll.; not with Bosshardt 54 from *σκαλή), - ευσις f. `the scraping' (Aq.), - ευμα n. `scrapings' (sch., H.), - ευθρον n. `poker' (Poll.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 210), - εία f. `the hacking' (Gp. tit.). 2. σκαλ-ίζω (ἀ- σκάλλω) `id.' (Phryn.) with - ισμός m. `the hacking' (pap., Eun.), - ιστή-ριον n. `hack' (sch.). - On σκαλίας s.v.Etymology: As zero grade yot-present σκάλλω can be formally identified with Lith. skiliù, inf. skìlti `strike fire': IE *skl̥-i̯ō [but the accent shows that the root is disyllabic; s. bel.]. Semantically closer are the innovated nasalpresents skįlù (skylù) `split off, get a tear' and the full grade skeliù, skélti `split', also `strike fire (ùgnį) (from a stone)', the last of which is also found in Germ., e.g. ONord. skilja `separate, distinguish'. Diff. again MLG schelen `id.' (PGm. * skelōn; type Lat. secāre), Arm. c'elum `split' (u-pesent; anlaut unclear), Hitt. iškallāi- `split, tear apart' (formation uncertain; s. Kronasser Etymologie $ 200 f., 214). -- The Greek derivv. go all back on ungeminated σκαλ-, which must not be old, but may have originated after σφαλ- (: σφάλλω), θαλ- (: θ άλλω) etc. Sophie Minon ( RPh. LXXIV 282) reconstructs *skl̥h₁-ye\/o-, assuming that the laryngeal disappeared in this position, after Pinault 1982, 265-272; cf. LIV 500. On σκαλαθύρω s.v. -- To the same formal system, but independent of σκάλλω, belong also σκαλμός `thole', σκῶλος, σκόλοψ etc.; s. vv. A clear separation from the semant. cognate κολάπτω, κόλος, κλάω, κελεός etc. cannot be achieved; [not here σκύλλω]. -- The non-Greek formations are innumerable; on this WP. 2, 590ff., Pok. 923ff. w. rich lit.Page in Frisk: 2,715-716Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάλλω
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96 στελεά
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `shaft of an axe, hack, hammer etc.' (- ειή φ 422 and - εά Aen. Tact. `cavity for the shaft' after Bérard REGr. 68, 8f. and Pocock AmJPh 82, 346ff. with Eust., H. and EM).Other forms: - εή (A. R.), στειλειή (φ 422; v.l. Nic. Th. 387); - εόν (Aen. Tact., Babr.), στειλειόν (ε 236) n.; - εός and - ειός (Att. inscr.) m.; - εός or - εόν (hell. a. late); στειλεός (Hp. with vv. ll.), στειλειός (Aesop.), gen. - ειοῦ (Nic. Th. 387 as v. l.)Derivatives: στειλει-άριον (Eust.) and the denom. ptc. ἐστελεωμένος `provided with a shaft' (AP). -- Beside it στέλεχος n. (m.) `the end of the stem at the root of a tree, stump, log, stem, branch' (Pi., IA.; on the eaning Strömberg Theophrastea 95ff.). Some compp., e.g. πολυ-στελέχ-ης (Thphr.), - ος (AP) `with many stems' (cf. Strömberg 103 f.). From this στελέχ-ια πρέμ\<ν\>ια H., - ώδης `stem-like' (Thphr., Dsc.), - ιαῖος `serving as a stem' (Gal.), - ηδόν `according to the kind of stem' (A. R. 1, 1004 as v. l. for στοιχηδόν).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)Etymology: On the formation: στελ-εά like δωρ-εά, γεν-εά, - εός, - εόν as κολ-εός, - εόν, θυρ-εός; στειλ-ειή as ἀρ-ειή, νευρ-ειή ( στειλ- metr. lengthening(?); cf. Schwyzer 469 n. 3 w. lit., Risch 120f., Chantraine Form. 51 a. 91. With στέλε-χος cf. τέμα-χος, σέλα-χος a.o. (Schwyzer 496, Chantraine 403). Both στελεά, - εός, - εόν and στέλεχος are based on an unknown, prob. nominal basis, perh. *στέλος n. (Schulze Q. 175), which fits unproblem. to Arm. steɫn, pl. steɫun-k` `stem, shaft, stalk, twig' and to Germ. words like OE stela m. `stalk of a plant', Norw. stjøl `stalk'; further s. στέλλω (with στόλος). Cf. also στήλη. -- The variation shows that the word is Pre-Greek, with a \> ε(ι) before palatal ly. Was the word *stalyaya?Page in Frisk: 2,785-786Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στελεά
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97 Ἄτλας
Ἄτλας, - αντοςGrammatical information: PN m.Meaning: `Atlas' (Od.), name of the god who carries the pillars of heaven.Derivatives: Άτλαντίς f. (Hes.), o. a. name of a mythical island, plausibly interpreted as Minoan Crete (R. Castleden, Atlantis destroyed 1998). Άτλαντικός (E.) and Άτλάντειος (Critias).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Originally the name of an Arcadian mountain god, whose name was brought over to the mountain chain in Westafrica, s. Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; on Atlas as the personification of the axis of the earth Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. - The old interpretation is α copulativum and the root of τλῆ-ναι, reshaped after the ντ-stems (cf. Άτλᾱγενέων Hes. Op. 383); Kretschmer Glotta 7, 37 A. 1. - The name of the African mountain is also compared with Berber ádrār `mountain' (Steinhauser Glotta 25, 229ff.). Thus Brandenstein Archiv Orientální 17: 1, 69ff. who plausibly suggests folk etymological reshaping of Berb. ádrār. - The meaning of the Greek etymology is unclear, the assumption of *sm̥- is clearly a desperate guess. An IE name for this very old Titan is not to be expected; Pre-Greek words often end in - ant-. S. Beekes Glotta 71, 1995\/6, 12 n. 1.Page in Frisk: 1,179Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ἄτλας
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98 μετάνοια
μετάνοια, ας, ἡ (μετανοέω) prim. ‘a change of mind’ (Thu. 3, 36, 4; Polyb. 4, 66, 7; Appian, Mithrid. 16 §57; pap [s. New Docs 4, 160; Spicq II 475, 17]; TestSol 12:3 C; JosAs, ApcSed; ApcMos 32; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 274, Ant. 16, 125; Just., Tat.), also w. the nuance of ‘remorse’ (as regret for shortcomings and errors: Batr. 69; Lycon the Peripatetic [III B.C.], Fgm. 23 Wehrli [in Diog. L. 5, 66]; Polyb. 18, 33, 7; Stoic. III 147, ln. 21f; Cebes 10, 4; 11, 1; Plut., Mor. 56a; 68f; 961d, Alex. 11, 4, Mar. 10, 4; 39, 3; Chariton 1, 3, 7; Appian, Liby. 52 §225; 102 §482; 116 §553; M. Ant. 8, 10; Ps.-Lucian, Calumn. 5; Jos., Ant. 13, 314. Of the ‘remorse’ of Sophia Iren. 1, 3, 1 [Harv. I 24, 7]); in our lit. w. focus on the need of change in view of responsibility to deity (cp. Hierocles 14, 451; Sir 44:16; Wsd 12:10, 19; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 96, Spec. Leg. 1, 58, Virt. 175ff [περὶ μετανοίας] al.; EpArist 188; Jos., Ant. 9, 176; TestReub 2:1; TestJud 19:2; TestGad 5:7f; JosAs 15:6ff; 16:7; ApcSed prol.: περὶ ἀγάπης καὶ περὶ μ.; 14:3 ἐν μετανοίαις; SibOr 1, 129; 168; Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. 182, 7]; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 57, 3f; Did., Gen. 97, 15) repentance, turning about, conversion; as a turning away μετάνοια ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ἔργων turning away from dead works Hb 6:1. Mostly of the positive side of repentance, as the beginning of a new relationship with God: ἡ εἰς θεὸυ μ. repentance that leads to God Ac 20:21. ἄξια τῆς μετανοίας ἔργα deeds that are consistent with repentance 26:20. Also καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μ. Mt 3:8; cp. Lk 3:8. βαπτίζειν εἰς μ. baptize for repentance Mt 3:11 (s. βαπτίζω 2a; also εἰς 10a). βάπτισμα μετανοίας Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3; cp. Ac 13:24; 19:4 (alt. λουτροῦ … τῆς μ. Just., D. 14, 1) χρείαν ἔχειν μετανοίας need repentance or conversion Lk 15:7. κηρύσσειν μ. εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν preach repentance that leads to the forgiveness of sins 24:47 (μετάνοιαν καὶ ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν διὰ … λουτροῦ παλλιγγενεσίας Theoph. Ant. 2, 16 [p. 140. 8f]); cp. 1 Cl 7:6. ἔχειν καιρὸν μετανοίας still have time for repentance 2 Cl 8:2. τόπον μετανοίας διδόναι give an opportunity for repentance (Wsd 12:10; cp. ἵνα μετάνοια δοθῇ Did., Gen. 169, 4; ἀφορμὴν μετανοίας καὶ ἐξομολογήσεως παράσχειν Theoph. Ant. 2, 29 [p. 170, 17]) 1 Cl 7:5. μετανοίας τόπον εὑρίσκειν Hb 12:17 (cp. μετανοίας τόπον ἔχειν Tat. 15:3). διδόναι τινὶ (τὴν) μ. (cp. Wsd 12:19; M. J. Brutus, Ep. 7) Ac 5:31; 11:18; 2 Ti 2:25; 16:9; cp. Hv 4, 1, 3; Hs 8, 6, 2; 8, 11, 1. τιθέναι τινὶ μετάνοιαν prescribe repentance for someone Hm 4, 3, 4; cp. 5; καλεῖν τινα εἰς μ. Lk 5:32 (ApcSed 15:2; Just., A I, 15, 7; 90, 7); Mt 9:13 v.l.; Mk 2:17 v.l. (cp. καλοῦνται αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ μ. καὶ διόρθωσιν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῶν Orig., C. Cels. 3, 62, 3). περὶ μετανοίας λαλεῖν 1 Cl 8:1. ἀκούσαντες ταύτην τὴν μετάνοιαν when they heard of this repentance Hs 8, 10, 3; παιδεύεσθαι εἰς μ. be disciplined so as to repent 1 Cl 57:1. εἰς μ. ἄγειν τινά (EpArist 188; Jos., Ant. 4, 144; cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 63 §262 θεοῦ σφᾶς ἐπὶ μετάνοιαν ἄγοντος) Ro 2:4; ἀνακαινίζειν εἰς μ. Hb 6:6; χωρῆσαι εἰς μ. come to repentance 2 Pt 3:9. μετάνοιαν λαμβάνειν receive repentance (after denying Christ) Hs 9, 26, 6a. μετανοίας μετασχεῖν 1 Cl 8:5. μετάνοιαν ἔχειν have a possibility of repentance Hm 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 8, 2. ἐστί τινι μετάνοιαν have a possibility of repentance Hv 2, 2, 5c; 3, 7, 5; Hs 8, 8, 5; 8, 9, 4a; 9, 19, 1; 9, 20, 4. τινὶ μετάνοιά ἐστι μία have (only) one possibility of repentance m 4, 1, 8; cp. 4, 3, 1. μ. κεῖταί τινι repentance is ready, available for someone Hs 9, 19, 2f; 9, 22, 4; 9, 26, 6b. ἐπίκειταί τινι 8, 7, 2a. γίνεταί τινι 9, 26, 5; εἰς μάτην ἐστὶν ἡ μ. is in vain 6, 1, 3. ταχινὴ ὀφείλει εἶναι must follow quickly 8, 9, 4b. ἡ μ. σύνεσίς ἐστιν μεγάλη is great understanding m 4, 2, 2. μ. καθαρά 12, 3, 2; cp. Hs 7:6. μ. ἁμαρτίας rep. for sin 2 Cl 16:4; cp. Hm 4, 3, 3. μ. ζωῆς rep. that leads to life Hs 6, 2, 3; cp. 8, 6, 6. ἐλπὶς μετανοίας hope of repentance or conversion IEph 10:1; Hs 6, 2, 4; 8, 7, 2b; 8, 10, 2. W. πίστις and other Christian virtues 1 Cl 62:2. The ἄγγελος τῆς μ. appears in Hermas as a proclaimer of repentance: v 5:7; m 12, 4, 7; 12, 6, 1; Hs 9, 1, 1; 9, 14, 3; 9, 23, 5; 9, 24, 4; λυπεῖσθαι εἰς μ. feel pain that leads to repentance 2 Cor 7:9, λύπη μετάνοιαν ἐργάζεται (cp. Plut., Mor. 476f) vs. 10.—W. the Christian use of the word in mind Polycarp says ἀμετάθετος ἡμῖν ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν κρειττόνων ἐπὶ τὰ χείρω μετάνοια for us ‘repentance’ from the better to the worse is impossible MPol 11:1.—WHolladay, The Root Šûbh in the OT, ’58.—TRE VII 446–51; RAC II 105–18.—DELG s.v. νόος. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
99 ἐκλεκτός
ἐκλεκτός, ή, όν (ἐκ + λέγω; since Pla., Leg. 12, 946d+).① pert. to being selected, chosen gener. of those whom God has chosen fr. the generality of mankind and drawn to himself Mt 20:16 v.l.; 22:14 (B 4:14; KStendahl, The Called and the Chosen: The Root of the Vine, ed. AFridrichsen ’53, 63–80). Hence of Christians in particular (as in the OT of the Israelites 1 Ch 16:13; Ps 88:4; 104:6, 43; Is 65:9, 15, 23 al.—PAltmann, Erwählungstheol. u. Universalismus im AT, Beih. 92, ZAW, ’64) chosen 24:22, 24, 31; Mk 13:20, 22, 27; 1 Pt 1:1; 2 Ti 2:10; 1 Cl 6:1; 58:2; Hv 2, 4, 2. ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. En 1:8) Lk 18:7 (cp. 1QS 8:6; 1QH 2:13); Ro 8:33 (cp. the Qumran passages just cited); 16:13 (s. 3 below); Col 3:12; Tit 1:1; 1 Cl 1:1; 2:4; 46:3f, 8; 49:5; 59:2; 2 Cl 14:5; Hv 1, 3, 4; 2, 1, 3; 2, 2, 5; 2, 4, 2; 3, 5, 1; 3, 8, 3; 3, 9, 10; 4, 2, 5; 4, 3, 5; EpilMosq 5. W. κλητοί ApcPt Rainer 2 and 5. W. κλητοί and πιστοί (SibOr 3, 69 w. πιστοί) Rv 17:14. γένος ἐκλεκτόν 1 Pt 2:9 (Is 43:20; TestJob 1:5). Of a Christian assembly or congregation 2J 1, 13 (w. personification of the assembly); ITr ins. Opp. ἄπιστοι MPol 16:1; ἅγιοι ἐ. 22:1.② pert. to being esp. distinguished, electⓐ gener. of angels 1 Ti 5:21 (after En 39:1).ⓑ of the Messiah ὁ ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. En 39:6f; 40:5; 45:3–5; 49:2–4 al.) Lk 23:35 (cp. 9:35); J 1:34 v.l. (AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 552–56=Studien I ’31, 127–32; GDelling, Jüd. Lehre u. Frömmigkeit in den ParJer, Berlin ’67, 18f).ⓒ of David 1 Cl 52:2 (Ps 88:20; cp. Sir 47:22).③ pert. to being considered best in the course of a selection, choice, excellent (PRein 43, 9; BGU 603, 18 and 38; Ps 17:27; Sir 24:15; Bar 3:30; Wsd 3:14) ἀνὴρ ἐ. (EpArist 13; SibOr 3, 521) IPhld 11:1. Perh. Ro 16:13 ὁ ἐ. ἐν κυρίῳ the outstanding Christian. In imagery of a picked or elite stone (cp. Strabo 1, 3, 18 after Ibycus [Fgm. 21 Diehl] λίθος, ὸ̔ν καλεῖ ἐκλεκτόν = λόγαιον ‘picked’; En 8:1) 1 Pt 2:4, 6; B 6:2 (both Is 28:16); here a connection w. sense 2 is readily perceived.—DELG s.v. λέγω. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
100 πρυμνός
A hindmost, undermost, end-most, π. βραχίων the end of the arm (where it joins the shoulder), Il.13.532, 16.323; π. γλῶσσα, κέρα, σκέλος, ὦμος, the end of the [limb] next the body, 5.292, 13.705, 16.314, Od.17.504; ὕλην π. ἐκτάμνειν cut off at the root, Il.12.149; δόρυ π. the lowest part of a spear-head (where it joins the shaft), 17.618; [λᾶας] πρυμνὸς παχύς broad at base, opp. ὕπερθεν ὀξύς, 12.446; πέτραι τε [πρ] υμναί broad-based rocks, prob. in E.Antiop.p.21 A.: [comp] Sup.πρυμνότατος Od.17.463
; cf. πρύμνα, πρυμνόν; Hsch. has πρυμνός· κάτωθεν βαρύς, ἢ πλοῦτος.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πρυμνός
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