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101 right
1. adjective1) (just, morally good) richtigit is only right [and proper] to do something/that somebody should do something — es ist nur recht und billig, etwas zu tun/dass jemand etwas tut
you're [quite] right — du hast [völlig] recht
too right! — (coll.) allerdings!
be right in something — recht mit etwas haben
is that clock right? — geht die Uhr da richtig?
put or set right — richtig stellen [Irrtum]; wieder gutmachen [Unrecht]; berichtigen [Fehler]; bereinigen [Missverständnis]; wieder in Ordnung bringen [Situation, Angelegenheit, Gerät]
put or set somebody right — jemanden berichtigen od. korrigieren
right [you are]!, (Brit.) right oh! — (coll.) okay! (ugs.); alles klar! (ugs.)
that's right — ja[wohl]; so ist es
is that right? — stimmt das?; (indeed?) aha!
3) (preferable, most suitable) richtig; rechtsay/do the right thing — das Richtige sagen/tun
not be quite right in the head — nicht ganz richtig [im Kopf] sein
as right as rain — (coll.) (in health) gesund wie ein Fisch im Wasser; (satisfactory) in bester Ordnung
put somebody right — (restore to health) jemanden [wieder] auf die Beine bringen; see also mind 1. 7)
5)you're a right one! — (coll.) du bist mir der/die Richtige!
6) (opposite of left) recht...on the right side — auf der rechten Seite; rechts; see also turn 1. 3)
be somebody's right arm — (fig.) jemandes rechte Hand sein
7)2. transitive verbRight — (Polit.) recht... See also right side
1) (correct) berichtigen; richtig stellen2) (restore to upright position) [wieder] aufrichten; [Boot usw.:]3. nounright itself — sich [von selbst] [wieder] aufrichten; (fig.): (come to proper state) [Mangel:] sich [von selbst] geben
have a/no right to something — ein/kein Anrecht od. Recht auf etwas (Akk.) haben
have a or the/no right to do something — das/kein Recht haben, etwas zu tun
by right of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
belong to somebody as of or by right — jemandes rechtmäßiges Eigentum sein
what right has he [got] to do that? — mit welchem Recht tut er das?
in one's own right — aus eigenem Recht
the right to work/life — das Recht auf Arbeit/Leben
right of way — (right to pass across) Wegerecht, das; (path) öffentlicher Weg; (precedence) Vorfahrtsrecht, das
who has the right of way? — wer hat Vorfahrt?
be within one's rights to do something — etwas mit [Fug und] Recht tun können
2) (what is just) Recht, dasby right[s] — von Rechts wegen
do right — sich richtig verhalten; richtig handeln
do right to do something — recht daran tun, etwas zu tun
in the right — im Recht
3) (right-hand side) rechte Seiteon or to the right [of somebody/something] — rechts [von jemandem/etwas]
on or to my right, to the right of me — rechts von mir; zu meiner Rechten
4) (Polit.)be on the Right of the party — dem rechten Flügel der Partei angehören
5) in pl. (proper state)set or put something to rights — etwas in Ordnung bringen
7) (Boxing) Rechte, die4. adverb2) (to the side opposite left) nach rechts3) (all the way) bis ganz; (completely) ganz; völligright through the summer — den ganzen Sommer hindurch
right round the house — ums ganze Haus [herum]
4) (exactly) genauright in the middle of something — mitten in etwas (Dat./Akk.)
right now — im Moment; jetzt sofort, gleich [handeln]
right at the beginning — gleich am Anfang
right on! — (coll.) (approving) recht so!; so ist's recht!; (agreeing) genau!; ganz recht!
5) (straight) direkt; genaugo right on [the way one is going] — [weiter] geradeaus gehen od. fahren
6) (coll.): (immediately)right [away/off] — sofort; gleich
* * *1. adjective1) (on or related to the side of the body which in most people has the more skilful hand, or to the side of a person or thing which is toward the east when that person or thing is facing north (opposite to left): When I'm writing, I hold my pen in my right hand.) rechts2) (correct: Put that book back in the right place; Is that the right answer to the question?) richtig3) (morally correct; good: It's not right to let thieves keep what they have stolen.) richtig4) (suitable; appropriate: He's not the right man for this job; When would be the right time to ask him?) richtig2. noun1) (something a person is, or ought to be, allowed to have, do etc: Everyone has the right to a fair trial; You must fight for your rights; You have no right to say that.) das Recht2) (that which is correct or good: Who's in the right in this argument?) das Recht, im Rechten3) (the right side, part or direction: Turn to the right; Take the second road on the right.)4) (in politics, the people, group, party or parties holding the more traditional beliefs etc.) die Rechten3. adverb1) (exactly: He was standing right here.) direkt3) (close: He was standing right beside me.) direkt5) (to the right: Turn right.) rechts4. verb1) (to bring back to the correct, usually upright, position: The boat tipped over, but righted itself again.) (auf)richten2) (to put an end to and make up for something wrong that has been done: He's like a medieval knight, going about the country looking for wrongs to right.) wiedergutmachen5. interjection(I understand; I'll do what you say etc: `I want you to type some letters for me.' `Right, I'll do them now.') gut- righteous- righteously
- righteousness
- rightful
- rightfully
- rightly
- rightness
- righto
- right-oh
- rights
- right angle
- right-angled
- right-hand
- right-handed
- right wing 6. adjective- right-winger- by rights
- by right
- get
- keep on the right side of
- get right
- go right
- not in one's right mind
- not quite right in the head
- not right in the head
- put right
- put/set to rights
- right away
- right-hand man
- right now
- right of way
- serve right* * *[raɪt]I. ADJECTIVEit was \right of you to tell me es war richtig von dir, es mir zu sagenyou're \right to be annoyed du bist zu Recht verärgertto do the \right thing das Richtige tun\right and proper recht und billigwere you given the \right change? hat man dir richtig herausgegeben?do you have the \right time? können Sie mir bitte sagen, wie spät es ist?is your watch \right? geht deine Uhr richtig?to get sth \right etw richtig machenyou got three answers \right du hast drei Antworten richtigdid you get that sum \right? hast du [da] richtig gerechnet?to put sth \right etw richtigstellento put a clock \right eine Uhr richtig einstellento put matters \right Tatsachen richtigstellento put sb \right jdn berichtigenam I \right in thinking that... gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass...you were \right about him Sie haben was ihn angeht Recht gehabtyou're leaving tomorrow, \right? Sie haben doch vor, morgen abzureisen, oder [o richtig]?he's the \right person for the job er ist der Richtige für den Jobhe thought the time was \right to... er dachte, das sei der passende [o richtige] Zeitpunkt, um...to be on the \right lines auf dem richtigen Weg seinto be in the \right place at the \right time zur rechten Zeit am rechten Ort seinto put a machine \right eine Maschine reparieren [o in Ordnung bringento be/be not in one's \right mind [ganz]/nicht [ganz] bei Verstand seinI would give my \right hand to meet the President ( fam) ich würde alles dafür geben, [um] mal den Präsidenten zu treffen fam\right helix CHEM rechtsdrehende Helixa \right hook SPORT ein rechter Hakento make a \right turn rechts abbiegenhe's a \right idiot er ist ein Vollidiot [o totaler Idiot] fama \right one ein Dummkopf m famII. ADVERBthe car ran \right out of fuel der Tank war völlig leershe walked \right past me sie lief direkt an mir vorbei\right through durch und durchto be \right behind sb voll [und ganz] hinter jdm stehenI filled the bath \right up to the top ich habe die Badewanne [bis zum Rand] volllaufen lassenshe came up \right behind me plötzlich stand sie direkt hinter mirhe'll be \right back er ist gleich [wieder] zurückI'll be \right with you ich komme sofort\right now gleich jetzt, im Moment\right on! ( fam) ganz genau!\right enough ( fam) völlig richtigit's a hard job \right enough es ist ein echt harter Jobto guess \right richtig ratento do \right by sb sich akk jdm gegenüber anständig [o korrekt] verhaltento go \right gut laufen; (end) gut ausgehenthings have been going \right for me es läuft gut für michthe R\right Honourable Sarah Bast, MP die sehr Ehrenwerte Sarah Bast, Mitglied des Parlamentsthe R\right Reverend John Jones Bischof John Jones9.III. NOUNthe difference between \right and wrong der Unterschied zwischen Recht und Unrecht2. (morally correct thing) das Richtigeto discuss the \rights and wrongs of sth [über] das Für und Wider [o das Pro und Kontra] einer S. gen diskutierenthe \right to sth das Anrecht auf etw akk\right of abode Wohnrecht nt\right of asylum Asylrecht nt\right of determination Bestimmungsrecht nt\right of entry Eintrittsrecht nt\right of free speech Recht nt auf freie Meinungsäußerung\right of indemnity Ersatzanspruch m\right of inspection Einsichtsrecht nt\right of lien Pfandrecht nt\right of recourse Rückgriffsrecht nt\right to recourse Regressrecht nt\right of residence Wohnrecht ntwomen's \rights die Frauenrechte pl, die Rechte pl der Frau[en]established \right Gewohnheitsrecht ntit is sb's [legal] \right to do sth es ist jds gutes Recht, etw zu tunit's my \right as a doctor to... es ist mein Recht als Arzt, zu...to be within one's \rights to do sth das Recht haben, etw zu tun; (I am within my rights) das ist mein gutes Rechtto have the \right to do sth das Recht haben, etw zu tunwhat \right have you got to criticize me? was gibt dir das Recht, mich zu kritisieren?to know one's \rights seine Rechte kennento stand up for one's \rights für seine Rechte einstehenby \rights von Rechts wegen4. (authority, ownership)fishing \rights Fischereirechte plon [or to] the \right rechts, auf der rechten Seite, zur Rechten gehon my/her \right rechts [von mir/ihr], zu meiner/ihrer Rechten gehthe first/second \right die erste/zweite [Straße] rechtstake the second \right fahren Sie die zweite rechts [rein fam]▪ the R\right die Rechtethe far \right die Rechtsextremen plon the \right im rechten Lager10.▶ to be in the \right im Recht sein▶ in one's own \right selberIV. TRANSITIVE VERB1.the boat will \right itself if it capsizes das Boot balanciert sich von selbst wieder aus, wenn es kentert2. (rectify)to \right a mistake/wrong einen Fehler/ein Unrecht wiedergutmachenV. INTERJECTION( fam)\right you are! in Ordnung!too \right! wohl [o nur zu] wahr!3. (filler word) alsoso we were on our way to work, \right, when... also, wir waren auf dem Weg zur Arbeit, als...4. (as introduction)* * *[raɪt]1. adj1) (= just, fair, morally good) richtig, recht (S Ger)he thought it right to warn me — er hielt es für richtig, mich zu warnen
it seemed only right to give him the money — es schien richtig, ihm das Geld zu geben
it is only right to point out that... — es ist nur recht und billig, wenn man darauf hinweist, dass...
2) (= true, correct) answer, solution, time, train richtigto be right (person) — recht haben; (answer, solution) richtig sein, stimmen; (clock) richtig gehen
how right you are! (inf) — da haben Sie ganz recht
you were right to refuse or in refusing — Sie hatten recht, als Sie ablehnten
let's get it right this time! — mach es dieses Mal richtig; (in reporting facts etc) sag es dieses Mal richtig
to put or set right (error) — korrigieren; clock richtig stellen; situation wieder in Ordnung bringen
I tried to put things right after their quarrel — ich versuchte, nach ihrem Streit wieder einzulenken
3) (= proper) clothes, document richtigwhat's the right thing to do in this case? —
that is the right way of looking at it —
Mr/Miss Right (inf) — der/die Richtige (inf)
we will do what is right for the country —
4)(= well)
the medicine soon put or set him right — die Medizin hat ihn schnell wiederhergestellt or wieder auf die Beine gebrachtto be as right as rain (Brit) — kerngesund sein; (after accident) keine Schramme abbekommen haben (inf)
nobody in their right mind would... — kein vernünftiger Mensch würde...
who in their right mind would...? — welcher vernünftige Mensch würde...?
See:5)that's right, dear, put it on the table — schön, stell es bitte auf den Tisch
so they came in the end – is that right? — und so kamen sie schließlich – wirklich?
he's a right fool! ( Brit inf ) — er ist wirklich doof (inf)
you're a right one ( Brit inf ) — du bist mir der Richtige (inf)
6) (= opposite of left) rechte(r, s)right hand —
I'd give my right hand to know the answer — ich würde was drum geben, wenn ich die Antwort wüsste (inf)
on your right hand — rechter Hand, rechts
7)2. adv1) (= straight, directly) direkt; (= exactly) genauright in front/ahead of you — direkt or genau vor Ihnen
go right on — gehen/fahren Sie geradeaus weiter
right in the middle — genau or direkt in der/die Mitte
I'll be right with you — ich bin gleich da
2) (= completely, all the way) ganzright round the house — ganz um das Haus herum; (inside) durch das ganze Haus
right through (drive, go) —
rotten right through — durch und durch verfault or (fig) verdorben
3) (= correctly) richtignothing goes right for them — nichts klappt bei ihnen (inf), bei ihnen läuft alles schief (inf)
I'll see you right (inf) — ich werde aufpassen, dass Sie nicht zu kurz kommen (inf)
See:→ serve5) (= opposite of left) rechtsto be cheated right, left and centre or right and left (inf) — von vorne bis hinten betrogen werden (inf)
or center ( US inf ) — bei Gott und der Welt Schulden haben (inf)
3. nI want to know the rights and wrongs of it first — ich möchte erst beide Seiten kennenlernen
to have a or the right to do sth — ein or das Recht haben, etw zu tun
by rights — rechtmäßig, von Rechts wegen
in one's own right —
See:→ civil rightsto have the ( sole) rights to sth — die (alleinigen) Rechte an etw (dat) haben
4)5) (= not left) rechte Seiteto keep to the right — sich rechts halten, rechts bleiben
the Right (Pol) — die Rechte
those to the right of him (Pol) — diejenigen, die weiter rechts stehen als er
4. vt1) (= return to upright position) aufrichten2) (= make amends for) wrong wiedergutmachen3)* * *right [raıt]1. richtig, recht, angemessen:it is only right (and proper) es ist nur recht und billig ( that dass);he does not do it the right way er macht es nicht richtig;the right thing das Richtige;say the right thing das rechte Wort finden;think it right es für richtig oder angebracht halten;2. richtig:a) korrektb) den Tatsachen entsprechend, wahr (-heitsgemäß):the solution is right die Lösung stimmt oder ist richtig;is your watch right? geht Ihre Uhr richtig?;am I right for …? bin ich auf dem richtigen Weg nach …?;be right recht haben;right you are! richtig!, jawohl!;that’s right! ganz recht!, richtig!, stimmt!;prove sb right beweisen, dass jemand recht hat; jemandem recht geben (Ereignis);right? umg richtig?, nicht wahr?;3. richtig, geeignet:he is the right man er ist der Richtige;the right man in the right place der rechte Mann am rechten Platz;4. gesund:out of one’s right mind, not right in one’s ( oder the) head umg nicht richtig (im Kopf), nicht ganz oder recht bei Trost;5. richtig, in Ordnung:come right in Ordnung kommen;a) in Ordnung bringen,c) einen Irrtum richtigstellen,d) jemanden gesund machen;put o.s. right with sba) sich vor jemandem rechtfertigen,b) sich mit jemandem gut stellen6. recht(er, e, es), Rechts…:right hand rechte Hand (a. fig Vertrauensperson);a) rechte Seite, Oberseite f (auch von Stoffen, Münzen etc),on the right side of 50 noch nicht 50 (Jahre alt);7. obs rechtmäßig (Erbe etc)8. MATHb) rechtwink(e)lig (Dreieck)c) gerade (Linie)d) senkrecht (Figur)9. POL recht(er, e, es), rechtsgerichtet, Rechts…:be very right sehr weit rechts stehenB sas of right von Rechts wegen, kraft Gesetzes;by rights eigentlich;in the right im Recht;right or wrong Recht od Unrecht;know right from wrong Recht von Unrecht unterscheiden können;do sb right jemandem Gerechtigkeit widerfahren lassen;give sb their rights jemandem sein Recht geben oder lassen2. JURto auf akk)b) Berechtigung f:right of inheritance Erbschaftsanspruch;right of possession Eigentumsrecht;right of sale Verkaufs-, Vertriebsrecht;right to vote Wahl-, Stimmrecht;rights and duties Rechte und Pflichten;a) im Namen seiner Frau,b) vonseiten seiner Frau;have a right to (ein) Anrecht haben auf;know one’s rights seine Rechte kennen;stand on one’s right(s) auf seinem Recht bestehen;in one’s own righta) aus eigenem Recht,b) selbstständig, für sich (allein), selbst;be within one’s own rights das Recht auf seiner Seite haben;what right have they to do that? mit welchem Recht tun sie das?;equal rights pl for women die Gleichberechtigung der Frau; → assemble B, assembly 1, common B 2, exist 1, privacy 2, reserve A 5, right of way, self-determination3. WIRTSCHa) (Ankaufs-, Vorkaufs) Recht n, Berechtigung fb) oft pl Bezugsrecht n (auf Aktien oder Obligationen)c) Bezug(s)schein m5. pl (richtige) Ordnung:the world was set to rights again die Welt war wieder in Ordnung6. pl wahrer Sachverhalton ( oder at, to) the right (of) zur Rechten (gen), rechts (von), auf der rechten Seite (von oder gen), rechter Hand (von);on our right zu unserer Rechten, uns zur Rechten;a) sich rechts halten,b) AUTO rechts fahren;be to the right of POL rechts stehen von8. rechte Hand, Rechte f11. pl JAGD unterste Enden pl (des Hirschgeweihs)C adv1. gerade(wegs), direkt:2. völlig, ganz (u. gar):turn right round sich ganz herumdrehen;rotten right through durch und durch faul3. genau, direkt:right at the outset gleich am Anfang;I’ll be right back ich bin gleich wieder da;5. richtig, recht:you did right to inf es war richtig von dir, dass du …;guess right richtig (er)raten;6. obs recht, ganz:know right well sehr wohl oder recht gut wissen7. recht, richtig, gut:nothing goes right with me (bei) mit geht alles schief;turn out right gut ausgehenturn right (sich) nach rechts wenden;a) rechts und links,right about face! MIL (ganze Abteilung,) kehrt!9. dial oder umg richtig:D v/t1. (aus-, auf)richten, in die richtige Lage bringen:right the machine FLUG die Maschine abfangen;the boat rights herself das Schiff richtet sich wieder auf2. einen Fehler, Irrtum berichtigen:a) sich wieder ausgleichen,b) (wieder) in Ordnung kommen4. ein Unrecht, einen Schaden etc wiedergutmachen5. a) jemandem zu seinem Recht verhelfenb)(o.s. sich) rehabilitierenE v/ia) sich (wieder) aufrichtenb) in die richtige Lage kommen* * *1. adjective1) (just, morally good) richtigit is only right [and proper] to do something/that somebody should do something — es ist nur recht und billig, etwas zu tun/dass jemand etwas tut
2) (correct, true) richtigyou're [quite] right — du hast [völlig] recht
too right! — (coll.) allerdings!
put or set right — richtig stellen [Irrtum]; wieder gutmachen [Unrecht]; berichtigen [Fehler]; bereinigen [Missverständnis]; wieder in Ordnung bringen [Situation, Angelegenheit, Gerät]
put or set somebody right — jemanden berichtigen od. korrigieren
right [you are]!, (Brit.) right oh! — (coll.) okay! (ugs.); alles klar! (ugs.)
that's right — ja[wohl]; so ist es
is that right? — stimmt das?; (indeed?) aha!
[am I] right? — nicht [wahr]?; oder [nicht]? (ugs.); see also all 3.
3) (preferable, most suitable) richtig; rechtsay/do the right thing — das Richtige sagen/tun
4) (sound, sane) richtignot be quite right in the head — nicht ganz richtig [im Kopf] sein
as right as rain — (coll.) (in health) gesund wie ein Fisch im Wasser; (satisfactory) in bester Ordnung
put somebody right — (restore to health) jemanden [wieder] auf die Beine bringen; see also mind 1. 7)
5)you're a right one! — (coll.) du bist mir der/die Richtige!
6) (opposite of left) recht...on the right side — auf der rechten Seite; rechts; see also turn 1. 3)
be somebody's right arm — (fig.) jemandes rechte Hand sein
7)2. transitive verbRight — (Polit.) recht... See also right side
1) (correct) berichtigen; richtig stellen2) (restore to upright position) [wieder] aufrichten; [Boot usw.:]3. nounright itself — sich [von selbst] [wieder] aufrichten; (fig.): (come to proper state) [Mangel:] sich [von selbst] geben
1) (fair claim, authority) Recht, das; Anrecht, dashave a/no right to something — ein/kein Anrecht od. Recht auf etwas (Akk.) haben
have a or the/no right to do something — das/kein Recht haben, etwas zu tun
by right of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
belong to somebody as of or by right — jemandes rechtmäßiges Eigentum sein
what right has he [got] to do that? — mit welchem Recht tut er das?
the right to work/life — das Recht auf Arbeit/Leben
right of way — (right to pass across) Wegerecht, das; (path) öffentlicher Weg; (precedence) Vorfahrtsrecht, das
be within one's rights to do something — etwas mit [Fug und] Recht tun können
2) (what is just) Recht, dasby right[s] — von Rechts wegen
do right — sich richtig verhalten; richtig handeln
do right to do something — recht daran tun, etwas zu tun
3) (right-hand side) rechte Seiteon or to the right [of somebody/something] — rechts [von jemandem/etwas]
on or to my right, to the right of me — rechts von mir; zu meiner Rechten
4) (Polit.)5) in pl. (proper state)set or put something to rights — etwas in Ordnung bringen
6) (in marching) see left II 3. 4)7) (Boxing) Rechte, die4. adverb1) (properly, correctly, justly) richtig [machen, raten, halten]2) (to the side opposite left) nach rechts3) (all the way) bis ganz; (completely) ganz; völligright round the house — ums ganze Haus [herum]
4) (exactly) genauright in the middle of something — mitten in etwas (Dat./Akk.)
right now — im Moment; jetzt sofort, gleich [handeln]
right on! — (coll.) (approving) recht so!; so ist's recht!; (agreeing) genau!; ganz recht!
5) (straight) direkt; genaugo right on [the way one is going] — [weiter] geradeaus gehen od. fahren
6) (coll.): (immediately)right [away/off] — sofort; gleich
7) (arch./dial.): (very) sehr* * *adj.genau adj.gerade adj.gleich adj.recht adj.rechts adj.richtig adj.sehr adj. adv.genau adv.recht adv.richtig adv. n.Berechtigung f.Recht -e n. -
102 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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103 other
other ['ʌðə(r)](a) (different) autre, différent;∎ it's the same in other countries c'est la même chose dans les autres pays;∎ I had no other choice je n'avais pas le choix ou pas d'autre solution;∎ any other book tout autre livre;∎ by other means par d'autres moyens;∎ he doesn't respect other people's property il ne respecte pas le bien d'autrui;∎ it always happens to other people cela n'arrive qu'aux autres;∎ can't we discuss it some other time? on ne peut pas en parler plus tard?;∎ for this reason, if for no other pour cette raison, à défaut d'une autre;∎ in other times autrefois, à une autre époque;∎ the other world l'autre monde m, l'au-delà m(b) (second of two) autre;∎ give me the other one donnez-moi l'autre;∎ the other woman/man (in relationship) l'autre(c) (additional) autre;∎ can you get some other cups? pouvez-vous aller chercher d'autres tasses?;∎ some other people came d'autres personnes sont arrivées;∎ they have two other daughters ils ont deux autres filles(d) (remaining) autre;∎ the other three men les trois autres hommes(e) (in expressions of time) autre;∎ the other day/morning/month/week l'autre jour/matin/mois/semaine∎ on the other side of the room/of the river de l'autre côté de la pièce/de la rivière;∎ a voice at the other end (of the telephone) une voix à l'autre bout (du fil)2 pronoun(a) (additional person, thing) autre;∎ he and two others got the sack lui et deux autres ont été renvoyés;∎ some succeed, others fail certains réussissent, d'autres échouent;∎ have you got any others? (any more) en avez-vous encore?; (any different ones) en avez-vous d'autres?;∎ can you show me some others? pouvez-vous m'en montrer d'autres?;∎ I have no other je n'en ai pas d'autre(b) (opposite, far end) autre;∎ I stood at this end of the room and she stood at the other j'étais à ce bout-ci de la pièce et elle était à l'autre (bout)(c) (related person) autre;∎ each thought the other the better writer chacun trouvait que l'autre était meilleur écrivain3 noun(person, thing) autre mf;∎ Philosophy the other l'autre;∎ the three others les trois autres;∎ wait for the others attendez les autres;∎ politicians, industrialists and others les hommes politiques, les industriels et les autres;∎ she cares nothing for others elle ne se soucie pas du tout des autres;∎ the property of others le bien d'autrui;∎ to talk about this, that and the other parler de ci et ça;(a) (apart from, except) autrement que;∎ she had never seen him other than on the screen elle ne l'avait jamais vu autrement qu'à l'écran;∎ we had no alternative other than to accept their offer nous n'avions pas d'autre possibilité que celle d'accepter leur offre(b) (differently from) différemment de;∎ I think she should have behaved other than she did je pense qu'elle aurait dû se comporter différemment ou d'une autre façon;∎ she can't be other than she is elle est comme ça, c'est toutsauf, à part;∎ other than that à part cela;∎ somebody other than me/you/her/ etc quelqu'un d'autre;∎ all verbs other than those in -er tous les verbes autres que ceux en -er -
104 further
1. [ʹfɜ:ðə] a1. compar от far I2. более отдалённый, дальнийon the further side of the river - на другой /на той/ стороне реки
3. дальнейший, позднейшийfurther education - дальнейшее образование (на курсах повышения квалификации и т. п.; дневное и вечернее)
4. дополнительный, добавочныйfurther evidence - юр. новые доказательства
2. [ʹfɜ:ðə] advlet's have no further talk and delay - давайте покончим с излишними разговорами и задержками
1. compar от far II 12. дальше, далее3. кроме того; затем♢
further to - канц. в дополнениеfurther our letter of February 5 - в дополнение к нашему письму от 5 февраля
3. [ʹfɜ:ðə] vI'll see you further first! - ≅ как бы не так!; ещё чего захотел!; и не подумаю (этого сделать)!
продвигать; содействовать; способствовать -
105 ♦ east
♦ east /i:st/A n. [u]1 (geogr.) est; oriente; levante: from the east, da est; da levante; in the east, a est: a oriente; The snow will spread to the east, le nevicate si estenderanno a est; Japan is to the east of China, il Giappone è a est della Cina; true east, est vero; to face east, essere rivolto a est2 parte orientale; zona est; est: the east of the city, la zona est (o i quartieri orientali) della città3 (geogr.) – the East, l'Oriente; i paesi (pl.) orientali: the Middle East, il Medio Oriente; the Far East, l'Estremo Oriente; the Near East, il Vicino Oriente; (arc.) i Balcani e la TurchiaB a.1 (geogr.) orientale; dell'est: the east coast, la costa orientale; East Africa, (l') Africa Orientale; the East Indies, le Indie Orientali; East European, dell'Europa dell'est2 (situato a) est; (esposto, rivolto, che guarda) a est: the east entrance, l'entrata est; the east side of the house, il lato est della casa; an east window, una finestra (che guarda) a estC avv.a (o verso) oriente (o est): facing east, rivolto a oriente; che guarda verso est; esposto a est; to travel east, viaggiare verso oriente; east of, a est di● (stor.) East Berlin, Berlino Est □ (naut.) east by north, est quarta nordo □ (naut.) east by south, est quarta sud □ the East End, ( a Londra) i quartieri orientali ( a est della City) NOTE DI CULTURA: East End: è da sempre considerato la zona «povera» di Londra in confronto al ricco West End. Nell'800 era famoso per il numero di immigrati e per la sua sovrappopolazione. In particolare nel 1888 acquistò una tetra notorietà per gli omicidi attribuiti a Jack lo Squartatore. Oggi è in via di trasformazione □ East-Ender, abitante dei quartieri orientali di Londra □ (stor.) East Germany, la Germania Est (o dell'Est) □ (stor.) the East India Company, la Compagnia delle Indie Orientali □ (naut., stor.) East Indiaman, nave mercantile (armata dalla Compagnia delle Indie Orientali) □ (naut.) east-north-east, est-nord-est □ East Side, ( a New York) East Side ( la parte di Manhattan tra l'East River e la Quinta Strada) □ (naut.) east-south-east, est-sud-est □ (geogr.) East Timor, Timor Est □ (polit.) East-West relations, relazioni Est-Ovest □ (fam. USA) down East, nella Nuova Inghilterra; ( in particolare) nel Maine. -
106 ♦ tail
♦ tail (1) /teɪl/n.1 coda ( anche fig.); estremità, fine; ( d'abito) falda: the peacock's tail, la coda del pavone; ( del cane) to wag one's tail, scodinzolare; a bushy tail, una coda a (forma di) pennello; the tail of a comet, la coda d'una cometa; the tail of a shirt, l'estremità inferiore d'una camicia; the tail of a car, l'estremità posteriore di un'auto; He watched me out of the tail of his eye, mi ha guardato con la coda dell'occhio2 codazzo; seguito: The President was followed by a tail of attendants, il Presidente era seguito da un codazzo di collaboratori3 [u] ( di moneta, spesso al pl.) rovescio; croce: Heads or tails?, testa o croce?; Tails I win, per me, croce!4 (pl.) (= tailcoat) giacca a coda di rondine; marsina; frac: The men were all in tails, gli uomini erano tutti in frac5 (zool.) pinna caudale8 (fam.) pedinatore9 (fam.) pedinamento11 (volg.) coda; pene12 (volg.) scopata● (aeron.) tail assembly, piani di coda; impennaggio verticale □ tail-braid, rinforzo dell'orlo ( della camicia) □ (autom.) tail chase, inseguimento ravvicinato □ tail end, fine, coda (fig.); (fam.) sedere, deretano: the tail end of a procession, la coda d'un corteo □ the tail end of a speech, la chiusa di un discorso □ ( sport e fig.) tail-ender, fanalino di coda (fig.) □ tail fin, (zool.) pinna caudale; (aeron.) deriva di coda □ tail gate, cateratta inferiore ( di una chiusa) □ (aeron.) tail-heavy, appoppato □ (fam. USA) tail job, pedinamento ( di un detective privato) □ ( cricket) the tail, i giocatori poco abili con la mazza ( e quindi vanno a battere per ultimi) □ the tail of a «g», la gamba di una «g» □ ( sport) the tail of the field, la coda della corsa □ (meteor.) the tail of a gale, la coda di una burrasca □ (aeron.) tail rotor, rotore di coda ( di elicottero) □ (aeron.) tail slide, scivolata di coda □ (aeron.) tail surface, impennaggio □ (fig.: di persona) tails up, di buon umore; su di morale □ (fig.) the tail wagging the dog, una cosa o persona insignificante che condiziona la sorte di cose o persone assai più importanti □ (aeron.) tail wheel, ruota di coda; ruotino □ tail wind, (naut.) vento di poppa; (aeron.) vento di coda □ to have one's tail down, avere la coda bassa; (fam.) essere giù di giri □ to have one's tail up, avere la coda dritta; (fam.) essere su di giri (o di morale) □ ( anche fig.) to put one's tail between one's legs, mettere la coda fra le gambe □ (fam.: della polizia, ecc.) to put a tail on sb., far pedinare q. □ ( slang USA) to sit on one's tail, stare seduto sulle chiappe □ (autom., fam.) to sit on sb. 's tail, tallonare q. dappresso □ to turn tail, fare dietrofront ( e scappare) □ (fig.) to twist sb. 's tail, pestare i piedi a q.; infastidire q. □ (fig.) to twist the lion's tail, pestare la coda al leone; tirar la coda al diavolo □ I can make neither head nor tail of it, non riesco a venirne a capo; non ci capisco un acca.tail (2) /teɪl/n.● estate tail (o estate in tail), beni soggetti a proprietà limitata.(to) tail /teɪl/v. t.4 (fam., anche to tail after) seguire dappresso; stare alle calcagna di; pedinare: The thief was being tailed by a policeman, il ladro aveva un poliziotto alle calcagna8 (volg.) chiavare, fottere, scopare (volg.). -
107 further
1 ( to or at a greater physical distance) ( also farther) plus loin ; I can't go any further je ne peux pas aller plus loin ; John walked further than me John a marché plus loin que moi ; how much further is it? c'est encore loin? ; how much further have they got to go? est-ce qu'ils vont encore loin? ; to get further and further away s'éloigner de plus en plus ; further north plus (loin) au nord ; further back/forward plus en arrière/en avant ; further away ou off plus loin, plus éloigné ; further on encore plus loin ; to move further back reculer encore ;2 fig ( at or to a more advanced point) ( also farther) I'll go so far but no further j'irai jusque là mais pas plus loin ; the government went even further le gouvernement est allé encore plus loin ; she didn't get any further with him than I did elle n'est arrivée à rien de plus avec lui que moi ; we're further forward than we thought on est plus avancé qu'on ne le pensait ; all that work and we're no further forward tout ce travail ne nous a pas avancés du tout ; nothing could be further from the truth/from my mind rien n'est plus loin or éloigné de la vérité/de mes pensées ;3 ( to or at a greater distance in time) ( also farther) further back than 1964 avant 1964 ; a year further on un an plus tard ; we must look further ahead nous devons regarder plus vers l'avenir ; I haven't read further than page twenty je n'ai pas lu au-delà de la page vingt ;4 (to a greater extent, even more) prices fell/increased (even) further les prix ont baissé/ont augmenté encore plus ; his refusal to co-operate angered them further son refus de coopérer les a agacés encore plus ; we will enquire further into the matter nous nous renseignerons davantage sur la question ; I won't delay you any further je ne vous retarderai pas davantage ; they didn't question him any further ils ne l'ont pas questionné davantage or plus avant ;5 (in addition, furthermore) de plus, en outre ; the company further agrees to… en outre, l'entreprise accepte de… ; she further argued that de plus, elle a affirmé que ; further, I must say that de plus or en outre, je dois dire que.1 ( additional) a further 10%/500 people encore 10%/500 personnes, 10%/500 personnes de plus ; further reforms/changes/increases/questions d'autres réformes/changements/augmentations/questions ; there have been further allegations that il y a eu de nouvelles allégations selon lesquelles ; further research des recherches plus approfondies ; further details can be obtained by writing to the manager pour plus de renseignements, adressez-vous à la direction ; to have no further use for sth ne plus avoir besoin de qch ; without further delay sans plus attendre ; there's nothing further to discuss il n'y a rien d'autre à discuter ; is there anything further? c'est tout? ; -
108 lie
̈ɪlaɪ I
1. сущ. ложь, неправда, обман to pack, tissue, web of lies ≈ плести паутину лжи to tell a lie ≈ говорить неправду, врать, обманывать bald-faced lie, barefaced lie ≈ наглая ложь blatant lie ≈ явная ложь brazen lie ≈ бесстыдное вранье downright lie ≈ наглая, явная ложь monstrous lie ≈ чудовищная ложь outright lie ≈ ложь чистой воды transparent lie ≈ явная ложь whopping lie ≈ чудовищная ложь white lie ≈ невинная ложь, ложь во спасение Syn: falsehood, untruth Ant: honesty, truth, veracity %% to give the lie to smb. ≈ уличать, изобличать кого-л. во лжи to give the lie to smth. ≈ опровергать что-л. swop lies
2. гл.
1) лгать, обманывать I know he is lying. ≈ Я знаю, что он врет. She lied to her husband. ≈ Она соврала мужу.
2) быть обманчивым The camera sometimes lies. ≈ Камера иногда лжет.
3) добиваться чего-л. с помощью лжи ∙ to lie in one's throat, lie in one's teeth ≈ бесстыдно лгать II
1. гл.;
прош. вр. - lay, прич. прош. вр. - lain
1) а) лежать The injured man was lying motionless on his back. ≈ Раненый лежал на спине без движения. He lay awake watching her for a long time. ≈ Он долго лежал и наблюдал за ней. a newspaper lying on the table ≈ лежащая на столе газета б) покоиться, быть погребенным
2) а) быть расположенным The islands lie at the southern end of the Kurile chain. ≈ Острова расположены на юге Курильской гряды. Syn: sit б) простираться The route lay to the west. ≈ Дорога простиралась на запад. Syn: extend
3) а) оставаться в каком-л. положении или состоянии to lie asleep ≈ спать to lie in wait( for smb.) ≈ поджидать, подстерегать( кого-л.) The picture lay hidden in the archives for over 40 years. ≈ Картина пролежала, спрятанная в архивах, более 40 лет. They were growing impatient at lying idle so long. ≈ Чем дольше они находились в бездействии, тем сильнее росло их нетерпение. Our country's economy lies in ruins. ≈ Экономика нашей страны полностью разрушена. б) брит. занимать( какое-л. место во время соревнования) I was going well and was lying fourth. ≈ Я неплохо шел и был пока на четвертом месте.
4) находиться, заключаться( в чем-л.) ;
относиться( к кому-л.) The problem lay in the large amounts spent on defence. ≈ Проблема заключается в тех огромных суммах, которые идут на оборону. They will only assume that, as a woman, the fault lies with me. ≈ Они только заявят, что так как я женщина, вина лежит на мне. He realised his future lay elsewhere. ≈ Он понимал, что его будущее лежит где-то в другом месте.
5) уст. ненадолго остановиться;
переночевать to lie for the night воен. ≈ расположиться на ночлег
6) юр. признаваться законным The claim does not lie. ≈ Это незаконное требование. ∙ lie about lie ahead lie around lie back lie before lie behind lie beyond lie by lie down lie down under lie in lie low lie off lie out lie out of one's money lie over lie to lie under lie up lie with lie within to lie on the bed one has made посл. ≈ что посеешь, то и пожнешь
2. сущ.
1) положение, расположение;
направление The actual site of a city is determined by the natural lie of the land. ≈ Фактическое расположение города определяется естественным характером местности. the lie of the ground ≈ рельеф местности the lie of the land
2) нора, берлога, логово ложь - white * невинная ложь;
ложь во спасение - thumping * наглая ложь - to tell a * солгать - to tell *s лгать, говорить неправду - to act a * подвести, обмануть( не прийти, не принести и т. п.) - what a pack of *s! выдумка с начала до конца!;
здесь нет ни слова правды! - to live a * вести двойную жизнь - to give the * to smb. уличить кого-л. во лжи обман, ложное верование, ошибочное убеждение - to maintain a * утверждать, /поддерживать/ что-л. неверное /ошибочное/ - to give the * to smth. показать ложность чего-л.;
опровергнуть что-л. > one * makes /calls for/ many (пословица) одна ложь тянет за собой другую;
раз солгал, навек лгуном стал > *s have short legs (пословица) у лжи короткие ноги лгать;
солгать;
обманывать - you're lying! вы лжете /ты врешь/! - he *d to his mother он обманул мать /сказал матери неправду/ быть обманчивым - this figures * эти цифры создают ложное впечатление (часто into, out of) ложью добиться чего-л. - to * oneself into smth. проникнуть куда-л. с помощью лжи - to * oneself out of smth. выпутаться /выкарабкаться/ из какого-л. положения с помощью лжи;
отовраться от чего-л. > to * in one's throat /teeth/, to * like a trooper нагло /бесстыдно/ лгать > to * like a gas meter врать как сивый мерин > to * away smb.'s reputation оболгать кого-л., лишить кого-л. доброго имени положение;
расположение;
направление - the * of the land характер местности;
положение вещей;
(морское) направление на берег - the * of the ground рельеф местности - the general * and disposition of the boughs общее расположение ветвей - the * of matters положение дел, обстановка логово, берлога;
нора лежать - to * still лежать неподвижно - to * about /around/ валяться, лежать в беспорядке;
быть разбросанным (о вещах) (специальное) ложиться - to * flat (сельскохозяйственное) полегать (о хлебах) расположиться, залечь, укрыться - to * for the night (военное) расположиться на ночлег - to * in ambush( военное) находиться в засаде - to * under cover находиться в укрытии - to * in wait for smb. поджидать /подстерегать/ кого-л. - to * low притаиться, скрываться, выжидать покоиться, быть погребенным - here *s... здесь покоится прах... быть расположенным - Ireland *s to the west of England Ирландия находится /расположена/ к западу от Англии простираться - to * along smth. простираться вдоль чего-л. - to * along the shore( морское) идти в виду берега - the valley lay at our feet у наших ног простиралась долина - the world *s all before you весь мир перед вами - life *s in front of you у вас еще жизнь впереди быть, сохраняться или оставаться (в каком-л. положении или состоянии) - to * sick быть больным;
лежать (в постели) - to * at anchor стоять на якоре - to * in prison сидеть в тюрьме - to * under an obligation (юридическое) быть обязанным, иметь обязательство - to * under an imputation (юридическое) быть обвиненным (в чем-л.) - the money lay idle in the bank деньги лежали в банке без движения - the book *s open книга открыта - the town lay in ruins after the earthquake город лежал в развалинах после землетрясения - let it * оставьте как есть;
не трогайте заключаться, быть (в чем-л.) - the trouble *s in the engine вся беда в моторе - it *s with you to decide this question этот вопрос должны решать вы - he knows where his interest *s он знает, как ему выгоднее (поступить) - the choice *s between the two выбирать нужно между этими двумя (in) зависеть - as far as in me *s насколько это от меня зависит - I will do all that *s in my power я сделаю все, что в моих силах (устаревшее) остановиться ненадолго, пробыть некоторое время, переночевать ( with) (устаревшее) любить кого-л., спать с кем-л. (юридическое) быть или признаваться допустимым, законным - the appeal will not * апелляция не может быть принята - an appeal *s in this case по этому делу может быть подана апелляция - no appeal *s against the decision постановление суда обжалованию не подлежит > the blame *s at your door это ваша вина > to find out how the land *s выяснить /узнать/, как обстоят дела > to * low припасть к земле;
лежать распростертым;
быть мертвым;
лежать во прахе;
быть униженным;
притаиться;
выжидать > to * out of one's money не получить /не дождаться/ причитающихся денег > to * on the bed one has made (пословица) что посеешь, то и пожнешь as far as in me ~s насколько это в моей власти, в моих силах ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
относиться (к кому-л.) ;
it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
the blame lies at your door это ваша вина ~ юр. признаваться законным;
the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
lie back откинуться( на подушку и т. п.) ~ ложь, обман;
to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать ( кого-л.) во лжи;
to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ ложь, обман;
to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать (кого-л.) во лжи;
to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
относиться (к кому-л.) ;
it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
the blame lies at your door это ваша вина lie быть обманчивым ~ быть расположенным;
простираться;
the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди ~ лгать;
to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
to lie like a gas-meter завираться ~ (lay;
lain) лежать;
to lie still (или motionless) лежать спокойно, без движения;
to lie in ambush находиться в засаде ~ логово (зверя) ~ ложь, обман;
to give the lie (to smb.) уличать, изобличать (кого-л.) во лжи;
to give the lie (to smth.) опровергать (что-л.) ~ ложь ~ находиться, заключаться (в чем-л.) ;
относиться (к кому-л.) ;
it lies with you to decide it ваше дело решить это;
the blame lies at your door это ваша вина ~ обман ~ положение;
направление;
the lie of the ground рельеф местности ~ признаваться допустимым ~ юр. признаваться законным;
the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ признаваться законным ~ уст. пробыть недолго;
to lie for the night воен. расположиться на ночлег ~ юр. признаваться законным;
the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ юр. признаваться законным;
the claim does not lie это незаконное требование;
lie about валяться, быть разбросанным;
lie back откинуться (на подушку и т. п.) ~ by бездействовать ~ by оставаться без употребления ~ by отдыхать ~ down ложиться;
прилечь ~ down принимать без сопротивления, покорно;
to take (punishment, an insult, etc.) lying down принимать (наказание, оскорбление и т. п.) покорно, не обижаясь to ~ down under (an insult) проглотить( оскорбление) ~ уст. пробыть недолго;
to lie for the night воен. расположиться на ночлег ~ in валяться в постели (по утрам) ~ in лежать в родах ~ лгать;
to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
to lie like a gas-meter завираться to ~ in wait (for smb.) поджидать, подстерегать (кого-л.) wait: ~ засада;
выжидание;
to lay wait( for smb.) подстеречь( кого-л.) ;
устроить( кому-л.) засаду;
to lie in wait (for smb.) быть в засаде, поджидать ( кого-л.) ~ лгать;
to lie in one's throat (или teeth) бесстыдно лгать;
to lie like a gas-meter завираться ~ положение;
направление;
the lie of the ground рельеф местности the ~ of the land мор. направление на берег the ~ of the land перен. положение вещей ~ off временно прекратить работу ~ off мор. стоять на некотором расстоянии от берега или другого судна ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ out ночевать вне дома ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ over быть отложенным (до другого времени) ~ (lay;
lain) лежать;
to lie still (или motionless) лежать спокойно, без движения;
to lie in ambush находиться в засаде ~ to мор. лежать в дрейфе ~ under находиться, быть под (подозрением и т. п.) ~ up лежать, не выходить из комнаты (из-за недомогания) ~ up мор. стоять в доке;
to lie out of one's money не получить причитающихся денег;
to lie on the bed one has made посл. = что посеешь, то и пожнешь ~ up стоять в стороне, отстраняться ~ быть расположенным;
простираться;
the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди ~ быть расположенным;
простираться;
the road lies before you дорога простирается перед вами;
life lies in front of you у вас вся жизнь впереди to swop ~s разг. поболтать, посплетничать ~ down принимать без сопротивления, покорно;
to take (punishment, an insult, etc.) lying down принимать (наказание, оскорбление и т. п.) покорно, не обижаясь white ~ невинная ложь;
ложь во спасение -
109 wrong
1. [rɒŋ] n1. вред; зло; обидаto make wrong right - ≅ называть чёрное белым
2. неправда; неправильность; ошибочность3. несправедливость; неправомерность; неоправданность4. юр. правонарушение, деликтpublic wrongs - нарушения государственных или общественных прав и интересов
♢
the king can do no wrong - юр. король не несёт ответственности ( за политику кабинета при конституционной монархии)to be in the wrong - а) быть неправым, ошибаться; б) быть виновным
to acknowledge oneself in the wrong - признать свою ошибку /вину/
the dead are always wrong - посл. мёртвые всегда виноваты; на мёртвых всё можно свалить
to do wrong to smb. - а) быть несправедливым к кому-л., обидеть кого-л.; б) неправильно судить о ком-л.
to suffer wrong - терпеть обиду /несправедливость/
2. [rɒŋ] athe labour under a sense of wrong - а) действовать под влиянием обиды; б) считать себя обиженным /обойдённым/
1. неправильный, неверный, ошибочный; ложныйwrong answer [opinion] - неверный ответ [-ое мнение]
wrong note - муз. фальшивая нота
a wrong move - а) неверный шаг, б) неудачный /ошибочный/ ход (в шахматах и т. п.)
to put smb. on the wrong track - пустить кого-л. по ложному следу
to be on the wrong track /scent/ - идти по ложному следу
to be wrong - ошибаться; быть неправым в чём-л.
2. неподходящий, несоответствующий; не тот, который нуженto take the wrong turning - свернуть не туда, куда нужно
sorry, wrong number! - а) вы не туда попали!; б) простите, я не туда попал!
to drive on the wrong side of the road - ехать по полосе встречного движения
you've been given the wrong number /connection/ - вас неправильно соединили
you're doing it in the wrong way - вы делаете это не так, как нужно
at the wrong time - а) в неподходящее время; б) не в назначенное время
quite the wrong dress for the hot weather - совершенно неподходящее платье для жаркой погоды
3. неуместныйthat was the wrong thing to say - этого говорить не следовало; это было очень неудачно /неуместно/ сказано
4. 1) дурной; порочный, аморальный; неэтичныйyou were wrong to borrow his bicycle without asking his permission - ты поступил непорядочно, взяв его велосипед без разрешения
2) несправедливый; неоправданныйwrong act - юр. неправомерное действие
5. 1) неудовлетворительныйwhat's wrong with you? - что с вами?; что у вас случилось?
I hope there is nothing wrong - надеюсь, ничего (неприятного) не произошло
there's something wrong with his nerves - у него неважно /неладно/ с нервами
there is something wrong with me - мне что-то не по себе, мне нездоровится
wrong in the head - разг. психически неуравновешенный; с приветом
2) неисправныйthis watch goes two minutes wrong, either way - часы то отстают, то спешат на две минуты
6. левый, изнаночный ( о стороне)7. полигр. чужой ( о шрифте)wrong fount - «чужой» ( указание в корректуре)
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not far wrong - почти верныйyou are not far wrong - да, это почти так; вы и основном правы
to be born on the wrong side of the tracks - родиться в бедной семье; выйти из низов
to be on smb.'s wrong side - не пользоваться расположением кого-л.
to get off on the wrong foot - неудачно начать; произвести плохое впечатление
to have hold of the wrong end of the stick - неправильно понять, превратно истолковать, извратить (что-л.)
to be in the wrong box - быть в затруднительном или ложном положении
3. [rɒŋ] advwhat's wrong with it? - а) чем это плохо?, почему это не подходит?; б) почему бы не...; what's wrong with a cup of tea? - почему бы не выпить чашку чая?; в) что же тут такого?
1. неправильно, неверно, ошибочноto answer wrong - ответить неправильно /неверно/
you've got it wrong - а) вы просчитались; б) вы неправильно /не так/ поняли
don't get me wrong - разг. поймите меня правильно
2. предосудительно; неподобающеembarrassment made him act wrong - от смущения он делал не то, что следовало
3. дурно, плохо; несправедливо4. в неправильном направленииhe turned wrong at the junction - на перекрёстке он повернул не в ту сторону
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to go wrong - а) сбиться с пути (истинного); a girl who has gone wrong - сбившаяся с пути девушка; б) провалиться; не выйти, не получиться; everything went wrong - всё вышло не так (как было задумано); all our plans went wrong - все наши замыслы провалились; в) выйти из строя; начать работать с перебоями (о механизме и т. п.); испортиться; his watch has gone wrong - его часы стали шалить; my digestion has gone wrong - у меня неладно с пищеварениемto get in wrong with smb. - попасть к кому-л. в немилость
4. [rɒŋ] vto get smb. in wrong - подвести кого-л., поставить кого-л. под удар, подставить кого-л.
1. быть несправедливым (к кому-л.); приписывать дурные побуждения (кому-л.)he wronged me when he said I was envious - он без всяких оснований обвинил меня в зависти
2. вредить, причинять зло; обижать3. 1) позорить, бесчестить2) обесчестить ( женщину) соблазнить, совратить4. (of) отнимать; лишать (обманом, силой)5. нанести телесное повреждение -
110 extreme
ik'stri:m
1. adjective1) (very great, especially much more than usual: extreme pleasure; He is in extreme pain.) extremo2) (very far or furthest in any direction, especially out from the centre: the extreme south-western tip of England; Politically, he belongs to the extreme left.)3) (very violent or strong; not ordinary or usual: He holds extreme views on education.) extremo
2. noun1) (something as far, or as different, as possible from something else: the extremes of sadness and joy.) extremo2) (the greatest degree of any state, especially if unpleasant: The extremes of heat in the desert make life uncomfortable.) extremo•- extremism
- extremist
- extremity
- in the extreme
- to extremes
extreme adj1. extremo / intenso / sumo2. mástr[ɪk'striːm]1 (furthest, very great) extremo,-a2 (not moderate) extremo,-a, radical3 (severe, unusual) excepcional1 extremo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin the extreme en sumo grado, en extremoto go to extremes llegar a extremosto go from one extreme to the other pasar de un extremo a otroto take something to extremes ser extremado,-a en algoextreme [ɪk'stri:m, ɛk-] adj1) utmost: extremo, sumoof extreme importance: de suma importancia2) intense: intenso, extremadoextreme cold: frío extremado3) excessive: excesivo, extremoextreme views: opiniones extremasextreme measures: medidas excepcionales, medidas drásticas4) outermost: extremothe extreme north: el norte extremoextreme n1) : extremo m2)in the extreme : en extremo, en sumo gradoadj.• descompasado, -a adj.• exaltado, -a adj.• excepcional adj.• extremado, -a adj.• extremo, -a adj.• extremoso, -a adj.• sumo, -a adj.n.• extremidad s.f.• extremo s.m.
I ɪk'striːma) ( very great) <poverty/caution/urgency> extremo; <annoyance/relief> enorme; < heat> extremado, intensísimob) ( not moderate) <action/measure> extremo, extremado; < opinion> extremistathe extreme left/right — ( Pol) la extrema izquierda/derecha
c) ( outermost) (before n)in the extreme north/south — en la zona más septentrional/meridional
II
noun extremo mextremes of temperature — temperaturas fpl extremas
[ɪks'triːm]to go from one extreme to the other — ir* de un extremo al or a otro
1. ADJ1) (=very great) [heat, danger, poverty, discomfort] extremo; [care, caution] sumo, extremo; [sorrow, anger] profundo, enorme2) (=exceptional) [case, circumstances] extremo3) (=radical) [views, opinion] extremista; [behaviour] extremado; [method, action, measure] extremothe extreme left/right — (Pol) la extrema izquierda/derecha
4) (=furthest) [point,] extremo2.N extremo m•
to be driven to extremes — verse obligado a tomar medidas extremas•
to go to extremes — tomar medidas extremas•
to take or carry sth to extremes — llevar algo al extremo•
in the extreme — frm en extremo, en sumo grado3.CPDextreme sports NPL — deportes mpl de aventura, deportes mpl extremos
extreme unction N — (Rel) extremaunción f
* * *
I [ɪk'striːm]a) ( very great) <poverty/caution/urgency> extremo; <annoyance/relief> enorme; < heat> extremado, intensísimob) ( not moderate) <action/measure> extremo, extremado; < opinion> extremistathe extreme left/right — ( Pol) la extrema izquierda/derecha
c) ( outermost) (before n)in the extreme north/south — en la zona más septentrional/meridional
II
noun extremo mextremes of temperature — temperaturas fpl extremas
to go from one extreme to the other — ir* de un extremo al or a otro
-
111 wrong
I n1) шкода; зло; образаright and wrong — добро, зло
2) неправда; неправильність; помилковість3) несправедливість; неправомірність; невиправданість; юp. правопорушення, деліктpublic wrongs — порушення державних або громадських прав та інтересів
the king can do no wrong — юp. король не несе відповідальність ( за політику кабінету при конституційній монархії)
to be in the wrong — бути неправим, помилятися; бути винним
to acknowledge oneself in the wrong — визнати свою помилку /провину/
the dead are always wrong — пpиcл. мертві завжди винні; на мертвих все можна звалити
to do wrong to smb — бути несправедливим до кого-н., образити кого-н.; неправильно судити про кого-н.
to suffer wrong — терпіти образу /несправедливість/
II ato labour under a sense of wrong — діяти під впливом образи; вважати себе ображеним
1) неправильний, невірний, помилковий; хибнийwrong note — мyз. фальшива нота
a wrong move — невірний крок; невдалий /помилковий/ хід ( в шахах)
to put smb on the wrong track — пустити кого-н. по хибному сліду
to be on the wrong track /scen — ц йти по хибному сліду
to be wrong — помилятися; бути неправим в чому-н.
that's just where you are wrong — як раз в цьому, полягає ваша помилка
2) непідходящий, невідповідний; не той, що потрібноto take the wrong turning — повернути не туди, куди потрібно
sorry, wrong number! — ви не туди попали!; вибачте, я не туди попав!
you've been given the wrong number /connection/ — вас неправильно з'єднали
you're doing it in the wrong way — ви робите це не так, як потрібно
at the wrong time — в невдалий час; не у визначений час
3) недоречний4) дурний; порочний, аморальний; неетичнийhe thought war was wrong — він вважав війну злом; несправедливий; невиправданий
wrong act — юp. неправомірна дія
what's wrong with you — є що з вамиє; що у вас трапилосяє
I hope there is nothing wrong — сподіваюсь, нічого не трапилося
wrong in the head — психічно неврівноважений; несправний
this watch goes two minutes wrong either way — годинник то відстає, то спішить на дві хвилини
6) лівий, виворітний ( про сторону)7) пoлiгp. чужий ( про шрифт)wrong fount — "чужий" ( вказівка в коректурі)
to be born on the wrong side of the tracks — народитися в бідній сім'ї; вийти з низів
to be on smb 's wrong side — не користуватися чиєю-н. прихильністю
to get off on the wrong foot — невдало почати; справити погане враження
what's wrong with it — є чим це поганоє, чому це не підходитьє; чому б ні...
III advwhat's wrong with a cup of tea — є чому б не випити чашку чаює; що ж тут такогоє
1) неправильно, невірно, помилковоto answer wrong — відповісти неправильно /невірно/
you've got it wrong — ви прорахувалися; ви неправильно /не так/ зрозуміли
2) негоже; неналежноembarrassment made him act wrong — від зніяковілості він робив не те, що слід
3) дурно, погано; несправедливоv
to go wrong — збитися зі шляху ( істинного)a girl who has gone wrong — дівчина, що збилася зі шляху; провалитися; не вийти
all our plans went wrong — всі наші задуми провалилися; вийти з ладу; почати працювати з перебоями ( про механізм); зіпсуватися
to get in wrong with smb — потрапити до кого-н. в немилість
IV vto get smb in wrong — підвести кого-н., підставити кого-н. під удар, підставити кого-н.
1) бути несправедливим (до кого-н.); приписувати дурні помисли (кому-н.); he wronged me when he said I was envious він безпідставно звинуватив мене в заздрощах2) шкодити, заподіювати зло; ображати3) ганьбити, безчестити; забезпечити ( жінку); спокусити4) (of) віднімати; позбавляти (обманом, силою) -
112 wrong
[roŋ] 1. adjective1) (having an error or mistake(s); incorrect: The child gave the wrong answer; We went in the wrong direction.) napačen2) (incorrect in one's answer(s), opinion(s) etc; mistaken: I thought Singapore was south of the Equator, but I was quite wrong.) motiti se3) (not good, not morally correct etc: It is wrong to steal.) narobe4) (not suitable: He's the wrong man for the job.) napačen5) (not right; not normal: There's something wrong with this engine; What's wrong with that child - why is she crying?) narobe2. adverb(incorrectly: I think I may have spelt her name wrong.) napačno3. noun(that which is not morally correct: He does not know right from wrong.) kar je narobe4. verb(to insult or hurt unjustly: You wrong me by suggesting that I'm lying.) biti krivičen- wrongful- wrongfully
- wrongfulness
- wrongly
- wrongdoer
- wrongdoing
- do someone wrong
- do wrong
- do wrong
- go wrong
- in the wrong* * *I [rɔŋ]nounkrivica; zmota, zabloda, napačnost, greh; (redko) škoda, žalitev; juridically prestopek, prekršek, pregrešek, delikt, nedovoljeno dejanjepublic wrong — javen delikt, kaznivo dejanjeto commit a wrong — zagrešiti (zakriviti, narediti) krivicoto be in the wrong — biti v zmoti, ne imeti pravto do wrong — napak, ne prav delati, grešitito do s.o. wrong, to do wrong to s.o. — delati (narediti) komu krivicoto make wrong right — popraviti krivico, spremeniti slabo v dobroto put s.o. in the wrong — dokazati komu, da nima pravII [rɔŋ]adjectivezmoten, nepravi, pogrešen, napačen, naroben; ki ni v redu, ki je v neredu; neprimeren, nepripraven; nekoristen, neugodena wrong answer — napačen, nepravi odgovorwrong one, slang wrong'un — (kriket) žoga, ki leti čisto drugače, kot je igralec pričakovalthe wrong side of the blanket figuratively nezakonityou are wrong in believing that — nimaš prav (motiš se), če to verjamešwhat's wrong with you? — kaj pa je (narobe) s teboj?to be in the wrong box figuratively biti v škripcih (v nerodnem položaju, v zagati); ne biti na mestu; biti na zgubiit is the wrong side out — to je narobe, obrnjenowhat's wrong with a cup of tea? colloquially kako bi bilo s skodelico čaja?what do you find wrong with it? — kaj se ti zdi pri tem narobe (ti ni pri tem všeč)?to get (to have) hold of the wrong end of the stick figuratively (popolnoma) napačno razumeti (imeti čisto napačno mnenje, vtis)to get out of the bed (on) the wrong side figuratively colloquially z levo nogo vstati; biti slabe voljehe will laugh on the wrong side of his mouth figuratively smeh ga bo že minilto prove s.o. wrong — dokazati komu, da nima pravto go wrong — zaiti; spodleteti, ne iti (biti) v reduhe found himself in the wrong shop figuratively colloquially ni na pravega naletelit is very wrong of you to support him — zelo napak je od vas, da ga podpirateto take the wrong turning ( —ali path) — figuratively zaiti na kriva potaIII [rɔŋ]adverbneprav, nápak, narobe, pogrešno, lažnoto act wrong — ne delati prav, napačno delatito get it wrong — (z)motiti se, napačno razumetito get in wrong with s.o. American colloquially lahkomiselno izgubiti (zaigrati) naklonjenost kake osebeto go wrong — iti s prave poti, zaiti na kriva pota (o ženski); pogrešiti, zmotiti se; commerce slabo iti; technical slabo funkcionirati, biti pokvarjento get s.o. in wrong with — spraviti koga ob dobro ime pri, diskreditirati koga prito guess wrong — napak uganiti, krivo zadetiIV [rɔŋ]transitive verbbiti krivičen (s.o. — do koga), krivično ravnati (z), delati krivico (komu), škoditi, prizadeti škodo (komu), prevarati (s.o. of s.th. — koga za kaj); zapeljati (žensko); nautical odvzeti veter (ladji) -
113 east
i:st
1. noun1) (the direction from which the sun rises, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: The wind is blowing from the east; The village is to the east of Canton; in the east of England.) este2) ((also E) one of the four main points of the compass: He took a direction 10° E of N / east of north.) este
2. adjective1) (in the east: the east coast.) este, oriental2) (from the direction of the east: an east wind.) del este
3. adverb(towards the east: The house faces east.) hacia el este, en dirección este- easterly- eastern
- easternmost
- eastward
- eastwards
- eastward
- the East
east n adj adv estethe east coast la costa del este / la costa estetr[iːst]1 hacia el este, en dirección este1 (gen) este nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe Far East el Lejano Orientethe Middle East Oriente Medioeast ['i:st] adv: al esteeast adj: este, del este, orientaleast winds: vientos del esteeast n1) : este m2)the East : el Orienteadj.• del este adj.• oriental adj.adv.• al este adv.• hacia el este adv.n.• este s.m.• levante s.m.• naciente s.m.• oriente s.m.• saliente s.m.
I iːstmass noun1)a) (point of the compass, direction) este mthe east, the East — el este, el Este
b) ( region)the east, the East — el este
a town in the east of England — una ciudad del este or en el este de Inglaterra
2)the East — ( the Orient) (el) Oriente; ( the Communist bloc) (Hist, Pol) el Este
II
III
adverb al este[iːst]1.N este m, oriente mthe East — (=Orient) el Oriente; (Pol) el Este
in the east of the country — al este or en el este del país
the wind is in the or from the east — el viento viene del este
2.ADJ [side] este, del este, orientalthe east coast — la costa este, la costa oriental
3.ADV (=eastward) hacia el este; (=in the east) al este, en el este4.CPDEast Africa N — África f Oriental
East Berlin N — Berlín m Este
the East End N — [of London] zona del Este de Londres
East Germany N — Alemania f Oriental
the East Side N — [of New York] zona del Este de Nueva York
East European, East German, East TimoreseEast Timor N — Timor m Oriental
* * *
I [iːst]mass noun1)a) (point of the compass, direction) este mthe east, the East — el este, el Este
b) ( region)the east, the East — el este
a town in the east of England — una ciudad del este or en el este de Inglaterra
2)the East — ( the Orient) (el) Oriente; ( the Communist bloc) (Hist, Pol) el Este
II
III
adverb al este -
114 ♦ stick
♦ stick /stɪk/n.1 bastone, bacchetta ( anche fig.): The old man walks with a stick, il vecchio cammina col bastone; walking stick, bastone da passeggio; (fig.) the stick and the carrot, il bastone e la carota; to get the stick, assaggiare il bastone; ( anche fig.) essere bacchettato2 bastoncino; ( cosmesi) stick; candelotto; stecca ( di cioccolata, ecc.); ( cucina) gambo: a stick of chalk, un pezzetto di gesso; a celery stick, un gambo di sedano; an incense stick, un bastoncino d'incenso; a stick of dynamite, un candelotto di dinamite; a stick of sealing wax, una stecca di ceralacca3 bastoncello; legnetto; stecco: Let's look for dry sticks to build a fire, cerchiamo degli stecchi asciutti per fare il fuoco; The bird built its nest with sticks, l'uccello s'è fatto il nido con degli stecchi8 (aeron.) barra di comando; cloche9 (autom.) leva del cambio10 [u] (fam. ingl.) aspri rimproveri; dure critiche; severa punizione: to take a lot of stick, ricevere molte aspre critiche; ricevere una bella lezione (fig.); to give sb. ( the) stick about st., dare a q. una bella lezione per qc.; rimproverare (o criticare) q. aspramente13 (fam., = stick of furniture) mobile: There were only a few sticks of furniture, c'erano solo quattro mobili in croce15 (fam.) tipo; tizio; individuo; uomo: a dry (o dull) old stick, un vecchio babbeo (o barboso); He's quite a good old stick, è proprio un buon uomo16 (pl.) bacchetti, stecchi, legna minuta: An old woman was gathering sticks, una vecchia raccoglieva la legna18 (equit.) frustino19 (pl.) (fam.) zona rurale; campagna: They live way out in the sticks, abitano in mezzo alla campagna (o in un posto sperduto)21 (volg.) verga; pene● (autom., ecc.) stick gauge, asta indicatrice di livello □ (zool.) stick insect, insetto stecco ( che somiglia a uno stecco) □ ( cucina) a stick of asparagus, un asparago □ ( USA) stick of butter, panetto di burro (da 4 once = 113 gr) □ (fam., autom.) stick shift, cambio a mano (o manuale): stick-shift car, vettura con il cambio manuale □ (fig.) to get the short (o the dirty, the rough) end of the stick, restare con il cerino acceso (fig.); essere fregato; restare buggerato (pop.) □ (fig.) to get hold of the wrong end of the stick, fraintendere; prendere un abbaglio; prendere lucciole per lanterne □ (fam.) to be in a cleft stick, essere tra due fuochi (fig.); non sapere che pesci prendere □ to take a stick to sb., prendere q. a bacchettate.♦ (to) stick (1) /stɪk/(pass. e p. p. stuck)A v. t.1 conficcare; ficcare; cacciare; infilare; infilzare; piantare; pungere; trafiggere; trapassare; colpire ( con un pugnale, ecc.): to stick a pin under one's skin, conficcarsi uno spillo sotto la pelle; to stick a bayonet into sb., infilzare q. con la baionetta; to stick insect specimens, infilzare esemplari d'insetti ( o fissarli con spilli); He stuck the knife in the tree, ha piantato il coltello nell'albero; Stick a thumbtack in the board, pianta una puntina da disegno sul cartellone!; to stick sb. in the back, colpire q. alla schiena ( con un coltello e sim.)2 attaccare; affiggere; appiccicare; incollare; ingommare: to stick a stamp on a letter, attaccare un francobollo a una lettera; Stick the poster on the wall, affiggi il manifesto sul muro!; to stick pictures in an album, incollare fotografie su un album3 (fam.) mettere; porre; cacciare; posare; piazzare: He stuck the rose in his buttonhole, si è messo la rosa all'occhiello; He stuck the pencil behind his ear, si è messo la matita dietro l'orecchio; Stick it in your pocket, cacciatelo in tasca!; ( calcio, ecc.) to stick a man up front, piazzare un giocatore sotto rete4 (fam.) resistere a; sopportare: I can't stick this darn job any longer, non riesco più a sopportare questo maledetto lavoro5 (fam.) spennare (fig.); fregare; rifilare; far pagare a: He stuck me for ( o with) all the drinks, mi ha rifilato il conto di tutto quello che avevamo bevuto7 (volg.) mettere (qc. ) in quel posto (eufem.): Tell him he can stick his invitation!, digli che il suo invito se lo metta in quel posto!B v. i.1 conficcarsi; infilzarsi; piantarsi; restare conficcato (o infisso): The sliver stuck in my finger, la scheggia mi si è conficcata in un dito; The arrow stuck in the bull's-eye, la freccia si è conficcata nel centro del bersaglio; The car stuck in the mud, l'automobile si è piantata nel fango2 attaccarsi; aderire; appiccicarsi; restare attaccato (o appiccicato); tenere: These stamps won't stick, questi francobolli non si attaccano; The nickname stuck to him, il nomignolo gli è rimasto appiccicato; This glue won't stick, questa colla non tiene3 (fam.) restare; rimanere: They stick at home, restano sempre a casa; non si muovono mai; Friends should stick together, gli amici dovrebbero restare uniti5 ( in genere) arrestarsi; fermarsi: He got up to the third form, and there he stuck, arrivò fino alla terza classe e poi si fermò6 (fam.) reggere ( in tribunale); portare un'incriminazione; stare in piedi (fig.): The charge against him won't stick, l'accusa che gli muovono non sta in piedi● to stick in sb. 's mind, rimanere impresso nella mente a q. □ (fig.) to stick in one's throat (o craw), ( di parole) rimanere in gola, non venire fuori; (fig.) non andare giù; essere difficile da mandar giù □ to stick like a burr (o like a leech), stare attaccato come una lappola (o come una sanguisuga); (fig.) stare appiccicato, essere appiccicaticcio □ to stick one's nose into st., ficcare il naso in qc. □ to stick a pig, ammazzare un maiale ( trafiggendolo alla gola) □ to stick through thick and thin, resistere nella buona e nell'avversa sorte; tener duro □ a coat stuck with medals, una giubba coperta di medaglie □ «Stick no bills!» ( cartello), «divieto d'affissione!».(to) stick (2) /stɪk/(pass. e p. p. sticked)A v. t.3 ( hockey su ghiaccio) colpire, spingere ( il disco) con il bastone; effettuare, eseguire ( tiri): He sticked home several shots, ha effettuato vari tiri in portaB v. i.● to go sticking, andare a fare legna minuta. -
115 line
I [laɪn] 1. сущ.1)а) верёвка, шнур; мор. линьSyn:б) поэт. нить паутиныв) проводSyn:д) ( lines) диал.; амер. поводья3) ( lines) предопределённый жребий, судьба4)а) линия; черта, штрихcrooked / curved line — кривая, кривая линия
fine / thin line — тонкая линия
heavy / thick line — толстая линия
- wavy linesolid / unbroken line — сплошная линия
- broken lineб) муз. линейка ( нотного стана), нотная линейкав) иск. линия; линии, контурыг) спорт. черта, линия ( часть разметки на поле)5) муз. инструментальная или вокальная мелодия, мелодическая линияBut it is line, always line, not harmony, that is the essence of the matter. — Но именно мелодическая линия, именно мелодия, а не гармония составляет самое существенное.
6) тлв.; = scan(ning) line строка изображения7)а) линия рукиб) морщина, складка ( на лице или на руках)8) ( the line) экватор; небесный экваторSyn:9)а) поведение, образ действий; разг. лёгкость в обращении, внешне привлекательное поведение или обращениеб) полит. курсThey think that the liberal line - uncontrolled immigration - can be held for a few more years, but not indefinitely. — Они полагают, что линия, которую проводят либералы, а именно неконтролируемая иммиграция, может продержаться ещё несколько лет, но не бесконечно.
10)а) контур, очертанияThe round line of the sea was bleared. — Закруглённая береговая линия была едва видна.
Syn:Line, the silhouette of a garment that makes it look fashionable or unfashionable. — Покрой - это силуэт одежды, который делает её модной или немодной.
11) ( lines) план, чертёж12) линия (мера длины, равная 1/12 дюйма)13)а) граница, пограничная линия; предел прям. и перен.to go over the line — перейти границы, перейти предел
snow line — нижняя граница вечных снегов; снеговая граница, линия
Syn:б) карт. черта ( при подсчёте очков в бридже)above the line — "над чертой" (колонка, куда заносятся премиальные очки)
below the line — "под чертой" (колонка, куда заносится цена заявленных очков в случае выполнения контракта разыгрывающим)
14) амер.; брит. queue очередьto be in line for smth. — быть на очереди, иметь шанс на что-л.
15) поэт. стая гусей16) = assembly line конвейер17) воен.а) оборонительный рубеж; линия фронтаline of battle — боевой порядок; линия фронта
в) ( the line) пехотные части ( в британской армии), строевые войска ( в американской армии)18)а) строкаline by / for line — с начала до конца, строка за строкой, пункт за пунктом
б) записка, короткое письмоDrop me a few lines. — Черкните мне несколько строк.
19) ( lines)а) стихи, поэзияSyn:б) строчки, переписываемые в качестве наказания ( для нерадивых учеников)в) = marriage lines свидетельство о бракег) театр. слова роли, реплика20) генеалогия, происхождение, родословнаяto establish / found a line — составить родословную
21)а) направление, путь, курсб) линия сообщения; сокр. от line of rails, railway line, tram line железнодорожная линияамер.
streetcar / брит. tram line — трамвайная линияSyn:в) линия связиThe line is engaged. — брит. Линия занята.
Line busy. — Занято. ( ответ телефонистки)
The line is bad. — Плохо слышно.
22) направление, ход, течение (действий, мыслей, жизни)Few men whose line of life lay so far apart from a naturalist's or a poet's can ever have loved nature or poetry better. — Среди людей, чья жизнь столь далека от жизни натуралиста или поэта, лишь немногие могут так любить природу или поэзию.
23) занятие, род деятельности, область интересовnot in my / out of my line — не по моей части
line of business — театр. актёрское амплуа
24) партия товаровto carry / handle / introduce a line — продавать товары
to discontinue / drop a line — прекращать выпуск или продажу
complete / full line — полный ассортимент ( товаров)
The shop carries the best line of shoes. — В этом магазине продается самая лучшая обувь.
25) "линия" (перечень событий и исходов с коэффициентами выигрышей, предлагаемые букмекером для заключения пари)••to pay on the line — оплачивать сразу, не откладывая
to draw the line at smth. — пресечь что-л., положить конец чему-л.
to step / get out of line — выходить за рамки приличий, нарушать правила поведения
- hot line- on line
- off line
- give line
- by line
- by line and level
- by rule and line
- bring into a line
- bring into line
- get a line on
- give a line on
- lay it on the line
- put it on the line
- shoot a line- come into line- do a line with smb. 2. гл.1) отмечать линией или линиями; проводить линии, покрывать линиями, линовать; покрывать морщинамиto line through — зачёркивать, вычёркивать
Line the pages for the graph both horizontally and vertically. — Разлинуй страницы по горизонтали и по вертикали для графиков.
He had a healthy colour in his cheeks, and his face, though lined, bore few traces of anxiety. — У него был здоровый вид и, несмотря на морщины, он не выглядел озабоченным.
His pale face was lined with melancholy resignation. — Его бледное лицо было отмечено унылой покорностью.
2) = line out набрасывать, чертитьSyn:3) = line upа) выстраивать, располагать в ряд, в линию; устанавливать очередьPeople were lined up in front of the theater. — Людей выстроили в линию перед театром.
б) выстраиваться, располагаться в одну линию; выстраиваться в очередь; стоять, тянуться вдоль (чего-л.)Orange trees lined the well gravelled walks. — Апельсиновые деревья тянулись вдоль покрытых гравием дорожек.
•Syn:•- line upII [laɪn] гл.1)2)а) обивать, обшивать (чем-л.) изнутри3) разг. набивать, наполнятьto line one's pockets — нажиться, разбогатеть
The shelves are lined with books. — Полки заставлены книгами.
Syn:4) тех. выкладывать, облицовывать -
116 back
back [bæk]vers l'arrière ⇒ 1 (a) re + verbe ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c) de derrière ⇒ 2 (a) arrière ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (g) dos ⇒ 3 (a)-(c), 3 (e), 3 (f) fond ⇒ 3 (d) reculer ⇒ 4 (a), 5 (a) financer ⇒ 4 (b) parier sur ⇒ 4 (c)1 adverb(a) (towards the rear) vers l'arrière, en arrière;∎ he stepped back il a reculé d'un pas, il a fait un pas en arrière;∎ I pushed back my chair j'ai reculé ma chaise;∎ she tied her hair back elle a attaché ses cheveux;∎ he glanced back il a regardé derrière lui;∎ house set or standing back from the road maison écartée du chemin ou en retrait∎ to come back revenir;∎ to go back (return) retourner;∎ to go or turn back (retrace footsteps) rebrousser chemin;∎ we went back home nous sommes rentrés (à la maison);∎ my headache's back j'ai de nouveau mal à la tête, mon mal de tête a recommencé;∎ they'll be back on Monday ils rentrent ou ils seront de retour lundi;∎ I'll be right back je reviens tout de suite;∎ I'll be back (threat) vous me reverrez;∎ we expect him back tomorrow il doit rentrer demain;∎ as soon as you get back dès votre retour;∎ is he back at work? a-t-il repris le travail?;∎ he's just back from Moscow il arrive ou rentre de Moscou;∎ we went to town and back nous avons fait un saut en ville;∎ he went to his aunt's and back il a fait l'aller et retour chez sa tante;∎ the trip to Madrid and back takes three hours il faut trois heures pour aller à Madrid et revenir;∎ meanwhile, back in Washington entre-temps, à Washington;∎ back home, there's no school on Saturdays chez moi ou nous, il n'y a pas d'école le samedi;∎ Commerce the back-to-school sales les soldes fpl de la rentrée∎ she wants her children back elle veut qu'on lui rende ses enfants;∎ he went back to sleep il s'est rendormi;∎ business soon got back to normal les affaires ont vite repris leur cours normal;∎ miniskirts are coming back (in fashion) les minijupes reviennent à la mode∎ six pages back six pages plus haut;∎ back in the 17th century au 17ème siècle;∎ as far back as I can remember d'aussi loin que je m'en souvienne;∎ back in November déjà au mois de novembre;∎ familiar ten years back il y a dix ans□(e) (in reply, in return)∎ you should ask for your money back vous devriez demander un remboursement ou qu'on vous rembourse;∎ I hit him back je lui ai rendu son coup;∎ if you kick me I'll kick you back si tu me donnes un coup de pied, je te le rendrai;∎ she smiled back at him elle lui a répondu par un sourire;∎ to write back répondre (par écrit);∎ to get one's own back (on sb) prendre sa revanche (sur qn);∎ that's her way of getting back at you c'est sa façon de prendre sa revanche sur toi(a) (rear → door, garden) de derrière; (→ wheel) arrière (inv); (→ seat) arrière (inv), de derrière;∎ the back legs of a horse les pattes fpl arrière d'un cheval;∎ back entrance entrée f située à l'arrière;∎ the back room is the quietest la pièce qui donne sur l'arrière est la plus calme;∎ the back page of the newspaper la dernière page du journal;∎ to put sth on the back burner remettre qch à plus tard(b) (quiet → lane, road) écarté, isolé3 noun(a) (part of body) dos m;∎ back pain mal m de dos;∎ to have a back problem avoir des problèmes de dos;∎ she carried her baby on her back elle portait son bébé sur son dos;∎ I fell flat on my back je suis tombé à la renverse ou sur le dos;∎ we lay on our backs nous étions allongés sur le dos;∎ my back aches j'ai mal au dos;∎ the cat arched its back le chat a fait le gros dos;∎ I only saw them from the back je ne les ai vus que de dos;∎ she sat with her back to the window elle était assise le dos tourné à la fenêtre;∎ sitting with one's back to the light assis à contre-jour;∎ he was sitting with his back to the wall il était assis, dos au mur;∎ figurative to have one's back to the wall être au pied du mur;∎ to turn one's back on sb tourner le dos à qn; figurative abandonner qn;∎ when my back was turned quand j'avais le dos tourné;∎ you had your back to me tu me tournais le dos;∎ they have the police at their backs (in support) ils ont la police avec eux; (in pursuit) ils ont la police à leurs trousses;∎ with an army at his back (supporting him) soutenu par une armée;∎ to do sth behind sb's back faire qch dans le dos de qn;∎ he laughs at you behind your back il se moque de vous quand vous avez le dos tourné ou dans votre dos;∎ to talk about sb behind their back dire du mal de qn dans son dos;∎ the decision was taken behind my back la décision a été prise derrière mon dos;∎ he went behind my back to the boss il est allé voir le patron derrière mon dos ou à mon insu;∎ to be flat on one's back (bedridden) être alité ou cloué au lit;∎ familiar get off my back! fiche-moi la paix!;∎ mind your backs! attention, s'il vous plaît!;∎ the rich live off the backs of the poor les riches vivent sur le dos des pauvres;∎ to put sb's back up énerver qn;∎ to put one's back into sth mettre toute son énergie dans qch;∎ familiar that's it, put your back into it! allez, un peu de nerf!;∎ to put one's back out se faire mal au dos;∎ I'll be glad to see the back of her je serai content de la voir partir ou d'être débarrassé d'elle(b) (part opposite the front → gen) dos m, derrière m; (→ of coat, shirt, door) dos m; (→ of vehicle, building, head) arrière m; (→ of train) queue f; (→ of book) fin f;∎ to sit in the back (of car) monter à l'arrière;∎ to sit at the back (of bus) s'asseoir à l'arrière;∎ the carriage at the back of the train la voiture en queue de ou du train;∎ at the back of the book à la fin du livre;∎ the garden is out or round the back le jardin se trouve derrière la maison;∎ the dress fastens at the back or American in back la robe s'agrafe dans le dos;∎ there was an advert on the back of the bus il y avait une publicité à l'arrière du bus;∎ familiar she's got a face like the back of a bus elle est moche comme un pou(c) (other side → of hand, spoon, envelope) dos m; (→ of carpet, coin, medal) revers m; (→ of fabric) envers m; (→ of page) verso m; Finance (→ of cheque) dos m, verso m;∎ I know this town like the back of my hand je connais cette ville comme ma poche;∎ familiar you'll feel the back of my hand in a minute! tu vas en prendre une!(d) (farthest from the front → of cupboard, room, stage) fond m;∎ back of the mouth arrière-bouche f;∎ back of the throat arrière-gorge f;∎ we'd like a table at the or in the very back nous voudrions une table tout au fond;∎ familiar in the back of beyond en pleine brousse, au diable vauvert;∎ it was always there at the back of his mind that… l'idée ne le quittait pas que…;∎ it's something to keep at the back of your mind c'est quelque chose à ne pas oublier;∎ I've had it or it's been at the back of my mind for ages j'y pense depuis longtemps, ça fait longtemps que ça me travaille(f) (of chair) dos m, dossier m∎ (full) back arrière m;∎ right/left back arrière m droit/gauche∎ I backed the car into the garage j'ai mis la voiture dans le garage en marche arrière;∎ she backed him into the next room elle l'a fait reculer dans la pièce d'à côté(b) Commerce (support financially → company, venture) financer, commanditer; Finance (→ loan) garantir;∎ Finance to back a bill avaliser ou endosser un effet(c) (encourage → efforts, person, venture) encourager, appuyer, soutenir; Politics (→ candidate, bill) soutenir;∎ we backed her in her fight against racism nous l'avons soutenue dans sa lutte contre le racisme;∎ Sport to back a winner (horse, team) parier ou miser sur un gagnant; Finance & Commerce (company, stock) bien placer son argent; figurative jouer la bonne carte;∎ figurative to back the wrong horse parier ou miser sur le mauvais cheval(e) Textiles (strengthen, provide backing for → curtain, material) doubler; (→ picture, paper) renforcer∎ the car backed into the driveway la voiture est entrée en marche arrière dans l'allée;∎ I backed into my neighbour's car je suis rentré dans la voiture de mon voisin en reculant;∎ I backed into a corner je me suis retiré dans un coin∎ to go back and forth (person) faire des allées et venues; (machine, piston) faire un mouvement de va-et-vient;∎ his eyes darted back and forth il regardait de droite à gauchedevant derrière, à l'envers;∎ you've got your pullover on back to front tu as mis ton pull devant derrièreAmerican derrière►► Technology back boiler = ballon d'eau chaude situé derrière un foyer;Press back copy vieux numéro m;Australian & New Zealand back country campagne f, arrière-pays m inv;∎ figurative to get in through or by the back door être pistonné;∎ the back end of the year l'arrière-saison;Linguistics back formation dérivation f régressive;American back haul = trajet de retour d'un camion;Finance back interest arrérages mpl, intérêts mpl arriérés;Press back issue vieux numéro m;Golf the back nine les neuf derniers trous mpl;Press back number vieux numéro m;Banking back office back-office m;back office staff personnels mpl de back-office;Commerce back orders commandes fpl en souffrance;back page dernière page f;Football back pass passe f en retrait;back pay rappel m de salaire;back rent arriéré m de loyer;back road petite route f;back room (in house) pièce f de derrière; (in shop) arrière-boutique f; (for research) laboratoire m de recherche secret;back seat siège m arrière;back shift (people) = équipe du soir;∎ I hate the back shift je déteste être du soir;∎ to work or be on the back shift être (de l'équipe) du soir;Linguistics back slang ≃ verlan m;back straight ligne f (droite) d'en face;back street petite rue f;∎ I grew up in the back streets of Chicago j'ai été élevé dans les mauvais quartiers de Chicago;Horseracing back stretch (on race course) ligne f d'en face;Finance back taxes arriéré m d'impôts∎ she backed away from him elle a reculé devant lui;∎ figurative they have backed away from making a decision ils se sont abstenus de prendre une décision(accept defeat → in argument) admettre qu'on est dans son tort; (→ in conflict) faire marche arrière;∎ he finally backed down on the issue of membership il a fini par céder sur la question de l'adhésion(a) (withdraw) reculer;(b) American (accept defeat → in argument) admettre qu'on est dans son tort; (→ in conflict) faire marche arrière(have back facing towards) donner sur (à l'arrière);∎ the house backs onto the river l'arrière de la maison donne sur la rivière∎ don't back out now! ne faites pas marche arrière maintenant!;∎ they backed out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire;∎ to back out of a contract se rétracter ou se retirer d'un contrat;∎ he's trying to back out (of it) il voudrait se dédire➲ back up∎ to back sb up in an argument donner raison à qn;∎ her story is backed up by eye witnesses sa version des faits est confirmée par des témoins oculaires;∎ he backed this up with a few facts il a étayé ça avec quelques faits∎ traffic is backed up for 5 miles ≃ il y a un embouteillage sur 8 kmComputing sauvegarder -
117 bottom
bottom ['bɒtəm]1 noun(a) (lowest part → of garment, heap) bas m; (→ of water) fond m; (→ of hill, stairs) bas m, pied m; (→ of outside of container) bas m; (→ of inside of container) fond m; (→ of chair) siège m, fond m; Nautical (→ of ship) carène f;∎ at the bottom of my bag au fond de mon sac;∎ at the bottom of the staircase au pied ou bas de l'escalier;∎ at the bottom of page one au bas de la page un, en bas de page un;∎ to send a ship to the bottom envoyer un bâtiment par le fond;∎ the ship sank to the bottom le navire a coulé;∎ the ship touched (the) bottom le navire a touché le fond;∎ figurative I believe, at the bottom of my heart, that... je crois, au fond de moi-même, que...;∎ he thanked them from the bottom of his heart il les a remerciés du fond du cœur;∎ my reasoning knocked the bottom out of his argument mon raisonnement a démoli son argument;∎ the bottom fell out of the grain market le marché des grains s'est effondré;∎ the bottom dropped out of her world when he died lorsqu'il est mort, pour elle le monde s'est effondré;∎ to put sth bottom up(wards) mettre qch sens dessus dessous;∎ familiar bottoms up! cul sec!;∎ Sport at the bottom of the fifth (inning) (in baseball) à la fin de la cinquième manche∎ he's (at the) bottom of his class il est le dernier de sa classe;∎ you're at the bottom of the list vous êtes en queue de liste;∎ you have to start at the bottom and work your way up vous devez commencer au plus bas et monter dans la hiérarchie à la force du poignet∎ at the bottom of the street/garden au bout de la rue/du jardin∎ I'm sure she's at the bottom of all this je suis sûr que c'est elle qui est à l'origine de cette histoire;∎ I intend to get to the bottom of this affair j'entends aller au fin fond de cette affaire ou découvrir le pot aux roses(e) (buttocks) derrière m, fesses fpl(f) (of two-piece garment) bas m;∎ pyjama bottoms bas m de pyjama;∎ bikini bottom bas m de maillot de bain(g) (in billiards, snooker)∎ to put bottom on a ball faire de l'effet à revenir ou de l'effet rétrograde∎ it's on the bottom shelf il se trouve sur l'étagère du bas;∎ the bottom book in the pile le livre qui est en bas de la pile;∎ the bottom half of the chart la partie inférieure du tableau;∎ the bottom half of the class/list la deuxième moitié de la classe/liste;∎ the bottom floor le rez-de-chaussée;∎ the bottom stair (going up) la marche du bas, la première marche; (going down) la dernière marche;∎ Sport the bottom end of the table le bas de la table;∎ British she's collecting things for her bottom drawer elle réunit des choses pour son trousseauau fond;∎ at bottom, their motives are purely mercenary au fond, leurs intentions sont purement intéressées►► bottom feeder Ichthyology poisson m de fond; figurative pejorative (unsuccessful person) raté(e) m,f; (team, company) ratés mpl;Accountancy & Finance bottom line résultat m net, solde m final, résultat m financier;∎ all he's interested in is the bottom line la seule chose qui l'intéresse c'est de faire de l'argent;∎ figurative the bottom line is we can't afford it le fait est que nous ne pouvons pas nous le permettre; -
118 further
further ['fɜ:ðə(r)]plus loin ⇒ 1 (a) plus ⇒ 1 (b) de plus ⇒ 1 (d) plus éloigné ⇒ 2 (a) additionnel ⇒ 2 (b) avancer ⇒ 3 suite à ⇒ 4(a) (at a greater distance in space, time) plus loin;∎ I walked further than I intended to je suis allé plus loin que je n'en avais l'intention;∎ further to the south plus au sud;∎ she's never been further north than Leicester elle n'est jamais allée plus au nord que Leicester;∎ further along the beach plus loin sur la plage;∎ how much further is it? c'est encore loin?;∎ have you much further to go? vous allez encore loin?;∎ he got further and further away from the shore il a continué à s'éloigner de la rive;∎ to move further away s'éloigner;∎ she moved further back elle a reculé encore plus;∎ further back than 1960 avant 1960;∎ further forward, further on plus en avant, plus loin;∎ figurative she's further on than the rest of the students elle est en avance sur les autres étudiants;∎ I've got no further with finding a nanny mes recherches pour trouver une nourrice n'ont pas beaucoup avancé;∎ that doesn't get us much further cela ne nous avance pas beaucoup;∎ nothing could be further from the truth rien n'est moins vrai;∎ nothing could be further from my mind j'étais bien loin de penser à ça∎ I have nothing further to say je n'ai rien à ajouter, je n'ai rien d'autre ou rien de plus à dire;∎ don't try my patience any further ne pousse pas ma patience à bout, n'abuse pas de ma patience;∎ the police want to question him further la police veut encore l'interroger;∎ she heard nothing further from her sister elle n'a pas eu d'autres nouvelles de sa sœur;∎ I want nothing further to do with him je ne veux plus avoir affaire à lui;∎ add water to the wine to make it go further allongez le vin d'eau;∎ until you hear further jusqu'à nouvel avis;∎ unless you hear further sauf avis contraire∎ her arrival only complicated things further son arrivée n'a fait que compliquer les choses;∎ play was further interrupted by rain le jeu fut à nouveau interrompu par la pluie∎ and further I think it best we don't see each other again et de plus ou et en outre je crois qu'il vaut mieux que nous ne nous voyions plus∎ I would go even further and say he's a genius j'irais même jusqu'à dire que c'est un génie;∎ we need to go further into the matter il faut approfondir davantage la question;∎ this information must go no further cette information doit rester entre nous ou ne doit pas être divulguée(a) (more distant) plus éloigné, plus lointain;∎ she walked to the further end of the room elle est allée à l'autre bout de la pièce(b) (additional → comments, negotiations) additionnel, autre; (→ information, news) supplémentaire, complémentaire;∎ do you have any further questions? avez-vous d'autres questions à poser?;∎ I need a further £900 j'ai encore besoin de neuf cents livres;∎ upon further consideration à la réflexion, après plus ample réflexion;∎ I have no further use for it je ne m'en sers plus, je n'en ai plus besoin ou l'usage;∎ she needs one or two further details elle a besoin d'un ou deux autres petits renseignements;∎ I would like further details of the programme j'aimerais avoir quelques précisions ou indications supplémentaires sur le programme;∎ for further information, phone this number pour tout renseignement complémentaire, appelez ce numéro;∎ please send me further information concerning the project veuillez m'envoyer de plus amples renseignements sur ou concernant le projet;∎ esp Military to await further orders attendre les ordres;∎ without further delay sans autre délai, sans plus attendre;∎ until further notice jusqu'à nouvel ordre;∎ without further ado sans plus de cérémonie;∎ without further warning sans plus d'avertissement(cause, one's interests) avancer, servir, favoriser; (career) servir, favoriser; (chances) augmenterformal suite à;∎ further to your letter of 12 July suite à votre lettre du 12 juillet;∎ further to our discussion/conversation suite à notre discussion/conversation►► British further education1 nounenseignement m postscolaire(class) d'éducation permanente;further education college centre m de formation continue -
119 very
1 adverb(a) (with adj or adv) très, bien;∎ it was very pleasant c'était très ou bien agréable;∎ was the pizza good? - very/not very la pizza était-elle bonne? - très/pas très;∎ I'm not very impressed with the results je ne suis pas très ou tellement impressionné par les résultats;∎ be very careful faites très ou bien attention;∎ he was very hungry/thirsty il avait très faim/soif;∎ I very nearly fell j'ai bien failli tomber;∎ very few/little très peu;∎ so very little si peu;∎ there were very few of them (people) ils étaient très peu nombreux; (objets) il y en avait très peu;∎ he takes very little interest in what goes on il s'intéresse très peu à ce qui se passe;∎ there's very little one can do to help on ne peut pas faire grand-chose pour aider;∎ there weren't very many people il n'y avait pas beaucoup de gens, il n'y avait pas grand monde;∎ it isn't so very difficult ce n'est pas tellement difficile, ce n'est pas si difficile que ça;∎ very good!, very well! (expressing agreement, consent) très bien!;∎ you can't very well ask outright tu ne peux pas vraiment demander directement;∎ that's all very well but… tout ça, c'est très bien mais…∎ our very best wine notre meilleur vin;∎ the very best of friends les meilleurs amis du monde;∎ it's the very worst thing that could have happened c'est bien ce qui pouvait arriver de pire;∎ the very latest designs les créations les plus récentes;∎ at the very latest au plus tard;∎ at the very least/most tout au moins/plus;∎ the very first/last person la (toute) première/dernière personne;∎ the very next day le lendemain même, dès le lendemain;∎ the very next person I met was his brother la première personne que j'ai rencontrée était son frère;∎ we'll stop at the very next town nous nous arrêterons à la prochaine ville;∎ it's nice to have your very own car or a car of your very own c'est agréable d'avoir sa voiture à soi;∎ it's my very own c'est à moi;∎ the very same day le jour même;∎ on the very same date exactement à la même date;∎ Religion the Very Reverend Alan Scott le très révérend Alan Scott(a) (extreme, far)∎ at the very beginning au tout début;∎ at the very back tout au fond;∎ at the very top/bottom of the page tout en haut/en bas de la page;∎ at the very bottom of the sea au plus profond de la mer∎ at that very moment juste à ce moment-là;∎ the very man I need juste l'homme qu'il me faut;∎ those were his very words ce sont ses propos mêmes, c'est exactement ce qu'il a dit;∎ this is the very room where they were murdered c'est dans cette pièce même qu'ils ont été tués;∎ it was a year ago to the very day c'était il y a un an jour pour jour;∎ by its very nature par sa nature même∎ the very idea! quelle idée!;∎ the very thought of it makes me shiver je frissonne rien que d'y penser;∎ it happened before my very eyes cela s'est passé sous mes yeux;∎ archaic the veriest trifle la moindre petite chose;∎ archaic the veriest fool could do it le premier imbécile venu pourrait le faire1 adverb∎ I like French cinema very much j'aime beaucoup le cinéma français;∎ I very much hope to be able to come j'espère bien que je pourrai venir;∎ very much better/bigger beaucoup mieux/plus grand;∎ unless I'm very much mistaken à moins que je ne me trompe;∎ were you impressed? - very much so ça vous a impressionné? - beaucoup∎ the situation remains very much the same la situation n'a guère évolué;∎ it's very much a question of who to believe la question est surtout de savoir qui on doit croirebeaucoup de;∎ there wasn't very much wine il n'y avait pas beaucoup de vin3 pronounbeaucoup;∎ she doesn't say very much elle parle peu, elle ne dit pas grand-chose►► very high frequency très haute fréquence f, (gamme f des) ondes fpl métriques;very low frequency très basse fréquence f -
120 ♦ fight
♦ fight /faɪt/n.1 combattimento; lotta; scontro; battaglia: a fight between two armies, un combattimento fra due eserciti; to give fight, dare battaglia; to put up a fight, opporre resistenza; resistere; combattere; to make a fight of it, battersi bene; combattere bene; to put up a good [poor] fight, battersi bene [male]4 (fig.) battaglia; lotta: the fight against AIDS [against crime], la lotta contro l'AIDS [contro la criminalità]; a fight for higher wages, una battaglia per ottenere salari più alti5 competizione; gara; lotta6 [u] spirito combattivo; combattività; volontà di combattere: He still had some fight in him, aveva ancora dello spirito combattivo; to show fight, mostrarsi combattivo; mostrare i denti; fight or flight response, reazione fisiologica davanti a un pericolo ( che prepara alla fuga o all'attacco)● to fight the good fight, ► to fight.♦ (to) fight /faɪt/(pass. e p. p. fought)A v. i.1 combattere; battersi: Italy fought against Germany in World War I, l'Italia combatté contro la Germania nella prima guerra mondiale; to fight with sb., combattere fianco a fianco di qc.; to fight hard, battersi accanitamente; He fought bravely, combatté (o si batté) con coraggio; I had to fight through a lot of hard opposition, dovetti superare un'accanita opposizione2 azzuffarsi; picchiarsi; venire alle mani; fare a pugni: The cats are fighting, i gatti si stanno azzuffando4 (fig.) combattere; lottare: to fight against poverty, lottare contro la povertà; to fight for one's rights, lottare per i propri diritti; I fought to regain my self-control, ho lottato per ritrovare il mio autocontrolloB v. t.1 combattere: to fight a battle [a war], combattere una battaglia [una guerra]2 (fig.) combattere; lottare contro; battersi contro: to fight crime, combattere la criminalità; to fight a fire, lottare contro un incendio; He fought Jones for the party leadership, contese a Jones la guida del partito3 resistere a; lottare contro; opporsi a: to fight a smile, lottare per non sorridere, (mil., antiq.) manovrare in battaglia● to fight a cause (o a suit at law) against sb., portare avanti una causa contro q. □ (fam.) to fight one's corner, lottare per difendere i propri interessi □ to fight a duel, fare un duello; battersi (in duello) □ to fight an election, essere candidato in un'elezione: He fought a hard election campaign, si è impegnato in una difficile campagna elettorale □ to fight fire with fire, combattere il fuoco col fuoco □ to fight for breath, respirare a fatica □ to fight for one's (o for dear) life, lottare per la vita; lottare contro la morte □ to fight the good fight, cercare di vivere bene; comportarsi bene □ to fight like a tiger, lottare come una tigre; battersi come un leone □ to fight a losing battle, combattere una battaglia già perduta; lottare per una causa persa □ to fight shy of, evitare; evitare di (fare qc.); tenersi lontano da □ to fight to the bitter end, lottare fino all'ultimo □ to fight to a finish, battersi a oltranza; □ to fight one's way through st., farsi largo (o farsi strada, aprirsi un varco) a fatica tra qc. □ (fig.) to fight one's way to the top, arrivare in alto, lottando tenacemente.
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