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  • 61 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

    (1918-)
       Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.
       In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).
       As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

  • 62 bolt

    1. noun
    1) (on door or window) Riegel, der; (on gun) Kammerverschluss, der
    2) (metal pin) Schraube, die; (without thread) Bolzen, der
    3) (of crossbow) Bolzen, der
    4)

    bolt [of lightning] — Blitz[strahl], der

    [like] a bolt from the blue — (fig.) wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel

    5) (sudden dash)
    2. intransitive verb
    1) davonlaufen; [Pferd:] durchgehen

    bolt out of the shop — aus dem Laden rennen

    2) (Hort., Agric.) vorzeitig Samen bilden; [Salat, Kohl:] schießen
    3. transitive verb
    1) (fasten with bolt) verriegeln

    bolt somebody in/out — jemanden einsperren/aussperren

    2) (fasten with bolts with/without thread) verschrauben/mit Bolzen verbinden

    bolt something to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) schrauben/mit Bolzen befestigen

    bolt [down] — hinunterschlingen [Essen]

    4. adverb
    * * *
    [boult] 1. noun
    1) (a bar to fasten a door etc: We have a bolt as well as a lock on the door.) der Riegel
    2) (a round bar of metal, often with a screw thread for a nut: nuts and bolts.) die Schraube
    3) (a flash of lightning.) der Blitzstrahl
    4) (a roll (of cloth): a bolt of silk.) der Stoffballen
    2. verb
    1) (to fasten with a bolt: He bolted the door.) verriegeln
    2) (to swallow hastily: The child bolted her food.) herunterschlingen
    3) (to go away very fast: The horse bolted in terror.) durchgehen
    •
    - bolt-upright
    - boltupright
    - academic.ru/114932/a_bolt_from_the_blue">a bolt from the blue
    * * *
    [bəʊlt, AM boʊlt]
    I. vi
    1. (move quickly) [schnell] rennen, rasen fam, flitzen fam
    she \bolted to the phone sie stürzte ans Telefon
    2. (run away) weglaufen, ausreißen fam, durchbrennen fam; horse durchgehen
    the horse has \bolted ( fig) der Zug ist schon abgefahren
    the rabbits \bolted away die Kaninchen schossen [o geh stoben] davon
    3. (lock) schließen; door verriegeln
    4. HORT plant ins Kraut schießen
    II. vt
    1. (gulp down)
    ▪ to \bolt sth ⇆ [down] etw hinunterschlingen
    to \bolt a door/window eine Tür/ein Fenster verriegeln
    3. (fix)
    ▪ to \bolt sth on[to] sth etw mit etw dat verbolzen
    III. n
    1. (rapid move) Sprung m, Satz m
    to make a \bolt for freedom das Weite suchen, flüchten
    \bolt of lightning Blitz[schlag] m
    3. (on a door) Riegel m
    to draw the \bolt den Riegel vorschieben
    4. (screw) Schraubenbolzen m
    5. (of a crossbow) Bolzen m
    6. (of a gun) Schlagbolzen m
    7. (roll of wallpaper) Rolle f; (roll of cloth) [Stoff]ballen m
    8.
    ▶ to be a \bolt from [or out of] the blue aus heiterem Himmel [o völlig unerwartet] kommen
    ▶ the nuts and \bolts of sth die praktischen Details
    ▶ to have shot one's \bolt ( fam) sein Pulver verschossen haben fig
    * * *
    [bəʊlt]
    1. n
    1) (on door etc) Riegel m
    2) (TECH) Schraube f (ohne Spitze), Bolzen m
    3) (of lightning) Blitzstrahl m

    it came/was like a bolt from the blue (fig) — das schlug ein/war wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel

    4) (of cloth) Ballen m
    5) (of crossbow) Bolzen m → shoot
    See:
    → shoot
    6) (of rifle) Kammer f
    7) (= sudden dash) Satz m (inf)

    he made a bolt for the door — er machte einen Satz zur Tür

    2. adv
    3. vi
    1) (horse) durchgehen; (person) Reißaus nehmen (inf)

    too late now, the horse has bolted (fig) — zu spät, der Zug ist schon abgefahren

    2) (= move quickly) sausen, rasen, pesen (inf)
    4. vt
    1) door, window zu- or verriegeln
    2) (TECH) parts verschrauben (to mit), mit Schraubenbolzen befestigen (to an +dat)
    3) one's food hinunterschlingen
    * * *
    bolt1 [bəʊlt]
    A s
    1. Bolzen m:
    shoot one’s (last) bolt fig umg einen letzten Versuch machen;
    he has shot his bolt fig umg er hat sein Pulver oder seine Körner verschossen
    2. Blitz(strahl) m:
    it was ( oder came as, came like) a bolt from ( oder out of) the blue fig das kam (überraschend) wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel, es traf mich etc wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel
    3. (Wasser- etc) Strahl m
    4. TECH (Tür-, Schloss) Riegel m
    5. TECH (Schrauben)Bolzen m, Schraube f (mit Mutter):
    bolt nut Schraubenmutter f
    6. TECH Dorn m, Stift m
    7. MIL, TECH Bolzen m, (Gewehr- etc) Schloss n
    8. Buchbinderei: noch nicht aufgeschnittener Druckbogen
    9. (Stoff) Ballen m, (Tapeten) Rolle f
    10. BOT
    a) Butterblume f
    b) ( besonders Knolliger) Hahnenfuß
    11. plötzlicher Satz oder Sprung, (blitzartiger) Fluchtversuch:
    he made a bolt for the door er machte einen Satz zur Tür;
    12. POL US Weigerung, die Politik oder einen Kandidaten der eigenen Partei zu unterstützen
    B adv bolt upright bolzen-, kerzengerade
    C v/i
    1. sich verriegeln lassen, verriegelt werden (Tür etc)
    2. rasen, stürmen, stürzen ( alle:
    from, out of aus)
    3. das Weite suchen, sich aus dem Staub machen
    4. scheuen, durchgehen (Pferd)
    5. auch bolt up (erschreckt) hochfahren ( from aus)
    6. POL US den Beschlüssen der eigenen Partei zuwiderhandeln oder die Zustimmung verweigern
    7. AGR vorzeitig in Samen schießen
    D v/t
    1. Worte hervorstoßen, herausplatzen mit umg
    2. JAGD einen Hasen etc aufstöbern, aus dem Bau treiben
    3. oft bolt down Essen hinunterschlingen, ein Getränk hinunterstürzen
    4. eine Tür etc ver-, zuriegeln
    5. TECH mit Bolzen befestigen, verbolzen, ver-, festschrauben:
    bolted connection, bolted joint Schraubverbindung f, Verschraubung f
    6. Stoff in Ballen oder Tapeten in Rollen wickeln
    7. obs fig fesseln
    8. POL US die eigene Partei oder ihre Kandidaten nicht unterstützen, sich von seiner Partei lossagen
    bolt2 [bəʊlt] v/t
    1. Mehl sieben, beuteln
    2. fig untersuchen, sichten
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (on door or window) Riegel, der; (on gun) Kammerverschluss, der
    2) (metal pin) Schraube, die; (without thread) Bolzen, der
    3) (of crossbow) Bolzen, der
    4)

    bolt [of lightning] — Blitz[strahl], der

    [like] a bolt from the blue — (fig.) wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel

    2. intransitive verb
    1) davonlaufen; [Pferd:] durchgehen
    2) (Hort., Agric.) vorzeitig Samen bilden; [Salat, Kohl:] schießen
    3. transitive verb
    1) (fasten with bolt) verriegeln

    bolt somebody in/out — jemanden einsperren/aussperren

    2) (fasten with bolts with/without thread) verschrauben/mit Bolzen verbinden

    bolt something to something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) schrauben/mit Bolzen befestigen

    bolt [down] — hinunterschlingen [Essen]

    4. adverb
    * * *
    n.
    Blitz -e m.
    Bolzen - m. v.
    sausen v.
    verriegeln v.

    English-german dictionary > bolt

  • 63 dash

    1. intransitive verb
    (move quickly) sausen; (coll.): (hurry) sich eilen

    dash down/up [the stairs] — [die Treppe] hinunter-/hinaufstürzen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (shatter)

    dash something [to pieces] — etwas [in tausend Stücke] zerschlagen od. zerschmettern

    2) (fling) schleudern; schmettern
    3. noun
    1)

    make a dash for freedom — plötzlich versuchen, wegzulaufen

    2) (horizontal stroke) Gedankenstrich, der
    3) (Morse signal) Strich, der
    4) (small amount) Schuss, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/119798/dash_away">dash away
    * * *
    [dæʃ] 1. verb
    1) (to move with speed and violence: A man dashed into a shop.) stürzen
    2) (to knock, throw etc violently, especially so as to break: He dashed the bottle to pieces against the wall.) schleudern
    3) (to bring down suddenly and violently or to make very depressed: Our hopes were dashed.) vereiteln
    2. noun
    1) (a sudden rush or movement: The child made a dash for the door.) der Sprung
    2) (a small amount of something, especially liquid: whisky with a dash of soda.) der Schuß
    3) ((in writing) a short line (-) to show a break in a sentence etc.) der Gedankenstrich
    4) (energy and enthusiasm: All his activities showed the same dash and spirit.) der Schwung
    •
    - dashing
    - dash off
    * * *
    [dæʃ]
    I. n
    <pl -es>
    1. (rush) Hetze f, Hast nt
    it was a mad \dash wir mussten uns total abhetzen fam
    to make a \dash for the door/exit zur Tür/zum Ausgang stürzen
    she made a \dash for it sie rannte, so schnell sie konnte
    2. esp AM SPORT Kurzstreckenlauf m
    3. (little bit) kleiner Zusatz, kleine Beimengung
    a \dash of cinnamon/nutmeg/pepper eine Messerspitze Zimt/Muskat/Pfeffer
    to add a \dash of colour to a dish einem Gericht einen Farbtupfer hinzufügen
    a \dash of salt eine Prise Salz
    a \dash of originality ein Hauch m von Originalität, eine gewisse Originalität
    a \dash of rum ein Schuss m Rum
    a \dash of yellow ein Stich m ins Gelbe, SCHWEIZ a. ein Gelbstich m
    4. (punctuation) Gedankenstrich m
    5. (flair) Schwung m, Elan m; (pluck) Schneid m
    6. (morse signal) [Morse]strich m
    dots and \dashes Morsezeichen pl
    7. AUTO ( fam: dashboard) Armaturenbrett nt
    \dash it! (bother!) verflixt!, Mist!
    \dash it [all]! (expressing righteous indignation) ich muss doch sehr bitten!
    III. vi
    1. (hurry) stürmen, rasen fam
    I've got to \dash ich muss mich sputen fam
    we \dashed along the platform and just managed to catch the train wir rannten den Bahnsteig entlang und haben den Zug gerade noch erwischt
    to \dash across the street/into the house über die Straße/ins Haus flitzen fam
    to \dash out of the room aus dem Zimmer stürmen
    ▪ to \dash about [or around] herumrennen fam
    ▪ to \dash at sth sich akk auf etw akk stürzen
    ▪ to \dash off davonjagen, die Fliege machen fam
    2. (strike forcefully) schmettern; waves also peitschen
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \dash sth [against sth] etw [gegen etw akk] schleudern [o schmettern]
    he \dashed his hand against a rock er schlug sich die Hand an einem Felsen auf
    to \dash sth to pieces etw zerschmettern [o in tausend Stücke schlagen
    2. (destroy)
    ▪ to be \dashed zerstört [o vernichtet] werden
    his spirits were \dashed by the ridicule of his classmates der Spott seiner Klassenkameraden hat ihn völlig geknickt
    to \dash sb's hopes jds Hoffnungen zunichtemachen
    * * *
    [dʃ]
    1. n
    1) (= sudden rush) Jagd f

    he made a dash for the door/across the road — er stürzte auf die Tür zu/über die Straße

    she made a dash for it — sie rannte, so schnell sie konnte

    to make a dash for freedom —

    his dash for freedom was unsuccessful — sein Versuch, in die Freiheit zu entkommen, war vergeblich

    it was a mad dash to the hospital — wir/sie etc eilten Hals über Kopf zum Krankenhaus

    2) (= hurry) Hetze f
    3) (= style, vigour) Schwung m, Elan m
    4)

    (= small amount) a dash of — etwas, ein bisschen; (of vinegar, spirits) etwas, ein Schuss m; (of seasoning etc) etwas, eine Prise; (of lemon) ein Spritzer m

    5) (TYP) Gedankenstrich m
    6) (in morse) Strich m
    7) (AUT) Armaturenbrett nt
    2. vt
    1) (= throw violently) schleudern

    he dashed his head on the floor when he fell —

    2) (= discourage) sb's hopes zunichtemachen
    3)
    See:
    = darn
    3. vi
    1) (= rush) sausen (inf)

    to dash into/across a room — in ein Zimmer/quer durch ein Zimmer stürzen or stürmen

    to dash away/back/up — fort-/zurück-/hinaufstürzen

    2) (= knock, be hurled) schlagen; (waves) peitschen
    4. interj

    dash ( it)! (inf) — verflixt! (inf), (verflixter) Mist! (inf)

    * * *
    dash [dæʃ]
    A v/t
    1. schlagen, heftig stoßen, schmettern:
    dash to pieces in Stücke schlagen, zerschlagen, zerschmettern
    2. schleudern, schmeißen umg, schmettern, knallen umg:
    a) zu Boden schmettern oder schleudern,
    b) fig jemandes Hoffnungen etc zunichtemachen
    3. überschütten, begießen, an-, bespritzen
    4. spritzen, klatschen, gießen, schütten:
    dash water in sb’s face;
    dash down ( oder off) ein Getränk hinunterstürzen
    5. (ver)mischen ( with mit) (auch fig):
    6. fig zerschlagen, zerstören, zunichtemachen:
    dash sb’s hopes
    7. niederdrücken, deprimieren
    8. verwirren, aus der Fassung bringen
    9. dash off ( oder down) einen Aufsatz, eine Zeichnung etc schnell hinwerfen oder umg hinhauen
    10. etwas Ausgelassenes durch Gedankenstriche ersetzen oder kennzeichnen
    11. → damn A 5
    B v/i
    1. stürmen, (sich) stürzen:
    dash off davonjagen, -stürzen
    2. (dahin-)stürmen, (-)jagen, (-)rasen
    3. (heftig) aufschlagen, klatschen, prallen:
    dash to pieces (in 100 Stücke) zerspringen ( against the stone floor auf dem Steinfußboden)
    C s
    1. Schlag m:
    at one dash mit einem Schlag (a. fig)
    2. Klatschen n, Prall(en) m(n), Aufschlag m
    3. Schuss m, Zusatz m, Spritzer m:
    wine with a dash of water Wein mit einem Schuss Wasser;
    a dash of salt eine Prise Salz;
    add a dash of colo(u)r to fig einen Farbtupfer aufsetzen (dat)
    4. Anflug m (of von Traurigkeit etc)
    5. Stich m ( of green ins Grüne)
    6. a) (Feder)Strich m
    b) (Gedanken)Strich m, Strich m für etwas Ausgelassenes
    c) Telegrafie: (Morse)Strich m
    7. MUS
    a) Staccatokeil m
    b) Generalbass: Erhöhungsstrich m
    c) Plicastrich m (Ligatur)
    8. (An)Sturm m, Vorstoß m, Sprung m, stürmischer Anlauf:
    make a dash (at, for) (los)stürmen, sich stürzen (auf akk)
    9. Schwung m, Schmiss m, Elan m
    10. Eleganz f, glänzendes Auftreten:
    cut a dash eine gute Figur abgeben, Aufsehen erregen
    11. → dashboard
    12. Leichtathletik: Sprint m, Kurzstreckenlauf m
    D int besonders Br für damn D
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    (move quickly) sausen; (coll.): (hurry) sich eilen

    dash down/up [the stairs] — [die Treppe] hinunter-/hinaufstürzen

    2. transitive verb

    dash something [to pieces] — etwas [in tausend Stücke] zerschlagen od. zerschmettern

    2) (fling) schleudern; schmettern
    3. noun
    1)

    make a dash for freedom — plötzlich versuchen, wegzulaufen

    2) (horizontal stroke) Gedankenstrich, der
    3) (Morse signal) Strich, der
    4) (small amount) Schuss, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Elan nur sing. m.
    Gedankenstrich m.
    Querstrich m. v.
    rasen v.
    schleudern v.
    schmettern v.

    English-german dictionary > dash

  • 64 latitude

    noun
    1) (freedom) Freiheit, die
    2) (Geog.) [geographische] Breite; (of a place) Breite, die

    latitudes — (regions) Breiten Pl.

    latitude 40° N. — 40° nördlicher Breite

    * * *
    ['lætitju:d]
    1) (the distance, measured in degrees on the map, that a place is north or south of the Equator: What is the latitude of London?) die geographische Breite
    2) (freedom of choice or action.) der Spielraum
    * * *
    lati·tude
    [ˈlætɪtju:d, AM -t̬ətu:d, -tju:d]
    n
    1. (geographical) Breite f, Breitengrad m
    the village lies just south of \latitude 51 degrees 10 minutes North der Ort liegt knapp südlich einer nördlichen Breite von 51 Grad 10 Minuten
    in these \latitudes in diesen Breiten [o dieser Gegend] [o diesen Regionen
    2. ( form: freedom) Freiheit f
    to show a certain/considerable degree of \latitude einen gewissen/beträchtlichen Spielraum einräumen
    * * *
    ['ltɪtjuːd]
    n
    Breite f; (fig) Freiheit f, Spielraum m
    * * *
    latitude [ˈlætıtjuːd; US besonders -ˌtuːd] s
    1. GEOG Breite f:
    in latitude 40 N. auf dem 40. Grad nördlicher Breite;
    high (low) latitudes hohe (niedere) Breiten;
    in these latitudes in diesen Breiten oder Gegenden; → academic.ru/19259/degree">degree 6
    2. Geodäsie: Breite f
    3. fig
    a) Spielraum m, (Bewegungs)Freiheit f:
    allow ( oder give) sb a great deal of latitude jemandem große Freiheit gewähren
    b) großzügige Auslegung (eines Wortes)
    4. FOTO Belichtungsspielraum m
    lat. abk GEOG latitude Br
    * * *
    noun
    1) (freedom) Freiheit, die
    2) (Geog.) [geographische] Breite; (of a place) Breite, die

    latitudes — (regions) Breiten Pl.

    latitude 40° N. — 40° nördlicher Breite

    * * *
    n.
    Breite -en f.
    Breitengrad m.

    English-german dictionary > latitude

  • 65 liberty

    noun
    Freiheit, die

    you are at liberty to come and go as you please — es steht Ihnen frei, zu kommen und zu gehen, wie Sie wollen

    take the liberty to do or of doing something — sich (Dat.) die Freiheit nehmen, etwas zu tun

    take liberties with somebody — sich (Dat.) Freiheiten gegen jemanden herausnehmen (ugs.)

    take liberties with something — mit etwas allzu frei umgehen

    * * *
    ['libəti]
    1) (freedom from captivity or from slavery: He ordered that all prisoners should be given their liberty.) die Freiheit
    2) (freedom to do as one pleases: Children have a lot more liberty now than they used to.) die Freiheit
    3) ((especially with take) too great freedom of speech or action: I think it was (taking) a liberty to ask her such a question!) die Ungehörigkeit
    •
    - academic.ru/117170/liberties">liberties
    - take the liberty of
    * * *
    lib·er·ty
    [ˈlɪbəti, AM -ɚt̬i]
    n
    1. no pl (freedom) Freiheit f
    \liberty of action/conscience/speech Handlungs-/Gewissens-/Redefreiheit f
    to be at \liberty frei [o auf freiem Fuß[e]] sein
    to be at \liberty to do sth etw tun können
    are you at \liberty to reveal any names? dürfen Sie Namen nennen?
    you are at \liberty to refuse medical treatment es steht Ihnen frei, eine medizinische Behandlung abzulehnen
    to give sb their \liberty jdm die Freiheit schenken
    2. (incorrect behaviour)
    it's [a bit of] a \liberty es ist [ein bisschen] unverschämt
    what a \liberty! das ist ja unerhört!
    to take liberties with sb sich dat bei jdm Freiheiten herausnehmen
    she slapped his face for taking liberties sie gab ihm eine Ohrfeige dafür, dass er sich zu viel herausgenommen hatte
    to take liberties with sth etw [zu] frei handhaben
    her translation takes liberties with the original text ihre Übersetzung ist allerdings sehr frei
    to take the \liberty of doing sth sich dat die Freiheit nehmen, etw zu tun
    I took the \liberty of borrowing your bicycle ich habe mir erlaubt, dein Fahrrad auszuleihen
    ▪ liberties pl Grundrechte pl, Bürgerrechte pl
    * * *
    ['lIbətɪ]
    n

    I am not at liberty to comment — es ist mir nicht gestattet, darüber zu sprechen

    2)

    (= presumptuous action, behaviour) I have taken the liberty of giving your name — ich habe mir erlaubt, Ihren Namen anzugeben

    what a liberty! (inf) — so eine Frechheit!

    * * *
    liberty [ˈlıbə(r)tı] s
    1. Freiheit f:
    liberty of conscience Gewissensfreiheit;
    liberty of the press Pressefreiheit;
    liberty of speech Redefreiheit;
    liberty of thought Gedankenfreiheit
    2. Freiheit f, freie Wahl, Erlaubnis f:
    large liberty of action weitgehende Handlungsfreiheit
    3. besonders PHIL, REL Willensfreiheit f
    4. Freiheit f, Privileg n, (Vor)Recht n
    5. Dreistigkeit f, (plumpe) Vertraulichkeit
    6. SCHIFF (kurzer) Landurlaub
    7. (beschränkte) Bewegungsfreiheit:
    he was given the liberty of the house er konnte sich im Haus frei bewegen
    8. HIST Br Freibezirk m (einer Stadt)Besondere Redewendungen: at liberty
    a) in Freiheit, frei, auf freiem Fuß,
    b) unbeschäftigt, frei,
    c) unbenutzt;
    be at liberty to do sth etwas tun dürfen; berechtigt sein, etwas zu tun;
    you are at liberty to go es steht Ihnen frei zu gehen, Sie können gern(e) gehen;
    set at liberty auf freien Fuß setzen, freilassen;
    take the liberty to do ( oder of doing) sth sich die Freiheit (heraus)nehmen oder sich erlauben, etwas zu tun;
    a) sich Freiheiten gegen jemanden herausnehmen,
    b) willkürlich mit etwas umgehen;
    he has taken liberties with the translation er hat sehr frei übersetzt
    * * *
    noun
    Freiheit, die

    you are at liberty to come and go as you please — es steht Ihnen frei, zu kommen und zu gehen, wie Sie wollen

    take the liberty to do or of doing something — sich (Dat.) die Freiheit nehmen, etwas zu tun

    take liberties with somebody — sich (Dat.) Freiheiten gegen jemanden herausnehmen (ugs.)

    * * *
    n.
    Freiheit -en f.

    English-german dictionary > liberty

  • 66 play

    1. noun
    1) (Theatre) [Theater]stück, das

    put on a play — ein Stück aufführen

    2) (recreation) Spielen, das; Spiel, das

    say/do something in play — etwas aus od. im od. zum Spaß sagen/tun

    play [up]on words — Wortspiel, das

    3) (Sport) Spiel, das; (Amer.): (manoeuvre) Spielzug, der

    be in/out of play — [Ball:] im Spiel/aus [dem Spiel] sein

    make a play for somebody/something — (fig. coll.) hinter jemandem/etwas her sein (ugs.); es auf jemanden/etwas abgesehen haben

    4)

    come into play, be brought or called into play — ins Spiel kommen

    make [great] play with something — viel Wesen um etwas machen

    5) (freedom of movement) Spiel, das (Technik); (fig.) Spielraum, der

    give full play to one's emotions/imagination — etc. (fig.) seinen Gefühlen/seiner Fantasie usw. freien Lauf lassen

    6) (rapid movement)
    2. intransitive verb

    play [up]on words — Wortspiele/ein Wortspiel machen

    not have much time to play with — (coll.) zeitlich nicht viel Spielraum haben

    play into somebody's hands — (fig.) jemandem in die Hand od. Hände arbeiten

    play safe — sichergehen; auf Nummer Sicher gehen (ugs.)

    2) (Mus.) spielen (on auf + Dat.)
    3. transitive verb
    1) (Mus.): (perform on) spielen

    play the violin — etc. Geige usw. spielen

    play something on the piano — etc. etwas auf dem Klavier usw. spielen

    play it by ear — (fig.) es dem Augenblick/der Situation überlassen

    2) spielen [Grammophon, Tonbandgerät]; abspielen [Schallplatte, Tonband]; spielen lassen [Radio]
    3) (Theatre; also fig.) spielen

    play a town — in einer Stadt spielen

    play the fool/innocent — den Clown/Unschuldigen spielen

    play a trick/joke on somebody — jemanden hereinlegen (ugs.) /jemandem einen Streich spielen

    5) (Sport, Cards) spielen [Fußball, Karten, Schach usw.]; spielen od. antreten gegen [Mannschaft, Gegner]

    play a match — einen Wettkampf bestreiten; (in team games) ein Spiel machen

    he played me at chess/squash — er war im Schach/Squash mein Gegner

    6) (Sport) ausführen [Schlag]; (Cricket etc.) schlagen [Ball]
    7) (Cards) spielen

    play one's cards right — (fig.) es richtig anfassen (fig.)

    8) (coll.): (gamble on)

    play the market — spekulieren (in mit od. Wirtsch. in + Dat.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/56069/play_about">play about
    * * *
    [plei] 1. verb
    1) (to amuse oneself: The child is playing in the garden; He is playing with his toys; The little girl wants to play with her friends.) spielen
    2) (to take part in (games etc): He plays football; He is playing in goal; Here's a pack of cards - who wants to play (with me)?; I'm playing golf with him this evening.) spielen
    3) (to act in a play etc; to act (a character): She's playing Lady Macbeth; The company is playing in London this week.) spielen
    4) ((of a play etc) to be performed: `Oklahoma' is playing at the local theatre.) spielen
    5) (to (be able to) perform on (a musical instrument): She plays the piano; Who was playing the piano this morning?; He plays (the oboe) in an orchestra.) spielen
    6) ((usually with on) to carry out or do (a trick): He played a trick on me.) spielen
    7) ((usually with at) to compete against (someone) in a game etc: I'll play you at tennis.) spielen
    8) ((of light) to pass with a flickering movement: The firelight played across the ceiling.) spielen
    9) (to direct (over or towards something): The firemen played their hoses over the burning house.) richten
    10) (to put down or produce (a playing-card) as part of a card game: He played the seven of hearts.) ausspielen
    2. noun
    1) (recreation; amusement: A person must have time for both work and play.) das Spiel
    2) (an acted story; a drama: Shakespeare wrote many great plays.) das Schauspiel
    3) (the playing of a game: At the start of today's play, England was leading India by fifteen runs.) das Spiel
    4) (freedom of movement (eg in part of a machine).) der Spielraum
    •
    - player
    - playable
    - playful
    - playfully
    - playfulness
    - playboy
    - playground
    - playing-card
    - playing-field
    - playmate
    - playpen
    - playschool
    - plaything
    - playtime
    - playwright
    - at play
    - bring/come into play
    - child's play
    - in play
    - out of play
    - play at
    - play back
    - play down
    - play fair
    - play for time
    - play havoc with
    - play into someone's hands
    - play off
    - play off against
    - play on
    - play a
    - no part in
    - play safe
    - play the game
    - play up
    * * *
    [pleɪ]
    I. NOUN
    1. no pl (recreation) Spiel nt
    to be at \play beim Spiel sein, spielen
    to do sth in \play etw [nur] zum Spaß tun
    it's only in \play es ist doch nur Spaß
    2. no pl SPORT (game time) Spiel nt
    rain stopped \play wegen des Regens wurde das Spiel unterbrochen
    the start/close of \play der Beginn/das Ende des Spiels
    to be in/out of \play im Spiel/im Aus sein
    3. AM SPORT (move) Spielzug m
    to make a bad/good \play ein schlechtes/gutes Spiel machen
    a foul \play ein Foul[spiel] nt
    4. THEAT [Theater]stück nt
    to go to see a \play ins Theater gehen
    one-act \play Einakter m
    to put on [or stage] [or ( fam) do] a \play ein Stück inszenieren
    radio \play Hörspiel nt
    television \play Fernsehspiel nt, Fernsehfilm m
    5. no pl (change)
    the \play of emotion across his face revealed his conflict seine widerstreitenden Gefühle spiegelten sich in seinem Gesicht wider
    the \play of light [on sth] das Spiel des Lichts [auf etw dat]
    6. (freedom) Spielraum m; TECH Spiel nt
    to allow [or give] sth full \play etw dat freien Lauf lassen
    7. no pl (interaction) Zusammenspiel nt
    to bring sth into \play etw ins Spiel bringen, etw einsetzen
    to come into \play eine Rolle spielen
    8. no pl ( old: gambling) Spielen nt
    9. no pl (coverage) Medieninteresse nt, Aufmerksamkeit f in den Medien
    to get a lot of \play das Interesse der Medien auf sich akk ziehen, Thema Nummer eins sein fam
    10.
    ▶ to make a \play for sb/sth ( fam) sich akk an jdn/etw heranpirschen
    ▶ to make \play with sth mit etw dat spielen
    ▶ to make great \play of [or with] sth viel Aufhebens von etw dat machen
    ▶ \play on words Wortspiel nt
    1. (amuse oneself)
    ▪ to \play [somewhere] [irgendwo] spielen
    can Jenny come out and \play? kann Jenny zum Spielen rauskommen?
    to \play on the swings schaukeln
    2. SPORT spielen
    Leonora always \plays to win Leonora will immer gewinnen
    to \play fair/rough fair/hart spielen
    it wasn't really \playing fair not to tell her ( fig) es war nicht besonders fair, dass du ihr nichts gesagt hast
    ▪ to \play against sb gegen jdn spielen
    they're a difficult team to \play against diese Mannschaft ist ein schwieriger Gegner
    to \play for a city/team für eine Stadt/ein Team spielen
    to \play in attack/defence in der Offensive/als Verteidiger/Verteidigerin spielen
    to \play in goal den Torwart/die Torwartin spielen
    to \play in the match am Spiel teilnehmen
    3. actor spielen
    ‘Hamlet’ is \playing at the Guildhall in der Guildhall kommt zurzeit der ‚Hamlet‘
    to \play opposite sb mit jdm [zusammen] spielen
    to \play to a full house vor ausverkauftem Haus spielen
    Macbeth \played to full houses die Macbeth-Vorstellungen waren immer ausverkauft
    4. (musician) spielen; instrument ertönen
    the searchlights \played across [or over] the facade die [Such]scheinwerfer strichen über die Fassade
    we watched the light \playing on the water wir beobachteten das Spiel des Lichts auf dem Wasser
    she could hear the fountain \playing sie hörte den Springbrunnen plätschern
    a smile \played across [or on] [or over] his lips ein Lächeln spielte um seine Lippen
    6. (gamble) spielen
    to \play for fun zum Spaß [o ohne Einsatz] spielen
    to \play for money um Geld spielen
    how will this \play with the voters? wie wird das bei den Wählern ankommen?
    8. usu neg (cooperate) mitmachen
    9. + adj (pretend)
    to \play dumb sich akk taub stellen
    10.
    ▶ to \play fast and loose with sb/sth mit jdm/bei etw dat ein falsches Spiel spielen
    ▶ to not be \playing with a full deck AM ( fam) nicht alle Tassen im Schrank haben fam
    ▶ to \play to the gallery billige Effekthascherei betreiben pej; politician populistische Stammtischparolen ausgeben pej
    ▶ to \play into sb's hands jdm in die Hände arbeiten
    ▶ to \play safe auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam
    ▶ to \play for time versuchen, Zeit zu gewinnen, auf Zeit spielen
    1.
    ▪ to \play sth game etw spielen; position
    Luke \plays centre forward/back Luke ist Mittelstürmer/Verteidiger
    to \play a match ein Spiel bestreiten, spielen
    ▪ to \play sb gegen jdn spielen
    James will be \playing Theo James wird gegen Theo antreten
    3. (strike)
    ▪ to \play the ball den Ball spielen; (execute)
    to \play a shot schießen; (in snooker) stoßen
    to \play a stroke schlagen
    4. (adopt)
    to \play a part [or role] eine Rolle spielen
    to \play an important part in sth bei etw dat eine wichtige Rolle spielen
    5. (act)
    ▪ to \play sb/sth jdn/etw spielen; ( fig)
    don't \play the innocent with me tu nicht so unschuldig
    to \play the fool [or clown] herumalbern, rumspinnen pej fam, sich akk zum Narren machen
    6. (function as)
    to \play host to sb jds Gastgeber/Gastgeberin sein
    to \play host to sth event etw ausrichten
    ▪ to \play sth etw spielen
    \play us a song [or a song for us] then! spiel uns ein Lied [vor]!
    to \play sth by ear etw nach Gehör spielen
    to \play it by ear ( fig fam) improvisieren
    to \play an encore eine Zugabe geben
    ▪ to \play sth etw spielen
    to \play the bagpipes/piano/violin Dudelsack/Klavier/Geige spielen
    to play Berlin/London/San Francisco in Berlin/London/San Francisco spielen
    10. (listen to)
    ▪ to \play sth CD, tape etw [ab]spielen
    to \play the radio Radio hören
    must you \play your radio loud? musst du dein Radio so laut stellen?
    to \play one's stereo seine Anlage anhaben fam
    11. (watch)
    to \play a video sich dat ein Video ansehen; (insert) eine Videokassette einlegen
    12. (broadcast)
    they're \playing African music on the radio im Radio kommt gerade afrikanische Musik
    to \play the horses auf Pferde wetten
    to \play a slot machine an einem Spielautomaten spielen
    to \play the stock market an der Börse spekulieren
    to \play a trick [or joke] on sb jdn hochnehmen fig fam, jdn veräppeln fam; (practical joke) [jdm] einen Streich spielen
    he's always \playing tricks der ist vielleicht ein Scherzkeks sl
    ▪ to \play sth on [or onto] [or over] sth etw auf etw akk richten
    the rescue team \played searchlights over the area das Rettungsteam ließ Scheinwerfer über die Gegend schweifen
    16. CARDS (show)
    to \play an ace/a king ein Ass/einen König [aus]spielen
    to \play a trump einen Trumpf spielen
    17. angler
    to \play a fish einen Fisch auszappeln lassen (durch Nachlassen der Leine)
    18. (treat)
    ▪ to \play sb for sth jdn wie etw behandeln
    19.
    ▶ to \play ball [with sb] ( fam) [mit jdm] mitziehen [o mitspielen]
    ▶ to \play [with] one's cards close to one's chest ( fam) seine Karten nicht offenlegen fig
    ▶ to \play one's cards right geschickt taktieren
    ▶ to \play it cool ( fam) den Unbeteiligten spielen
    ▶ to \play ducks and drakes with sth BRIT (money) etw verprassen; (plans) etw durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play ducks and drakes with sb BRIT jdn schlecht behandeln
    ▶ to \play sb false jdn hintergehen
    ▶ to \play second fiddle [to sb] [im Verhältnis zu jdm] die zweite Geige spielen fam
    ▶ to \play the field ( fam) sich akk umsehen
    the firm continues to \play the field and negotiate with other companies die Firma sondiert das Terrain und verhandelt mit weiteren Firmen
    ▶ to \play footsie with sb ( fam: under table) mit jdm füßeln DIAL; (cooperate) mit jdm unter einer Decke stecken fam
    ▶ to \play the game BRIT sich akk an die [Spiel]regeln halten
    ▶ to \play gooseberry BRIT ( fam) das fünfte Rad am Wagen sein fam; (chaperone) den Anstandswauwau spielen hum fam
    ▶ to \play hard to get ( fam) sich akk unnahbar zeigen, einen auf unnahbar machen usu pej sl
    ▶ to \play hardball esp AM ( fam) andere Saiten aufziehen fig
    ▶ to \play havoc with sth etw durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play [merry] hell with sth ( fam) etw völlig durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play hook[e]y esp AM, AUS ( fam) blaumachen fam, schwänzen fam
    ▶ to \play a [or one's] hunch aus dem [hohlen] Bauch heraus agieren sl, seiner Nase folgen
    ▶ to \play possum (sleeping) sich akk schlafend stellen; (ignorant) sich akk dumm stellen
    ▶ to \play it safe auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam
    ▶ to \play silly buggers BRIT (sl) sich akk wie ein Idiot aufführen
    ▶ to \play truant [from school] BRIT schwänzen fam
    * * *
    [pleɪ]
    1. n
    1) (= amusement, gambling) Spiel nt

    to do/say sth in play — etw aus Spaß tun/sagen

    children at play —

    children learn through play he lost £800 in a few hours' play — Kinder lernen beim Spiel er hat beim Spiel innerhalb von ein paar Stunden £ 800 verloren

    2) (SPORT) Spiel nt

    in a clever piece of play, in a clever play (US) — in einem klugen Schachzug

    there was some exciting play toward(s) the end — gegen Ende gab es einige spannende (Spiel)szenen

    to be in play/out of play (ball) — im Spiel/im Aus sein

    3) (TECH, MECH) Spiel nt

    1 mm (of) play — 1 mm Spiel

    4) (THEAT) (Theater)stück nt; (RAD) Hörspiel nt; (TV) Fernsehspiel nt
    5) (fig: moving patterns) Spiel nt
    6)

    (fig phrases) to come into play — ins Spiel kommen

    the game allows the child's imagination (to be given) full play — das Spiel gestattet die freie Entfaltung der kindlichen Fantasie

    to make great play of doing sth (Brit) — viel Wind darum machen, etw zu tun

    to make a play for sth — es auf etw (acc) abgesehen haben

    2. vt
    1) game, card, ball, position spielen; player aufstellen, einsetzen

    to play shop — (Kaufmanns)laden spielen, Kaufmann spielen

    to play a mean/dirty trick on sb — jdn auf gemeine/schmutzige Art hereinlegen

    See:
    → card
    2) (THEAT fig) part spielen; (= perform in) town spielen in (+dat)

    to play it cautious/clever — vorsichtig/klug vorgehen

    to play the fool — den Clown spielen, herumblödeln

    See:
    → cool
    3) instrument, record, tune spielen

    to play sth through/over — etw durchspielen

    4) (= direct) lights, jet of water richten
    5) (FISHING) drillen
    3. vi
    1) (esp child) spielen

    to go out to play —

    2) (SPORT at game = gamble) spielen

    to play at mothers and fathers/cowboys and Indians — Vater und Mutter/Cowboy und Indianer spielen

    3) (MUS) spielen
    4) (= move about, form patterns) (sun, light, water) spielen; (fountain) tanzen
    5) (THEAT) (= act) spielen; (= be performed) gespielt werden
    6) (SPORT ground, pitch) sich bespielen lassen

    the pitch plays well/badly — auf dem Platz spielt es sich gut/schlecht

    * * *
    play [pleı]
    A s
    1. (Glücks-, Wett-, Unterhaltungs) Spiel n ( auch SPORT)
    2. Spiel(en) n:
    children at play spielende Kinder;
    watch children at play Kindern beim Spielen zusehen;
    a) spielen,
    b) Kartenspiel: am Ausspielen sein,
    c) Schach: am Zug sein;
    it is your play Sie sind am Spiel;
    in (out of) play SPORT (noch) im Spiel (im Aus) (Ball);
    keep the ball in play den Ball im Spiel halten;
    the ball went out of play der Ball ging ins Aus;
    hold in play fig beschäftigen;
    have more of the play SPORT mehr vom Spiel haben, die größeren Spielanteile haben
    3. Spiel(weise) n(f):
    that was pretty play das war gut (gespielt);
    fair play faires Spiel, a. fig Fairness f, Fairplay n, Anständigkeit f; → foul play
    4. fig Spiel n, Spielerei f:
    a play (up)on words ein Wortspiel
    5. Kurzweil f, Vergnügen n, Zeitvertreib m
    6. Scherz m, Spaß m:
    in play im Scherz
    7. a) Schauspiel n, (Theater-, Bühnen) Stück n
    b) Vorstellung f:
    go to a play ins Theater gehen;
    (as) good as a play äußerst amüsant oder interessant
    8. MUS Spiel n, Vortrag m
    9. (Liebes) Spiel(e) n(pl), (erotisches) Spiel
    10. fig Spiel n (von Licht auf Wasser etc):
    play of colo(u)rs (muscles) Farben-(Muskel)spiel
    11. (flinke) Handhabung (meist in Zusammensetzungen): → swordplay
    12. Tätigkeit f, Bewegung f, Gang m:
    a) in Gang bringen,
    b) ins Spiel oder zur Anwendung bringen, all seine Routine etc aufbieten;
    come into play ins Spiel kommen;
    a) Wirkung haben,
    b) seinen Zweck erfüllen;
    make play with zur Geltung bringen, sich brüsten mit;
    make great play of sth viel Aufheben(s) oder Wesens von etwas machen;
    in full play in vollem Gange;
    lively play of fantasy lebhafte Fantasie
    13. a) TECH Spiel n:
    give the rope some play das Seil locker lassen
    b) Bewegungsfreiheit f, fig auch Spielraum m:
    full play of the mind freie Entfaltung des Geistes;
    allow ( oder give) full ( oder free) play to einer Sache, seiner Fantasie etc freien Lauf lassen
    14. umg Manöver n, Trick m, Schachzug m:
    make a play for sich bemühen um, es abgesehen haben auf (akk)
    15. US sl
    a) Beachtung f
    b) Publizität f, Propaganda f
    B v/i
    1. a) spielen ( auch MUS, SPORT, THEAT und fig)( for um Geld etc)
    b) mitspielen (auch fig mitmachen):
    play at Ball, Karten etc spielen; fig sich nur so nebenbei mit etwas beschäftigen;
    play at business ein bisschen in Geschäften machen;
    play at keeping shop Kaufmann spielen;
    play for time Zeit zu gewinnen suchen; SPORT auf Zeit spielen;
    play for a cup einen Pokal ausspielen;
    play to win auf Sieg spielen;
    what do you think you are playing at? was soll denn das?;
    play (up)on MUS auf einem Instrument spielen; mit Worten spielen; fig jemandes Schwächen (geschickt) ausnutzen;
    play with spielen mit (a. fig einem Gedanken, jemandes Gefühlen etc; a. engS. herumfingern an);
    play up to jemandem schöntun, sich bei jemandem einschmeicheln;
    play safe umg auf Nummer sicher gehen;
    he will not play again this season er fällt für den Rest der Saison aus; → fair1 B 4, false B, gallery 3 a
    2. a) Kartenspiel: ausspielen
    b) Schach: am Zug sein, ziehen:
    white to play Weiß zieht oder ist am Zuge
    3. a) herumspielen, sich amüsieren
    b) Unsinn treiben
    c) scherzen
    4. a) sich tummeln
    b) flattern, gaukeln
    c) spielen (Lächeln, Licht etc) (on auf dat)
    d) schillern (Farbe)
    e) in Betrieb sein (Springbrunnen)
    5. a) schießen
    b) spritzen
    c) strahlen, streichen:
    play on gerichtet sein auf (akk), bespritzen (Schlauch, Wasserstrahl), anstrahlen, absuchen (Scheinwerfer)
    6. TECH
    a) Spiel (-raum) haben
    b) sich bewegen (Kolben etc)
    7. be playing well SPORT gut bespielbar sein (Platz)
    C v/t
    1. Karten, Tennis etc, auch MUS, THEAT eine Rolle, ein Stück etc spielen, eine Nationalhymne abspielen, SPORT ein Spiel austragen:
    play (sth on) the piano (etwas auf dem) Klavier spielen;
    play sb sth jemandem etwas vorspielen;
    play shop (pirates) Kaufmann (Piraten) spielen;
    play the great lady sich als große Dame aufspielen;
    play both ends against the middle fig vorsichtig lavieren, raffiniert vorgehen;
    play it safe umg auf Nummer sicher gehen;
    play it differently es anders handhaben oder machen;
    play it low down sl ein gemeines Spiel treiben (on mit jemandem);
    play the races bei (Pferde)Rennen wetten;
    a) erledigt‘, fertig, erschöpft,
    b) verbraucht (Talent etc), abgetakelt (Schauspieler etc),
    c) abgedroschen (Witz), überstrapaziert (These etc); (siehe die Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven)
    2. SPORT
    a) antreten oder spielen gegen:
    play sb at chess gegen jemanden Schach spielen
    b) einen Spieler aufstellen, in die Mannschaft (auf)nehmen
    3. a) eine Karte ausspielen (auch fig)
    4. spielen oder Vorstellungen geben in (dat):
    5. ein Geschütz, einen Scheinwerfer, einen Licht- oder Wasserstrahl etc richten (on auf akk):
    play a hose on sth etwas bespritzen;
    play colo(u)red lights on sth etwas bunt anstrahlen
    6. FUSSB the ball played him das war angeschossene Hand
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Theatre) [Theater]stück, das
    2) (recreation) Spielen, das; Spiel, das

    say/do something in play — etwas aus od. im od. zum Spaß sagen/tun

    play [up]on words — Wortspiel, das

    3) (Sport) Spiel, das; (Amer.): (manoeuvre) Spielzug, der

    be in/out of play — [Ball:] im Spiel/aus [dem Spiel] sein

    make a play for somebody/something — (fig. coll.) hinter jemandem/etwas her sein (ugs.); es auf jemanden/etwas abgesehen haben

    4)

    come into play, be brought or called into play — ins Spiel kommen

    make [great] play with something — viel Wesen um etwas machen

    5) (freedom of movement) Spiel, das (Technik); (fig.) Spielraum, der

    give full play to one's emotions/imagination — etc. (fig.) seinen Gefühlen/seiner Fantasie usw. freien Lauf lassen

    2. intransitive verb

    play [up]on words — Wortspiele/ein Wortspiel machen

    not have much time to play with — (coll.) zeitlich nicht viel Spielraum haben

    play into somebody's hands — (fig.) jemandem in die Hand od. Hände arbeiten

    play safe — sichergehen; auf Nummer Sicher gehen (ugs.)

    2) (Mus.) spielen (on auf + Dat.)
    3. transitive verb
    1) (Mus.): (perform on) spielen

    play the violin — etc. Geige usw. spielen

    play something on the piano — etc. etwas auf dem Klavier usw. spielen

    play it by ear — (fig.) es dem Augenblick/der Situation überlassen

    2) spielen [Grammophon, Tonbandgerät]; abspielen [Schallplatte, Tonband]; spielen lassen [Radio]
    3) (Theatre; also fig.) spielen

    play the fool/innocent — den Clown/Unschuldigen spielen

    4) (execute, practise)

    play a trick/joke on somebody — jemanden hereinlegen (ugs.) /jemandem einen Streich spielen

    5) (Sport, Cards) spielen [Fußball, Karten, Schach usw.]; spielen od. antreten gegen [Mannschaft, Gegner]

    play a match — einen Wettkampf bestreiten; (in team games) ein Spiel machen

    he played me at chess/squash — er war im Schach/Squash mein Gegner

    6) (Sport) ausführen [Schlag]; (Cricket etc.) schlagen [Ball]
    7) (Cards) spielen

    play one's cards right — (fig.) es richtig anfassen (fig.)

    8) (coll.): (gamble on)

    play the market — spekulieren (in mit od. Wirtsch. in + Dat.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (theatre) n.
    Stück -e n.
    Theaterstück n. n.
    Schauspiel n.
    Spiel -e (mechanisch) n.
    Spiel -e n. (at) cards expr.
    Karten spielen ausdr. v.
    spielen v.

    English-german dictionary > play

  • 67 licence

    1. noun
    1) (official permit) [behördliche] Genehmigung; Lizenz, die; Konzession, die (Amtsspr.); (driving-licence) Führerschein, der

    gun licence — Waffenschein, der

    2) ([excessive] liberty of action) [uneingeschränkte] Handlungsfreiheit
    3) (licentiousness) Unzüchtigkeit, die; Zügellosigkeit, die
    4)
    2. transitive verb
    see academic.ru/42755/license">license 1.
    * * *
    (a (printed) form giving permission to do something (eg to keep a television set etc, drive a car, sell alcohol etc): a driving licence.) die Erlaubnis
    - license
    - licensed
    - licensee
    * * *
    li·cence, AM li·cense
    [ˈlaɪsən(t)s]
    n
    1. (permit) Genehmigung f, Erlaubnis f; (formal permission) Lizenz f, Konzession f; COMPUT Lizenz f
    dog \licence Hundemarke f
    he didn't pay his dog \licence er hat die Hundesteuer nicht bezahlt
    driving [or AM driver's] \licence Führerschein m
    \licence fee Lizenz[gebühr] f; BRIT TV Rundfunk- und Fernsehgebühren pl
    gun \licence Waffenschein m
    TV \licence BRIT Rundfunkanmeldung f
    to apply for a \licence eine Lizenz beantragen
    to lose one's \licence seine Lizenz verlieren
    if you get caught drinking and driving you can lose your \licence wenn man betrunken am Steuer erwischt wird, kann man den Führerschein verlieren
    to obtain a \licence eine Lizenz erhalten
    under \licence in Lizenz
    2. no pl ( form: freedom) Freiheit f
    artistic \licence künstlerische Freiheit
    to allow sb \licence jdm Freiheiten gestatten
    to give sb/sth \licence to do sth jdm/etw gestatten, etw zu tun
    under the reorganization plans, your department would be given increased \licence to plan im Zuge der geplanten Umstrukturierung bekäme Ihre Abteilung größeren Planungsfreiraum
    to have \licence to do sth die Freiheit haben, etw zu tun
    3. LAW [bedingter] Straferlass
    4.
    ▶ to be a \licence to print money esp BRIT eine wahre Goldgrube sein
    * * *
    (US) ['laIsəns]
    n
    1) (= permit) Genehmigungf, Erlaubnisf; (by authority) behördliche Genehmigung, Konzessionf; (COMM) Lizenzf; (= driving licence) Führerscheinm; (= road licence) Kfz-Steuerf; (= gun licence) Waffenscheinm; (= hunting licence) Jagdscheinm; (= marriage licence) Eheerlaubnisf; (= radio/television licence) (Rundfunk-/Fernseh)genehmigungf; (= dog licence) Hundemarkef

    you have to have a ( television) licence — man muss Fernsehgebühren bezahlen

    a license to practice medicine (US) — die Approbation, die staatliche Zulassung als Arzt

    we'll get a late licence for the reception — für den Empfang bekommen wir eine Genehmigung für verlängerte Ausschankzeiten

    it is just a licence to print money (fig) — es ist ein sehr lukratives Geschäft

    to manufacture sth under licence — etw in Lizenz herstellen

    to give sb licence to do sth — jdm erlauben, etw zu tun

    2) (= freedom) Freiheitf
    3) (= excessive freedom) Zügellosigkeitf

    there is too much licence in sexual matters/the cinema nowadays — in sexuellen Dingen/im Kino geht es heutzutage zu freizügig zu

    * * *
    licence [ˈlaısəns]
    A US license s
    1. (offizielle) Erlaubnis
    2. ( auch WIRTSCH Export-, Herstellungs-, Patent-, Verkaufs)Lizenz f, Konzession f, (behördliche) Genehmigung, Zulassung f, Gewerbeschein m:
    hold a licence eine Lizenz haben;
    produce sth under licence etwas in Lizenz herstellen;
    take out a licence sich eine Lizenz beschaffen;
    licence fee Lizenzgebühr f
    3. amtlicher Zulassungsschein, (Führer-, Jagd-, Waffen- etc) Schein m:
    he got his licence back er bekam seinen Führerschein zurück;
    licence number AUTO Kennzeichen n
    4. (Br kirchliche, US amtliche) Heiratserlaubnis: → special licence
    5. UNIV Befähigungsnachweis m
    6. a) Handlungsfreiheit f
    b) Gedankenfreiheit f
    7. (künstlerische, dichterische) Freiheit: → poetic A
    8. Zügellosigkeit f
    B v/t US → license A
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (official permit) [behördliche] Genehmigung; Lizenz, die; Konzession, die (Amtsspr.); (driving-licence) Führerschein, der

    gun licence — Waffenschein, der

    2) ([excessive] liberty of action) [uneingeschränkte] Handlungsfreiheit
    3) (licentiousness) Unzüchtigkeit, die; Zügellosigkeit, die
    4)
    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    (UK) n.
    Schein -e m. n.
    Erlaubnis f.
    Lizenz -en f.

    English-german dictionary > licence

  • 68 limitation

    noun
    1) (act) Beschränkung, die; (of freedom) Einschränkung, die
    2) (condition) (of extent) Begrenzung, die; (of amount) Beschränkung, die

    know one's limitations — seine Grenzen kennen

    * * *
    1) (an act of limiting.) die Begrenzung
    2) (a lack, eg of a particular facility, ability etc: We all have our limitations.) die Grenze
    * * *
    limi·ta·tion
    [ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən]
    n
    1. no pl (restriction) Begrenzung f, Beschränkung f, Einschränkung f
    the \limitation of pollution is of major concern in this community es ist eines der Hauptanliegen der Gemeinde, die Umweltverschmutzung so gering wie möglich zu halten
    2. usu pl ( pej: shortcomings) Grenzen pl
    despite her \limitations as an actress, she was a great entertainer trotz ihrer begrenzten schauspielerischen Fähigkeiten war sie als Entertainerin Spitze
    to have one's \limitations seine Grenzen haben
    living in this flat is all right, but it has it's \limitations diese Wohnung ist schon in Ordnung, aber manches fehlt einem doch
    to know one's \limitations seine Grenzen kennen
    3. no pl (action) Begrenzung f
    4. LAW Verjährung f
    to be barred by \limitation verjährt sein
    [to fall within] the statute of \limitations [unter] das Gesetz über Verjährung [o die Verjährungsfrist] [fallen]
    \limitation of liability Haftungsbeschränkung f
    * * *
    ["lImI'teISən]
    n
    Beschränkung f; (of freedom, spending) Einschränkung f

    to have one's/its limitations — seine Grenzen haben

    * * *
    limitation [ˌlımıˈteıʃn] s
    1. fig Grenze f:
    have one’s limitations seine Grenzen haben;
    know one’s (own) limitations seine Grenzen kennen; → academic.ru/25835/expose">expose 3 c
    2. fig Begrenzung f, Beschränkung f:
    limitation of armament Rüstungsbeschränkung;
    limitation of liability JUR Haftungsbeschränkung
    3. JUR Verjährung f:
    limitation (period) Verjährungsfrist f;
    limitation of action Klageverjährung
    * * *
    noun
    1) (act) Beschränkung, die; (of freedom) Einschränkung, die
    2) (condition) (of extent) Begrenzung, die; (of amount) Beschränkung, die
    * * *
    n.
    Bedingtheit f.
    Begrenzung f.
    Beschränkung f.
    Einschränkung f.
    Verjährung f.

    English-german dictionary > limitation

  • 69 rest

    I 1. intransitive verb
    1) (lie, lit. or fig.) ruhen

    rest on — ruhen auf (+ Dat.); (fig.) [Argumentation:] sich stützen auf (+ Akk.); [Ruf:] beruhen auf (+ Dat.)

    rest against something — an etwas (Dat.) lehnen

    2) (take repose) ruhen; sich ausruhen ( from von); (pause) eine Pause machen od. einlegen

    I won't rest until... — ich werde nicht ruhen noch rasten, bis...

    tell somebody to rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    3) (be left)

    let the matter rest — die Sache ruhen lassen

    rest assured that... — seien Sie versichert, dass...

    4)

    rest with somebody — [Verantwortung, Entscheidung, Schuld:] bei jemandem liegen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (place for support)

    rest something against something — etwas an etwas (Akk.) lehnen

    rest something on something — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf etwas (Akk.) stützen

    2) (give relief to) ausruhen lassen [Pferd, Person]; ausruhen [Augen]; schonen [Stimme, Körperteil]
    3. noun
    1) (repose) Ruhe, die

    be at rest — (euphem.): (be dead) ruhen (geh.)

    lay to rest — (euphem.): (bury) zur letzten Ruhe betten (geh. verhüll.)

    2) (freedom from exertion) Ruhe[pause], die; Erholung, die ( from von)

    tell somebody to take a rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    have or take a rest — [eine] Pause machen

    give somebody/ something a rest — ausruhen lassen [Person, Nutztier]; (fig.) ruhen lassen [Thema, Angelegenheit]

    give it a rest! — (coll.) hör jetzt mal auf damit!

    4) (stationary position)

    at rest — in Ruhe

    come to rest — zum Stehen kommen; (have final position) landen

    5) (Mus.) Pause, die
    II noun

    and [all] the rest of it — und so weiter

    for the rest — im übrigen; sonst

    * * *
    I 1. [rest] noun
    1) (a (usually short) period of not working etc after, or between periods of, effort; (a period of) freedom from worries etc: Digging the garden is hard work - let's stop for a rest; Let's have/take a rest; I need a rest from all these problems - I'm going to take a week's holiday.) die Ruhepause
    2) (sleep: He needs a good night's rest.) die Ruhe
    3) (something which holds or supports: a book-rest; a headrest on a car seat.) die Stütze
    4) (a state of not moving: The machine is at rest.) die Ruhelage
    2. verb
    1) (to (allow to) stop working etc in order to get new strength or energy: We've been walking for four hours - let's stop and rest; Stop reading for a minute and rest your eyes; Let's rest our legs.) ausruhen
    2) (to sleep; to lie or sit quietly in order to get new strength or energy, or because one is tired: Mother is resting at the moment.) ruhen
    3) (to (make or allow to) lean, lie, sit, remain etc on or against something: Her head rested on his shoulder; He rested his hand on her arm; Her gaze rested on the jewels.) ruhen
    4) (to relax, be calm etc: I will never rest until I know the murderer has been caught.) ruhen
    5) (to (allow to) depend on: Our hopes now rest on him, since all else has failed.) sich stützen
    6) ((with with) (of a duty etc) to belong to: The choice rests with you.) liegen
    •
    - academic.ru/61860/restful">restful
    - restfully
    - restfulness
    - restless
    - restlessly
    - restlessness
    - rest-room
    - at rest
    - come to rest
    - lay to rest
    - let the matter rest
    - rest assured
    - set someone's mind at rest     II [rest]
    - the rest
    * * *
    rest1
    [rest]
    n + sing/pl vb
    ▪ the \rest der Rest
    the \rest is silence der Rest ist Schweigen
    rest2
    [rest]
    I. n
    1. (period of repose) [Ruhe]pause f
    to have a \rest eine Pause machen [o einlegen]
    to need a \rest eine Pause brauchen
    I feel like I need a \rest from all my problems ich könnte eine Verschnaufpause von allen meinen Problemen gebrauchen
    2. no pl (repose) Erholung f
    for a \rest zur Erholung
    3. MUS Pause f; (symbol) Pausenzeichen nt
    4. (support) Stütze f, Lehne f; (in billiards) Führungsqueue m o nt
    arm/foot/book \rest Arm-/Fuß-/Buchstütze f
    5.
    ▶ to be at \rest (not moving) sich akk im Ruhezustand befinden; (dead) ruhen euph
    ▶ to come to \rest zur Ruhe kommen
    ▶ to give sth a \rest etw ruhenlassen
    ▶ to give it a \rest ( fam) es seinlassen fam, damit aufhören
    II. vt
    to \rest one's eyes/legs seine Augen/Beine ausruhen
    to \rest oneself sich akk ausruhen
    ▪ to \rest sth against/[up]on sth etw gegen/an etw akk lehnen
    she \rested her head on my shoulder sie lehnte den Kopf an meine Schulter
    3. AM LAW (conclude evidence)
    to \rest one's case seine Beweisführung abschließen
    III. vi
    1. (cease activity) [aus]ruhen, sich akk ausruhen
    to not \rest until... [so lange] nicht ruhen, bis...
    to let sth \rest etw ruhenlassen; ( fam)
    let it \rest! lass es doch auf sich beruhen!
    why won't you let me come with you? — oh, let it \rest! warum darf ich nicht mitkommen? — ach, hör doch endlich auf!
    3. ( form: remain) ruhen
    the problem cannot be allowed to \rest das Problem darf nicht aufgeschoben werden
    it \rests on her to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei ihr
    the child's head \rested in her lap der Kopf des Kindes ruhte in ihrem Schoß
    ▪ to \rest against sth an etw dat lehnen
    ▪ to \rest on sth auf etw dat ruhen; (be based on) auf etw dat beruhen
    the prosecution's case \rests almost entirely on circumstantial evidence die Anklage gründet sich fast ausschließlich auf Indizienbeweise
    ▪ to \rest on [or with] sb auf jdm ruhen, jdm obliegen geh
    the final decision \rests with the planning committee die endgültige Entscheidung ist Sache des Planungskomitees
    ▪ to \rest [up]on sb/sth gaze auf jdm/etw ruhen
    7.
    ▶ [you can] \rest assured [or easy] [that...] seien Sie versichert, dass...
    ▶ to be \resting BRIT ( fam) arbeitslos sein
    ▶ to \rest on one's laurels sich akk auf seinen Lorbeeren ausruhen
    ▶ \rest in peace ruhe in Frieden
    may he/she \rest in peace möge er/sie in Frieden ruhen
    * * *
    I [rest]
    1. n
    1) (= relaxation) Ruhe f; (= pause) Pause f, Unterbrechung f; (in rest cure, on holiday etc) Erholung f

    I need a rest — ich muss mich ausruhen

    take a rest! — mach mal Pause!

    to give one's eyes a rest —

    to give sb/the horses a rest — jdn/die Pferde ausruhen lassen

    2)

    to set at rest (fears, doubts) — beschwichtigen

    you can set or put your mind at rest — Sie können sich beruhigen, Sie können beruhigt sein

    to come to rest (ball, car etc) — zum Stillstand kommen; (bird, insect) sich niederlassen; (gaze, eyes) hängen bleiben (upon an +dat )

    3) (= support) Auflage f; (of telephone) Gabel f; (BILLIARDS) Steg m → armrest, footrest
    See:
    → armrest, footrest
    4) (MUS) Pause f; (POET) Zäsur f
    2. vi
    1) (= lie down, take rest) ruhen (geh); (= relax, be still) sich ausruhen; (= pause) Pause machen, eine Pause einlegen; (on walk, in physical work) rasten, Pause machen; (euph = be buried) ruhen

    he will not rest until he discovers the truth — er wird nicht ruhen (und rasten), bis er die Wahrheit gefunden hat

    to rest easy (in one's bed) — beruhigt schlafen

    (the case for) the prosecution rests — das Plädoyer der Anklage ist abgeschlossen

    may he rest in peace —

    2) (= remain decision, authority, blame, responsibility etc) liegen (with bei)

    the matter must not rest there —

    (you may) rest assured that... — Sie können versichert sein, dass...

    3) (= lean person, head, ladder) lehnen (on an +dat, against gegen= be supported roof etc) ruhen (on auf +dat fig eyes, gaze) ruhen (on auf +dat fig = be based, argument, case) sich stützen (on auf +acc); (reputation) beruhen (on auf +dat); (responsibility) liegen, ruhen (on auf +dat)
    3. vt
    1) one's eyes ausruhen; voice schonen; horses ausruhen lassen

    to feel rested —

    (may) God rest his soul — Gott hab ihn selig!

    2) (= lean) ladder lehnen (against gegen, on an +acc); elbow stützen (on auf +acc); (fig) theory, suspicions stützen (on auf +acc)
    II
    n
    (= remainder) Rest m

    the rest of the money/meal — der Rest des Geldes/Essens, das übrige Geld/Essen

    the rest of the boys —

    you go off and the rest of us will wait here — ihr geht, und der Rest von uns wartet hier

    he was as drunk as the rest of them — er war so betrunken wie der Rest or die übrigen

    all the rest of the money — der ganze Rest des Geldes, das ganze übrige Geld

    and all the rest of it (inf) — und so weiter und so fort

    Mary, Jane and all the rest of them — Mary, Jane und wie sie alle heißen

    * * *
    rest1 [rest]
    A s
    1. (Nacht)Ruhe f:
    have a good night’s rest gut schlafen;
    go ( oder retire) to rest sich zur Ruhe begeben
    2. Ruhe f, Rast f, Ruhepause f, Erholung f:
    day of rest Ruhetag m;
    a) jemanden, ein Pferd etc ausruhen lassen, die Beine etc ausruhen,
    b) eine Maschine etc ruhen lassen,
    c) umg etwas auf sich beruhen lassen;
    take a rest, get some rest sich ausruhen
    3. Ruhe f (Untätigkeit):
    volcano at rest untätiger Vulkan
    4. Ruhe f (Frieden):
    a) (aus)ruhen,
    b) beruhigt sein;
    put ( oder set) sb’s mind at rest
    a) jemanden beruhigen,
    b) jemandem die Befangenheit nehmen;
    set a matter at rest eine Sache (endgültig) erledigen
    5. ewige oder letzte Ruhe:
    lay to rest zur letzten Ruhe betten
    6. PHYS, TECH Ruhe(lage) f:
    rest mass PHYS Ruhemasse f;
    rest contact ELEK Ruhekontakt m;
    be at rest TECH sich in Ruhelage befinden
    7. Ruheplatz m (auch Grab)
    8. Raststätte f
    9. Herberge f, Heim n
    10. Wohnstätte f, Aufenthalt m
    11. a) TECH Auflage f, Stütze f
    b) (Fuß) Raste f
    c) (Arm) Lehne f
    d) Support m (einer Drehbank)
    e) MIL (Gewehr) Auflage f
    f) (Nasen) Steg m (einer Brille)
    g) TEL Gabel f
    12. MUS Pause f
    13. LIT Zäsur f
    B v/i
    1. ruhen (auch Toter):
    may he rest in peace er ruhe in Frieden;
    rest (up)on
    a) ruhen auf (dat) (auch Last, Blick etc),
    b) fig beruhen auf (dat), sich stützen oder sich gründen auf (akk),
    c) fig sich verlassen auf (akk);
    let a matter rest fig eine Sache auf sich beruhen lassen;
    the matter cannot rest there damit kann es nicht sein Bewenden haben
    2. (sich) ausruhen, rasten, eine Pause einlegen:
    rest from toil von der Arbeit ausruhen;
    he never rested until er ruhte (u. rastete) nicht, bis;
    rest up US umg (sich) ausruhen, sich erholen;
    resting euph ohne Engagement (Schauspieler)
    3. rest with fig bei jemandem liegen, in jemandes Händen liegen, von jemandem abhängen:
    the fault rests with you die Schuld liegt bei Ihnen;
    it rests with you to propose terms es bleibt Ihnen überlassen oder es liegt an Ihnen, Bedingungen vorzuschlagen
    4. AGR brachliegen (Ackerland)
    5. (against) sich stützen oder lehnen (gegen), TECH anliegen (an dat)
    6. sich verlassen (on, upon auf akk)
    7. vertrauen (in auf akk):
    8. JUR US → C 7
    C v/t
    1. (aus)ruhen lassen:
    rest one’s legs die Beine ausruhen
    2. seine Augen, seine Stimme etc schonen
    3. Frieden geben (dat):
    God rest his soul Gott hab ihn selig
    4. (on) legen (auf akk), lagern (auf dat)
    5. lehnen, stützen ( beide:
    against gegen;
    on auf akk)
    6. fig stützen, gründen ( beide:
    on auf akk)
    7. rest one’s case JUR US den Beweisvortrag abschließen (Prozesspartei)
    rest2 [rest]
    A s
    1. Rest m:
    rest nitrogen MED Reststickstoff m
    2. (das) Übrige, (die) Übrigen pl:
    and all the rest of it und alles Übrige;
    and the rest of it und dergleichen;
    he is like all the rest er ist wie alle anderen;
    the rest of it das Weitere;
    the rest of us wir Übrigen;
    for the rest im Übrigen
    3. WIRTSCH Br Reservefonds m
    4. WIRTSCH Br
    a) Bilanzierung f
    b) Restsaldo m
    B v/i in einem Zustand bleiben, weiterhin sein:
    the affair rests a mystery die Angelegenheit bleibt ein Geheimnis; → assured A 1
    rest3 [rest] s MIL, HIST Rüsthaken m (Widerlager für Turnierlanze):
    lay ( oder set) one’s lance in rest die Lanze einlegen
    * * *
    I 1. intransitive verb
    1) (lie, lit. or fig.) ruhen

    rest on — ruhen auf (+ Dat.); (fig.) [Argumentation:] sich stützen auf (+ Akk.); [Ruf:] beruhen auf (+ Dat.)

    2) (take repose) ruhen; sich ausruhen ( from von); (pause) eine Pause machen od. einlegen

    I won't rest until... — ich werde nicht ruhen noch rasten, bis...

    tell somebody to rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    rest assured that... — seien Sie versichert, dass...

    4)

    rest with somebody — [Verantwortung, Entscheidung, Schuld:] bei jemandem liegen

    2. transitive verb

    rest something on something — (lit. or fig.) etwas auf etwas (Akk.) stützen

    2) (give relief to) ausruhen lassen [Pferd, Person]; ausruhen [Augen]; schonen [Stimme, Körperteil]
    3. noun
    1) (repose) Ruhe, die

    be at rest — (euphem.): (be dead) ruhen (geh.)

    lay to rest — (euphem.): (bury) zur letzten Ruhe betten (geh. verhüll.)

    2) (freedom from exertion) Ruhe[pause], die; Erholung, die ( from von)

    tell somebody to take a rest — [Arzt:] jemandem Ruhe verordnen

    have or take a rest — [eine] Pause machen

    give somebody/ something a rest — ausruhen lassen [Person, Nutztier]; (fig.) ruhen lassen [Thema, Angelegenheit]

    give it a rest! — (coll.) hör jetzt mal auf damit!

    come to rest — zum Stehen kommen; (have final position) landen

    5) (Mus.) Pause, die
    II noun

    and [all] the rest of it — und so weiter

    for the rest — im übrigen; sonst

    * * *
    n.
    Auflage f.
    Lehne -n f.
    Pause -n (Musik) f.
    Rast -en f.
    Rest -e m.
    Ruhe nur sing. f.
    Stütze -n f. v.
    ausruhen v.
    bleiben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: blieb, ist geblieben)
    rasten v.
    ruhen v.

    English-german dictionary > rest

  • 70 restrict

    transitive verb
    beschränken (to auf + Akk.); [Kleidung:] be-, einengen
    * * *
    [rə'strikt]
    1) (to keep within certain limits: I try to restrict myself / my smoking to five cigarettes a day; Use of the car-park is restricted to senior staff.) beschränken
    2) (to make less than usual, desirable etc: He feels this new law will restrict his freedom.) einschränken
    •
    - academic.ru/61885/restricted">restricted
    - restriction
    - restrictive
    * * *
    re·strict
    [rɪˈstrɪkt]
    vt
    1. (limit)
    ▪ to \restrict sth etw beschränken [o einschränken]; number etw begrenzen
    ▪ to \restrict sb to sth:
    we will have to \restrict managers to half an hour's lunch break wir müssen die Mittagspause für Manager auf eine halbe Stunde beschränken
    ▪ to \restrict oneself to sth sich akk auf etw beschränken
    to \restrict freedom of speech die Redefreiheit beschneiden
    to \restrict the sale of cigarettes den Verkauf von Zigaretten mit Restriktionen belegen
    to \restrict vision [or visibility] die Sicht einschränken
    2. (deprive of right)
    ▪ to \restrict sb from sth jdm etw untersagen
    3. (confine)
    ▪ to \restrict sb to sth jdn in etw akk einsperren
    to be \restricted to barracks Kasernenarrest haben
    * * *
    [rI'strɪkt]
    vt
    1) (= limit) beschränken (to auf +acc); freedom, authority also einschränken; time, number also begrenzen (to auf +acc)

    to restrict sb's movements — jdn in seiner Bewegungsfreiheit einschränken

    2)

    (= hinder) restricting clothes — beengende Kleidungsstücke

    * * *
    restrict [rıˈstrıkt] v/t
    a) einschränken
    b) beschränken, begrenzen ( beide:
    to auf akk):
    be restricted to doing sich darauf beschränken müssen, etwas zu tun;
    restrict a road AUTO Br eine Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung für eine Straße einführen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    beschränken (to auf + Akk.); [Kleidung:] be-, einengen
    * * *
    v.
    beschränken v.
    drosseln v.
    einschränken v.

    English-german dictionary > restrict

  • 71 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 72 deprive

    transitive verb
    1)

    deprive somebody of something — jemandem etwas nehmen; (debar from having) jemandem etwas vorenthalten

    deprive somebody of citizenship — jemandem die Staatsbürgerschaft aberkennen

    be deprived of light — nicht genug Licht haben

    2) (prevent from having normal life) benachteiligen
    * * *
    ((with of) to take something away from: They deprived him of food and drink.) berauben, entziehen
    - academic.ru/19740/deprivation">deprivation
    - deprived
    * * *
    de·prive
    [dɪˈpraɪv]
    vt
    ▪ to \deprive sb of sth jdm etw entziehen [o vorenthalten]
    to \deprive sb of his/her dignity jdn seiner Würde berauben geh
    to \deprive sb of freedom jdn der Freiheit berauben geh
    to \deprive sb of sleep jdm den Schlaf entziehen
    * * *
    [dI'praɪv]
    vt

    to deprive sb of sth (of sth one has) — jdn einer Sache (gen) berauben; (of sth to which one has a right) jdm etw vorenthalten

    we were deprived of our rights/freedom — wir wurden unserer Rechte/Freiheit beraubt

    I wouldn't want to deprive you of the pleasure of seeing her — ich möchte dir das Vergnügen, sie zu sehen, nicht vorenthalten

    she was deprived of sleep/oxygen — sie litt an Schlafmangel/Sauerstoffmangel

    to deprive oneself of sth — sich (dat) etw nicht gönnen

    * * *
    deprive [dıˈpraıv] v/t
    1. (of sth) jemanden oder etwas (einer Sache) berauben, jemandem (etwas) entziehen oder nehmen:
    be deprived of sth etwas entbehren (müssen);
    he was deprived of his title SPORT ihm wurde der Titel aberkannt
    2. (of sth) jemandem (etwas) vorenthalten
    3. ausschließen, fern halten ( beide:
    of sth von etwas)
    4. absetzen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1)

    deprive somebody of something — jemandem etwas nehmen; (debar from having) jemandem etwas vorenthalten

    * * *
    v.
    berauben v.

    English-german dictionary > deprive

  • 73 fight

    1. intransitive verb,
    1) (lit. or fig.) kämpfen; (with fists) sich schlagen

    fight shy of somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache aus dem Weg gehen

    2) (squabble) [sich] streiten, [sich] zanken ( about wegen)
    2. transitive verb,
    1) (in battle)

    fight somebody/something — gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen; (using fists)

    fight somebody — sich mit jemandem schlagen; [Boxer:] gegen jemanden boxen

    2) (seek to overcome) bekämpfen; (resist)

    fight somebody/something — gegen jemanden/etwas ankämpfen

    3)

    be fighting a losing battle — (fig.) auf verlorenem Posten stehen od. kämpfen

    4) führen [Kampagne]; kandidieren bei [Wahl]
    5)

    fight one's way — sich (Dat.) den Weg freikämpfen; (fig.) sich (Dat.) seinen Weg bahnen

    fight one's way to the top — (fig.) sich an die Spitze kämpfen

    3. noun
    1) Kampf, der ( for um); (brawl) Schlägerei, die

    make a fight of it, put up a fight — sich wehren; (fig.) sich zur Wehr setzen

    give in without a fight — (fig.) klein beigeben

    2) (squabble) Streit, der
    3) (ability to fight) Kampffähigkeit, die; (appetite for fighting) Kampfgeist, der

    all the fight had gone out of him — (fig.) sein Kampfgeist war erloschen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/119957/fight_against">fight against
    * * *
    1. past tense, past participle - fought; verb
    1) (to act against (someone or something) with physical violence: The two boys are fighting over (= because of) some money they found.) kämpfen
    2) (to resist strongly; to take strong action to prevent: to fight a fire; We must fight against any attempt to deprive us of our freedom.) (be)kämpfen
    3) (to quarrel: His parents were always fighting.) streiten
    2. noun
    1) (an act of physical violence between people, countries etc: There was a fight going on in the street.) der Kampf
    2) (a struggle; action involving effort: the fight for freedom of speech; the fight against disease.) der Kampf
    3) (the will or strength to resist: There was no fight left in him.) der Kampfwille
    4) (a boxing-match.) der Boxkampf
    •
    - fighter
    - fight back
    - fight it out
    - fight off
    - fight one's way
    - fight shy of
    - put up a good fight
    * * *
    [faɪt]
    I. n
    1. (violent combat) Kampf m (against/for gegen/um + akk); (brawl) Rauferei f; (involving fists) Schlägerei f
    to give up without a \fight kampflos aufgeben
    2. BOXING Kampf m, Fight m
    3. MIL Gefecht nt ( against gegen + akk)
    4. (struggle, resistance) Kampf m (against/for gegen/um + akk)
    5. (quarrel) Streit
    to have a \fight on one's hands Ärger am Hals haben fam
    6. no pl (inclination) Kampfgeist m
    to knock [or take] the \fight out of sb jdm seinen Kampfgeist nehmen
    to show some \fight (defend oneself) Widerstand leisten, sich akk zur Wehr setzen; (show appetite for fighting) Kampfgeist demonstrieren, sich akk kampflustig zeigen
    7.
    ▶ \fight or flight! friss oder stirb! fam
    ▶ to put up a [good] \fight sich akk [tapfer] zur Wehr setzen
    to put up a \fight about sth sich akk gegen etw akk wehren
    II. vi
    <fought, fought>
    1. (combat violently) kämpfen
    the children were \fighting in the playground die Kinder rauften sich auf dem Spielplatz
    to \fight like cats and dogs wie Hund und Katze sein
    ▪ to \fight against/for sth/sb gegen/für etw/jdn kämpfen
    ▪ to \fight with each other miteinander kämpfen
    2. (wage war) kämpfen
    to \fight to the death auf Leben und Tod kämpfen
    to \fight to the bitter end bis zum bitteren Ende kämpfen
    to \fight to the finish bis zum Schluss [o letzten Augenblick] kämpfen
    ▪ to \fight on weiterkämpfen, den Kampf fortsetzen
    ▪ to \fight against/for sb/sth gegen/für jdn/etw kämpfen
    to \fight for the winning side für die Sieger kämpfen
    ▪ to \fight with sb (battle against) gegen jdn kämpfen; (battle on same side) an jds Seite kämpfen
    3. (quarrel) sich akk streiten
    ▪ to \fight about sb/sth sich akk über jdn/etw [o wegen einer Person/einer S. gen] streiten
    ▪ to \fight over sth/sb sich akk um etw/jdn streiten
    4. (struggle) kämpfen
    to \fight at [or in] an election bei einer Wahl kandidieren
    to \fight to clear one's name um seinen guten Ruf kämpfen
    ▪ to \fight against sth gegen etw akk [an]kämpfen, etw bekämpfen
    ▪ to \fight against sb gegen jdn [an]kämpfen
    ▪ to \fight for sth um etw akk kämpfen
    to \fight for breath nach Luft ringen
    to \fight for a cause für eine Sache kämpfen
    to \fight for life um sein Leben kämpfen
    5. BOXING boxen
    ▪ to \fight against sb gegen jdn boxen
    III. vt
    <fought, fought>
    ▪ to \fight sb/sth gegen jdn/etw kämpfen
    to \fight a delaying action den Feind im Kampf hinhalten
    to \fight a battle eine Schlacht schlagen
    to \fight a duel ein Duell austragen, sich akk duellieren
    to \fight ships/troops Schiffe/Truppen kommandieren
    3. (struggle to extinguish)
    to \fight a fire ein Feuer bekämpfen, gegen ein Feuer ankämpfen
    4. (strive to win)
    to \fight an action einen Prozess durchkämpfen
    to \fight a case in [or through] the courts einen Fall vor Gericht durchfechten; (strive to beat)
    ▪ to \fight sb for sth gegen jdn wegen einer S. gen einen Prozess führen
    5. (struggle against, resist)
    ▪ to \fight sth etw bekämpfen, gegen etw akk [an]kämpfen
    to \fight crime das Verbrechen bekämpfen
    to \fight a disease gegen eine Krankheit ankämpfen
    ▪ to \fight sb gegen jdn [an]kämpfen
    6. (in boxing)
    ▪ to \fight sb gegen jdn boxen
    to \fight one's way [out of sth] sich dat den Weg [aus etw dat] freikämpfen
    to \fight one's way through the crowd sich dat einen Weg durch die Menge bahnen
    to \fight one's way to the top sich akk an die Spitze kämpfen
    8.
    ▶ to not be able to \fight one's way out of a brown paper bag absolut bescheuert sein fam
    ▶ to \fight one's corner BRIT seinen Standpunkt verfechten
    ▶ to \fight fire with fire mit den gleichen Waffen kämpfen
    ▶ to \fight a losing battle auf verlorenem Posten kämpfen
    ▶ to \fight shy of sb/sth jdm/etw aus dem Weg gehen
    * * *
    [faɪt] vb: pret, ptp fought
    1. n
    1) (lit, fig) Kampf m; (= fist fight, scrap) Rauferei f, Prügelei f, Schlägerei f; (MIL) Gefecht nt; (= argument, row) Streit m

    to put up a good fight (lit, fig) — sich tapfer zur Wehr setzen, sich tapfer schlagen

    do you want a fight? — willst du was?, du willst dich wohl mit mir anlegen?

    if he wants a fight, then... (lit, fig) — wenn er Streit sucht, dann...

    he won't give in without a fight —

    in the fight against disease — im Kampf gegen die Krankheit

    he lost his fight for life —

    2) (= fighting spirit) Kampfgeist m
    2. vi
    kämpfen; (= have punch-up etc) raufen, sich prügeln, sich schlagen; (= argue with wife etc) sich streiten or zanken

    to fight for sb/sth — um jdn/etw kämpfen

    to fight for what one believes in — für seine Überzeugungen eintreten or streiten

    to go down fighting — sich nicht kampflos ergeben

    to fight shy of sth — einer Sache (dat) aus dem Weg gehen

    I've always fought shy of claiming that... — ich habe immer bewusst vermieden, zu behaupten...

    3. vt
    1) person kämpfen mit or gegen; (= have punch-up with) sich schlagen mit, sich prügeln mit; (in battle) kämpfen mit, sich (dat) ein Gefecht nt liefern mit
    2) fire, disease, cuts, policy, crime, inflation bekämpfen; decision ankämpfen gegen; corruption angehen gegen

    there's no point in fighting it, you can't win — es hat keinen Zweck, dagegen anzukämpfen, es ist aussichtslos

    she fought the urge to giggle — sie versuchte, sich das Kichern zu verkneifen

    3)

    to fight a duel — ein Duell nt austragen, sich duellieren

    to fight pitched battles — sich (dat) offene Gefechte liefern

    See:
    → also battle
    4) (MIL, NAUT: control in battle) army, ships kommandieren
    * * *
    fight [faıt]
    A s
    1. Kampf m:
    a) MIL Gefecht n
    b) Konflikt m, Streit m
    c) Ringen n ( for um):
    give sth up without a fight etwas kampflos aufgeben;
    lose the fight over den Kampf verlieren um;
    make (a) fight (for sth) (um etwas) kämpfen;
    put up a (good) fight einen (guten) Kampf liefern, sich tapfer schlagen;
    fight against drugs Drogenbekämpfung f;
    the fight against unemployment der Kampf gegen die Arbeitslosigkeit
    2. Boxen: Kampf m, Fight m:
    fight record Kampfrekord m
    3. Schlägerei f, Rauferei f:
    4. Kampffähigkeit f, Kampf(es)lust f:
    a) sich zur Wehr setzen,
    b) kampflustig sein;
    there was no fight left in him er war kampfmüde oder umg fertig;
    he still had a lot of fight in him er war noch lange nicht geschlagen
    B v/t prät und pperf fought [fɔːt]
    1. jemanden, etwas bekämpfen, bekriegen, kämpfen gegen
    2. einen Krieg, einen Prozess führen, eine Schlacht schlagen oder austragen, eine Sache ausfechten:
    fight it out es (untereinander) ausfechten; → battle Bes Redew, duel A, losing A 3
    3. etwas verfechten, sich einsetzen für
    4. kämpfen gegen oder mit, sich schlagen mit, SPORT auch boxen gegen jemanden:
    fight back ( oder down) seine Enttäuschung, Tränen etc unterdrücken;
    fight off jemanden, etwas abwehren, einen Vertreter etc abwimmeln umg;
    a) gegen eine Erkältung ankämpfen,
    b) eine Erkältung bekämpfen; → windmill A 1
    5. raufen oder sich prügeln mit
    6. erkämpfen:
    fight one’s way
    a) sich durchkämpfen ( through durch) (a. fig),
    b) fig seinen Weg machen, sich durchschlagen;
    fight one’s way to sth sich etwas erkämpfen
    7. Hunde etc kämpfen lassen, zum Kampf an- oder aufstacheln
    8. Truppen, Geschütze etc kommandieren, (im Kampf) führen
    C v/i
    1. kämpfen ( with oder against mit oder gegen; for um):
    fight against sth gegen etwas ankämpfen;
    fight back sich zur Wehr setzen oder wehren, zurückschlagen; → go down 2, shy1 A 3, A 5
    2. SPORT boxen
    3. sich raufen oder schlagen oder prügeln ( with mit)
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb,
    1) (lit. or fig.) kämpfen; (with fists) sich schlagen

    fight shy of somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache aus dem Weg gehen

    2) (squabble) [sich] streiten, [sich] zanken ( about wegen)
    2. transitive verb,

    fight somebody/something — gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen; (using fists)

    fight somebody — sich mit jemandem schlagen; [Boxer:] gegen jemanden boxen

    2) (seek to overcome) bekämpfen; (resist)

    fight somebody/something — gegen jemanden/etwas ankämpfen

    3)

    be fighting a losing battle — (fig.) auf verlorenem Posten stehen od. kämpfen

    4) führen [Kampagne]; kandidieren bei [Wahl]
    5)

    fight one's way — sich (Dat.) den Weg freikämpfen; (fig.) sich (Dat.) seinen Weg bahnen

    fight one's way to the top — (fig.) sich an die Spitze kämpfen

    3. noun
    1) Kampf, der ( for um); (brawl) Schlägerei, die

    make a fight of it, put up a fight — sich wehren; (fig.) sich zur Wehr setzen

    give in without a fight — (fig.) klein beigeben

    2) (squabble) Streit, der
    3) (ability to fight) Kampffähigkeit, die; (appetite for fighting) Kampfgeist, der

    all the fight had gone out of him — (fig.) sein Kampfgeist war erloschen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Kampf ¨-e m.
    Schlacht -en f.
    Streit -e m. (battle) one's way through expr.
    sich durchboxen v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: fought)
    = kämpfen v.
    sich streiten v.

    English-german dictionary > fight

  • 74 free

    1. adjective,
    1) frei

    get free — freikommen; sich befreien

    go free — (escape unpunished) straffrei ausgehen

    let somebody go free — (leave captivity) jemanden freilassen; (unpunished) jemanden freisprechen

    set free — freilassen; (fig.) erlösen

    free of something — (without) frei von etwas

    free of charge/cost — gebührenfrei/kostenlos

    free and easy — ungezwungen; locker (ugs.)

    give free rein to something — einer Sache (Dat.) freien Lauf lassen

    somebody is free to do something — es steht jemandem frei, etwas zu tun

    you're free to choose — du kannst frei [aus]wählen

    leave somebody free to do something — es jemandem ermöglichen, etwas zu tun

    feel free! — nur zu! (ugs.)

    feel free to correct me — du darfst mich gerne korrigieren

    it's a free country — (coll.) wir leben in einem freien Land

    free from pain/troubles — schmerz-/sorgenfrei

    3) (provided without payment) kostenlos; frei [Überfahrt, Unterkunft, Versand, Verpflegung]; Frei[karte, -exemplar, -fahrt]; Gratis[probe, -vorstellung]

    ‘admission free’ — "Eintritt frei"

    for free — (coll.) umsonst

    4) (not occupied, not reserved, not being used) frei

    free time — Freizeit, die

    he's free in the mornings — er hat morgens Zeit

    6) (frank, open) offen; freimütig
    7) (not strict) frei [Übersetzung, Interpretation, Bearbeitung usw.]
    2. adverb
    (without cost or payment) gratis; umsonst
    3. transitive verb
    (set at liberty) freilassen; (disentangle) befreien (of, from von)

    free somebody/oneself from — jemanden/sich befreien von [Tyrannei, Unterdrückung, Tradition]; jemanden/sich befreien aus [Gefängnis, Sklaverei, Umklammerung]

    free somebody/oneself of — jemanden/sich befreien od. freimachen von

    * * *
    [fri:] 1. adjective
    1) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) frei
    2) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) frei
    3) ((with with) generous: He is always free with his money/advice.) freigiebig
    4) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) frei
    5) (costing nothing: a free gift.) kostenlos
    6) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) frei
    7) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) frei
    8) ((with of or from) without or no longer having (especially something or someone unpleasant etc): She is free from pain now; free of charge.) ohne, frei
    2. verb
    1) (to make or set (someone) free: He freed all the prisoners.) freilassen, befreien
    2) ((with from or of) to rid or relieve (someone) of something: She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job.) entlasten
    •
    - academic.ru/29289/freedom">freedom
    - freely
    - free-for-all
    - freehand
    - freehold
    - freelance     3. verb
    (to work in this way: He is freelancing now.) freiberuflich tätig sein
    - Freepost
    - free skating
    - free speech
    - free trade
    - freeway
    - freewheel
    - free will
    - a free hand
    - set free
    * * *
    [fri:]
    I. adj
    1. (not physically impeded) frei
    to break \free [of [or from] sth] ( also fig) sich akk [aus etw dat] befreien
    to break [or cut] \free [of [or from] sb] ( also fig) sich akk [von jdm] losreißen a. fig
    to roam/run \free frei herumlaufen
    to set sb/an animal \free ( also fig) jdn/ein Tier freilassen
    2. (not confined) frei
    she left the court a \free woman sie verließ das Gericht als freie Frau
    to go [or walk] \free straffrei ausgehen
    3. (not under compulsion) frei
    you are \free to come and go as you please Sie können kommen und gehen, wann Sie wollen
    you're \free to refuse es steht Ihnen frei abzulehnen
    am I \free to leave now? kann ich jetzt gehen?
    did you do this of your own \free will? haben Sie das aus freiem Willen getan?
    \free choice freie Wahl
    to feel \free sich dat keinen Zwang antun
    can I get myself a drink? — feel \free kann ich mir etwas zu trinken nehmen? — bedienen Sie sich nur
    feel \free to interrupt me unterbrechen Sie mich ruhig
    4. (without obstruction) frei
    \free movement of capital freier Kapitalverkehr
    \free movement of labour Freizügigkeit f für Arbeitnehmer und Selbstständige
    \free play MECH Spielraum m
    to allow [or give] one's emotions \free play [or \free play to one's emotions] seinen Gefühlen freien Lauf lassen
    5. (disposable) frei
    \free capital freies Kapital
    \free reserves freie Rücklagen
    6. POL elections, press frei
    it's a \free country! das ist ein freies Land!
    \free speech Redefreiheit f
    7. pred (rid of) frei (of/from von + dat)
    to be \free of [or from] a disease eine Krankheit nicht haben
    my doctor told me I would never be completely \free of the disease mein Arzt sagte mir, dass ich die Krankheit niemals ganz loswerden würde fam
    \free of charge kostenlos
    to be \free of [or from] customs/tax zoll-/steuerfrei sein
    \free of [or from] dirt schmutzfrei
    \free of pain schmerzfrei
    ▪ to be \free of sb jdn los sein fam
    8. inv (not attached or entangled) lose
    I want the bookcase to stand \free of the wall ich will, dass der Bücherschrank nicht an der Wand steht
    to get/pull sth \free etw freibekommen/losreißen
    to work [itself/sth] \free [sich/etw akk] lösen
    9. pred (not busy) person
    to leave sb \free to do sth es jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to be \free [to do sth] Zeit haben[, etw zu tun]
    I've got a \free evening next Monday ich habe nächsten Montag einen freien Abend
    \free time Freizeit f
    11. inv (not occupied) object frei; seat unbesetzt
    excuse me, is this seat \free? Entschuldigung, ist dieser Platz frei?
    if you take these bags that will give me a free hand to open the door wenn Sie diese Tüten nehmen, habe ich die Hand frei, um die Türe zu öffnen
    to leave sth \free etw freilassen
    12. inv (costing nothing) gratis, unentgeltlich
    admission is \free der Eintritt ist frei
    entrance is \free for pensioners Rentner haben freien Eintritt
    \free copy Freiexemplar nt
    \free issue STOCKEX Emission f von Gratisaktien
    \free ticket Freikarte f
    13. (generous) freigiebig
    ▪ to be \free with sth mit etw dat großzügig sein
    to make \free with sth mit etw dat großzügig umgehen
    don't her parents mind her making \free with their house while they're on holiday? haben ihre Eltern nichts dagegen, dass sie so frei über ihr Haus verfügt, während sie im Urlaub sind?
    14. (inexact) frei, nicht wörtlich
    \free translation freie Übersetzung
    15. (frank) offen; (casual) manners ungezwungen; ( pej) unverschämt
    16. (public) library öffentlich
    17. LIT, MUS, SPORT (not restricted by convention) frei
    \free section Kür f
    18. CHEM oxygen, radical frei, nicht gebunden
    19.
    ▶ to be as \free as the air [or a bird] frei wie ein Vogel sein
    ▶ the best things in life are \free ( saying) das Beste im Leben ist umsonst
    ▶ \free and easy entspannt, locker
    ▶ there's no such thing as a \free lunch nichts ist umsonst
    II. adv inv frei, gratis
    \free of charge kostenlos
    \free, gratis, and for nothing ( hum) gratis und umsonst
    for \free ( fam) gratis, umsonst
    III. vt
    1. (release)
    ▪ to \free sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier freilassen
    ▪ to \free sb/an animal [from sth] jdn/ein Tier [von [o aus] etw dat] befreien
    ▪ to \free sth [from sth] part of the body etw [von etw dat] frei machen
    he tried to \free his hands from the rope er versuchte, seine Hände aus dem Seil zu befreien
    ▪ to \free sb/sth/oneself from [or of] sth jdn/etw/sich von etw dat befreien [o frei machen]
    to \free sb from a contract jdn aus einem Vertrag entlassen
    3. (make available)
    ▪ to \free sth etw frei machen
    I need to \free the afternoon to write this report ich muss mir den Nachmittag frei machen, um diesen Bericht zu schreiben
    to \free funds Gelder flüssigmachen
    to \free a space Platz schaffen
    ▪ to \free sb to do sth jdm Freiraum geben, etw zu tun
    4. (loosen)
    ▪ to \free sth rusty bolt, cog, tap etw lösen
    we managed to \free the propeller from the rope wir konnten den Propeller vom Seil losmachen
    * * *
    [friː]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= at liberty, unrestricted) person, animal, state, activity, translation, choice frei

    you're free to go now — Sie können jetzt gehen(, wenn Sie wollen)

    I'm not free to do it — es steht mir nicht frei, es zu tun

    (do) feel free to help yourself/ask questions — nehmen Sie sich/fragen Sie ruhig

    feel free! (inf) — bitte, gern(e)!

    See:
    → rein
    2)

    (+prep) free from worry — sorgenfrei

    free from blame/responsibility — frei von Schuld/Verantwortung

    3) (= costing nothing) kostenlos, Gratis-; (COMM) gratis

    free, gratis and for nothing — gratis und umsonst

    4) (= not occupied) room, seat, hour, person frei

    I wasn't free earlier —

    5) (= lavish, profuse) großzügig, freigebig; (= licentious, improper) language, behaviour frei, lose; (= overfamiliar) plumpvertraulich
    2. vt
    prisoner (= release) freilassen; (= help escape) befreien; caged animal freilassen; nation befreien; (= untie) person losbinden; tangle (auf)lösen; pipe frei machen; rusty screw, caught fabric lösen; (= make available) person frei machen
    * * *
    free [friː]
    A adj (adv freely)
    1. allg frei:
    a) unabhängig
    b) selbstständig
    c) ungebunden
    d) ungehindert
    e) uneingeschränkt
    f) in Freiheit (befindlich):
    he left the court a free man, he walked free from court er verließ das Gericht als freier Mann;
    he’s always free SPORT er ist immer anspielbar;
    he is free to go, it is free for him to go es steht ihm frei zu gehen;
    please be free to ask questions Sie können gerne Fragen stellen;
    it’s ( oder this is) a free country umg ist das etwa verboten?, hier kann jeder tun und lassen, was er will;
    mind if I sit here? - it’s a free country ich kann dich nicht daran hindern;
    give sb a free hand jemandem freie Hand lassen; → set C 2, swing C 1, will2 A 3
    2. frei:
    a) unbeschäftigt:
    he is free after 5 o’clock
    b) ohne Verpflichtungen (Abend etc)
    c) nicht besetzt:
    3. frei:
    free practice (Motorsport) freies Training;
    free skating (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf) Kür(laufen) f(n);
    free skater Kürläufer(in);
    c) frei gestaltet (Version etc)
    4. (from, of) frei (von), ohne (akk):
    free of alcohol alkoholfrei;
    free of damage WIRTSCH unbeschädigt;
    free from error fehlerfrei;
    free from infection MED frei von ansteckenden Krankheiten;
    stay free of injury SPORT von Verletzungen verschont bleiben;
    free from prejudice ( oder bias) vorurteilsfrei, unvoreingenommen;
    the judge wasn’t free from prejudice JUR der Richter war befangen
    5. frei, befreit ( beide:
    from, of von):
    free from contradiction widerspruchsfrei;
    free of debt schuldenfrei;
    free from distortion TECH verzerrungsfrei;
    free of income tax einkommensteuerfrei;
    free of pain schmerzfrei;
    free of taxes steuerfrei;
    free and unencumbered JUR unbelastet, hypothekenfrei; → charge C 7
    6. gefeit, im’mun, gesichert ( alle:
    from gegen)
    7. CHEM nicht gebunden, frei
    8. los(e), frei:
    get one’s arm free seinen Arm freibekommen
    9. frei (stehend oder schwebend)
    10. ungezwungen, natürlich, unbefangen:
    11. a) offen(herzig), freimütig
    b) unverblümt
    c) dreist, plump-vertraulich:
    make free with sich Freiheiten herausnehmen gegen jemanden; sich (ungeniert) gütlich tun an einer Sache
    12. allzu frei:
    free talk lockere Reden pl
    13. freigebig, großzügig:
    be free with großzügig sein oder umgehen mit
    14. reichlich: → flow A 1
    15. leicht, flott, zügig
    16. a) (kosten-, gebühren)frei, kostenlos, unentgeltlich, gratis:
    free admission freier Eintritt;
    free copy Freiexemplar n;
    free fares pl Nulltarif m;
    free gift (Werbe)Geschenk n, Zugabe f;
    free sample Gratisprobe f;
    free ticket Freikarte f, BAHN etc Freifahrkarte f, -schein m;
    free transport Beförderung f zum Nulltarif;
    for free umg umsonst;
    get sth for free umg etwas geschenkt bekommen; → pass C 2 b
    b) TEL gebührenfrei, zum Nulltarif
    17. WIRTSCH frei (Handelsklausel):
    free alongside ship frei Längsseite Schiff;
    free on board frei an Bord;
    free on rail frei Waggon;
    free domicile frei Haus
    18. WIRTSCH zoll- oder genehmigungsfrei (Importe etc)
    19. WIRTSCH frei verfügbar (Vermögenswerte etc)
    20. öffentlich, allen zugänglich:
    free library Volksbücherei f;
    be (made) free of sth freien Zutritt zu etwas haben
    21. willig, bereit ( beide:
    to do zu tun)
    22. Turnen: ohne Geräte:
    free gymnastics Freiübungen
    23. (frei) beweglich:
    free balloon Freiballon m;
    be free of the harbo(u)r aus dem Hafen heraus sein
    24. TECH leer (Maschine):
    run free leerlaufen
    25. LING
    a) in einer offenen Silbe stehend (Vokal)
    b) frei, nicht fest (Wortakzent)
    B v/t
    1. befreien ( from von, aus) (auch fig):
    free o.s. sich befreien;
    free o.s. of sich frei machen von
    2. freilassen
    3. entlasten (from, of von)
    4. auch free up WIRTSCH Preise freigeben
    C adv allg frei:
    call us free on … rufen Sie uns gebührenfrei oder zum Nulltarif an unter …;
    go free SCHIFF raumschots segeln
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) frei

    get free — freikommen; sich befreien

    go free — (escape unpunished) straffrei ausgehen

    let somebody go free — (leave captivity) jemanden freilassen; (unpunished) jemanden freisprechen

    set free — freilassen; (fig.) erlösen

    free of something — (without) frei von etwas

    free of charge/cost — gebührenfrei/kostenlos

    free and easy — ungezwungen; locker (ugs.)

    give free rein to something — einer Sache (Dat.) freien Lauf lassen

    somebody is free to do something — es steht jemandem frei, etwas zu tun

    you're free to choose — du kannst frei [aus]wählen

    leave somebody free to do something — es jemandem ermöglichen, etwas zu tun

    feel free! — nur zu! (ugs.)

    it's a free country — (coll.) wir leben in einem freien Land

    free from pain/troubles — schmerz-/sorgenfrei

    3) (provided without payment) kostenlos; frei [Überfahrt, Unterkunft, Versand, Verpflegung]; Frei[karte, -exemplar, -fahrt]; Gratis[probe, -vorstellung]

    ‘admission free’ — "Eintritt frei"

    for free — (coll.) umsonst

    4) (not occupied, not reserved, not being used) frei

    free time — Freizeit, die

    6) (frank, open) offen; freimütig
    7) (not strict) frei [Übersetzung, Interpretation, Bearbeitung usw.]
    2. adverb
    (without cost or payment) gratis; umsonst
    3. transitive verb
    (set at liberty) freilassen; (disentangle) befreien (of, from von)

    free somebody/oneself from — jemanden/sich befreien von [Tyrannei, Unterdrückung, Tradition]; jemanden/sich befreien aus [Gefängnis, Sklaverei, Umklammerung]

    free somebody/oneself of — jemanden/sich befreien od. freimachen von

    * * *
    adj.
    frei adj.
    offenherzig adj.
    umsonst adj. (from) v.
    befreien (von) v. v.
    befreien v.
    freigeben v.

    English-german dictionary > free

  • 75 measure

    1. noun
    1) Maß, das

    weights and measures — Maße und Gewichte

    for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

    give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

    made to measure — pred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

    2) (degree) Menge, die

    in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht

    a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

    3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

    it gave us some measure of the problems — das gab uns eine Vorstellung von den Problemen

    beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

    4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der
    5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

    take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen

    2. transitive verb
    1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

    measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

    2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

    measure something [off] — etwas abmessen

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (have a given size) messen
    2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/89057/measure_out">measure out
    * * *
    ['meʒə] 1. noun
    1) (an instrument for finding the size, amount etc of something: a glass measure for liquids; a tape-measure.) das Meßgerät
    2) (a unit: The metre is a measure of length.) das Maß
    3) (a system of measuring: dry/liquid/square measure.) die Maßeinheit
    4) (a plan of action or something done: We must take (= use, or put into action) certain measures to stop the increase in crime.) die Maßnahme
    5) (a certain amount: a measure of sympathy.) ein gewisses Maß
    6) ((in music) the musical notes contained between two bar lines.)
    2. verb
    1) (to find the size, amount etc of (something): He measured the table.) messen
    2) (to show the size, amount etc of: A thermometer measures temperature.) messen
    3) ((with against, besides etc) to judge in comparison with: She measured her skill in cooking against her friend's.) messen
    4) (to be a certain size: This table measures two metres by one metre.) messen
    •
    - measurement
    - beyond measure
    - for good measure
    - full measure
    - made to measure
    - measure out
    - measure up
    * * *
    meas·ure
    [ˈmeʒəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. (unit) Maß nt, Maßeinheit f
    a \measure of capacity ein Hohlmaß nt
    a \measure of length ein Längenmaß nt
    he poured himself a generous \measure of whiskey er schenkte sich einen großen Whisky ein
    2. ( fig: degree) Maß nt, Grad m
    there was a large \measure of agreement between us zwischen uns gab es ein hohes Maß an Übereinstimmung
    there was some \measure of truth in what he said an dem, was er sagte, war etwas Wahres dran
    in large \measure in hohem Maß, zum großen Teil
    in some \measure gewissermaßen, in gewisser Beziehung
    3. (measuring instrument) Messgerät nt; (ruler, yardstick) Messstab m; (container) Messbecher m, Messglas nt
    4. (indicator) Maßstab m
    examinations are not always the best \measure of students' progress Prüfungen sind nicht immer ein zuverlässiger Indikator für die Fortschritte der Schüler
    to be a \measure of sb's popularity ein Maßstab für jds Popularität sein
    5. usu pl (action) also LAW Maßnahme f
    the \measures we have taken are designed to prevent such accidents occurring in future die Maßnahmen, die wir ergriffen haben, sollen solche Unfälle in Zukunft verhindern
    \measures pl required Handlungsbedarf m
    6. POL (bill) gesetzliche Maßnahme, Bestimmung f, Verfügung f
    7. LIT (metre) Versmaß nt, Metrum nt
    8. AM MUS (bar) Takt m
    9. TYPO Satzbreite f
    10.
    ▶ beyond \measure über die [o alle] Maßen
    ▶ there are no half \measures with me ich mache keine halben Sachen
    ▶ to get [or take] the \measure of sb/sth (assess) jdn/etw einschätzen [o kennenlernen]; (understand) jdn/etw verstehen
    ▶ for good \measure (in addition) zusätzlich, noch dazu; (to ensure success) sicherheitshalber
    II. vt
    1. (find out size)
    ▪ to \measure sth etw [ab]messen
    to \measure sb for a dress/suit jds Maße für ein Kleid/einen Anzug nehmen
    to \measure sth in centimetres/pounds etw in Zentimetern/Pfund messen
    delays \measured by weeks are frustrating wochenlange Verspätungen sind frustrierend
    to \measure sb's heart rate jds Puls messen
    to \measure sb performance jds Leistung beurteilen
    to \measure a room ein Zimmer ausmessen
    2. (be certain size/quantity)
    ▪ to \measure sth etw betragen
    3.
    ▶ to \measure one's length [on the ground] auf die Schnauze [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ a. aufs Maul] fallen sl
    III. vi messen
    the box \measures 10cm by 10cm by 12cm der Karton misst 10 mal 10 mal 12 cm
    * * *
    ['meZə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= unit of measurement) Maß(einheit f) nt

    beyond measure —

    See:
    → weight
    2) (= object for measuring) Maß nt; (graduated for length) Maßstab m; (graduated for volume) Messbecher m
    3) (= amount measured) Menge f

    to give sb full/short measure (barman) — richtig/zu wenig ausschenken; (grocer) richtig/zu wenig abwiegen

    for good measure — zur Sicherheit, sicherheitshalber

    ... and another one for good measure —... und noch eines obendrein

    4) (fig: yardstick) Maßstab m (of für)

    MacLeod's approval is the measure of a good whisky —

    please consider this as a measure of my esteem for... — bitte betrachten Sie dies als Ausdruck meiner Anerkennung für...

    it's a measure of his skill as a writer that... — seine schriftstellerischen Fähigkeiten lassen sich daran beurteilen, dass...

    5)

    (= extent) in some measure — in gewisser Hinsicht or Beziehung

    to a large measure, in large measure — in hohem Maße

    to get the measure of sb/sth — jdn/etw (richtig) einschätzen

    6) (= step) Maßnahme f

    to take measures to do sth — Maßnahmen ergreifen, um etw zu tun

    7) (POET) Versmaß nt
    8) (US MUS) Takt m
    9) (old: dance) Tanz m

    to tread a measure with sb — mit jdm ein Tänzchen wagen

    2. vt
    messen; length also abmessen; room also ausmessen; (= take sb's measurements) Maß nehmen bei; (fig) beurteilen, abschätzen; words abwägen
    3. vi
    messen

    what does it measure? — wie viel misst es?, wie groß ist es?

    * * *
    measure [ˈmeʒə(r); US auch ˈmeı-]
    A s
    1. Maß(einheit) n(f):
    cubic measure, solid measure Raum-, Kubikmaß;
    lineal measure, linear measure, long measure, measure of length Längenmaß;
    square measure, superficial measure Flächenmaß;
    2. fig (richtiges oder vernünftiges) Maß, Ausmaß n:
    beyond (all) measure über alle Maßen, grenzenlos;
    her joy was beyond measure ihre Freude kannte keine Grenzen;
    for good measure noch dazu, obendrein;
    a) in großem Maße, überaus,
    b) großenteils;
    in some measure, in a (certain) measure gewissermaßen, bis zu einem gewissen Grade;
    without measure ohne Maßen;
    set measures to Grenzen setzen (dat);
    know no measure kein Maß kennen
    3. Messen n, Maß n:
    (made) to measure nach Maß (gearbeitet);
    take the measure of sth etwas abmessen;
    take sb’s measure
    a) jemandem Maß nehmen ( for a suit für einen Anzug),
    b) auch get sb’s measure fig jemanden taxieren oder ab-, einschätzen;
    I have his measure ich habe ihn durchschaut; → made-to-measure
    4. Maß n, Messgerät n:
    weigh with two measures fig mit zweierlei Maß messen; → tape measure
    5. fig Maßstab m (of für):
    be a measure of sth einer Sache als Maßstab dienen;
    Man is the measure of all things der Mensch ist das Maß aller Dinge
    6. Anteil m, Portion f, gewisse Menge
    7. a) MATH Maß(einheit) n(f), Teiler m, Faktor m
    b) PHYS Maßeinheit f:
    2 is a measure of 4 2 ist Teiler von 4;
    measure of dispersion Streuungs-, Verteilungsmaß
    8. (abgemessener) Teil, Grenze f:
    set a measure to sth etwas begrenzen;
    the measure of my days BIBEL die Dauer meines Lebens
    9. LIT
    a) Silbenmaß n
    b) Versglied n
    c) Versmaß n, Metrum n
    10. MUS
    a) Takt(art) m(f)
    b) Takt m (als Quantität):
    c) Zeitmaß n, Tempo n
    d) Takt m, Rhythmus m
    e) Mensur f (bei Orgelpfeifen):
    tread ( oder trip) a measure obs tanzen ( with mit)
    11. poet Weise f, Melodie f
    12. pl GEOL Lager n, Flöz n
    13. CHEM Mensur f, Grad m (eines graduierten Gefäßes)
    14. TYPO Zeilen-, Satz-, Kolumnenbreite f
    15. Fechten: Mensur f, Abstand m
    16. Maßnahme f, -regel f, Schritt m:
    take measures Maßnahmen treffen oder ergreifen; → legal A 4
    17. JUR gesetzliche Maßnahme, Verfügung f
    B v/t
    1. (ver)messen, ab-, aus-, zumessen:
    measure one’s length fig der Länge nach oder längelang hinfallen;
    measure sb (be [ oder get] measured) for a suit jemandem Maß nehmen (sich Maß nehmen lassen) für einen Anzug
    a) ausmessen, die Ausmaße oder Grenzen bestimmen, ein Bergwerk markscheiden,
    b) harte Strafen etc verhängen
    3. fig ermessen
    4. (ab)messen, abschätzen ( beide:
    by an dat):
    measured by ( oder against) gemessen an
    5. beurteilen (by nach)
    6. vergleichen, messen ( beide:
    against, with mit):
    measure o.s. against sb;
    measure one’s strength with sb seine Kräfte mit jemandem messen;
    measure swords bes fig die Klingen kreuzen ( with mit)
    7. eine Strecke durchmessen, zurücklegen
    C v/i
    1. Messungen vornehmen
    2. messen, groß sein:
    it measures 7 inches es misst 7 Zoll, ist ist 7 Zoll lang
    a) die Ansprüche (gen) erfüllen, gut abschneiden im Vergleich zu,
    b) den Ansprüchen etc gewachsen sein,
    c) heranreichen an (akk)
    meas. abk
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Maß, das

    for good measure — sicherheitshalber; (as an extra) zusätzlich

    give short/full measure — (in public house) zu wenig/vorschriftsmäßig ausschenken

    made to measure — pred. (Brit., lit. or fig.) maßgeschneidert

    2) (degree) Menge, die

    a measure of freedom/responsibility — ein gewisses Maß an Freiheit/Verantwortung (Dat.)

    3) (instrument or utensil for measuring) Maß, das; (for quantity also) Messglas, das; Messbecher, der; (for size also) Messstab, der; (fig.) Maßstab, der

    beyond [all] measure — grenzenlos; über die od. alle Maßen adverb

    4) (Mus.): (time) Takt, der
    5) (step, law) Maßnahme, die; (Law): (bill) Gesetzesvorlage, die

    take measures to stop/ensure something — Maßnahmen ergreifen od. treffen, um etwas zu unterbinden/sicherzustellen

    2. transitive verb
    1) messen [Größe, Menge usw.]; ausmessen [Raum]

    measure somebody for a suit — [bei] jemandem Maß od. die Maße für einen Anzug nehmen

    2) (fig.): (estimate) abschätzen

    measure something [off] — etwas abmessen

    3. intransitive verb
    2) (take measurement[s]) Maß nehmen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (music) n.
    Takt -e (Musik) m. n.
    Maß -e (Mathematik) n.
    Maß -e n.
    Maßeinheit f.
    Maßnahme -n f.
    Metrum n.
    Takt -e m. v.
    messen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: maß, gemessen)
    vermessen v.

    English-german dictionary > measure

  • 76 religion

    noun
    Religion, die

    freedom of religion — Glaubensfreiheit, die

    * * *
    [rə'li‹ən]
    1) (a belief in, or the worship of, a god or gods.) die Frömmigkeit
    2) (a particular system of belief or worship: Christianity and Islam are two different religions.) die Religion
    •
    - academic.ru/61357/religious">religious
    - religiously
    - religiousness
    * * *
    re·li·gion
    [rɪˈlɪʤən]
    n
    1. no pl (faith in god) Religion f; (set of religious beliefs) Glaube m
    to practise [or AM practice] a \religion eine Religion praktizieren [o ausüben]
    he practises the Jewish \religion er ist praktizierender Jude
    to make a \religion of sth einen Kult mit etw dat treiben
    4. ( also hum: personal set of beliefs) Glaube m, Überzeugung f
    it's against his \religion to do the gardening es verstößt gegen seine heiligen Prinzipien, die Gartenarbeit zu verrichten hum
    * * *
    [rI'lIdZən]
    n
    Religion f; (= set of beliefs) Glaube(n) m
    * * *
    religion [rıˈlıdʒən] s
    1. Religion f, Glaube m:
    get religion umg fromm werden
    2. Religiosität f, Frömmigkeit f
    3. fig
    a) Ehrensache f, Herzenspflicht f, heiliger Grundsatz
    b) iron Fetisch m, Religion f:
    be a religion with sb jemandem heilig sein;
    make a religion of sth etwas zur Religion erheben
    4. monastisches Leben:
    be in religion einem Orden angehören;
    enter religion in einen Orden eintreten;
    her name in religion ihr Klostername
    relig. abk
    2. religious (religiously) relig.
    * * *
    noun
    Religion, die

    freedom of religion — Glaubensfreiheit, die

    * * *
    n.
    Glaubensbekenntnis n.
    Religion -en f.

    English-german dictionary > religion

  • 77 speech

    noun
    1) (public address) Rede, die

    make or deliver or give a speech — eine Rede halten

    2) (faculty of speaking) Sprache, die
    3) (act of speaking) Sprechen, das; Sprache, die
    4) (manner of speaking) Sprache, die; Sprechweise, die

    his speech was slurred — er sprach undeutlich

    * * *
    [spi: ]
    1) ((the act of) saying words, or the ability to say words: Speech is one method of communication between people.) die Sprache
    2) (the words said: His speech is full of colloquialisms.) die Sprache
    3) (manner or way of speaking: His speech is very slow.) das Sprechen
    4) (a formal talk given to a meeting etc: parliamentary speeches.) die Rede
    •
    - academic.ru/69366/speechless">speechless
    - speechlessly
    - speechlessness
    * * *
    <pl -es>
    [spi:tʃ]
    n
    1. no pl (faculty of speaking) Sprache f; (act of speaking) Sprechen nt
    ▪ in \speech mündlich
    to lose/recover the power of \speech die Sprechfähigkeit [o die Sprache] verlieren/wiedererlangen
    in everyday \speech in der Alltagssprache
    to be slow in [or of] \speech langsam reden
    2. no pl (spoken style) Sprache f, Redestil m
    3. (oration) Rede f; (shorter) Ansprache f (about, on über + akk); (in court) Plädoyer nt
    acceptance \speech Aufnahmerede f
    after-dinner \speech Tischrede f
    freedom of \speech POL Redefreiheit f
    keynote \speech Hauptrede f
    eloquent \speech ausdrucksvolle Rede
    rousing \speech stürmische Rede
    to deliver [or give] [or make] a \speech eine Rede halten
    4. of actor Rede f; (longer) Monolog m
    Hamlet's \speech Hamlets Monolog m
    direct/indirect [or reported] \speech direkte/indirekte Rede
    6. no pl AM (speech therapy) Sprachtherapie f
    * * *
    [spiːtʃ]
    n
    1) no pl (= faculty of speech) Sprache f; (= act of speaking) Sprechen nt; (= manner of speaking) Sprechweise f

    he expresses himself better in speech than in writing —

    to lose/recover the power of speech —

    speech is silver, silence is golden (prov) — Reden ist Silber, Schweigen ist Gold (Prov)

    2) (= language) Sprache f
    3) (= oration THEAT) Rede f (on, about über +acc); (in court) Plädoyer nt
    4) (Brit GRAM)

    direct/indirect or reported speech — direkte/indirekte Rede

    See:
    5) (US SCH, UNIV = study of speech) Sprechkunde f
    * * *
    speech [spiːtʃ]
    A s
    1. Sprache f, Sprechvermögen n:
    recover one’s speech die Sprache wiedergewinnen
    2. Reden n, Sprechen n:
    he expresses himself better in speech than in writing er drückt sich mündlich besser aus als schriftlich; → figure A 8, silence A 1
    3. Rede f, Äußerung f:
    direct one’s speech to das Wort richten an (akk)
    4. Gespräch n:
    have speech with sb mit jemandem reden
    5. Rede f, Ansprache f, Vortrag m, JUR Plädoyer n:
    deliver ( oder give, make) a speech eine Rede halten;
    speech from the throne PARL Br Thronrede
    6. a) (Landes)Sprache f
    b) Dialekt m
    7. Sprech- oder Ausdrucksweise f, Art f zu sprechen, Sprache f:
    in common speech in der Umgangssprache, landläufig
    B adj Sprach…, Sprech…, Rede…:
    speech act LING Sprechakt m;
    speech area LING Sprachraum m;
    speech center (bes Br centre) ANAT Sprechzentrum n;
    speech clinic MED logopädische Klinik;
    a) Sprachgemeinschaft f,
    b) Sprachgruppe f;
    speech defect ( oder impediment) Sprachfehler m;
    speech-impaired MED sprachgestört;
    speech input IT Spracheingabe f;
    speech melody LING Sprachmelodie f, Intonation f;
    speech organ ANAT Sprechorgan n, -werkzeug n;
    speech output IT Sprachausgabe f;
    speech reading Lippenlesen n;
    speech recognition IT Spracherkennung f;
    speech record Sprechplatte f;
    speech rhythm LING Sprechrhythmus m;
    speech sound LING Sprachlaut m, Phonem n;
    speech synthesizer Sprachsynthesizer m;
    speech therapist MED Logopäde m, Logopädin f;
    speech therapy MED Logopädie f, Sprachheilkunde f
    * * *
    noun
    1) (public address) Rede, die

    make or deliver or give a speech — eine Rede halten

    2) (faculty of speaking) Sprache, die
    3) (act of speaking) Sprechen, das; Sprache, die
    4) (manner of speaking) Sprache, die; Sprechweise, die
    * * *
    n.
    (§ pl.: speeches)
    = Ansprache f.
    Rede -n f.
    Sprache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > speech

  • 78 struggle

    1. intransitive verb
    1) (try with difficulty) kämpfen

    struggle to do something — sich abmühen, etwas zu tun

    struggle for a place/a better world — um einen Platz/für eine bessere Welt kämpfen

    struggle against or with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas od. gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen

    struggle with something — (try to cope) sich mit etwas quälen; mit etwas kämpfen

    2) (proceed with difficulty) sich quälen; (into tight dress, through narrow opening) sich zwängen
    3) (physically) kämpfen; (resist) sich wehren

    struggle free — freikommen; sich befreien

    4) (be in difficulties) kämpfen (fig.)
    2. noun

    it was a long struggle — es kostete viel Mühe

    have a [hard] struggle to do something — [große] Mühe haben, etwas zu tun

    2) (physical fight) Kampf, der

    the struggle against or with somebody/something — der Kampf gegen od. mit jemandem/etwas

    the struggle for influence/power — der Kampf um Einfluss/die Macht

    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to twist violently when trying to free oneself: The child struggled in his arms.) zappeln
    2) (to make great efforts or try hard: All his life he has been struggling with illness / against injustice.) kämpfen
    3) (to move with difficulty: He struggled out of the hole.) sich quälen
    2. noun
    (an act of struggling, or a fight: The struggle for independence was long and hard.) der Kampf
    - academic.ru/118666/struggle_along">struggle along
    * * *
    strug·gle
    [ˈstrʌgl̩]
    I. n
    1. (great effort) Kampf m ( for um + akk)
    trying to accept her death was a terrible \struggle for him ihren Tod zu akzeptieren fiel ihm unendlich schwer
    these days it's a desperate \struggle just to keep my head above water im Moment kämpfe ich ums nackte Überleben
    ▪ it is a \struggle to do sth es ist mühsam [o keine leichte Aufgabe], etw zu tun
    to be a real \struggle wirklich Mühe kosten, sehr anstrengend sein
    uphill \struggle mühselige Aufgabe, harter Kampf
    to give up the \struggle to do sth den Kampf um etw akk aufgeben
    without a \struggle kampflos
    2. (fight) Kampf m ( against gegen + akk, with mit + dat)
    he put up a desperate \struggle before his murder er hatte sich verzweifelt zur Wehr gesetzt, bevor er ermordet wurde
    \struggle between good and evil Kampf m zwischen Gut und Böse
    power \struggle Machtkampf m
    II. vi
    1. (toil) sich akk abmühen [o quälen]
    he \struggled along the rough road er kämpfte sich auf der schlechten Straße vorwärts
    he \struggled to find the right words es fiel ihm schwer, die richtigen Worte zu finden
    ▪ to \struggle with sth sich akk mit etw dat herumschlagen [o herumquälen] fam
    to \struggle to make ends meet Mühe haben, durchzukommen
    to \struggle to one's feet mühsam auf die Beine kommen, sich akk mühsam aufrappeln [o hochrappeln
    2. (fight) kämpfen, ringen
    ▪ to \struggle against sth/sb gegen etw/jdn kämpfen
    ▪ to \struggle with sth/sb mit etw/jdm kämpfen
    he \struggled for some time with his conscience er kämpfte eine Zeit lang mit seinem Gewissen
    to \struggle for survival ums Überleben kämpfen
    * * *
    ['strʌgl]
    1. n (lit, fig)
    Kampf m (for um); (fig = effort) Anstrengung f

    the struggle for survival/existence —

    the struggle to feed her seven children — der Kampf, ihre sieben Kinder zu ernähren

    the struggle to find somewhere to live — der Kampf or die Schwierigkeiten, bis man eine Wohnung gefunden hat

    it is/was a struggle — es ist/war mühsam

    I had a struggle to persuade him — es war gar nicht einfach, ihn zu überreden

    2. vi
    1) (= contend) kämpfen; (in self-defence) sich wehren; (= writhe) sich winden; (financially) in Schwierigkeiten sein, krebsen (inf); (fig = strive) sich sehr bemühen or anstrengen, sich abmühen

    to struggle to do sth — sich sehr anstrengen, etw zu tun

    to struggle for sth — um etw kämpfen, sich um etw bemühen

    to struggle against sb/sth — gegen jdn/etw kämpfen

    to struggle with sth (with problem, difficulty, question) — sich mit etw herumschlagen; with injury, mortgage, debts, feelings mit etw zu kämpfen haben; with doubts, one's conscience mit etw ringen; with luggage, language, subject, homework, words sich mit etw abmühen

    to struggle with life — es im Leben nicht leicht haben

    this firm/team/family is struggling — diese Firma/Mannschaft/Familie hat( schwer) zu kämpfen

    are you struggling? — hast du Schwierigkeiten?

    can you manage? – I'm struggling — schaffst dus? – mit Müh und Not

    2) (= move with difficulty) sich quälen

    to struggle to one's feet — mühsam aufstehen or auf die Beine kommen, sich aufrappeln (inf)

    to struggle on (lit) — sich weiterkämpfen; (fig) weiterkämpfen

    to struggle along/through (lit, fig) — sich durchschlagen or -kämpfen

    * * *
    struggle [ˈstrʌɡl]
    A v/i
    1. (against, with) kämpfen (gegen, mit), ringen (mit) ( beide:
    for um Atem, Macht etc):
    struggle for words um Worte ringen
    2. sich sträuben ( against gegen)
    3. sich (ab)mühen ( with mit; to do zu tun), sich anstrengen oder (ab)quälen:
    struggle through sich durchkämpfen;
    struggle to one’s feet mühsam aufstehen, sich hochrappeln umg
    B s
    1. Kampf m, Ringen n ( beide:
    for um;
    with mit):
    a) BIOL Kampf ums Dasein,
    b) Existenzkampf
    2. Streben n, Anstrengung(en) f(pl)
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb

    struggle to do something — sich abmühen, etwas zu tun

    struggle for a place/a better world — um einen Platz/für eine bessere Welt kämpfen

    struggle against or with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas od. gegen jemanden/etwas kämpfen

    struggle with something — (try to cope) sich mit etwas quälen; mit etwas kämpfen

    2) (proceed with difficulty) sich quälen; (into tight dress, through narrow opening) sich zwängen
    3) (physically) kämpfen; (resist) sich wehren

    struggle free — freikommen; sich befreien

    4) (be in difficulties) kämpfen (fig.)
    2. noun

    have a [hard] struggle to do something — [große] Mühe haben, etwas zu tun

    2) (physical fight) Kampf, der

    the struggle against or with somebody/something — der Kampf gegen od. mit jemandem/etwas

    the struggle for influence/power — der Kampf um Einfluss/die Macht

    * * *
    n.
    Kampf ¨-e m. (for) v.
    kämpfen (um) v. v.
    ringen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: rang, gerungen)
    strampeln v.

    English-german dictionary > struggle

  • 79 take away

    1. transitive verb
    1) (remove) wegnehmen; (to a distance) mitnehmen

    take somebody's licence/passport away — jemandem den Führerschein/Pass abnehmen

    to take away — [Pizza, Snack usw.] zum Mitnehmen

    take away somebody's rights/privileges/freedom — jemandem seine Rechte/Privilegien/die Freiheit nehmen

    take somebody away — jemanden wegbringen; [Polizei:] jemanden abführen

    take him away! — schafft ihn fort!; hinweg mit ihm! (geh.)

    take a child away from its parents/home/from school — ein Kind den Eltern wegnehmen/aus seiner häuslichen Umgebung herausreißen/aus der Schule nehmen

    2) (Math.): (deduct) abziehen
    2. noun
    (restaurant) Restaurant mit Straßenverkauf; (meal) Essen zum Mitnehmen; attrib. [Restaurant] mit Straßenverkauf; [Essen, Mahlzeit] zum Mitnehmen
    * * *
    I. vt
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth etw wegnehmen
    2. (deprive of)
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth [from sb] [jdm] etw [weg]nehmen
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sb from sb jdn jdm wegnehmen
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sb jdn mitnehmen; (force to come) jdn wegbringen [o fam fortschaffen] [o SCHWEIZ bes wegschaffen]; police jdn abführen; (criminal act) jdn verschleppen
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth etw mitnehmen
    5. (cause to be away)
    ▪ to \take away sb away [from sth] jdn [von etw dat] abhalten
    her work \take aways her away from her family a lot on weekends durch ihre Arbeit kann sie nur selten an den Wochenenden bei ihrer Familie sein
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth etw verringern
    to \take away away sb's fear/pain jdm die Angst/den Schmerz nehmen
    7. BRIT, AUS (buy to eat elsewhere)
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth food etw mitnehmen
    to \take away away zum Mitnehmen
    8. (subtract from)
    ▪ to \take away away ⇆ sth from sth etw von etw dat abziehen
    10 \take away away 7 10 weniger 7
    9.
    ▶ to \take away sb's breath away jdm den Atem verschlagen
    II. vi (detract from)
    ▪ to \take away away from sth etw schmälern
    to \take away away from the beauty of sth der Schönheit einer S. gen Abbruch tun
    to \take away away from sb's personality jds Persönlichkeit beeinträchtigen
    to \take away away from the importance/worth of sth die Bedeutung/den Wert einer S. gen mindern
    * * *
    A v/t
    1. a) wegnehmen ( from sb jemandem; from sth von etwas):
    take away sb’s driving licence (US driver’s license) jemandem den Führerschein entziehen;
    take away sb’s fear jemandem die Angst nehmen
    b) take away from → academic.ru/73206/take_from">take from A 2
    2. jemanden (hin)wegraffen (Tod)
    3. “pizzas to take away” Br „Pizzas zum Mitnehmen“
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (remove) wegnehmen; (to a distance) mitnehmen

    take somebody's licence/passport away — jemandem den Führerschein/Pass abnehmen

    to take away — [Pizza, Snack usw.] zum Mitnehmen

    take away somebody's rights/privileges/freedom — jemandem seine Rechte/Privilegien/die Freiheit nehmen

    take somebody away — jemanden wegbringen; [Polizei:] jemanden abführen

    take him away! — schafft ihn fort!; hinweg mit ihm! (geh.)

    take a child away from its parents/home/from school — ein Kind den Eltern wegnehmen/aus seiner häuslichen Umgebung herausreißen/aus der Schule nehmen

    2) (Math.): (deduct) abziehen
    2. noun
    (restaurant) Restaurant mit Straßenverkauf; (meal) Essen zum Mitnehmen; attrib. [Restaurant] mit Straßenverkauf; [Essen, Mahlzeit] zum Mitnehmen
    * * *
    v.
    fortschaffen v.
    wegnehmen v.

    English-german dictionary > take away

  • 80 taste

    1. transitive verb
    1) schmecken; (try a little) probieren; kosten
    2) (recognize flavour of) [heraus]schmecken
    3) (fig.): (experience) kosten (geh.) [Macht, Freiheit, [Miss]erfolg, Glück, Niederlage]
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (have sense of flavour) schmecken
    2) (have certain flavour) schmecken (of nach)
    3. noun
    1) (flavour) Geschmack, der

    to taste — nach Geschmack [verdünnen]

    this dish has no taste — dieses Gericht schmeckt nach nichts

    leave a nasty/bad etc. taste in the mouth — (lit. or fig.) einen unangenehmen/üblen usw. Nachgeschmack hinterlassen

    [sense of] taste — Geschmack[ssinn], der

    3) (discernment) Geschmack, der

    taste in art/music — Kunst-/Musikgeschmack, der

    it would be bad taste to do that — es wäre geschmacklos, das zu tun

    in good/bad taste — geschmackvoll/geschmacklos

    4) (sample, lit. or fig.) Kostprobe, die

    have a taste of — probieren [Speise, Getränk]; kennen lernen [Freiheit, jemandes Jähzorn, Arroganz]

    give somebody a taste of something — (lit. or fig.) jemandem eine Kostprobe einer Sache (Gen.) geben

    5) (liking) Geschmack, der (in für)

    have a/no taste for something — an etwas (Dat.) Geschmack/keinen Geschmack finden

    have expensive tastes in clothes — etc. eine Vorliebe für teure Kleidung usw. haben

    be/not be to somebody's taste — nach jemandes/nicht nach jemandes Geschmack sein

    * * *
    [teist] 1. verb
    1) (to be aware of, or recognize, the flavour of something: I can taste ginger in this cake.) schmecken
    2) (to test or find out the flavour or quality of (food etc) by eating or drinking a little of it: Please taste this and tell me if it is too sweet.) probieren
    3) (to have a particular flavour or other quality that is noticed through the act of tasting: This milk tastes sour; The sauce tastes of garlic.) schmecken
    4) (to eat (food) especially with enjoyment: I haven't tasted such a beautiful curry for ages.) kosten
    5) (to experience: He tasted the delights of country life.) erleben
    2. noun
    1) (one of the five senses, the sense by which we are aware of flavour: one's sense of taste; bitter to the taste.) der Geschmackssinn
    2) (the quality or flavour of anything that is known through this sense: This wine has an unusual taste.) der Geschmack
    3) (an act of tasting or a small quantity of food etc for tasting: Do have a taste of this cake!) die Kostprobe
    4) (a liking or preference: a taste for music; a queer taste in books; expensive tastes.) der Geschmack
    5) (the ability to judge what is suitable in behaviour, dress etc or what is fine and beautiful: She shows good taste in clothes; a man of taste; That joke was in good/bad taste.) der Geschmack
    •
    - academic.ru/73500/tasteful">tasteful
    - tastefully
    - tastefulness
    - tasteless
    - tastelessly
    - tastelessness
    - -tasting
    - tasty
    - tastiness
    * * *
    [teɪst]
    I. n
    1. no pl (flavour) Geschmack m
    she still had the \taste of onions in her mouth sie hatte immer noch den Zwiebelgeschmack im Mund
    sense of \taste Geschmackssinn m
    to leave a bad \taste in the mouth ( fig) einen üblen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen
    2. (small portion/mouthful of food) [kleiner] Bissen
    just a \taste of cake for me, please für mich bitte nur ein kleines Stückchen Kuchen
    3. (liking, fondness) Vorliebe f
    I've never understood Liz's \taste in men ich habe Liz' Geschmack, was Männer anbelangt, nie verstanden
    these olives are an acquired \taste diese Oliven sind gewöhnungsbedürftig
    to be a question of \taste Geschmackssache sein
    to have different \tastes verschiedene Geschmäcker haben
    to have an expensive \taste einen teuren Geschmack haben
    to acquire a \taste for sth an etw dat Geschmack finden
    to get a \taste for sth Gefallen an etw dat finden
    to lose the \taste for sth den Gefallen an etw dat verlieren
    4. no pl (aesthetic quality/discernment) Geschmack m
    jokes about death are rather in poor \taste Witze über den Tod sind ziemlich geschmacklos
    to be a matter of [personal] \taste Geschmackssache sein
    bad \taste schlechter Geschmack
    to be in excellent \taste von exzellentem Geschmack zeugen
    to be in terrible \taste äußerst geschmacklos sein
    to have [good] \taste [einen guten] Geschmack haben
    5. no pl ( fig: short encounter) Kostprobe f fig
    to give sb a \taste of the whip jdn die Peitsche spüren lassen
    to have a \taste of sth einen Vorgeschmack von etw dat bekommen
    II. vt
    1. (perceive flavour)
    ▪ to \taste sth etw schmecken; (test) etw probieren [o geh kosten]
    I can't \taste anything ich schmecke gar nichts
    2. (experience briefly)
    ▪ to \taste sth luxury, success [einmal] etw erleben
    III. vi schmecken
    ▪ to \taste of sth nach etw dat schmecken
    to \taste bitter/salty/sweet bitter/salzig/süß schmecken
    to \taste like sth wie etw schmecken
    * * *
    [teɪst]
    1. n
    1) (= sense) Geschmack(sinn) m

    to be sweet to the taste — süß schmecken, einen süßen Geschmack haben

    2) (= flavour) Geschmack m
    3) (= small amount) Kostprobe f, Versucherchen nt (inf); (fig, as an example) Kostprobe f; (of sth in the future) Vorgeschmack m

    would you like some? – just a taste — möchten Sie etwas? – nur eine Idee

    to have a taste (of sth) (lit) — (etw) probieren or kosten; (fig) eine Kostprobe (von etw) bekommen; (of sth to come) einen Vorgeschmack (von etw) haben

    two years in the army will give him a taste of discipline —

    to give sb a taste of the whip he gave them a taste of his bad temper a taste of what was to come — jdn die Peitsche or Knute spüren lassen er gab ihnen eine (Kost)probe seiner schlechten Laune ein Vorgeschmack dessen, was noch kommen sollte

    4) (= liking) Geschmack m no pl

    she has expensive tastes in hats — was Hüte anbelangt, hat sie einen teuren Geschmack

    5) (= discernment) Geschmack m

    she has very good taste in furniture — was Möbel anbelangt, hat sie einen sehr guten Geschmack

    to be in doubtful taste —

    the house is furnished in impeccable taste — das Haus ist, was Geschmack betrifft, tadellos eingerichtet

    2. vt
    1) (= perceive flavour of) schmecken; blood lecken

    I can't taste anything —

    2) (= take a little) versuchen, probieren, kosten
    3) (= test) wine verkosten; food products probieren; (official) prüfen
    4) (fig) power, freedom, success, victory erfahren, erleben

    once the canary had tasted freedom... — als der Kanarienvogel erst einmal Geschmack an der Freiheit gefunden hatte...

    3. vi
    1) (food, drink) schmecken

    to taste good or nice — (gut) schmecken

    2)

    those who have tasted of the knowledge of Zen — diejenigen, denen die Weisheit des Zen zuteilgeworden ist (geh)

    * * *
    taste [teıst]
    A v/t
    1. Speisen etc kosten, (ab)schmecken, probieren (auch fig): → blood A 1
    2. essen, trinken:
    he had not tasted food for days er hatte seit Tagen keinen Bissen gegessen
    3. a) (in) etwas herausschmecken (aus), etwas schmecken (in dat)
    b) etwas schmecken:
    I’ve got a cold, I can’t taste anything
    4. fig kosten, kennenlernen, erleben, erfahren
    5. fig genießen
    B v/i
    1. schmecken (of nach):
    the soup didn’t taste of anything
    2. taste of fig riechen oder schmecken nach
    3. kosten, versuchen, probieren ( alle:
    of von oder akk)
    4. taste of fig → A 4
    C s
    1. Geschmack m, pl auch Geschmacksrichtungen pl:
    there was a sour taste in his mouth er hatte einen sauren Geschmack im Mund;
    have no (a funny) taste nach nichts (komisch) schmecken;
    I have no taste for … … schmeckt oder schmecken mir nicht;
    improve the taste of etwas geschmacklich verfeinern;
    leave a bad ( oder nasty) taste in one’s mouth bes fig bei jemandem einen üblen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen
    2. Geschmack(ssinn) m
    3. (Kost) Probe f (of von oder gen):
    a) kleiner Bissen, Happen m
    b) Schlückchen n:
    have a taste of sth etwas kosten oder probieren
    4. fig (of) (Kost)Probe f (gen), Vorgeschmack m (von):
    5. fig Beigeschmack m, Anflug m ( beide:
    of von)
    6. fig (künstlerischer oder guter) Geschmack:
    be a man of taste Geschmack haben;
    have expensive tastes einen teuren Geschmack haben;
    what are your tastes in music? welche Musik mögen Sie?;
    each to their taste jeder nach seinem Geschmack;
    a) geschmacklos,
    b) weitS. taktlos;
    a) geschmackvoll,
    b) weitS. taktvoll; → account B 3, matter A 3
    7. fig Geschmacksrichtung f, Mode f:
    today’s tastes pl der Geschmack von heute
    8. fig (for)
    a) Neigung f (zu), Vorliebe f, Sinn m (für):
    b) Geschmack m, Gefallen n (an dat):
    that’s not to my taste das ist nicht nach meinem Geschmack;
    that’s not to everybody’s taste das ist nicht jedermanns Sache;
    have a (no) taste for (keinen) Geschmack finden an
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) schmecken; (try a little) probieren; kosten
    2) (recognize flavour of) [heraus]schmecken
    3) (fig.): (experience) kosten (geh.) [Macht, Freiheit, [Miss]erfolg, Glück, Niederlage]
    2. intransitive verb
    2) (have certain flavour) schmecken (of nach)
    3. noun
    1) (flavour) Geschmack, der

    to taste — nach Geschmack [verdünnen]

    leave a nasty/bad etc. taste in the mouth — (lit. or fig.) einen unangenehmen/üblen usw. Nachgeschmack hinterlassen

    [sense of] taste — Geschmack[ssinn], der

    3) (discernment) Geschmack, der

    taste in art/music — Kunst-/Musikgeschmack, der

    it would be bad taste to do that — es wäre geschmacklos, das zu tun

    in good/bad taste — geschmackvoll/geschmacklos

    4) (sample, lit. or fig.) Kostprobe, die

    have a taste of — probieren [Speise, Getränk]; kennen lernen [Freiheit, jemandes Jähzorn, Arroganz]

    give somebody a taste of something — (lit. or fig.) jemandem eine Kostprobe einer Sache (Gen.) geben

    5) (liking) Geschmack, der (in für)

    have a/no taste for something — an etwas (Dat.) Geschmack/keinen Geschmack finden

    have expensive tastes in clothes — etc. eine Vorliebe für teure Kleidung usw. haben

    be/not be to somebody's taste — nach jemandes/nicht nach jemandes Geschmack sein

    * * *
    n.
    Geschmack m.
    Kostprobe f. (of) v.
    kosten v.
    schmecken (nach) v. v.
    kosten (Essen) v.
    schmecken v.

    English-german dictionary > taste

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