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21 hard
[hɑːd] 1. прил.1)а) жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийсяhard cheese — твёрдый сыр; жёсткий сыр
This candy is so hard no one can chew it. — Конфета такая твёрдая, что никто её не разжуёт.
б) спорт. твёрдый, с твёрдым покрытием (асфальтовым или бетонным, о теннисном корте)•Syn:Ant:hard money — монеты, металлические деньги
4) крепкий, прочный, ноский; выносливыйThe horses are both in hard condition, so a race can come off in ten days. — Обе лошади в отличной форме, поэтому скачки могут состояться через десять дней.
5)а) трудный, утомительный, тяжёлый; требующий усилий, напряженияб) трудный, причиняющий беспокойство (об объекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогами of, in + существительное, выражающее действие)She was hard to please. — Ей было трудно угодить.
Chestnuts are hard of digestion. — Каштаны трудны для переваривания.
It is a hard thing to manage. — Это дело трудно выполнить.
в) трудноподдающийся (управлению, контролю)г) уст. не способный, испытывающий трудности (о субъекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогом of + существительное, выражающее действие или способность)•Syn:Ant:The teacher asked a hard question. — Учитель задал трудный вопрос.
It is a hard book to read. — Эта трудная для чтения книга.
7)а) неопровержимый, "упрямый", реальный ( о фактах)The hard fact is that war, like business, reduces to a question of gain versus cost. — Неоспоримо то, что на войне, как и в бизнесе, всё сводится к вопросу соотношения прибыли и затрат.
hard fact — неопровержимые, голые факты
б) точный, конкретный, надёжный, обоснованный (об информации, новостях)Newspapers do not encourage telephone calls to the other side of the world unless they are in possession of pretty hard information. — Газеты не поощряют телефонных звонков на другую сторону планеты, если только они не содержат надёжной информации.
Syn:8) упрямый, неуступчивый; чёрствый, бесчувственный, бессердечныйSyn:9) скупой, скаредный, прижимистыйMany wondered that a man could be so hard and niggardly in all pecuniary dealings. — Многие поражались, что человек может быть таким скупым и жадным в денежных делах.
Syn:10) практичный, деловой, не поддающийся эмоциямWe Americans have got hard heads. — У нас, американцев, практичный, здравый ум.
11)а) труднопереносимый, давящий, гнетущий, мучительный, тягостныйSyn:б) суровый, трудный, тревожный; тяжёлый, тягостный ( о времени)They had a hard time of it too, for my father had to go on half-pay. — У них тоже были тяжёлые времена, потому что моему отцу приходилось обходиться половиной зарплаты.
Many families had a hard time during the Depression. — Многие семьи переживали трудные времена во время Великой Депрессии.
Syn:severe, harsh, rough, difficult, unpleasant, disagreeable, distressing, oppressive, onerous, intolerable, unbearableв) холодный, суровый, жестокий (о погоде и т. п.)This has been a hard winter. — Это была суровая зима.
The hard rain flattened the tomato plants. — Сильный ливень прибил томаты.
Syn:12)а) строгий, требовательный, взыскательный; жёсткий, суровый; жестокийWe work for a hard master. — Мы работаем на требовательного хозяина.
Felix began to perceive that he had been too hard upon her. — Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров.
Syn:б) резкий, грубый; враждебныйShe almost invariably took a hard view of persons and things. — Она практически всегда высказывалась резко о людях и о ситуациях.
Hard feelings existed between the neighbours. — Между соседями были очень враждебные отношения.
The lawyers exchanged hard words. — Адвокаты обменялись резкими репликами.
Syn:в) полит. крайнийFor the foreseeable future, then, the hard right has the initiative in Turkey. — Очевидно, что в обозримом будущем инициатива в Турции будет принадлежать крайним правым.
13) неприятный (для слуха, зрения)It was a hard face even when she smiled. — У неё было неприятное лицо, даже когда она улыбалась.
14)б) разг. терпкий, кислыйв) амер. крепкий ( о напитках)Syn:г) вызывающий привыкание, привычку (о лекарствах, наркотиках)Nothing on earth would persuade me to try LSD or the hard drugs. — Ничто в мире не заставит меня попробовать ЛСД или тяжёлые наркотики.
Syn:15) тлв. контрастный16) защищённый (о пусковой площадке, конструкциях, ракетах с ядерными боеголовками)The adjective "hard" is now used to refer to the resistance to atomic explosions of airfields, missile launching pads, command posts, and other structures. — Прилагательное "hard" в настоящее время используется, когда речь идет о защищённости аэродромов, стартовых площадок, командных постов и других структур от атомных взрывов.
17) фин. твёрдый, устойчивыйSyn:18) лингв. твёрдый ( о согласном)19) физ.а) проникающий ( о радиации)б) полный или почти полный ( о вакууме); содержащий полный вакуум ( об электронной лампе)20) упорный, усердный, энергичный, выполняемый с большой энергией, настойчивостьюThe fight must be long and hard. — Битва будет долгой и упорной.
Syn:21)а) прилежный, усердный; энергичныйThat new employee is really a hard worker. — Этот новый сотрудник действительно очень усерден.
Every hard worker requires sufficient and regular holidays. — Каждому работающему с полной отдачей сотруднику требуется достаточный и регулярный отдых.
Syn:б) усиленно предающийся (чему-л.)22) хим. биологически жёсткий, неразлагающийсяSyn:persistent 3) в)•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]hard[/ref]••hard of hearing — тугоухий, тугой на ухо
- hard lines 2. нареч.the bigger they are, the harder they fall — чем выше забираешься, тем больнее падать
1)а) энергично, активно, решительно, настойчиво, упорно; неистово, яростноThe farmer worked hard to gather the hay before the rains came. — Фермер напряжённо работал, чтобы успеть убрать сено до дождей.
The student studied hard. — Студент усердно занимался.
The children played hard. — Дети были поглощены игрой.
Syn:б) сильно, резко, интенсивно (о погоде, ветре, дожде)It rained hard. — Дождь льёт как из ведра.
Hit the ball hard. — Сильно ударь по мячу.
Syn:в) амер.; разг. очень, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени, чрезмерноHe isn't a millionaire so hard that you could notice it, anyhow. — Во всяком случае, он не настолько уж крупный миллионер, чтобы ты мог это заметить.
Mr. Hopkins is hard sick. — Мистер Хопкинс очень болен.
Syn:2) жёстко, строго; сурово, безжалостно, жестоко3)а) насилу, тяжело, с трудомSyn:б) болезненно, близко к сердцуMother took the bad news very hard. — Мать приняла плохие известия очень близко к сердцу.
The team took the defeat hard. — Команда болезненно переживала поражение.
Syn:4) твёрдо, крепко, так, чтобы быть твёрдым, спрессованнымThe ice is frozen hard. — Лёд очень твёрдый.
Syn:5) близко, рядом, вплотную ( в пространственном и временном значении)to follow hard after / behind / upon smb. — следовать по пятам за кем-л.
Defeat seemed hard at hand. — Поражение казалось совсем близко.
It was now hard upon three o'clock. — Было почти три часа.
hard by — близко, рядом
Syn:6) мор. круто, до пределаSyn:••3. сущ.hard pressed / pushed — в трудном, тяжёлом положении
1) трудность, трудностиHe had come through the hards himself. — Он сам преодолел все невзгоды.
She is a lady who has given her life to nursing, and has gone through its hards. — Это женщина, которая посвятила свою жизнь уходу за больными и прошла через все трудности, с этим связанные.
Syn:2) твёрдый берег, твёрдая береговая полоса; каменный мол для высадки на берег; проходимое место на топком болоте3) разг. каторга4) табак в плитках, прессованный табак5) разг.; = hard-on эрекция•• -
22 hard
1. n твёрдая мощёная или бетонированная дорожкаhard page break — «твёрдая» граница страницы
hard copy — удобочитаемый, печатный или машинописный текст
2. n твёрдый грунт, по которому можно пройти через топкое болотоhard court — твёрдое поле, корт с твёрдым покрытием
3. n звонкая монета4. n сл. каторгаimprisonment at hard labour — лишение свободы с каторжными работами; каторжные работы, каторга
5. n разг. прессованный табак6. a жёсткий, неприятный на ощупьa hard unwilling man — жёсткий, упрямый человек
7. a трудный, тяжёлый; требующий напряженияhard cases make bad law — трудные дела — плохая основа для законодательства, запутанные дела не могут служить прецедентом
8. a такой, с которым трудно; с трудом поддающийсяthings hard to imagine — вещи, которые трудно себе представить
9. a крепкий, закалённый, сильный10. a строгий, суровый; безжалостный, жестокий11. a тяжёлый, трудныйis hard — трудный; твердый
are hard — трудный; твердый
12. a тяжёлый, суровый, полный трудностей и лишений13. a суровый, холодный14. a резкий; грубый; неприятный15. a усердный, упорный; прилежный16. a не знающий удержу, усиленно предающийся17. a стойкий, устойчивыйhard fault — устойчивая неисправность; отказ
18. a спец. стойкий, не поддающийся биологическому распаду19. a звонкий20. a реальный; практичный, лишённый романтики; приземлённыйhard common sense — грубый практицизм; жёсткий рационализм
21. a жёсткий, частыйshe abbreviated so much that it was hard to understand her letters — она так часто сокращала слова, что её письма было трудно понимать
22. a крепко завязанный23. a амер. крепкий; алкогольный24. a разг. кислый, терпкий25. a спец. контрастныйhard light — фото, кино «жёсткий» свет
26. a густой, тягучий27. a физ. проникающий, жёсткий28. a фон. твёрдый29. a создающий привыканиеno hard feelings? — вы не обиделись?; вы не будете на меня обижаться?
hard knocks — удары судьбы; напасти, несчастья
he took some hard knocks — ему не везло; несчастья сваливались на него одно за другим
hard lines — незадача, невезение; полоса неудач
hard and fast — непоколебимый; твёрдый; жёсткий ; строго определённый; незыблемый, раз навсегда установленный
hard of hearing — тугоухий; тугой на ухо, глуховатый
30. adv сильно, интенсивно; энергичноextremely hard — настойчиво; энергичный
31. adv настойчиво, упорно; усердноhard sell — навязывание товара; настойчивое рекламирование; броская реклама
32. adv твёрдо, крепко; накрепкоto hold hard — крепко держать или держаться, не отпускать
33. adv вкрутую34. adv тяжело, с трудомto take hard — принимать близко к сердцу; тяжело переживать
35. adv неумеренно, чрезмерноto drink hard — крепко выпивать; пить запоем
36. adv близко, на небольшом расстоянии; околоhard at hand — близко, рядом
hard by — близко; рядом
37. adv мор. круто, до отказаСинонимический ряд:1. actual (adj.) absolute; actual; factual; genuine; positive; sure-enough2. alcoholic (adj.) alcoholic; ardent; inebriating; intoxicating; spirituous; stimulating; strong3. arduous (adj.) arduous; difficile; exhausting; fatiguing; labored; operose; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; terrible; toilful; toilsome; uphill; wearisome4. complicated (adj.) complex; complicated; effortful; enigmatic; formidable; intricate; perplexing; puzzling5. cruel (adj.) cruel; grinding; oppressive; rough; stony; unmerciful; unrelenting; unsparing6. grim (adj.) austere; bitter; bleak; brutal; dour; grim; stringent7. hardy (adj.) casehardened; hardened; hardy; rugged; tough8. heavy (adj.) heavy; hefty9. insensible (adj.) anesthetic; bloodless; dull; impassible; insensate; insensible; insensitive; rocky10. intense (adj.) intense; powerful; violent11. intensive (adj.) blood-and-guts; deep; intensive; profound12. irrefutable (adj.) incontrovertible; irrefutable; undeniable13. realistic (adj.) down-to-earth; earthy; hard-boiled; hardheaded; hard-headed; matter-of-fact; objective; practic; practical; pragmatic; pragmatical; realistic; sober; tough-minded; unfantastic; unidealistic; unromantic; utilitarian14. severe (adj.) adamant; exacting; hard hearted; indifferent; intemperate; relentless; rigorous; severe15. shrewd (adj.) callous; shrewd; unsentimental; unsympathetic16. solid (adj.) adamantine; compact; firm; flinty; impenetrable; inflexible; resistant; resisting; rigid; solid17. stormy (adj.) inclement; stormy; tempestuous; vigorous; vigourous18. taxing (adj.) backbreaking; burdensome; demanding; difficult; knotty; laborious; onerous; taxing; trying; weighty19. unfriendly (adj.) harsh; unfriendly; unkind; unpleasant20. arduously (other) arduously; burdensomely; difficultly; laboriously; onerously; toilsomely21. assiduously (other) assiduously; dingdong; exhaustively; intensely; intensively; painstakingly; thoroughly; unremittingly22. badly (other) badly; gallingly; harshly; painfully; rigorously; roughly; severely; with difficulty23. bitterly (other) bitterly; keenly; rancorously; resentfully; sorely24. close (other) at close hand; close; near; nearby; nigh25. closely (other) closely; searchingly; sharply26. earnestly (other) earnestly; incessantly; intently27. energetically (other) energetically; forcefully; forcibly; hammer and tongs; might and main; mightily; powerfully; strongly; vigorously; with might and main28. fast (other) fast; firm; firmly; fixedly; hardly; solid; solidly; steadfastly; tight; tightly29. fiercely (other) fiercely; frantically; frenziedly; furiously; madly; stormily; tumultuously; turbulently; vigourously; violently; wildlyАнтонимический ряд:brittle; compassionate; delicate; ductile; easy; effeminate; elastic; fair; feeble; fluid; frail; gentle; impressible; intelligible; lenient; mild; simple; soft -
23 harsh
1 (severe, cruel) [punishment, measures] sévère ; [regime, person] dur ; [fate] cruel/-elle ; perhaps I was too harsh in my criticism j'ai peut-être été un peu dur ; to have harsh words for sb/sth critiquer qn/qch ;2 [climate, winter] rigoureux/-euse ; [conditions] difficile ;3 [light, colour] cru ;4 [voice, sound] rude ;5 [chemical, cleaner] corrosif/-ive ; [shampoo] détergent ;6 [cloth, fabric] rêche. -
24 من
مِن \ by: (showing how sth. is done): We hold things by the handle. We know people by name. We learn by experience. We earn money by working. from: showing the time that sth. started: I waited from six o’clock till eight, showing where sth. began or was obtained Are men descended from monkeys? He read aloud from the newspaper, showing cause He suffered from stomach pains, showing the lower limit of costs, numbers, etc. New bicycles cost from $60 to $90 each, showing a change The price rose from 20 pence to 25 pence, showing difference I don’t know one from the other, showing the place that one has left He arrived from Glasgow. of: (after a noun) showing contents, amount, kind, etc.: a cup of coffee (a cup that contains coffee); a cupful of coffee (enough coffee to fill a cup); a pound of sugar (sugar that weighs a pound); a piece of bread (not a whole loaf), (after an adj. or verb) concerning; about: I’m sure of it. She’s afraid of mice, (after a verb) showing a cause He died of hunger, (after an adj.) showing who did sth. and how he did it It was kind of your father to invite me (Your father was kind...), (after a participle) showing how sth. is formed a dress made of silk. than: used in comparing two objects; here the second subject and verb are always left out: I like you better than him (I like you better than I like him), used in comparing two subjects; it is better to put in the second verb, although some writers leave it out He is taller than I (am). He runs faster than I (do). \ مِن أَجْل \ because of: as a result of: Because of his illness, he could not travel. for: because of: He jumped for joy. She was sent to prison for stealing. for sb. to do sth.: that sb. should do sth.: I’m anxious for him to pass his exams. sake, for the sake of, for sb.’s sake: for the desire of: Why ruin your health for the sake of a little pleasure?, for the good of; so as to help: Soldiers die for the sake of their county (or for their country’s sake). Don’t take any risks for my sake. towards: as a help to: He gave me $5 towards the cost of my bicycle. \ مِن أَجْل ذلك \ hence: (often with no verb) for this reason: My car broke down; hence my late arrival. \ مِن أحدث طِراز \ up to date: up to the present moment; modern; knowing or showing the latest facts: Give me an up-to-date report on political events in South America. \ مِن أَصْل \ out: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ preferably: if possible: Any day suits me, but preferably not Sunday. \ مِن الأَفْضَل \ had better: would be wise to: You had better try again tomorrow. \ See Also الأَجْدى لِـ \ مِن الآن \ hence: from now: A week hence I shall be in Rome. \ مِن... إلى \ from... to...: (without a or the) showing passage of time, distance in space, or repeated action: He visits me from time to time. He went from house to house in search of work. \ مِن آن إلى آخر \ every now and again, every now and then: again and again, but with no regular space between. \ مِن الآن فَصَاعِدًا \ henceforth, henceforward: from now on; in future. on: onwards: From now on I shall be more careful. \ مِن البداية إلى النهاية \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن بَعْدُ \ since: after; during the period after: I saw him on Tuesday, but I haven’t seen him since. I’ve been thinking about him ever since. \ مِن بَعيد \ from afar: from a great distance. \ مِن بَين \ out of: from among: Ten out of the twenty people were late. \ مِن ثَمَّ \ subsequently: afterwards: He became ill in the winter, and subsequently died. \ مِن جَانِبٍ إِلَى آخر \ across: form one side to the other: Run across before a car comes. The river is half a mile across. over: so that a different side is upwards: Turn the page over. Roll the body over. \ مِن جَديد \ afresh: again; making a new beginning: Tear up this page and start afresh. \ مِن جَمِيع الجهَات \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن جَمِيع الوُجوه تقريبًا \ to all intents and purposes: in regard to all that matters: To all intents and purposes, the work is finished (though a few unimportant points remain to be dealt with). \ مِن جِهة \ in respect of, with respect to, respecting: concerning: a bill in respect of car repairs. on the part of: in the case of; so far as sb. is concerned: There was no mistake on her part (If there was a mistake, it was not hers). \ مِن جهة ومِن الجهة الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن الحديد \ iron: made of iron; as strong as iron: an iron bar; an iron will. \ مِن حُسن التوفيق \ happily: fortunately: Happily, he was not hurt in the accident. a good job: a fortunate thing: It’s a good job that you crossed before the bridge fell. fortunately: adv. as the result of good fortune: He fell down but fortunately did not hurt himself. \ See Also لحسن الحظ (لِحُسْنِ الحَظّ) \ مِن حَوْل \ around: on all sides (of); round; here and there: The boys were running around. A crowd gathered around me. \ مِن حَيْثُ شَخْصُهُ \ personally: as a person (in regard to character); socially: I like him personally, but I dislike his political ideas. \ مِن حِين لآخَر \ occasional: happening sometimes, but not regularly: We had an occasional quarrel. now and again, now and then: sometimes. \ مِن خِلال \ through: from one side to the other; from one end to the other: He drove a nail through (the board). A river ran through (the town). Water runs through pipes. I looked through the window, but I couldn’t see far through the mist. I read through my notes. \ مِن الدرجة الأولى \ first-class, first-rate: of the best quality: He is a first-class photographer. \ مِن سُخْرِية الأقدار \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِنَ الشرق \ eastern: belonging to the east. \ مِن صُنْعِ اليَد \ hand-made: made by hand, not by a machine: Hand-made shoes. \ مِن الضروريّ أن كما \ must: (p.t.. had to, neg.. needn’t, don’t/didn’t need to; don’t/didn’t have to) need to: You must go now, mustn’t you? Yes, I must. No, I needn’t go yet. \ مِن الطبيعيّ \ it goes without saying (that): naturally; of course: The invitation was sent to me; but it goes without saying that my wife is included. \ مِن الطراز القديم \ old-fashioned: (of people) holding on to old ideas and customs; (of things) not modern; no longer used. \ مِن طَرَف لآخر \ through: passing from one side or place to another; making a continuous journey: a through train. \ مِن عَجيب التَّقادِير \ ironic(al): (of events) like a cruel joke: It was ironical that she should break her leg just when she had at last got a job as a dancer. \ مِن عَلى ظهر السفينة \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن غَيْر \ without: not with; not having: Without doubt, this is the best. I did it without his help. He took my bicycle without asking me. \ مِن غَيْر حَرَج \ freely: readily: They freely accepted my advice. \ مِنَ الفراء \ fur: animal skin, with the fur on it, used as clothing: a coat with a collar of fur; a fur hat. \ مِنَ الفِراش \ up: out of bed: I get up at 6.30 every morning. We stayed up very late last night. \ مِن فَضْلِك \ kindly: please!: kindly close the door!. please: (when asking) giving a polite order: Please stop that noise. A cup of coffee, please, asking for a favour or for permission Will you help me, please? Please, may I use your pen?. \ مِن فَوْق \ over: across, from one side of sth. to the other: He jumped over the fence. The gate was locked, so he climbed over. \ مِن فَوق سَطْح المَرْكَب \ overboard: over the side of a boat, and into the water: They jumped overboard when the ship was on fire. \ مِن قَبْل \ ago: before the present time: 100 years ago; a short while ago. already: before this time: She’s already married. before: at an earlier time (than): I have been here before. beforehand: before; early; in readiness: If you want your dinner early, warn the cook beforehand. \ مِن قِبَل \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ مِن قَلْبٍ مُخْلص \ heartily: thoroughly: I heartily agree with you. \ مِنَ المُؤسِف \ pity: (with a) an unfortunate fact or happening: It’s a pity that you can’t go with us to the cinema. \ مِنَ المُحَتَّم \ bound, (bind, bound) to: certain to: He’s bound to win. \ See Also المُؤَكَّد أَنّ \ مِنَ المُحْتَمَل \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired. \ مِن مُدّةٍ قريبة \ the other day: a few days ago: I met your son the other day. \ مِن المَرْتَبَة أو الدَّرَجة الثّانِية \ second-class: of the next level below that of top quality: The less comfortable second-class seats were much cheaper than the first-class ones. \ مِن المَفْروض أنّ \ be supposed to: to have a duty to; be expected to: You’re supposed to be working now, not playing. You’re not supposed to be here (You ought not be here). \ مِن مَكانٍ لآخَر \ about: from place to place in: We wandered about the town. \ مِن المُمْكِن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (with an if clause, showing a possibility that depends on sth. else) would be able to: She could buy it if you lent her the money. possibly: perhaps: Possibly you can help. well: (with may) very possibly; with good reason: He may well be late if the road is being repaired.. \ مِنَ المُمْكِن أن \ could, (could not, couldn’t): (showing a simple possibility): You could telephone her (if you wanted to). might: expressing a weak possibility (future, present or past): She might do that tomorrow; she might be doing it at this moment; she might even have done it already (but I doubt that she has done it or ever will do it). \ مِنْ ناحية... مِنَ الناحية الأخرى \ on the one hand, on the other hand: comparing opposite facts or ideas; the first phrase is often left out: (On the one hand) you can live more cheaply in the country; on the other hand, work is harder to find there. \ مِن النّاحية النظريّة \ in theory: as an idea; according to ideas: Your plan may work in theory, but it will not work in practice. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ earl: the title of a British nobleman. \ مِنَ النُّبَلاء \ noble: of high rank: a woman of noble birth. \ See Also الأشراف \ مِنْ نِتاج الوَطَن \ home-grown: (of food) grown in one’s own country, not in another country: home-grown vegetables. \ مِنْ نُسْخَتَين \ in duplicate: on two separate copies: Please complete this list in duplicate. \ مِنْ نَسْل \ descendant: sb. who is descended from a person: a descendant of Queen Victoria. \ See Also ذرية (ذُرِّيَّة) \ مِنْ نَفْس البَلَد \ countryman, countrymen: (usu. fellow countryman) a person of the same nation as another. \ مِنْ نوع راق \ classical: of proved and lasting value: classical music. \ مَنْ هُم أَعْلَى مقَامًا \ betters, one’s betters: those who have more experience or higher rank than onself: Treat your betters with more respect. \ See Also أَرْفَع شَأنًا مِن \ مِن هُنَا \ away: (with verbs of movement) to a distance: Go away! We drove the dog away. by: past: Please let me (get) by. He smiled as he went by. \ مَن هو أَعْلَى دَرَجَةً \ superior: sb. of higher rank: You must obey your superiors. \ مِن واجبه أن \ up to: the duty of: It’s up to his father to punish him. \ مِن وَاحِد إلى آخَر \ over: across, from one person to another: She handed over the keys to a friend. \ مِن الواضح \ much: (in comparison; before most, etc.) without doubt; clearly: He is much the most experienced player in the team. \ مِن وَراءِ ظَهْرِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ مِن وَقْت لاِخَر \ now and again: sometimes. off and on, on and off: not continuously; at one time and another: It has been raining off and on the whole day. sometimes: at certain times but not always: Sometimes I win and sometimes I don’t. England sometimes has a hot summer, but not often. -
25 mögen
I Modalv.; mag, mochte, hat... mögen1. Wunsch ausdrückend: ich möchte (Dial. mag) gehen I want to go; sie mochte nicht bleiben she didn’t want to stay; Bier hat sie noch nie trinken mögen she never liked drinking beer; ich möchte Tee trinken I’d like to drink tea; darüber möchte ich nicht reden I don’t want to talk about that; ich möchte ihn sehen I want ( höflicher: I’d like) to see him; möchtest (Dial. magst) du mitkommen? do you want ( höflicher: would you like) to come?; ich möchte wissen I’d like to know; (ich frage mich) I wonder; ich möchte lieber ins Kino gehen I’d rather go to the cinema (Am. movies); das möchte ich doch einmal sehen! I’d like to see that; man möchte meinen... you might think...; man möchte verrückt werden! umg. it’s enough to drive you up the wall2. Vermutung ausdrückend: das mag ( wohl) sein that may be (so); mag sein, dass... perhaps..., maybe...; das möchte sein Dial. (that) could be; wo er auch sein mag wherever he may be; wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may; was mag er dazu sagen? I wonder what he’ll say to that; was mag das bedeuten? what can it mean?, I wonder what it could mean?; man mag das bedauern, aber... it may be regrettable, but...; Müller, Maier und wie sie alle heißen mögen Müller, Maier and whatever their names are; sie mochte 30 Jahre alt sein she must have been ( oder she looked) about 30; es mochten etwa 100 Leute sein there must have been about 100 people3. einräumend: mag er sagen, was er will he can say what he wants; was ich auch tun mag whatever I do, no matter what I do4. auffordernd: Zeugen möchten sich bitte melden would any witnesses please come forward; sag ihr, sie möge oder möchte zu mir kommen tell her she should come and see meII v/t (hat gemocht)2. (gern mögen) like, be fond of; nicht mögen not like; stärker: dislike; Milch mag ich nicht besonders I’m not particularly keen on (Am. not crazy about) milk; lieber mögen like better, prefer; Tee mag ich lieber als Kaffee I prefer tea to coffee; am liebsten mögen like bestIII v/i (hat gemocht) (wollen) want; ich mag nicht I don’t want to; (ich habe keine Lust) I don’t feel like it; ich möchte schon, aber... I’d like to, but...; sie möchte noch nicht nach Hause she doesn’t want to go home yet; er hat nicht in die Schule gemocht he didn’t want to go to school; magst / möchtest du noch? zum Essen/Trinken: do you want / would you like some more?; weitermachen: do you want / would you like to go on?* * *to be fond of; to like; to love; may* * *mö|gen ['møːgn] pret mo\#chte, ['mɔxtə] ptp gemo\#cht1. vt[gə'mɔxt] to likeich mag ihn/Operettenmusik nicht — I don't like him/operetta, I don't care for him/operetta
sie mag das ( gern) — she (really) likes that
was möchten Sie, bitte? — what would you like?; (Verkäufer) what can I do for you?
mö́gen Sie eine Praline/etwas Wein? (form) — would you like a chocolate/some wine?, would you care for a chocolate/some wine?
nein danke, ich möchte lieber Tee — no thank you, I would prefer tea or would rather have tea
2. vi2) (= gehen/fahren wollen) to want to goich möchte (gern) nach Hause — I want to go home
3. modal aux vbmöchten Sie etwas essen? — would you like something to eat?, would you care for something to eat?
wir möchten (gern) etwas trinken — we would like something to drink
ich möchte dazu nichts sagen — I don't want to say anything about that, no comment
ich hätte gern dabei sein mö́gen — I would like or have liked to have been there
ich hätte lieber dabei sein mö́gen — I would prefer or have preferred to have been there
das möchte ich auch wissen —
möge er/mögest du Erfolg haben (old) — may he/you be successful
2)(im Konjunktiv: einschränkend)
man möchte meinen, dass... — you would think that...ich möchte fast sagen... — I would almost say...
3)es mag wohl sein, dass er recht hat, aber... — he may well be right, but...es mag dieses Mal gehen — it's all right this time
mag es schneien, so viel es will —
von mir aus mag er warten — as far as I'm concerned he can wait
man mag es tun, wie man will, aber... — you can do it how you like, but...
4)es mochten etwa fünf Stunden vergangen sein — about five hours must or would have passedsie mag/mochte etwa zwanzig sein — she must or would be/have been about twenty
wie alt mag sie sein? — how old might or would she be?, how old is she, I wonder?
5) (= wollen) to want6)(Aufforderung, indirekte Rede)
(sagen Sie ihm,) er möchte zu mir kommen — would you tell him to come and see meSie möchten zu Hause anrufen —
* * *1) (having a liking for: He is very fond of dogs.) fond of2) (to be pleased with; to find pleasant or agreeable: I like him very much; I like the way you've decorated this room.) like3) (to enjoy: I like gardening.) like4) (used to express a wish: May you live a long and happy life.) may* * *mö·gen[ˈmø:gn̩]I. modal vb<mochte, hat... mögen>+ infin1. (wollen)▪ etw tun \mögen to want to do sthich mag dich nicht mehr sehen! I don't want to see you any more!ich mag dich nicht gern[e] allein lassen I don't like to leave you alone [or leaving you alone]Stefan hat noch nie Fisch essen \mögen Stefan has never liked fishdas hätte ich sehen \mögen! I would have liked to see that!ich mochte nicht länger bleiben I didn't want to stay longer▪ jd möchte etw tun sb would like to do sthich möchte gerne kommen I'd like to comehier möchte ich gerne leben I'd really like to live hereich möchte jetzt einfach Urlaub machen können I wish I could [or I'd like to be able to] just take off on holiday nowdas möchte ich sehen! I'd like to see that!möchten Sie noch ein Glas Bier trinken? would you like another beer?möchten Sie etwas essen/trinken? would you like something to eat/drink?ich möchte gerne etwas trinken I would like something to drinkich möchte gern Herrn Kuhn sprechen I would like to speak to Mr. Kuhnich möchte dazu nichts sagen I don't want to say anything about that, no commentich möchte zu gerne wissen... I'd love to know...das möchte ich auch wissen I'd like to know that tooich möchte nicht stören, aber... I don't want to interrupt, but...man möchte meinen, es wäre schon Winter you'd think that it was already winterich möchte fast sagen... I would almost say...4. (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag sogar Recht haben she may be righthm, das mag schon stimmen hmm, that might [well] be truedas mag noch angehen it might be all rightwas mag das wohl bedeuten? what's that supposed to mean?, I wonder what that means?jetzt mag sie denken, dass wir sie nicht sehen wollen she probably thinks [that] we don't want to see her nowwie alt sie wohl sein mag? I wonder how old she isnun, sie mag so um die 40 sein well, she must be [or I'd say she's] about 40wo mag sie das gehört haben? where could [or might] she have heard that?was mag das wohl heißen? what might that mean?was mag sie damit gemeint haben? what can she have meant by that?wie viele Leute \mögen das gewesen sein? how many people would you say there were?es mochten so um die zwanzig Personen gewesen sein there must have been around twenty people therees mochten etwa zwei Stunden vergangen sein about two hours would have passedmag das Wetter auch noch so schlecht sein,... however bad the weather may be,...er mag das zwar behaupten, aber deswegen stimmt es noch lange nicht just because he says that, doesn't necessarily mean that it's truemag kommen, was will, wir sind vorbereitet come what may, we are preparedwas immer kommen mag, wir bleiben zusammen whatever happens we'll stay togetherdas mag für dieses Mal hingehen it's all right this timediese Warnung mag genügen let this warning be enough, this warning should sufficewas immer er auch behaupten/sagen mag,... whatever he may claim/say,...so gemein wie es auch klingen mag, es ist die Wahrheit however cruel this may sound, it is the truther sieht immer noch sehr gut aus, mag er auch inzwischen Mittfünfziger sein he's still very handsome, even if he's in his mid-fifties now... und wie sie alle heißen \mögen... whatever they're called[das] mag sein maybe[es] mag sein, dass sie Recht hat it may be that she's rightdas mag schon sein, aber trotzdem! that's as may be, but still!wie dem auch sein mag be that as it maywer er auch sein mag whoever he may bees mag wohl sein, dass er Recht hat, aber... he may well be right, but...es mag so sein, wie er behauptet it may well [or might] be as he says6. (Erlaubnis, Zustimmung)▪ etw tun \mögen to be allowed [or able] to do sthdu magst tun, was du willst you may do as you please [or can]mag sie von mir aus gehen she can go as far as I'm concernedes mag schneien, so viel es will let it snow as much as it likes7. (sollen)bestellen Sie ihm bitte, er möchte mich morgen anrufen please tell him to ring me tomorrowsagen Sie ihr, sie möchte zu mir kommen would you tell her to come and see meSie möchten gleich mal zur Chefin kommen the boss has asked to see you right awaySie möchten zu Hause anrufen you should call homemöge sie bald kommen! I do hope she'll come soon!möge es so bleiben! may it stay like that!möge das stimmen! let's hope it's true!wenn sie mir das doch nur verzeihen möge! if she could only forgive me this!es mochte nichts helfen it [just] didn't helpII. vt<mochte, gemocht>1. (gernhaben)▪ jdn \mögen to like sbmagst du ihn? do you like him?ich mag ihn I do like himer mag mich nicht he does not like mesie mag ihn sehr [gern] she is very fond of him2. (eine Vorliebe haben)▪ jdn/etw \mögen to like sb/sthsie mag das [gern] she [really] likes thatwelchen Maler magst du am liebsten? who is your favourite painter?, which painter do you like best?sie mag keine Hunde she does not like dogsam liebsten mag ich Eintopf I like stew best, stew is my favourite [meal]ich mag lieber/am liebsten Rotwein I like red wine better/best [of all]3. (haben wollen)▪ etw \mögen to want sthich möchte ein Stück Kuchen I'd like a slice of cakeich möchte im Augenblick nichts mehr I don't want anything else for the momentmöchten Sie noch etwas Kaffee/ein Glas Wein? would you like some more coffee/another glass of wine?nein danke, ich möchte lieber Tee no thank you, I would prefer [or rather have] teamagst du noch ein Bier? would you like another beer?was möchten Sie bitte? what would you like?; (Verkäufer) what can I do for you?4. (sich wünschen)▪ jd möchte, dass jd etw tut sb would like sb to do sthIch möchte nicht, dass sie heute kommt I would not like her to come todayich möchte, dass du dich sofort bei ihr entschuldigst I would like [or want] you to apologize to her at onceich möchte nicht, dass das bekannt wird I don't want this to get outich möchte gern, dass er mir öfters schreibt I wish he would write [to me] more oftenIII. vi<mochte, gemocht>1. (wollen) to want [or like] toes ist noch Nachtisch da, magst du noch? there is [still] some dessert left, would you like [to have] some more?es ist doch keine Frage, ob ich mag, ich muss es eben tun it's not a question of whether I want to do it [or not], I have to [do it] [or it has to be done]lass uns morgen weitermachen, ich mag nicht mehr let's carry on tomorrow, I don't feel like doing anymore todaywenn du magst, machen wir jetzt eine Pause we could take a break now if you likeiss doch bitte auf — ich mag aber nicht mehr come on, finish up — but I don't want any moreich möchte schon, aber... I should like to, but...nicht so recht \mögen to not [really] feel like itgehst du mit ins Kino? — nein, ich mag nicht so recht are you coming to the cinema? — no, I don't really feel like it2. (fam: gehen/fahren wollen)▪ irgendwohin \mögen to want to go somewhereich mag jetzt nach Hause I want to go homeich möchte nach Hause I'd like to go homemöchtest du auch ins Kino? do you want to go to the cinema too?ich möchte zu Herrn Peters he would like to see Mr. Petersich möchte lieber in die Stadt I would prefer to go [or would rather go] into town* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. mögen1) (wollen) want to2) (geh.): (sollen)das mag genügen — that should be or ought to be enough
3) (geh.): (Wunschform)4) (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag/mochte vierzig sein — she must be/must have been [about] forty
Meier, Müller, Koch - und wie sie alle heißen mögen — Meier, Müller, Koch and [the rest,] whatever they're called
[das] mag sein — maybe
5) (geh.): (Einräumung)es mag kommen, was will — come what may
6) Konjunktiv II (den Wunsch haben)ich/sie möchte gern wissen... — I would or should/she would like to know...
ich möchte nicht stören, aber... — I don't want to interrupt, but...
ich möchte zu gerne wissen — I'd love to know...
2.man möchte meinen, er sei der Chef — one would [really] think he was the boss
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1)[gern] mögen — like
sie mag ihn sehr [gern] — she likes him very much; (hat ihn sehr gern) she is very fond of him
ich mag lieber/am liebsten Bier — I like beer better/best [of all]
2) Konjunktiv II (haben wollen)3.ich möchte lieber Tee — I would prefer tea or rather have tea
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (es wollen) like to2) Konjunktiv II (fahren, gehen usw. wollen)ich möchte nach Hause/in die Stadt/auf die Schaukel — I want or I'd like to go home/into town/on the swing
* * *A. v/mod; mag, mochte, hat … mögenich möchte (dialmag)gehen I want to go;sie mochte nicht bleiben she didn’t want to stay;Bier hat sie noch nie trinken mögen she never liked drinking beer;ich möchte Tee trinken I’d like to drink tea;darüber möchte ich nicht reden I don’t want to talk about that;ich möchte ihn sehen I want ( höflicher: I’d like) to see him;möchtest (dialdu mitkommen? do you want ( höflicher: would you like) to come?;ich möchte wissen I’d like to know; (ich frage mich) I wonder;ich möchte lieber ins Kino gehen I’d rather go to the cinema (US movies);das möchte ich doch einmal sehen! I’d like to see that;man möchte meinen … you might think …;das mag (wohl) sein that may be (so);mag sein, dass … perhaps …, maybe …;das möchte sein dial (that) could be;wo er auch sein mag wherever he may be;wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may;was mag er dazu sagen? I wonder what he’ll say to that;was mag das bedeuten? what can it mean?, I wonder what it could mean?;man mag das bedauern, aber …it may be regrettable, but …;Müller, Maier und wie sie alle heißen mögen Müller, Maier and whatever their names are;sie mochte 30 Jahre alt sein she must have been ( oder she looked) about 30;es mochten etwa 100 Leute sein there must have been about 100 people3. einräumend:mag er sagen, was er will he can say what he wants;was ich auch tun mag whatever I do, no matter what I do4. auffordernd:Zeugen möchten sich bitte melden would any witnesses please come forward;sag ihr, sie möge odermöchte zu mir kommen tell her she should come and see meB. v/t (hat gemocht)1. (wünschen) want;was möchtest du denn? (was ist?) what is it you want?2. (gern mögen) like, be fond of;nicht mögen not like; stärker: dislike;lieber mögen like better, prefer;Tee mag ich lieber als Kaffee I prefer tea to coffee;am liebsten mögen like bestC. v/i (hat gemocht) (wollen) want;ich mag nicht I don’t want to; (ich habe keine Lust) I don’t feel like it;ich möchte schon, aber … I’d like to, but …;sie möchte noch nicht nach Hause she doesn’t want to go home yet;er hat nicht in die Schule gemocht he didn’t want to go to school;magst/möchtest du noch? zum Essen/Trinken: do you want/would you like some more?; weitermachen: do you want/would you like to go on?* * *1.unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. mögen1) (wollen) want to2) (geh.): (sollen)das mag genügen — that should be or ought to be enough
3) (geh.): (Wunschform)4) (Vermutung, Möglichkeit)sie mag/mochte vierzig sein — she must be/must have been [about] forty
Meier, Müller, Koch - und wie sie alle heißen mögen — Meier, Müller, Koch and [the rest,] whatever they're called
[das] mag sein — maybe
5) (geh.): (Einräumung)es mag kommen, was will — come what may
6) Konjunktiv II (den Wunsch haben)ich/sie möchte gern wissen... — I would or should/she would like to know...
ich möchte nicht stören, aber... — I don't want to interrupt, but...
ich möchte zu gerne wissen — I'd love to know...
2.man möchte meinen, er sei der Chef — one would [really] think he was the boss
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1)[gern] mögen — like
sie mag ihn sehr [gern] — she likes him very much; (hat ihn sehr gern) she is very fond of him
ich mag lieber/am liebsten Bier — I like beer better/best [of all]
2) Konjunktiv II (haben wollen)3.ich möchte lieber Tee — I would prefer tea or rather have tea
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (es wollen) like tomagst du? — do you want to?; (bei einem Angebot) would you like one/some?
2) Konjunktiv II (fahren, gehen usw. wollen)ich möchte nach Hause/in die Stadt/auf die Schaukel — I want or I'd like to go home/into town/on the swing
* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: mochte, gemocht)= to like v. -
26 trago
m.1 mouthful.de un trago in one gulp2 drink (informal) (copa).echar o tomar un trago to have a quick drink3 shot of liquor, shot, draught, swill.4 gulp, swallow.5 alcoholic beverage, drink.6 tragus.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: tragar.* * *1 (sorbo) swig, drop\beberse algo de un trago to down something in onepasar un mal trago figurado to have a bad time of it* * *noun m.1) swallow2) draught* * *SM1) [de un líquido] drinkechar un trago — to have a drink, have a swig *
¡échame un trago! — give me a drink!
3) (=experiencia)mal trago, trago amargo — (=momento difícil) hard time, rough time; (=golpe) blow; (=desgracia) misfortune, calamity
4)a tragos: hacer algo a tragos — to do sth bit by bit
* * *1)a) ( de líquido) drink, swigdame un traguito para probar — let me try a sip o a drop
b) (esp AmL fam) ( bebida alcohólica) drink¿vamos a tomar un trago? — shall we go for a drink?
2) ( experiencia)* * *= tipple, swig, grog, sip, tot.Ex. Anybody who enjoys a tipple will love a hip flask -- a real winter warmer!.Ex. He also apparently washed it down with a swig of a vodka mixer and a beer taken from a cooler, the vehicle's owner said.Ex. They barmaids plied the three mateys with grog until they passed out.Ex. He never had issues with alcohol as a teen with going off the rails etc as he was used to have a sip of wine now and then with dinner or at Crimbo.Ex. So if you want to take a tot or two of tequila or several margaritas with your meals, you now have a scientific excuse.----* echarse un trago = tipple.* mal trago = awful experience.* tomarse un trago = take + a swig.* trago amargo = bitter pill.* * *1)a) ( de líquido) drink, swigdame un traguito para probar — let me try a sip o a drop
b) (esp AmL fam) ( bebida alcohólica) drink¿vamos a tomar un trago? — shall we go for a drink?
2) ( experiencia)* * *= tipple, swig, grog, sip, tot.Ex: Anybody who enjoys a tipple will love a hip flask -- a real winter warmer!.
Ex: He also apparently washed it down with a swig of a vodka mixer and a beer taken from a cooler, the vehicle's owner said.Ex: They barmaids plied the three mateys with grog until they passed out.Ex: He never had issues with alcohol as a teen with going off the rails etc as he was used to have a sip of wine now and then with dinner or at Crimbo.Ex: So if you want to take a tot or two of tequila or several margaritas with your meals, you now have a scientific excuse.* echarse un trago = tipple.* mal trago = awful experience.* tomarse un trago = take + a swig.* trago amargo = bitter pill.* * *A1 (de un líquido) drink, swigtoma un trago de agua have a drink o swig of waterdame un traguito para probar let me try a sip o a dropse bebió el vermut de un trago she downed her vermouth in one gulp o ( BrE) in one go¿vamos a tomar un trago? shall we go for a drink?son muy aficionados al trago they like o they're very fond of their drink, they drink a lotun trago largo a long drinkB1(experiencia): ha pasado un trago amargo con lo del divorcio he's had a rough time o ( BrE) been through a rough patch with the divorceése sí que fue un mal trago that really was an awful experience2( Esp fam) (de una persona): ¡vaya trago que tiene la tía! that woman takes some putting up with! ( colloq)* * *
Del verbo tragar: ( conjugate tragar)
trago es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
tragó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
tragar
trago
tragar ( conjugate tragar) verbo transitivo
1 ‹comida/agua/medicina› to swallow
2 (fam) ( aguantar):◊ no lo trago I can't stand him
verbo intransitivo
1 (Fisiol) to swallow
2 (RPl fam) ( estudiar) to cram
tragarse verbo pronominal
1 ( enf)
‹ orgullo› to swallow
2 (fam)
trago sustantivo masculino
1
de un trago in one gulp
◊ ¿vamos a tomar un trago? shall we go for a drink?
2 ( experiencia):
tragar verbo transitivo
1 (un trozo de comida, etc) to swallow
2 fam (comer muy deprisa) to gobble up, tuck away: ¡no veas cómo traga!, he eats a lot!
3 Auto fam (combustible) to use
4 (un desagüe) to drain off
(el mar, agua) el remolino se lo tragó, it was sucked down by the whirlpool
5 (transigir, tolerar) to put up with
6 fig (a alguien) to stand, bear
7 fig (creer) to believe, swallow
trago sustantivo masculino
1 (cantidad de líquido) gulp, swallow
2 (bebida alcohólica) nip, drink
3 (rato, situación) fue un trago muy amargo, it was a bitter pill to swallow
♦ Locuciones: pasar un mal trago, to go through a rough patch
' trago' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
beber
- buche
- copa
- de
- pelotazo
- tragar
- echar
- golpe
- sorbo
English:
bait
- buy
- draught
- gulp
- inhale
- knock back
- pill
- pull
- slug
- swallow
- swig
- booze
- drink
- go
- mouthful
- suck
- use
* * *trago nm1. [de líquido] drink;¿me das un trago de cerveza? could I have a drink o sip of your beer?;beber algo a grandes tragos to gulp sth down;sólo un traguito just a sip;de un trago in one gulple gusta demasiado el trago he's too fond of the boozeFampasar un mal trago to have a tough time of it;pasó muy mal trago con el accidente de su hijo she went through a very tough time over her son's accident;le tocó el trago amargo de anunciar los despidos he had the unpleasant task of announcing the lay-offs;su ausencia resultaría un trago amargo para todos his absence would be a bitter blow for all of them* * *m1 de agua mouthful2 fambebida drink;echar otomar un trago take a swig o drink;de un trago in one gulp;pasar un mal trago fig have a hard time* * *trago nm1) : swallow, swig2) : drink, liquor3)trago amargo : hard time* * *trago n1. (copa) drink2. (disgusto) blow -
27 frío
adj.1 cold, chilly, cool, chill.2 cold, glassy, impersonal.3 cold, unenthusiastic.4 cold, stoney, emotionless, free of emotion.5 cold, aloof, distant, offish.m.cold, chilliness, coldness, chill.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: freír.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) cold2 (indiferente) cold, cool, indifferent; (pasmado) stunned1 cold\coger a alguien en frío figurado to catch somebody on the hopcoger frío to catch (a) coldhace un frío que pela familiar it's freezing coldhacer frío to be coldpillar frío to catch a coldtener frío / pasar frío to be cold————————1 cold* * *1. = fría, adj.1) cold2) indifferent, distant2. noun m.1) cold2) coldness, indifference* * *1. ADJ1) [en temperatura] [agua, aire, invierno, refresco, sopa] coldtienes las manos frías — your hands are cold, you've got cold hands
2) [en sentimientos, actitudes]a) [relaciones, acogida, recibimiento] coolb) (=desapasionado) coolla mirada fría y penetrante del fotógrafo — the cool, penetrating eye of the photographer
mantener la cabeza fría — to keep a cool head, keep one's cool
c) (=insensible, inexpresivo) coldeste público es más frío que el de otras ciudades — this audience is less responsive than those in other cities
esos asesinos se comportan de forma fría y profesional — they are cold-blooded, professional killers
d)3) [bala] spent2. SM1) (=baja temperatura) cold¡qué frío hace! — it's freezing!, it's so cold!
frío polar — arctic weather, arctic conditions pl
2) (=sensación) coldtener frío — to be cold, feel cold
3)en frío —
a) (=en calma)ambas partes tendrán que pactar un acuerdo en frío — the two sides will have to negotiate an agreement with cool heads
cuando se contemplan las cifras totales en frío — when one calmly o coolly considers the total numbers
b) (=repentinamente)me lo dijo en frío y no supe cómo reaccionar — he sprang it on me out of the blue o he told me just like that and I didn't know quite what to say
no dar ni frío ni calor a algn —
el hecho de que no me hayan seleccionado no me da ni frío ni calor — I'm not at all bothered about not being selected
sus comentarios sobre mí no me dan ni frío ni calor — his comments about me don't bother me one way or the other, I'm not at all bothered about o by his comments
* * *Ifría adjetivo1) <comida/agua/motor/viento> coldfrío, frío — ( en juegos) you're very cold
dejar frío a alguien: la noticia lo dejó frío ( indiferente) he was quite unmoved by the news; ( atónito) he was staggered by the news; ese tipo de música me deja fría that sort of music does nothing for me; quedarse frío — ( quedarse indiferente) to be unmoved; ( quedarse atónito) to be staggered; ( enfriarse) (Esp) to get cold
2)a) ( insensible) coldb) (poco afectuoso, entusiasta) coldtuvieron un recibimiento muy frío — they got a very cool o frosty reception
c) ( desapasionado)3) ( poco acogedor) <decoración/color> coldII1) (Meteo) coldhace un frío que pela — (fam) it's freezing (colloq)
2) ( sensación)tomar or (Esp) coger frío — to catch cold
en frío: su oferta me agarró or (esp Esp) cogió en frío her offer took me aback; no le des la noticia así, en frío you can't break the news to her just like that; esto hay que discutirlo en frío this has to be discussed calmly; no darle a alguien ni frío ni calor — (fam) to leave somebody cold
* * *Ifría adjetivo1) <comida/agua/motor/viento> coldfrío, frío — ( en juegos) you're very cold
dejar frío a alguien: la noticia lo dejó frío ( indiferente) he was quite unmoved by the news; ( atónito) he was staggered by the news; ese tipo de música me deja fría that sort of music does nothing for me; quedarse frío — ( quedarse indiferente) to be unmoved; ( quedarse atónito) to be staggered; ( enfriarse) (Esp) to get cold
2)a) ( insensible) coldb) (poco afectuoso, entusiasta) coldtuvieron un recibimiento muy frío — they got a very cool o frosty reception
c) ( desapasionado)3) ( poco acogedor) <decoración/color> coldII1) (Meteo) coldhace un frío que pela — (fam) it's freezing (colloq)
2) ( sensación)tomar or (Esp) coger frío — to catch cold
en frío: su oferta me agarró or (esp Esp) cogió en frío her offer took me aback; no le des la noticia así, en frío you can't break the news to her just like that; esto hay que discutirlo en frío this has to be discussed calmly; no darle a alguien ni frío ni calor — (fam) to leave somebody cold
* * *frío11 = cold, chill.Ex: Discomfort is caused if windows are opened, heat, cold, dirt and noise are offered 'open-access' to the interior.
Ex: His manner positively carried with it a chill as palpable as that now in the street.* cadena de(l) frío, la = cold chain, the.* conservación en frío = cold storage.* cuando hace frío = in the cold.* frío cortante = biting cold, pinching cold.* frío de muerte = freezing cold.* frío extremo = extreme cold.* frío glacial = freezing cold.* frío penetrante = biting cold, pinching cold.* frio polar = freezing cold.* hacer un frío de cojones = be brass monkey weather, be (so) cold (enough) to freeze the balls off/of a brass monkey.* hacer un frío que pela = be brass monkey weather, be (so) cold (enough) to freeze the balls off/of a brass monkey.* ola de frío = cold wave, cold snap.* oleada de frío = cold wave, cold snap.frío22 = cool [cooler -comp., coolest -sup.], chilly [chillier -comp., chilliest -sup.], cold [colder -comp., coldest -sup.], chilled, nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.], frosty.Ex: It is the cool and perfectly proper expression of a confident professionalism, still only faintly discernible.
Ex: A chilly, rain-soaked day can make a class unpleasantly irritable by mid-afternoon.Ex: They worked in cold, draughty, badly-lit rooms and suffered from tyrannical supervisors.Ex: This report analyses the markets for ice cream, yoghurts and chilled desserts (e.g. cheesecake, tiramisu and crème caramel) in Italy.Ex: Nippy winter weather has forced farmers in Russia to make bras for their cows to protect their udders from extreme cold.Ex: Mary, on the other hand, is a nasty piece of work who is at her best is frosty and aloof and at her worst is hostile and cruel.* agua fría = cold water.* congelado de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).* dejar frío a Alguien = knock + Nombre + cold.* dejar frío y vacío = leave + Nombre + cold and empty.* de sangre fría = cold-blooded.* estar tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.* frente frío = cold front.* frío como el hielo = frosty.* jarro de agua fría = slap in the face.* lectura en frío = cold reading.* mano fría de, la = cold hand of, the.* maquina de componer en frío = cold-metal machine, cold-metal composing machine.* más frío que el mármol = as cold as ice.* más frío que la nieve = as cold as ice.* más frío que un témpano (de hielo) = as cold as ice.* morirse de frío = freeze to + death.* muerto de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).* quedarse tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.* secado en frío = freeze drying.frío33 = cool-headed, unemotional.Ex: But it is obvious that modern leftist philosophers are not simply cool-headed logicians systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge.
Ex: Australian researchers have observed that four to eight year-old boys who have an unemotional temperament are less responsive to discipline.* a sangre fría = cold-blooded.* cabeza fría = cool head.* guerra fría, la = cold war, the.* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.* mirada fría = icy glare.* sangre fría = presence of mind.* * *A ‹comida/agua/motor/viento› coldel café estaba frío the coffee was cold o had got(ten) coldtengo los pies fríos my feet are coldfrío, frío, sigue buscando (en juegos) you're very cold, keep lookingdejar frío a algn: la noticia lo dejó frío (indiferente) he was quite unmoved by the news; (pasmado) he was staggered o stunned by the newsesa clase de música me deja fría that sort of music leaves me cold o does nothing for mequedarse frío to be taken abackB1 (insensible) coldes frío y calculador he's cold and calculating2(poco afectuoso, entusiasta): estuvo frío y distante conmigo he was cold and distant towards meun público que tiene fama de ser muy frío an audience with a reputation for being very unenthusiastic o unresponsivesus relaciones son más bien frías relations between them are rather cooltuvieron un recibimiento muy frío they got a very cool o frosty receptionson muy fríos con los niños they're very unaffectionate toward(s) the children3(desapasionado): para esto hay que tener una mente fría this calls for a cool headC (poco acogedor) ‹habitación› unwelcoming, cold ‹color› [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] coldfrío2A ( Meteo) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] colduna ola de frío a cold spellno deberías salir con este frío you shouldn't go out in this cold o in this cold weather¡qué frío hace! it's so cold!empiezan a emigrar con los primeros fríos they start to migrate when the weather begins to turn cold o with the first cold weatherB(sensación): tengo frío I'm coldpasamos un frío espantoso we were so coldtengo frío en los pies my feet are coldme está entrando frío I'm beginning to feel coldtomar or ( Esp) coger frío to catch coldabrígate, no vayas a tomar frío wrap up well or you'll catch colden frío: su oferta me agarró or cogió en frío her offer took me aback o took me by surpriseno le des la noticia así, en frío you can't break the news to her just like thatesto hay que discutirlo en frío this has to be discussed calmlyno darle a algn ni frío ni calor ( fam); to leave sb coldno me da ni frío ni calor it leaves me cold o doesn't really do anything for me, I can't get very excited about it* * *
Del verbo freír: ( conjugate freír)
frío es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
frió es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
freír
frío
freír ( conjugate freír) verbo transitivo
to fry
freírse verbo pronominal
to fry
frío 1,◊ fría adjetivo
1 ‹comida/agua/motor/viento› cold;
dejar frío a algn: la noticia lo dejó frío ( indiferente) he was quite unmoved by the news;
( atónito) he was staggered by the news;◊ el jazz me deja fría jazz does nothing for me
2
‹ público› unresponsive;
‹ recibimineto› cool;
frío 2 sustantivo masculino
cold;
¡qué frío hace! it's so cold!;
tener/pasar frío to be cold;
tengo frío en los pies my feet are cold;
tomar or (Esp) coger frío to catch cold
freír vtr, freírse verbo reflexivo
1 (en aceite) to fry
2 (acribillar) (con balas) to riddle somebody with bullets
(con preguntas) to bombard
frío,-a
I adjetivo
1 cold
2 (distante) cold, cool, indifferent
3 (atónito, perplejo) cuando vi la factura del teléfono me quedé frío, I was stunned when I read the telephone bill
II sustantivo masculino cold: la niña ha cogido frío, my daughter has caught cold
pasaban mucho frío, they were very cold
hacer frío (el tiempo), to be cold
tener frío (una persona), to be cold ➣ Ver nota en fresco
' frío' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adentro
- amoratada
- amoratado
- calentar
- con
- cortante
- empañar
- escalofrío
- fresca
- fresco
- fría
- gélida
- gélido
- hacer
- helada
- helado
- muerta
- muerto
- notar
- ola
- pelar
- penetrar
- penetrante
- protestar
- que
- quebrantar
- recrudecer
- recrudecerse
- sabañón
- saber
- sentir
- sudor
- temblar
- temblor
- temblorosa
- tembloroso
- tiritón
- adelantar
- aumentar
- bestial
- cerrar
- chucho
- coger
- combatir
- congelar
- cortar
- displicente
- enfriar
- entrar
- entumecerse
English:
aloof
- antisocial
- be
- bitterly
- blue
- chill
- chilly
- clammy
- clinical
- cold
- cold sweat
- cold-blooded
- cool
- crisp
- dank
- dead
- distant
- exposure
- feel
- freeze
- gather in
- grow
- insulate
- it
- keep out
- nip
- nippy
- numb
- out
- remote
- rosy
- rupture
- shelter
- shiver
- shut out
- snap
- stiff
- stone-cold
- unwelcoming
- warm
- weather
- winter
- with
- as
- for
- freezing
- mild
- shake
- stony
- sweat
* * ** * *I adj tb figcold;quedarse frío get cold; fig be astonishedII m cold;hace frío it’s cold;tener frío be cold;coger frío catch cold* * *1) : cold2) indiferente: cool, indifferentfrío nm1) : coldhace mucho frío esta noche: it's very cold tonight2) indiferencia: coldness, indifference3)tener frío : to feel coldtengo frío: I'm cold4)tomar frío resfriarse: to catch a cold* * *frío1 adj coldfrío2 n cold¿tienes frío? are you cold? -
28 harsh
[hɑːʃ]1) (severe) [punishment, measures] severo; [ regime] oppressivo, duro; [ person] severo, rigido, duro; [ words] aspro; [climate, winter] rigido; [ conditions] duro, difficile2) [light, colour] violento3) [voice, sound] aspro, stridente4) [chemical, cleaner] corrosivo5) [cloth, fabric] ruvido* * *1) ((of people, discipline etc) very strict; cruel: That is a very harsh punishment to give a young child.) severo2) (rough and unpleasant to hear, see, taste etc: a harsh voice; harsh colours.) aspro, sgradevole•- harshly- harshness* * *harsh /hɑ:ʃ/a.1 aspro; ruvido ( al tatto); insensibile; duro; severo; arcigno; ( di suono) aspro, sgradevole; ( d'odore) pungente, acre: harsh words, parole aspre (o dure); a harsh voice, una voce aspra; a harsh punishment, una dura punizione; una punizione severa; ( sport) a harsh defence, una difesa arcigna; a harsh face, una faccia dura (o sgradevole); a harsh taste, un sapore aspro (o acre); harsh smoke, fumo acre● a harsh light, una luce violentaharshlyavv.aspramente; duramente; severamenteharshnessn. [u]1 durezza, asprezza; ruvidezza; insensibilità; severità* * *[hɑːʃ]1) (severe) [punishment, measures] severo; [ regime] oppressivo, duro; [ person] severo, rigido, duro; [ words] aspro; [climate, winter] rigido; [ conditions] duro, difficile2) [light, colour] violento3) [voice, sound] aspro, stridente4) [chemical, cleaner] corrosivo5) [cloth, fabric] ruvido -
29 mögen
1) ( wollen)etw tun \mögen to want to do sth;ich mag dich nicht mehr sehen! I don't want to see you any more!;ich möchte jetzt einfach Urlaub machen können I wish I could [or I'd like to be able to] just take off on holiday now;ich mag dich nicht gerne allein lassen I don't like to leave you alone [or leaving you alone];Stefan hat noch nie Fisch essen \mögen Stefan has never liked fish2) ( den Wunsch haben)etw tun \mögen to want to do sth;ich möchte gerne kommen I'd like to come;hier möchte ich gerne leben I'd really like to live here;man möchte meinen, es wäre schon Winter you'd think that it was already winter;das möchte ich sehen! I'd like to see that![es] mag sein, dass sie Recht hat it may be that she's right;sie mag sogar Recht haben she may be right;hm, das mag schon stimmen hmm, that might [well] be true;das mag schon sein, aber trotzdem! that's as may be, but still!;kommst du? - mag sein ( eventuell) are you coming? - maybe [or possibly]; ( wahrscheinlich) are you coming? - probably;was mag das wohl bedeuten? what's that supposed to mean?, I wonder what that means?;was immer kommen mag, wir bleiben zusammen whatever happens we'll stay together;was immer er auch behaupten/sagen mag,... whatever he may claim/say,...;so gemein wie es auch klingen mag, ist es die Wahrheit however cruel this may sound, it is the truth;er mag das zwar behaupten, aber deswegen stimmt es noch lange nicht just because he says that, doesn't necessarily mean that it's true;es mag so sein, wie er behauptet it may well [or might] be as he says;jetzt mag sie denken, dass wir sie nicht sehen wollen she probably thinks [that] we don't want to see her now;das mag noch angehen it might be all right;er sieht immer noch sehr gut aus, mag er auch inzwischen Mittfünfziger sein he's still very handsome, even if he's in his mid-fifties now;nun, er mag so um die 40 sein well, he must be [or I'd say he's] about 40;wie sie aussieht, mag sie Managerin sein she must be [or may well be] a manager from the look of her;es mochten so um die zwanzig Personen gewesen sein there must have been around twenty people there;wie dem auch sein mag be that as it may4) ( sollen)jd möge etw tun sb should do sth;bestellen Sie ihm bitte, er möchte mich morgen anrufen please tell him to ring me tomorrow;sagen Sie ihr, sie möchte zu mir kommen could you tell her to come and see me;Sie möchten gleich mal zur Chefin kommen you're to go and see the boss right away, the boss has asked to see you right away;diese Warnung mag genügen let this warning be enough, this warning should suffice;möge das stimmen let's hope it's true;möge Gott das verhüten! God forbid!;wenn sie mir das doch nur verzeihen möge! if she could only forgive me this!5) ( drückt Einräumung aus)etw tun \mögen to be allowed [or able] to do sth;du magst tun, was du willst you may do as you please [or can];mag sie von mir aus gehen she can go as far as I'm concerned;mag kommen, was da will, wir sind vorbereitet come what may, we are preparedes mochte nichts helfen it [just] didn't helpvt <mochte, gemocht>1) ( gernhaben)jdn \mögen to like sb;( lieben) to love sb;die beiden \mögen sich/\mögen einander nicht the two of them like/don't like each other2) ( eine Vorliebe haben)jdn/etw \mögen to like sb/sth;welchen Maler magst du am liebsten? who is your favourite painter?, which painter do you like best?;am liebsten mag ich Eintopf I like stew best, stew is my favourite [meal]3) ( haben wollen)etw \mögen to want sth;ich möchte ein Stück Kuchen I'd like a slice of cake;ich möchte im Augenblick nichts mehr I don't want anything else for the moment;möchten Sie noch etwas Kaffee/ein Glas Wein? would you like [or do you want] some more coffee/another glass of wine?;was möchten Sie bitte? what would you like?, what can I get for you?4) ( sich wünschen)ich möchte, dass du dich sofort bei ihr entschuldigst I would like [or want] you to apologize to her at once;ich möchte nicht, dass das bekannt wird I don't want this to get out;ich möchte gern, dass er mir öfters schreibt I wish he would write [to me] more oftenvies ist noch Nachtisch da, magst du noch? there is [still] some dessert left, would you like [to have] some more?;es ist doch keine Frage, ob ich mag, ich muss es eben tun it's not a question of whether I want to do it [or not], I have to [do it] [or it has to be done];nicht so recht \mögen to not [really] feel like it;„gehst du mit ins Kino?“ - „nein, ich mag nicht so recht“ “are you coming to the cinema?” - “no, I don't really feel like it”;lass uns morgen weitermachen, ich mag nicht mehr let's carry on tomorrow, I don't feel like doing anymore today;„iss doch bitte auf“ - „ich mag aber nicht mehr“ ‘come on, finish up’ - ‘but I don't want any more’;wenn du magst, machen wir jetzt eine Pause we could take a break now if you likeirgendwohin \mögen to want to go somewhere;möchtest du auch ins Kino? do you want to go to the cinema too? -
30 slaughter
'slo:tə
1. noun1) (the killing of people or animals in large numbers, cruelly and usually unnecessarily: Many people protested at the annual slaughter of seals.) masacre2) (the killing of animals for food: Methods of slaughter must be humane.) matanza
2. verb1) (to kill (animals) for food: Thousands of cattle are slaughtered here every year.) matar, sacrificar2) (to kill in a cruel manner, especially in large numbers.) matar brutalmente, masacrar3) (to criticize unmercifully or defeat very thoroughly: Our team absolutely slaughtered the other side.) dar una paliza•slaughter1 n1. matanza / masacre2. matanzaslaughter2 vb1. matar / masacrar2. matar / sacrificarfarmers usually slaughter their pigs in the winter los granjeros suelen matar a los cerdos en inviernotr['slɔːtəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (of animals) matanza; (of people) carnicería, matanzaslaughter ['slɔt̬ər] vt1) butcher: matar (animales)2) massacre: masacrar (personas)1) : matanza f (de animales)2) massacre: masacre f, carnicería fn.• degüello s.m.• matanza s.f.• sacrificio s.m.v.• carnear v.• matar v.• sacrificar v.
I 'slɔːtər, 'slɔːtə(r)mass nouna) ( of animals) matanza fb) ( massacre) masacre f, matanza f, carnicería f
II
a) ( kill) \<\<pig/cattle\>\> matar, carnear (CS); \<\<civiliansoops\>\> matar salvajemente, masacrarb) ( defeat) (colloq) \<\<opponent/team\>\> darle* una paliza a (fam)['slɔːtǝ(r)]1.N [of animals] matanza f, sacrificio m ; [of persons] matanza f, carnicería f2. VT1) (=kill) [+ animals] matar, sacrificar; [+ person, people] matar brutalmente2) (Sport etc) * (=beat) dar una paliza a ** * *
I ['slɔːtər, 'slɔːtə(r)]mass nouna) ( of animals) matanza fb) ( massacre) masacre f, matanza f, carnicería f
II
a) ( kill) \<\<pig/cattle\>\> matar, carnear (CS); \<\<civilians/troops\>\> matar salvajemente, masacrarb) ( defeat) (colloq) \<\<opponent/team\>\> darle* una paliza a (fam) -
31 frío2
2 = cool [cooler -comp., coolest -sup.], chilly [chillier -comp., chilliest -sup.], cold [colder -comp., coldest -sup.], chilled, nippy [nippier -comp., nippiest -sup.], frosty.Ex. It is the cool and perfectly proper expression of a confident professionalism, still only faintly discernible.Ex. A chilly, rain-soaked day can make a class unpleasantly irritable by mid-afternoon.Ex. They worked in cold, draughty, badly-lit rooms and suffered from tyrannical supervisors.Ex. This report analyses the markets for ice cream, yoghurts and chilled desserts (e.g. cheesecake, tiramisu and crème caramel) in Italy.Ex. Nippy winter weather has forced farmers in Russia to make bras for their cows to protect their udders from extreme cold.Ex. Mary, on the other hand, is a nasty piece of work who is at her best is frosty and aloof and at her worst is hostile and cruel.----* agua fría = cold water.* congelado de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).* dejar frío a Alguien = knock + Nombre + cold.* dejar frío y vacío = leave + Nombre + cold and empty.* de sangre fría = cold-blooded.* estar tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.* frente frío = cold front.* frío como el hielo = frosty.* jarro de agua fría = slap in the face.* lectura en frío = cold reading.* mano fría de, la = cold hand of, the.* maquina de componer en frío = cold-metal machine, cold-metal composing machine.* más frío que el mármol = as cold as ice.* más frío que la nieve = as cold as ice.* más frío que un témpano (de hielo) = as cold as ice.* morirse de frío = freeze to + death.* muerto de frío = frozen to the bone, frozen to the marrow (of the bones), chilled to the bone, chilled to the marrow (of the bones).* quedarse tieso de frío = be frozen stiff.* secado en frío = freeze drying. -
32 crudo
raw* * *crudo agg.1 raw, uncooked; ( poco cotto) underdone, half cooked: non mi piace questo riso, è ancora crudo, I don't like this rice, it's still uncooked; carne cruda, raw meat // seta cruda, raw silk // metallo crudo, crude (o raw) metal3 ( aspro, sgraziato) crude, harsh, rough: la cruda realtà, the crude facts; colori crudi, harsh colours; giudizio crudo, harsh (o severe) judgement; una risposta cruda, a blunt (o harsh) reply; suono crudo, harsh sound; romanzo di un crudo realismo, crudely realistic book // nudo e crudo, (agg.) plain (o bald o unvarnished); (avv.) plainly (o bluntly): mi ha detto la verità nuda e cruda, she told me the unvarnished truth (o she bluntly told me the truth o she told me the plain truth); parlare nudo e crudo, to speak bluntly* * *['krudo]1) (non cotto) [carne, verdure, pesce] raw, uncooked; (poco cotto) [ carne] medium-rare, underdone, undercooked; (non lavorato) [ seta] raw2) (diretto) [descrizione, realismo] raw3) (violento) [ luce] violent, stark••la verità nuda e -a — the naked o plain truth
la realtà nuda e -a — the hard facts, the bald o stark reality
* * *crudo/'krudo/1 (non cotto) [carne, verdure, pesce] raw, uncooked; (poco cotto) [ carne] medium-rare, underdone, undercooked; (non lavorato) [ seta] raw2 (diretto) [descrizione, realismo] raw3 (violento) [ luce] violent, starkla verità nuda e -a the naked o plain truth; la realtà nuda e -a the hard facts, the bald o stark reality. -
33 harsh
harsh [hα:∫]1. adjectivea. [words, reality, measures] dur ; [person, punishment] sévèreb. [conditions, environment] dur ; [climate, winter, weather] rude* * *[hɑːʃ]1) (severe, cruel) [punishment, measures] sévère; [regime, person] dur; [conditions] difficileto have harsh words for somebody/something — critiquer quelqu'un/quelque chose
2) ( unpleasant) [light, colour] cru; [voice, sound] rude3) ( strong) [chemical, cleaner] corrosif/-ive -
34 harsh
[hɑːʃ]adjjudge, criticism, winter surowy; sound, light, colour ostry* * *1) ((of people, discipline etc) very strict; cruel: That is a very harsh punishment to give a young child.) surowy2) (rough and unpleasant to hear, see, taste etc: a harsh voice; harsh colours.) chrapliwy, ostry•- harshly- harshness -
35 hart
hartadj1) dur, ferme2) ( schwierig) difficile3) ( streng) sévère, rigoureuxharthạrt [hart] <hạ̈rter, hạ̈rteste>I Adjektiv2 (heftig) brutal(e)3 Klang, Akzent rude4 Auseinandersetzung véhément(e)5 Droge dur(e)6 Pornografie, Film hard8 Währung fort(e)10 Zeiten, Schlag dur(e); Schicksal, Tatsache cruel(le); Beispiel: es ist hart für jdn, dass c'est dur pour quelqu'un de voir queII Adverb1 schlafen sur quelque chose de dur2 fallen brutalement; aufprallen, zuschlagen, geraten violemment; Beispiel: hart durchgreifen sévir; Beispiel: jemanden hart treffen Kritik, Verlust toucher durement quelqu'un3 (streng) durement4 arbeiten dur -
36 unbarmherzig
adj1) impitoyable2) ( grausam) cruel3) ( hart) durunbarmherzigụ nbarmherzig ['62c8d4f5ʊ/62c8d4f5nbarmhεr7a05ae88ts/7a05ae88ɪç] -
37 ad
ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].I.As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.A.In space.1.Direction toward, to, toward, and first,a.Horizontally:b.fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,
the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:c.duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,
Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,
Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,
Ov. M. 7, 188:altitudo pertingit ad caelum,
Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):2.tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,
Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.The point or goal at which any thing arrives.a.Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):(α).ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:(β).ad Sullam adire,
id. ib. 25:ad se adferre,
id. Verr. 4, 50:reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,
id. ib. 5, 27:ad laborem adhortantur,
id. de Sen. 14:T. Vectium ad se arcessit,
id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):(γ).oratus sum venire ad te huc,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:eamus ad me,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:ancillas traduce huc ad vos,
id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,
id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,
Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:(δ).Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,
Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:in aedem Veneris,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;in aedem Concordiae,
Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,
to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:ad Opis,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:ad Castoris,
id. Quint. 17:ad Juturnae,
id. Clu. 101:ad Vestae,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:(ε).postea ad pistores dabo,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,
id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,
Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,
Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,
id. ib. 5, 3:velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,
id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,
in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,
Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,
Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:quae institueram, ad te mittam,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,
Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:(ζ).miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,
Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:ad Veios,
Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,
Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;or when it is joined with usque,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,
Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:(η).nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?
Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,
Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:ipse ad hostem vehitur,
Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:aliquem ad hostem ducere,
Tac. A. 2, 52:clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,
Verg. A. 2, 443:munio me ad haec tempora,
Cic. Fam. 9, 18:ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,
Cic. Off. 3, 24:remedium ad tertianam,
Petr. Sat. 18:munimen ad imbris,
Verg. G. 2, 352:farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,
Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,
Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:b.nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,
Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):3.via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,
Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,
Curt. 3, 9, 10:laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,
id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,
Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,vestis ad Seras peti,
id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:deverberasse usque ad necem,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:virgis ad necem caedi,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):B.ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,
stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:astiterunt ad januam,
Vulg. Act. 10, 17:non adest ad exercitum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:aderant ad spectaculum istud,
Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,
Lucr. 3, 959:quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,
at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:haec arma habere ad manum,
Quint. 12, 5, 1:dominum esse ad villam,
Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:errantem ad flumina,
Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!
Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),
Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,
among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,
Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,
Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”
Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:pons, qui erat ad Genavam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7:ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,
Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:conchas ad Caietam legunt,
id. Or. 2, 6:ad forum esse,
to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:ad dextram,
Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:ad laevam,
Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:ad dextram... ad laevam,
Liv. 40, 6;and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,
at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:sepultus ad quintum lapidem,
Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.In time, analogous to the relations given in A.1.Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:2.domum reductus ad vesperum,
toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,
toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:3.ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,
Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:ad multam noctem,
Cic. de Sen. 14:Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,
id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82:bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,
id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,
Cic. Att. 7, 8:usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:C.praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,
at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,
on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:nostra ad diem dictam fient,
id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:ad id tempus,
Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.The relations of number.1.An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):2.ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,
id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:quasi ad quadraginta minas,
as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,
id. Clu. 40, 110:ad hominum milia decem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 4:oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,
id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,
Caes. B. G. 2, 33:ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,
id. B. C. 3, 53:ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,
Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):D.ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,
Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,
even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,
to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:quid ad denarium solveretur,
Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,
Cic. Lael. 23:ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,
Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,
Cic. Fam. 10, 16:Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,
Verg. A. 5, 687.In the manifold relations of one object to another.1.That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.a.With verbs:b.ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,
in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,
id. ib. 5, 4, 1:nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,
that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:nil est ad nos,
is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:nil ad me attinet,
Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:nihil ad rem pertinet,
Cic. Caecin. 58;and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,
id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:Quid ad praetorem?
id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—With adjectives:c.ad has res perspicax,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:virum ad cetera egregium,
Liv. 37, 7, 15:auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 25:ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,
id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:difficilis (res) ad credendum,
Lucr. 2, 1027:ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,
Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—With nouns:d.prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,
before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):mentis ad omnia caecitas,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,
id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:ad cetera paene gemelli,
Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,
Cic. Font. 6;facultas ad agendum,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;2.jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,
Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):3.columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,
Cic. Mur. 77:taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,
Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:ad amussim non est numerus,
Varr. 2, 1, 26:ad imaginem facere,
Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:ad cursus lunae describit annum,
Liv. 1, 19:omnia ad diem facta sunt,
Caes. B. G. 2, 5:Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,
id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:ad aequos flexus,
at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:turres ad altitudiem valli,
Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:ad eandem crassitudinem structi,
id. 44, 11:ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,
with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,
Suet. Ner. 31:lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,
Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:canere ad tibiam,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:in numerum ludere,
Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:ad unguem factus homo,
a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):ad istorum normam sapientes,
Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,
id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,ad simulacrum,
Liv. 40, 6:ad Punica ingenia,
id. 21, 22:ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,
Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:omnia fient ad verum,
Juv. 6, 324:quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,
Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:ad hunc modum institutus est,
id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:ad eundem istunc modum,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,
of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,
Lucr. 2, 281:ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,
to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,
id. Rab. Post. 21:aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,
Caes. B. C. 3, 51:rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,
Cic. Off. 1, 26:rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,
id. Font. 36:ad vulgi opinionem,
id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:ad instar castrorum,
Just. 36, 3, 2:scoparum,
App. M. 9, p. 232:speculi,
id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:ad navis feratur,
like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:ad specus angustiac vallium,
like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.a.The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:b.cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,
Lucr. 3, 144:ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,
on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,(α).is done,(β).is designed, or,(γ). (α).Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):(β).venimus coctum ad nuptias,
in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,
id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,
in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,
id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,
for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,
Sall. C. 13, 4:ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,
Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,
for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:(γ).ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,
id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;(in the same sense: in rem,
Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,
Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:ad frena leones,
Verg. A. 10, 253:delecto ad naves milite,
marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:servos ad remum,
rowers, id. 34, 6; and:servos ad militiam emendos,
id. 22, 61, 2:comparasti ad lecticam homines,
Cat. 10, 16:Lygdamus ad cyathos,
Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:puer ad cyathum statuetur,
Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:4.haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,
id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:causa ad objurgandum,
id. And. 1, 1, 123:argumentum ad scribendum,
Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,
Cato R. R. 125:nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,
Cic. Brut. 24:reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,
Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:homines ad hanc rem idoneos,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,
id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,
id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:homo ad nullam rem utilis,
id. Off. 3, 6:ad segetes ingeniosus ager,
Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:E.ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,
Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:terra ad universi caeli complexum,
compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,
Liv. 22, 22, 15:at nihil ad nostram hanc,
nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.Adverbial phrases with ad.1.Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:2.ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,
Liv. 35, 32, 4.—Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:3.nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,
Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,
Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):4.ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,
Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—Ad tempus.a.At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—b.At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—c.For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—d.According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—5.Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).a.For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—b.At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—6.Ad locum, on the spot:7.ut ad locum miles esset paratus,
Liv. 27, 27, 2.—Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—8.Ad summam.a. b. 9.Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.a. (α).Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:(β).missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,
Liv. 21, 8, 10.—Of time = telos de, at last, finally:(γ).ibi ad postremum cedit miles,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;b.ad extremum agere cum dignitate,
Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:10.consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,
id. 28, 28, 8.—Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—11.Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.► a.Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:b.traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:c.quam ad,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,
Cic. N. D. 2, 4:ripam ad Araxis,
Tac. Ann. 12, 51;or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,
id. ib. 12, 8.—The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).II.In composition.A.Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—B.Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.1.Local.a. b.At, by: astare, adesse.—c. d.Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—2.Fig.a.To: adjudico, adsentior.—b.At or on: admiror, adludo.—c.Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—d.Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—e.Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—f.Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134. -
38 severe
1. a строгий, суровый2. a требовательный, строгий3. a жёсткий4. a тщательный, скрупулёзный5. a простой, строгий6. a архит. выдержанный7. a суровый, холодный; сильный8. a тяжёлый, серьёзный, сильный9. a трудный, тяжёлый10. a жестокий, ожесточённыйsevere crisis — жестокий кризис; глубокий кризис
11. a едкий, саркастическийСинонимический ряд:1. bitter (adj.) bitter; brutal; inclement; intemperate; rigorous; rough; rugged2. caustic (adj.) acerb; biting; caustic; cutting; keen; satirical; sharp; stinging3. grim (adj.) austere; bleak; dour; forbidding; grave; grim; stringent4. hard (adj.) arduous; backbreaking; burdensome; critical; dangerous; difficile; difficult; effortful; formidable; grievous; hard; heavy; hefty; knotty; labored; laborious; momentous; onerous; operose; powerful; rough; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; taxing; terrible; toilful; toilsome; tough; trying; unyielding; uphill; weighty5. intense (adj.) intense; tempestuous; turbulent; violent6. oppressive (adj.) cruel; extreme; harsh; oppressive; overbearing; tyrannical; unmerciful7. strict (adj.) ascetic; astringent; chaste; mortified; plain; simple; strict; unadorned; unrelieved8. uncompromising (adj.) demanding; exacting; inflexible; relentless; rigid; stern; stiff; unalterable; unbending; uncompromisingАнтонимический ряд:bland; calm; cheerful; clement; comfortable; compassionate; considerate; courteous; easygoing; feeling; flexible; gay; genial; kind; lax; mild; safe; tranquil -
39 hard
A adj1 [consistency, object, surface, skin, muscle, snow, butter, bread, ground, bed, pencil lead] dur ; [paint, wax, mud, glue] dur, durci ; to go ou grow ou become hard durcir ; to set hard [concrete, plaster etc] durcir complètement ; a hard frost une forte gelée ; frozen hard complètement gelé ; ⇒ hard lens ;2 (difficult, complex) [problem, question, puzzle] dur, difficile ; [choice] difficile, dur à faire ; [decision] difficile, dur à prendre ; (arduous, demanding) [task, study, training, climb] dur, difficile ; [bargaining, negotiations, fight] dur, serré ; I've had a hard day j'ai eu une dure journée ; a hard day's work/filming une dure journée de travail/de tournage ; to be hard to open/cut/find/read être dur or difficile à ouvrir/couper/trouver/lire ; it's a hard poem to translate c'est un poème difficile à traduire ; to be hard to please être exigeant ; it's hard to do c'est dur or difficile à faire ; it was hard not to laugh il était dur or difficile de ne pas rire ; his decision was hard for us to understand il était dur or difficile de comprendre sa décision, nous avions du mal à comprendre sa décision ; it is hard for sb to do sth il est difficile à or pour qn de faire qch ; it was hard for us to understand his decision il nous était difficile de comprendre sa décision, nous avions du mal à comprendre sa décision ; it's hard for old people to change their ways il est difficile pour les personnes âgées de changer leurs habitudes ; to find it hard to do sth avoir du mal à faire qch, trouver dur or difficile de faire qch ; to find sth hard to do trouver qch dur or difficile à faire ; it's hard to accept/believe on a du mal à accepter/croire (that que) ; I'm not afraid of hard work le travail ne me fait pas peur ; it was hard work ou going ça a été dur or difficile ; it's hard work doing sth c'est difficile or dur de faire qch ; it was hard work persuading her to sell c'était difficile or dur de la persuader de vendre ; I found the article rather hard going j'ai trouvé l'article plutôt ardu or difficile ; he made hard work of moving the table il a fait tout un plat ○ pour déplacer la table ; hard work never hurt ou killed anybody! le travail n'a jamais fait de mal à personne! ; it's too much like hard work c'est trop fatigant ; to be a hard worker [student, pupil, employee] être travailleur/-euse ; [manual worker] être dur à la tâche ; to do things the hard way se compliquer la tâche ; he got the job the hard way il a beaucoup travaillé pour en arriver là ; to find sth out ou learn sth the hard way apprendre qch à ses dépens ;3 (harsh, unpleasant) [life, childhood, year] difficile ; [blow, knock] fig dur, terrible ; [climate, winter] rude ; he has to learn to take the hard knocks il faut qu'il apprenne à encaisser ○ ; this is a hard world nous vivons dans un monde cruel or sans pitié ; to be hard on sb [person, court] être dur envers qn ; don't be so hard on yourself! ne sois pas si dur avec toi-même! ; this tax is very hard on the unemployed cet impôt frappe durement les chômeurs ; this print is hard on the eyes ces caractères ne ménagent pas la vue ; hard luck ou lines ○ GB! ( sympathetic) pas de chance! ; hard luck ou lines ○ GB ou cheese ○ GB! ( unsympathetic) tant pis pour toi!, manque de pot ○ ! ; to take a hard line adopter une attitude ferme (on sth à propos de qch ; with sb envers qn) ; it's a hard life gen, hum, iron la vie est dure ; it's a hard life being a millionaire iron c'est dur d'être (un) millionnaire ; no hard feelings! sans rancune! ; I bear her no hard feelings je ne lui en veux pas, je ne lui en tiens pas rancune ; these are hard times les temps sont durs ; to fall on hard times connaître des revers de fortune ; he's having a hard time (of it) il traverse une période difficile ; to have a hard time (of it) doing sth avoir du mal à faire qch ; to give sb a hard time ○ ( make things difficult) rendre la vie impossible à qn ; ( tell off) passer un savon ○ à qn ;4 (stern, cold) [person, voice, look, words] dur, sévère ; their hearts are hard ils ont le cœur dur ;5 ( forceful) [shove, push, knock] bon/bonne (before n) ; I gave the door a hard push j'ai poussé fortement la porte ;6 ( concrete) [evidence, proof] solide ; [facts] concret/-ète, solide ; [news] sérieux/-ieuse ; the paper that brings you the hard news le journal qui vous donne des nouvelles sérieuses ; the hard facts about sth la vérité sur qch ;8 ( strong) [drink, liquor] fort ; [drug] dur ; [pornography] hard ; to be a hard drinker boire des alcools forts ; a drop of the hard stuff ○ une goutte d'alcool (fort) ;9 Pol the hard left/right la gauche/droite (pure et) dure ;10 Chem [water] dur, calcaire ;11 Ling [consonant] dur ;B adv1 (strongly, energetically) [push, pull, punch, laugh, cry] fort ; [work] dur ; [study, think] sérieusement ; [rain] fort, à verse ; [snow] abondamment ; [look, listen] attentivement ; to hit sb/sth hard lit frapper qn/qch fort ; fig frapper qn/qch durement ; to be hard hit fig être durement frappé (by par) ; think hard! réfléchissez bien or sérieusement! ; to try hard ( intellectually) faire beaucoup d'efforts ; ( physically) essayer de toutes ses forces ; as hard as one can [run, try, push, pull, work] de toutes ses forces ; no matter how hard I try/work, I… j'ai beau essayer/travailler, je… ; to be hard at it ○ ou at work être en plein boulot ○ or travail ; she works ou drives her students very hard elle fait travailler très dur ses étudiants ; to take sth (very) hard prendre (très) mal qch ;2 ( with directions) turn hard left at the traffic lights aux feux tournez tout de suite à gauche ; go hard astern Naut machine arrière toute ; hard a-port/a-starboard Naut à babord/à tribord toute ;3 ( indicating proximity) hard behind juste derrière ; hard by† sth tout près de qch ; hard (up)on sth juste sur qch ; ⇒ heel.to play hard to get se faire désirer ; to be hard put to do avoir du mal à faire ; to be/feel hard done by être/se sentir brimé. -
40 bitter
bitter ['bɪtə(r)]∎ figurative it's a bitter pill (to swallow) c'est difficile à avaler∎ to be bitter about sth être amer ou plein d'amertume au sujet de qch;(c) (unpleasant → disappointment, experience) amer, cruel; (→ argument, struggle) violent; (→ blow) dur;∎ the bitter truth l'amère vérité f;∎ we fought to the bitter end nous avons lutté jusqu'au bout2 noun(beer) = bière pression relativement amère, à forte teneur en houblonbitter m, amer m; Pharmacy amer m;∎ whisky and bitters = cocktail au whisky et au bitter►► bitter almonds amandes fpl amères;Pharmacy bitter aloes aloès m (médicinal);bitter lemon Schweppes ® m au citron;Botany bitter orange orange f amère
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