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1 δάκρυ
Grammatical information: n.Compounds: παρά- δακρυ plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); many bahuvrihi's in - δακρυς.Derivatives: Demin. δακρύδιον as plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); - δακρυ-όεις `rich in tears' (Il.) on which Risch, Museum Helv. 3 (1946) 255; δακρυώδης `with tears' (of wounds, Hp.); denomin. δακρύω `weep (over)' (Il.) with δάκρῡμα `wept over' (Orac. ap. Hdt. 7, 169), `tear' (A.); hell. *δάκρῠμα to Lat. dacrŭma, lacrĭma, s. Leumann Sprache 1, 206.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [179] *drḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter' \> `tear'Etymology: Old word for `tear'. Arm. artasu-k` pl. (\< *draḱu-, s. below), sg. artawsr (\< *draḱu-r); Germ., e. g. OHG zahar, Goth. tagr (with grammat. change); Celt., e. g. OBret. dacr, OIr. dēr, \< *daḱr(o)-. - Beside it OHG trahan, \< PGm. * trahnu-, \< *draḱnu-. One started from *draḱru- with dissimilation. - The eastern languages have no initial consonants: Skt. áśru-, Av. asrū-, Balt., e. g. Lith. ašarà, Toch. A ākär. "Eine befriedigende Erklärung ist noch nicht gefunden; vielleicht liegt alte Kreuzung mit einem anderen Wort vor." (Frisk) - Kortlandt assumes a compound from *dr̥ḱ-h₂ḱru `eye-bitter', the first element from *derḱ- `to see', the second element being `bitter'. Cf. Pinault FS Beekes 1997, 291-233. - Note Hitt. išḫaḫru- n. `tears'. Kortlandt supposes *skʷ-h₂ḱru (from * sekʷ- `see'). - See W.-Hofmann s. lacrima; further Sapir Lang. 15, 180ff..Page in Frisk: 1,344Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δάκρυ
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2 οὐ
οὐGrammatical information: neg. pcleMeaning: `not'Dialectal forms: Myc. ouqe `and not'Etymology: Uncertain. Pre-Gr. origin is considered by Wackernagel Syntax 2, 257 and Kretschmer Glotta 14, 230. Several IE etymologies have been attempted: Skt. úd, Goth. ūt `from'; lat. au- and haud; Arm. oč` not'. Cowgill Lang. 36, 347 ff. connected the element with αἰών a. cogn., assuming a basis in ne h₂oi̯u kʷid, where *ne was the sentence negative; it lost its meaning to the second element as happened in other languages. The syntagm would also explain Arm. oč' and Alb. s (cf. Kortlandt, Armeniaca, index). S. the synopsis by Schwyzer-Debrunner 591 n. 5 (w. lit.). Not better Carnoy Ant. class. 24, 20 a. Rev. belge de phil. 33,492. -- Hom. οὑ-κί contains as οὔ-τι the IE indef. * kʷi-d (s. τίς; on the phonetics Schwyzer 299); from this through elision οὑκ, with aspiration οὑχ, if not elided from οὑ-χι, like ναί-χι, ἧ-χι a.o. = Skt. hí (in na-hí `because not' a.o.), Av. zi, IE *ǵhi stressing pcle. (WP. 1, 542, Pok. 417f.). -- From οὑδε εἷς arose οὑδείς, young Att., koine οὑθείς `nobody' (on the phonetics Schwyzer 408); in the same way οὑδ-αμοῦ, - αμοῖ, - αμῶς, - αμός, - άμινος to *ἁμός (s.v.), ἅμα. -- On the use of οὑ etc. except Schwyzer-Debrunner 592 f. w. lit. also A. C. Moorhouse Studies in the Greek Negatives, Cardiff 1959 (rev. by Risch IF 66, 312ff., Humbert BSL 56, 82ff., Whatmough ClassPhil. 56, 65). Older lit. also in Bq.Page in Frisk: 2,441-442Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὐ
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3 οὖρος
οὖρος (A), ὁ,A fair wind,ἡμῖν δ' αὖ κατόπισθε νεὸς.. ἴκμενον οὖ. ἵει πλησίστιον Od.11.7
, cf. 15.292, Il.1.479, etc.;νηῦς.., ᾗ λιγὺς οὖ. ἐπιπνείῃσιν ὄπισθεν Od.4.357
;πέμψω δέ τοι οὖ. ὄπισθεν 5.167
; οὖ. ἀπήμονά τε λιαρόν τε ib. 268;πομπαῖος Pi.P.1.34
; πρύμνηθεν οὖ. E.Tr.20;πλευστικός Theoc.13.52
;Διὸς οὖρος Od.5.176
, etc. (rarely of a rough breeze or storm, Il.14.19, A.R.2.900); ἂψ δὲ θεοὶ οὖ. στρέψαν the gods changed the wind again to a fair one, Od.4.520: pl., ib. 360; later, ἀποπέμπειν κατ' οὖρον send down (i. e. with) the wind, speed on its way, Orac. ap. Hdt.4.163: so metaph., ἴτω κατ' οὖρον.. πᾶν τὸ Λαΐου γένος let it be swept before the wind to ruin, A.Th. 690;κατ' οὖρον.. αἴρονται φυγήν Id.Pers. 481
; ταῦτα μὲν ῥείτω κατ' οὖρον let them drift with wind and stream, S.Tr. 468;εὔθυνε δαίμονος οὖρον Pi.O.13.28
; οὖ. ὀφθαλμῶν ἐμῶν αὐτῇ γένοιτ' ἄπωθεν ἑρπούσῃ let a fair wind be with her as she goes from my sight, i.e. let her go as quick as may be, S. Tr. 815; οὖρός [ἐστι] 'tis a fair time, Id.Ph. 855 (lyr.); γένοιτό ( ἐγένετό codd.) (lyr.); οὖ. ἐπέων, ὕμνων, Pi.O. 9.47 (cj. for οἶμον), N.6.29, P.4.3 [pron. full] [ῠ].—Rare in Prose, as X.HG2.3.31, Luc.Tox.7.------------------------------------οὖρος (B), ὁ,A watcher, guardian,οὖρον ἰὼν κατέλειπον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι Od.15.89
;Νέστωρ.., οὖ. Αχαιῶν Il.8.80
, 11.840, 15.370, Od.3.411; οὖ. Αἰακιδᾶν, of Achilles, Pi.I.8(7).60;νήσου A.R.4.1643
;βουκολίων Opp.C.1.375
; cf. ἐπίουρος, οὐρεύς. (I.-E. sorwos 'guardian', found also as second element in πυλωρός (πυλαουρός), θυρωρός, φρουρός (fr. προ-ὁρ (ϝ) ος) , οἰχῶρος ([etym.] οἰκουρός), etc., Avest. pasu(š)-haurva- 'cattle-guarding', epith. of a dog: cogn. with ἐρύω (B), q.v.: also with ὄρομαι ([etym.] ἐπί), cf. Avest. haurvaiti and haraiti 'watches'.)------------------------------------------------------------------------A urus, Bos primigenius, AP6.332 (Hadr.). -
4 αἰγιαλός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sea-shore, beach'; also GN, e. g. the coast of Achaia (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. aikiharijo prob. \/ aigihalio-\/ AJ 134Derivatives: αἰγιάλειος, αἰγιαλεύς are late, hell. ( Αἰγιαλεῖς name of the inhabitants of the coast of Achaia Hdt.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The Myc. form seems to confirm derivation of the second element from ἅλς. To ἅλλομαι, Kretschmer Glotta 27, 28f. with Bechtel Lex. For the first part one compares αἶγες τὰ κύματα. Δωριεῖς H. (and Artem. 2, 12: καὶ γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῃ̃ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν). But αἶγες = κύματα could be just a metaphorical use of αἴξ `goat'. Heubeck IF 68 (1963) 13-21 `heftig [von den Wogen] besprungen'; not very probable. - Pre-Greek acc. to Chantr. Form. 248, which cannot be excluded though Chantraine now calls it `facile' (=?).Page in Frisk: 1,31Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἰγιαλός
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5 αἱμωδέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to be set on edge' = `stumpfe Zähne habend' as caused by sour stuff (Hp.).Derivatives: αἱμώδηςOrigin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The second element will be from ὀδών `tooth' (Szemerényi Syncope 81); further unknown. - Solmsen Wortforsch. 25ff. connects the first part, *αἱ-μος, with Gm. * sai-ra- in Goth. sair, OHG sēr `pain', ON sār `wound'.Page in Frisk: 1,40Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἱμωδέω
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6 ἄλιψ
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: πέτρα H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Fur. 372, 378 compares, beside λίψ πέτρα H., also ἠλίβατος, which in Homer always qualifies πέτρη. Quite possible, but not certain. If αἰγίλιψ (q.v.) also belongs here, its second element is non-IE (as also prob. its first part).Page in Frisk: 1,74Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλιψ
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7 ἄλλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `other' (Il.)..Dialectal forms: Cypr. αἶλος.Compounds: ἀλλοπρόσαλλος `unreliable, fickle' from ἄλλο πρὸς ἄλλον λέγων, Bechtel, Lex. ἀλλοφρονέω `give no heed, be senseless' with a special development of ἄλλο- (improbable Aeol. ἆλλος = ἠλεός, Bechtel Lex. ἀλλοφάσσω `to be delirious' (Hp.) with unclear second element.Derivatives: ἀλλοῖος `of another kind, different' (Hom.), after τοῖος, ποῖος, οἷος. - Several adverbs: ἄλλοθεν, ἀλλαχῃ̃ etc. - From an adverb with - τρ- (cf. Skt. anyá-tra `elsewhere') comes ἀλλότριος `alienus, belonging to another' (Il.).Etymology: ἄλλος \< * al-io- as in Lat. alius, Goth. aljis, OIr. aile `other' (Gaul. Allo-broges), Toch. B alye-k, A ālak (depalatalized), Arm. ayl. Beside *ali̯o- there was *ani̯o- in Skt. anyá- `other'; on their relation Debrunner REIE 3, 1ff. - S. ἀλλά, ἀλλάσσω, ἀλλόδαπος, ἀλλήλους; Schwy 446 n. 8, 614.Page in Frisk: 1,76-77Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλλος
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8 ἄναυρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `torrent' (Mosch.); also river name in Thessaly (Hes. Sc. 477 etc.) and Acarnania.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Kretschmer Glotta 10, 51ff. interpreted the word as "waterless", from the bed dried up in summer; cf. ἄναυρος in EM: ὁ ἐξ ὑετῶν συνιστάμενος ποταμός (s. on χαράδρα). Analysed as ἀν- privativum and a word for `water', which is not attested, but also supposed in ἄγλαυρος (s. v.; further in θησαυρός and Κένταυρος, Kretschmer l. c.). Cf. further the source Αὔρα (Nonnos), the Thrac. river Αὔρας (on which also Brandenstein Archiv Orientální 17, 73f). and Italic (Illyrian?) river names like Metaurus, Pisaurus (Krahe IF 48, 216 A. 5), Isaurus (Lucanus; Pisani Beitr. z. Namenforschung 2, 65ff.). - The second element is compared with Skt. vā́r(i) and in Germ. e.g. ONo. aurr m. if `whet, water' ; Pok. 80f; but Toch. A wär, B wari continues * udr-. - Krahe connects river names like Avara, Avantia (supposed to be cognate with Skt. avatá-, Latv. avuõts etc), Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 49 and 115). - No doubt a non-Greek, quite probably non-IE word. If the connection with Krahe's river names is correct, it is certainly non-IE. The assumption of negative ἀν- is quite improbable (it is due to the desire to make everything as Greek and Indo-European as possible, even when everything points in another direction). - Fur. 230 compares (with the names mentioned) Μέταβος = Μεταπόντιον and the river Μεσσάπιος in Crete (with Pre-Greek labial\/F); interesting is then the river name ῎Ανᾱπος in Acarnania and Sicily. Of course, the fact that these forms have no -r-, makes the comparison very doubtful.Page in Frisk: 1,103-104Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄναυρος
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9 αὐτόματος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `self-acting, spontaneous' (Il.).Etymology: Old formation from αὐτός and the zero grade of the root of μέ-μον-α, μέ-μα-μεν, μέν-ος (s. vv.). - ματος agrees with the second element of Lat. com-mentus, and with Skt. matá-, Lith. miñtas `thought' etc. Cf. Chantr. Form. 303f., Schwyzer 502f..Page in Frisk: 1,191Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὐτόματος
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10 βλασφημέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `speak profanely, evil of, slander' (Arist.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: βλασφημέω and βλασφημία seem older than βλάσφημος. which reminds of ἀνδραγαθία (from ἀνηρ ἀγαθός) etc., cf. Schwyzer 726; the second element seems φήμη, the first is uncertain ( βλάβος, μέλεος etc.). - Cf. the synonymous κερτομέω, λοιδορέω (s. vv.) which also have no etym. - On Mod.Gr. βλαστημῶ CEG 5Page in Frisk: 1,241-242Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βλασφημέω
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11 βούβρωστις
Grammatical information: f.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: The meaning is not quite certain. `Hunger' does not fit too well in Homer, and the ancients interpret οἶστρος `gadfly'. Seems to have an augmentative βου- (Schwyzer 434) like (the synonyms?) βούλιμος, βούπεινα, with a second element to βιβρώσκω; after νῆστις (Risch 35), but as an agent noun (as in ἄμπωτις, s. v.).Page in Frisk: 1,256Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βούβρωστις
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12 ἐγγύς
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `near' (in space and time; Il.).Other forms: Comp. and superl. ἐγγυτέρω, - τάτω (- ύτερον, - ύτατα), also ἔγγιστα, ἔγγιον (see Seiler Steigerungsformen 107ff.); late adj. ἐγγύτερος, - τατος (LXX; Schwyzer 534 n. 5).Derivatives: ἐγγύθι `nearby' (Il.), ἐγγύθεν `from nearby' (Il.); ἐγγύτης f. `nearness' (A. D.); ἐγγύδιον ἔγγιον, πλησίον, προσῆκον H. (after the diminutives in - ύδιον); denomin. ἐγγίζω `come near', tr. `approach' (Arist., hell.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Adverb in -ς as εὑθύς, ἅλις etc. (Schwyzer 620). Because of Lat. comminus one wants to see, with Bezzenberger BB 4, 321 n. 1 (s. also Adontz Mélanges Boisacq 1, 11) in ἐγγύς an old word for `hand', also seen in ἐγγύη, - άω. The first syllable seems the prep. (adv.) ἐν, but further interpretation is uncertain. - Schwyzer 620 n. 3 proposes (hesitantly) the explanation `the hands together' with ἐν from ἕν to Lat. sem-el etc., s. εἷς. Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 47 (to βαίνω as "colui che va innanzi". This may well be correct. The second element will be the neuter = absol. of the root * gʷeu- `to go', "en allant vers, au milieu"; cf. μεσσηγυ De Lamberterie (1990)326-37.Page in Frisk: 1,437Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐγγύς
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13 καλαϊς
καλαί̈ς, - ιδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `hen', as masc. `cock'? (IG 4, 914, 3; 21; Epid.Va).Other forms: only acc. - ιδα.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: - No etymology. Mostly taken from καλεῖν (Meister Sächs. Ber. 1899, 153f., Dittenberger SIG 998). Acc. to Bechtel Dial. 2, 510f. from *καλαϜίς, f. from *καλαϜός, prop. "the one calling"; cf. Skt. uṣā-kala- "who calls early", `cock' (s. ἠϊκανός). Fraenkel Glotta 4, 33f. too connects καλαϊς with καλεῖν, but takes the second element as the zero grade (?) of ἀείδειν; i.e. "call-singer"; almost impossible. However, fom καλέω we cannot get *καλα- (as the root ended in -h₁). - Pagliari Arch. glottol. it. 39, 145ff. identifies καλαϊς `hen' with κάλλαϊς `turquoise' (and with κάλαϊς τὸ ἱστίον H.) and also καλάϊνος, and κάλλαιον. - Fur. 125 n. connects Lat. gallus.Page in Frisk: 1,759-760Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καλαϊς
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14 κόμβος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `roll, band, girth' (Anon. ap. Suid.);Compounds: as 1. member in κομβο-λύτης βαλαντιοτόμος H., κομβο-θηλεία f. `buckle' (sch.; from κόμβος θῆλυς [ θήλεια]); also κομπο-θηλαία `band, girth' (sch.) and κομπο-θήλυκα pl. (Hippiatr.; v. l. for πόρπακας) after κόμπος = `boast'(?).Derivatives: κομβίον = περόνη (Eust., Sch.), κομβώσασθαι στολίσασθαι, κόμβωμα στόλισμα H., κομβώματα = καλλωπίσματα etc. (Suid., H.). Better attested is the hypostasis ἐγκομβόομαι `bind on, draw on' (Epich., hell. Com., 1 Ep. Pet. 5, 5) with ἐγκόμβωμα `protecting upper garment worn by slaves' (Longus, Thd.); further ἀνακομβόομαι `gird oneself' (Gp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Technical word without certain explanation. One compares since Fick 1, 383; 3, 71, Zupitza Die germ. Gutt. 22f. on the one hand some Baltoch-Slavic words for `hang etc.', e. g. Lith. kabìnti `hang on, hook on', kìbti `hang on oneself, hook on', S.-Csl. skoba `fibula', Russ. skobá `iron hook, clamp', on the other Gr. σκαμβός `crooked (legs)', Σκόμβος PN (after Bechtel KZ 44, 358 "the limper"); further the isolated Norw. hempa `Kleiderstrippe, strap, handle' (can hardly be separated from hamp `hemp'). "Das Resultat dieser Vergleiche ist offenbar eine sowohl lautlich wie begrifflich wenig befriedigende Approximation." Frisk - Pok. 918, W.-Hofmann s. cambiō and campus, Vasmer s. skobá. - The IE connections are quite dubious. The forms κομβοθηλεία, κομποθηλαία, κομποθήλυκα clearly show a Pre-Greek word (a confusion of κόμβος with κόμπος is improbable, so the variation β\/π points to a Pre-Greek word; note also the variation - εια, - αια (and - υκα!), which we have seen more often in Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes sub - αι\/- ε(ι)). But does it contain the word κόμβος? The derivation of the second element from θῆλυς is clearly wrong.Page in Frisk: 1,907-908Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόμβος
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15 καλαῦροψ
καλαῦροψ, - οποςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: name of a herder's staff, which was thrown to drive back the cattle to the herd (Ψ 845, Antim., A.R.);Other forms: κολλόροβον (Hipparch. Ptol.; BGU 59.13 written κολλώροβον), = κορύνη H. (which has κολλορόβον); (Fur. 145f.)Derivatives: καλαυρόπιον (Artem.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unclear καλαυρόφις βακτηριοφόρος H. (in wrong place); Fur. 146 n. 18 suggests that it is a mistake for *καλαυροπο-φορίς. - Aeolic compound καλα-Ϝροψ (Schwyzer 224, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 158), of which the second member reminds ῥόπαλον (s. v.), but which is further unexplained. The comparison with Skt. śalá- ` stick' (s. Bq; cf. on κῆλον) or with κλάω, κλάσαι must be forgotten. - A typical Pre-Greek word, which contains a labialized r, i.e. rʷ: * kalarʷap-; the labial element was anticipated in καλαυροπ-, the element coloured the following a into o; in κολλορ- the preceding a was also coloured to o; the first a was assimilated to the following o, ω; the ω was contracted from αυ; compare for the phenomena on ἄλοξ. (The final syllable will have had -ap- as this was the normal form in Pre-Greek and as the language did not have a phoneme o.) Thus the forms show several phenomena typical of Pre-Greek loans.Page in Frisk: 1,762Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καλαῦροψ
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16 γωρυτός
Grammatical information: m. (f.)Meaning: `quiver, which also was a bow-case' (φ 54).Other forms: Hesychius' χωρυτός will be due to ancient etymology, as appears from Ap. Soph. ( παρὰ τὸ... χωρεῖν). γορυτός H. may be just a mistake.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Iran.Etymology: Acc. to Benveniste Mélanges Boisacq 1, 42ff. a Scythian LW [loanword] (cf. on τόξον), containing the old word for `cow' (s. βοῦς), iran. Γω- in Γω-βάρης etc., and an unknown second member, perh. to NPers. rūda `intestine'; B. makes of this `cow-hide' and from there something made of leather, but this is not allowed. Cf. Morgenstierne KZ 61, 29f. As another meaning than `cow- hide' seems hardly possible, the first element is prob. not `cow-'. - Lubotsky suggests to me that it may come from *varūtra- `something that protects' (Skt. varūtar-). v- often becomes g- in later Iranian; the pronunciation may already have resembled g(w)- for the Greeks; - va- \> ō is trivial; note that this etym. explains the long u.Page in Frisk: 1,337Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γωρυτός
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17 κερτομέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `taunt, insult, mock, ridicule' (almost only poetic, Il.).Other forms: aor. (rare) κερτομῆσαι.Derivatives: Also κέρτομος `insulting, slandering' (pöet. Hes. Op. 788) with κερτομίαι pl. `mockery, slander' (Hom.; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 207f.); also with ιο-suffix κερτόμιος `id.' (Hom., S. in lyr.), κερτόμησις (S. Ph. 1236). From ἐπικερτομέω: ἐπικερτόμ-ημα (Demetr.), - ησις (Hdn.) and as back-formation ἐπικέρτομος (Q. S.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Expressive word of unknown origin. Acc. to Prellwitz Wb. s. v. univerbation of κείρειν and τέμνειν (cf. the formations in Schwyzer 645; s. also on λοιδορέω); similar, but in detail unclear, Radermacher Festschrift Kretschmer 149ff. Brugmann IF 15, 97f. assumes *κέρ-στομος `having a mocking mouth' (cf. ἐΰ-στομος) also from κείρειν (s. also Benveniste Origines 68 and on σκερβόλλω). Acc. to others (cf. W.-Hofmann s. carinō) the group of κάρνη was also involved in the formation of the 1. element. Diff. again Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 583. - Whether κέρτομος was the basis of κερτομέω seems doubtful; it was rather a backformation (cf. Risch 181). - Fur. 349 reminds of καρτομιστής χλευαστής H. (`mocker'). The variant vocalism shows Pre-Greek origin. The root has been connected with Lat. carināre, and the words cited under κάρνη. Schrijver, Larr. in Latin, 429 is no doubt right to connect the group σκερβόλλω, - βολέω, κερβόλλουσα `insult, mock, slander', which is again connected with ( σ)κέραφος, σχέραφος. All these words are clearly Pre-Greek (thus also Schrijver). The second elements are unknown; are they compounds? Fur. 349 n. 46 suggest σ comparison with Hitt. kartimmii̯a `be angry', kartimnu `get angry', though the meaning is not exactly the same. (Wrong therefore Perpillou RPh. LXXV (2001)145f.)Page in Frisk: 1,832-833Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κερτομέω
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18 ὀλισθάνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to slide, to slip, to glide' (Att.).Other forms: - αίνω (Arist., hell.), aor. ὀλισθ-εῖν (Il.), - ῆσαι (Hp., hell.), - ῆναι (Nic.), 2. sg. ὤλισθας (epigr. Ia--Ip), fut. ὀλισθήσω (hell.), perf. ὠλίσθηκα (Hp.).Derivatives: 1. Verbal subst.: ὀλίσθ-ημα n. `fall, sprain' (Hp., Pl.), - ησις (also ἀπ-, κατ-, περι-) f. `slipping, spraining' (medic., Plu.); on the meaning-difference between ὀλίσθ-ημα and - ησις Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 138; backformation ὄλισθος m. `lubricity' (Hp., hell.), also name of a slippery fish (Opp.; Strömberg Fischnamen 28). 2. Verbal adj.: ὀλισθ-ηρός `slippery,' (Pi., IA), - ήεις `id.' (AP; poet. formation cf. Schwyzer 527), - ανωτέρα `id.' (nom. f. sg.; Gal,; rather from ὀλισθάνω than with Thumb IF 14, 346 f. from ὄλισθος), ὀλισθός `id.' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 147; prob. first to ὄλισθος w. accentshift), - ητικός `making slippery' (Hp.). -- On its own stands ὀλισθράζω = ὀλισθάνω (Epich., Hp. ap. Gal. 19, 126) as if from *ὄλισθρος, cf. ὀλιβ(ρ)άξαι from ὀλιβρός (s.v.).Etymology: The themat. root-aorist ὀλισθεῖν, from which all other forms derive, direct or indirectly, and whose function as aorist was perh. connected with the rise of the present in - άνω (to which later - αίνω; Schwyzer 748 with Brugmann Grundr.2 II: 3, 365), recalls - δαρθεῖν (: δαρ-θάνω), αἰσθέσθαι (: αἰσθάνομαι) and can like this contain an enlarging IE dh-element with Gr. σθ from dh-dh. As source of σθ however, also IE dh-t can be considered, with βλαστεῖν (: βλαστάνω), ἁμαρτεῖν (: ἁμαρτάνω) as parallel (Schwyzer 703f.). -- Orig.. *ὀλιθ-, with prothet. ὀ- can well be sompared with a verb for `glide, shove' in Germ. and Balt., e.g. OE slīdan (NEngl. slide), MHG slīten, Lith. slýs-ti, pret. slýd-au (with second. y beside slidùs `smooth, slippery'). Here further isolated nouns in Slav. and Celt.: OCS slědъ, Russ. sled m. `trace' (IE * sloidh-o-), NIr. slaod `gliding mass' (formation unclear). Also the not certainly interpreted Skt. srédhati about `stumble, make a mistake' may belong here. When we analyse as sli-dh- (cf. Benveniste Origines 192) also ὀλιβρόν etc. may be connected, s. v. Furher forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 707f., Pok. 960f., Vasmer s. sled, Fraenkel s. slidùs. S. also 1. λοῖσθος.Page in Frisk: 2,377Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀλισθάνω
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19 ὀσφῦς
ὀσφῦς, - ύοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `hips, loin(s)' (IA.).Other forms: Hdn. Gr.; codd. often - ύς.Compounds: As 1. element a.o. in ὀσφυ-αλγής (A.Fr. 361 = 111 M., Hp.) `suffering from a hip-disease (lumbago)' with - έω, - ία (Hp.);Derivatives: Dimin. ὀσφύδιον n. (Theognost.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained; for the formation cf. ἰξύς (Strömberg Wortstud. 67), νηδύς a.o. Mostly, but without serious argument (Benveniste Origines 7), connected with ὀστ-έον assuming diff. second members: φῡ- in ἔ-φυ-ν etc. (Kretschmer KZ 31, 332); to σφυ- in σφυδῶν ἰσχυρός... H. (Persson Beitr. 1, 415 a. 2, 717; doubting). Other, also unconvincing hypotheses in Bq s.v., W.-Hofmann s. os, WP. 1, 175, Pok. 783, Schwyzer 302; also Prellwitz s.v. (to ψόαι (s.v.), ψύαι `loinmuscles'; thus Grošelj Živa Ant. 7, 44). Initial ὀ- prothetic acc. to Meillet BSL 27, 131 (because of the circumflex). - Furnée 375 adduces further φύς = ὀσφύς (AB 1096), with Dorian loss of initial σ- before φ. He also accepts (393) the connection with ψύαι, which is too obvious to be discarded. The word, then, is clearly Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,439Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀσφῦς
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20 ὀφθαλμός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `eye' (Il.).Other forms: Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος.Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. μον-όφθαλμος ( μουν-) `with a single eye, one-eyed' (Hdt., Plb., Str.), ἑτερ-όφθαλμος `bereft of one eye' (D., Arist.); also as 1. member, e.g. ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος `digging out the eyes' (A.).Derivatives: 1. ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον n. dimin. (Ar.); 2. - ία, Ion. - ίη f. `eye-disease' (s. Scheller Oxytonierung 42f.) with - ιάω `suffering from an eye-disease' (IA.), with - ίασις f. (Plu., H.); 3. - ίας m. name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.; because of the fixed glance, Strömberg Fischnamen 42); 4. - ικός `belonging to the eyes', m. `eye-doctor' (Gal., Dsc.); 5. - ηδόν `like eyes' (gloss.). -- 6. Verbs ὀφθαλμίζομαι `to be inoculated' (Thphr.), `to suffer from ὀ-ία' (Plu.); with prep. ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω `to inoculate' (Thphr.), - ίζομαι pass. (Delos) with - ισμός (Thphr.); also - ιάζομαι (Plu.); ἐξ-οφθαλμ-ιάζω `to disregard, to disparage' (pap. IVp); ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω (Pherecyd., Plu.), - ιάω (Plu., pap. IIIp), - έω (pap. IVp) `to ogle, to peep at'.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Understandably the word has been derived from the root ὀπ- `see'. Variants are Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lac. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος. The group κτ: πτ: φθ ("mit altem κτ [but see below], analogischem πτ und expressivem φθ" (Frisk) [Schwyzer 299 bzw. Benveniste Origines 48]?) has been connected with the group kṣ in Skt. ákṣi `eye' Schwyzer 317 w. lit.). With the suppletive n-stem e.g. in gen. akṣ-ṇ-ás the l-stem in ὀφθ-αλ-μός would correspond (Specht 351n.1). "Die lautlichen Einzelheiten sind indessen nicht endgültig und eindeutig aufgeklärt" (Frisk). An IE laibo-velar before consonat became a labial, Lejeune Phonét. $ 42, so Frisks "mit altem κτ" is wrong. The rise of - αλ(λ)- cannot be explained from IE. The repeated attempts, to explain ὀφθαλμός as a compound, are all wrong (to θάλαμος Brugmann, s. Bq and WP. 1, 864). The variation cannot well be explained as IE, nor can the formation of ὀφθαλμός. ὄκταλλος has a Pre-Greek suffix, Beekes FS Kortlandt.; already Devel. 193); it continues a palatalized l (i.e. *ly, which was represented as a geminate). This leads to a PGr. reconstruction *akʷt-aly-(m)- (with *a- = [ο] before the labiovelar). Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which gave ὀκτ-. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant ὀφθ- is unproblematic. In ὀπτίλ(λ)ος apparently the (second) *a became i through the following labialized consonant. The fact that PGr. * akʷ- strongly resembles IE * h₃ekʷ- is a mere coincidence, an accident that may be expected to occur here and there. -- Note the expressive geminate in ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν H. (to Arm. akn? Meillet BSL 26, 15f.; s. also Lejeune Traité de phon. 72 n. 1); this word may well be of IE origin. -- For words derived from the IE root ὀπ- `see', s. ὄμμα, ὄσσε, ὄπωπα; cf. WP. 1, 169ff., Pok. 775ff., W.-Hofmann s. oculus etc.Page in Frisk: 2,452-453Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφθαλμός
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