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1 οὖθαρ
οὖθαρ, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `udder', also metaph. (Il.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [347] *h₁e\/ouHdh-r\/n- `udder'Etymology: Old inherited word for udder, preserved in several languages. The orig. r-n-stem is except in οὖθαρ also seen in Skt. ū́dhar, gen. ū́dhn-as. In Lat. ūber, - eris n. (secondary adj. `richly, fertile') the r-stem was generalized, as in Germ., e.g. MHG ūter, OWNo. jūgr (\< *ǰūdr; with deviating initial, s.b.), Lith. ūdr-óju, -óti `be pregnant', pa-ūdróti `get an ever larger udder' of pregnant swines and dogs. Slav. rebult the word after the many nouns in - men, e.g. SCr. vȉme, Russ. výmja n. The variations in anlaut show old ablaut ē̆udh-, ō̆udh-, ūdh- (diff. on ου in οὖθαρ Pisani KZ 72, 216). Loss of the laryngeal in Greek after -o-?. Root speculations in Szemerényi Glotta 34, 2 72 ff.; see further (esp. on comparable river names) Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 35ff. u. 108f., Kilian ibd. 134 ff. Older and further lit. in Bq, W.-Hofmann s. ūber, WP. 1, 111, Pok. 347, Vasmer s. výmja.Page in Frisk: 2,442-443Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖθαρ
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2 ἀ- (1)
ἀ-Grammatical information: pref.Meaning: privative prefix ( α στερητικόν);Other forms: antevocalic ἀν-.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [757] *n-Etymology: Through the loss of initial consonants (Ϝ-, σ-) the original distribution was disturbed: ἄισος (\< *ἀ-Ϝισος) beside newly made ἄνισος; this led a few times to analogical forms like ἄ-οζος beside original ἄν-οζος. In Myc. aupono \/Ahupnos\/, a proper name, the a- stands before h-; thus class. ἄυπνος. Also before o- the wau was originally retained: ἀόριστος. ἀ(ν)- was in Greek as elsewhere originally limited to verbal adjectives and Bahuvrīhis. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff., Moorhouse Studies Negatives (1959). In other languages e.g. Skt. a(n)-, Lat. in-, Germ., e.g. Goth. un-, PIE *n̥-. The sentence negative was *ne, in Lat. ne-scio, ne-fas etc. (not in νέποδες q.v.). Some formations may be inherited, as ἄν-υδρ-ος = Skt. an-udr-á-, ἄγνωτος = Skt. ájñāta-, Lat. ignotus. If the following word begins with laryngeal + cons., Greek gets νη-, νᾱ-, νω- as in νήγρετος, νωδός \< * n-h₁gr-, * n-h₃d-); these adjectives were again reshaped, as in ἀνώνυμος; Beekes, Lar. Greek. -- Supposed ἀνα- only in ἀνάεδος, ἀνά-ελπτος and ἀνάπνευστος (the last two are analogical, the first may stand for ἀν-εεδν-).Page in Frisk: 1,1Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀ- (1)
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3 ἄναυρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `torrent' (Mosch.); also river name in Thessaly (Hes. Sc. 477 etc.) and Acarnania.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Kretschmer Glotta 10, 51ff. interpreted the word as "waterless", from the bed dried up in summer; cf. ἄναυρος in EM: ὁ ἐξ ὑετῶν συνιστάμενος ποταμός (s. on χαράδρα). Analysed as ἀν- privativum and a word for `water', which is not attested, but also supposed in ἄγλαυρος (s. v.; further in θησαυρός and Κένταυρος, Kretschmer l. c.). Cf. further the source Αὔρα (Nonnos), the Thrac. river Αὔρας (on which also Brandenstein Archiv Orientální 17, 73f). and Italic (Illyrian?) river names like Metaurus, Pisaurus (Krahe IF 48, 216 A. 5), Isaurus (Lucanus; Pisani Beitr. z. Namenforschung 2, 65ff.). - The second element is compared with Skt. vā́r(i) and in Germ. e.g. ONo. aurr m. if `whet, water' ; Pok. 80f; but Toch. A wär, B wari continues * udr-. - Krahe connects river names like Avara, Avantia (supposed to be cognate with Skt. avatá-, Latv. avuõts etc), Beitr. z. Namenforschung 4, 49 and 115). - No doubt a non-Greek, quite probably non-IE word. If the connection with Krahe's river names is correct, it is certainly non-IE. The assumption of negative ἀν- is quite improbable (it is due to the desire to make everything as Greek and Indo-European as possible, even when everything points in another direction). - Fur. 230 compares (with the names mentioned) Μέταβος = Μεταπόντιον and the river Μεσσάπιος in Crete (with Pre-Greek labial\/F); interesting is then the river name ῎Ανᾱπος in Acarnania and Sicily. Of course, the fact that these forms have no -r-, makes the comparison very doubtful.Page in Frisk: 1,103-104Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄναυρος
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