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  • 81 think

    θɪŋk гл.
    1) а) думать, мыслить Syn: cogitate, deliberate, meditate, muse, ponder, reason, reflect, ruminate, speculate б) размышлять, обдумывать (about, of - о ком-л., чем-л.) ;
    в) думать, полагать, считать, иметь( какое-л.) мнение to think fit, think good ≈ счесть возможным, уместным I think no harm in it. ≈ Я не вижу в этом вреда. What do you think of this singer? ≈ Что ты думаешь об этом певце?
    2) а) понимать, представлять себе I can't think how you did it. ≈ Не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали. I cannot think what he means. ≈ Не могу понять, что он хочет сказать. б) ожидать, предполагать в) мечтать, постоянно думать;
    придумывать, находить (of) I cannot think of the right word. ≈ Не могу придумать подходящего слова.
    3) вспоминать, восстанавливать в памяти I think how we were once friends. ≈ Я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили. I can't think of his name. ≈ Не могу припомнить его имени. ∙ think about think again think away think aloud think back think before think fit think for think of think nothing of think on think out think over think through think to think up think upon he thinks he is it разг. ≈ он о себе высокого мнения I think little/nothing of 30 miles a day ≈ делать 30 миль в день для меня сущий пустяк I don't think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) ≈ нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять to think the world of ≈ быть высокого мнения о think better of размышление - to have a long * about smth. как следует поразмыслить о чем-л. мысль;
    мнение думать, размышлять;
    мыслить - to * clearly ясно мыслить - to * aloud думать /размышлять/ вслух - to * (twice) before doing smth. подумать (дважды), прежде чем сделать что-л. - to * hard подумать как следует - to learn to * in English научиться думать по-английски;
    усвоить английский образ мыслей - to * to oneself for a moment задуматься на минутку - I'll * about /of/ it я подумаю об этом - * of what I've told you подумайте над моими словами - don't * of him any more выкиньте его из головы - this has set me *ing это заставило меня задуматься - I did it without *ing я сделал это не подумав - just * a minute! подумай немного! - * again! не торопись, подумай еще! - it's so noisy here I can't * здесь так шумно, я не могу сосредоточиться - the reader will have much to * about читателю будет о чем подумать - he's not so handsome, (when you) come to * of it если подумать - не такой уж он красавец - did you * to bring any money? (а) тебе не пришло в голову взять денег? - I'm glad to * (that) I have been of use to you мне приятно думать, что я был вам чем-то полезен - I've been *ing that... мне пришло в голову, что... - he *s he knows everything он воображает, будто знает все( на свете) - what will people *? что люди подумают? - I no longer knew what to * я не знал, что и (по) думать;
    я терялся в догадках - he says all he *s он говорит все, что думает;
    что он думает, то и говорит думать, иметь в голове - to * black thoughts лелеять черные мысли - to * scorn of smb. (устаревшее) думать с презрением о ком-л.;
    презирать кого-л. - he thought base thoughts в голову ему приходили грязные мысли полагать, считать;
    предполагать - I * it will rain я думаю, что будет дождь - I thought I heard a knock мне показалось, что стучат (в дверь) - do you * you could do it? ты полагаешь, что сможешь это сделать? - then you * that... значит, ты считаешь /думаешь/, что... - it's better, don't you *, to get it over with? как, по-твоему, не лучше ли сразу с этим покончить? - are you coming with us? - I don't * I am вы идете с нами? - Пожалуй, нет - I * with /like/ you я согласен с вами - I rather * so мне так кажется - I don't * so я этого не думаю - I (should) hardly * so не думаю;
    мне это кажется невероятным - thought proper for government publications считавшийся подходящим для правительственных изданий - to * smb. the best contemporary novelist считать кого-л. лучшим современным романистом - I thought her charming я нашел ее очаровательной - I think it possible я это допускаю, я считаю это возможным - do as you * fit поступай, как знаешь /как считаешь нужным/ - they * their teacher a fine man они считают своего учителя прекрасным человеком - to * smb. of little account не ценить кого-л., относиться с пренебрежением к кому-л. - he is conventionally thought to be a romantic thing его обычно считают романтиком иметь (какое-л.) мнение - to * much /well, highly, a great deal/ of smb., smth. быть высокого мнения о ком-л., чем-л.;
    высоко ценить кого-л., что-л. - to * badly of smb., smth. быть дурного мнения о ком-л., чем-л. - to * little /nothing/ of smth. быть дурного мнения о ком-л., чем-л.;
    ни во что не ставить;
    считать пустяком - I * nothing of thirty miles a day делать тридцать миль в день для меня сущий пустяк - to * dirty about smb. (просторечие) плохо думать о ком-л., ни в грош не ставить кого-л. - to * of smb. as one's inferior считать кого-л. ниже себя - he is well thought of он на хорошем счету представлять себе, воображать - to * of smb. as still a boy представлять себе кого-л. все еще мальчиком - * of him not guessing it! а он так и не догадался, вы можете себе представить? - what do you *? (разговорное) и что бы вы думали? - only *!, just * of that!, to * of it! подумать только!;
    представляете? - you can't *! подумайте!;
    вы и представить себе не можете! - I can't * where he is не представляю себе, где он может быть;
    ума не приложу, куда он исчез /пропал/ - I can't bear to * what might happen я боюсь думать о том, что может случиться /произойти/ - * what a sacrifice he has made подумайте, на какие жертвы он пошел - you can't * how surprised he was вы не можете себе представить, до чего он был удивлен воображать, рисовать в (своем) воображении - we * the ocean as a whole океан представляется нам единым целым придумывать, находить - to * a way out of trouble найти выход из трудного положения (of) придумывать, додумываться - to * of a way out of a difficulty найти выход из трудного положения - who first thought of the plan? кому первому пришел в голову этот план? иметь в виду, намереваться;
    замышлять - to * of marrying /to marry/ smb. собираться /намереваться/ жениться на ком-л. - he *s to deceive me он думает /хочет/ обмануть меня - I only thought to help you я хотел только помочь вам - I must be *ing of giong мне пора собираться - I shouldn't /I should never/ * of doing such a thing (эмоционально-усилительно) я бы ни за что не сделал этого ожидать, предполагать, рассчитывать - I didn't * to see you я не ожидал /не рассчитывал/ увидеть вас - who would have thought to meet you here кто бы подумал /кто бы мог предполагать/, что я встречу вас здесь? - they * to escape punishment они рассчитывают, что им удастся избежать наказания - I little thought I would see him again никак не ожидал /вот уж не думал/, что вновь его увижу подозревать, ждать - to * no evil /no harm/ не заподозрить злого умысла, не ждать ничего плохого (for) (устаревшее) подозревать, предполагать - things are worse than you * for дела обстоят хуже, чем вы думаете /полагаете/ вспоминать - to * of old times вспоминать былое - I can't * of his name at the moment я не могу сейчас припомнить его имени - try to * how the accident happened постарайтесь припомнить, как произошел несчастный случай постоянно думать, мечтать - to * airplanes all day long бредить самолетами дни напролет - he *s nothing but sports он ни о чем кроме спорта не думает /не может думать/;
    он помешался на спорте заботиться, беспокоиться - to * only of oneself думать только о себе - you must think of others вы должны подумать и о других;
    не забывайте о других доводить себя раздумьями до какого-л. состояния - I thought myself silly я столько думал, что теперь уже ничего не соображаю /дошел до отупения/ - he thought himself into a fever он настолько переутомил мозг, что заболел /слег/ в грам. знач. прил.: (разговорное) умственный;
    интеллектуальный, философский > to * long (диалектизм) изнывать, томиться > to * fit /good, proper/ to do smth. решиться сделать что-л. (обыкн. какую-л. глупость) > to * better of smth. передумать, переменить мнение о чем-л. > to * better of smb. быть лучшего мнения о ком-л. > to * big (сленг) далеко метить, иметь честолюбивые планы > I don't *! не думаю;
    ничего подобного, что за вздор, что за ерунда;
    (ироничное) нечего сказать, ничего не скажешь, ничего себе > an amiable young man, I don't * приятный молодой человек, нечего сказать > he *s he is it он о себе высокого мнения, он нос задирает to ~ better of быть лучшего мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    he thinks he is it разг. он о себе высокого мнения ~ понимать, представлять себе;
    I can't think how you did it не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can't think of his name не могу припомнить его имени ~ придумывать, находить (of) ;
    I cannot think of the right word не могу придумать подходящего слова I cannot ~ what he means не могу понять, что он хочет сказать think: I don't think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can't think of his name не могу припомнить его имени I ~ little (или nothing) of 30 miles a day делать 30 миль в день для меня сущий пустяк ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда think: I don't think (прибавляется к ирон. утверждению) нечего сказать;
    ни дать ни взять ~ вспоминать;
    I think how we were once friends я вспоминаю о том, как мы когда-то дружили;
    I can't think of his name не могу припомнить его имени ~ (thought) думать, обдумывать (about, of - о ком-л., чем-л.) ;
    мыслить ~ думать ~ ожидать, предполагать;
    I thought as much я так и предполагал ~ понимать, представлять себе;
    I can't think how you did it не могу себе представить, как вы это сделали ~ постоянно думать, мечтать;
    think out продумать до конца;
    think over обсудить, обдумать ~ придумывать, находить (of) ;
    I cannot think of the right word не могу придумать подходящего слова ~ размышлять ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда to ~ better of быть лучшего мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    he thinks he is it разг. он о себе высокого мнения to ~ better of передумать;
    отказаться от намерения( сделать что-л.) ~ считать, полагать;
    to think fit (или good) счесть возможным, уместным;
    I think no harm in it я не вижу в этом вреда ~ up амер. выдумать, сочинить, придумать;
    to think much of быть высокого мнения;
    высоко ценить to ~ well (highly, badly) (of smb.) быть хорошего (высокого, дурного) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    to think no end( of smb.) очень высоко ценить (кого-л.) ~ постоянно думать, мечтать;
    think out продумать до конца;
    think over обсудить, обдумать ~ up амер. выдумать, сочинить, придумать;
    to think much of быть высокого мнения;
    высоко ценить to ~ well (highly, badly) (of smb.) быть хорошего (высокого, дурного) мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    to think no end (of smb.) очень высоко ценить (кого-л.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > think

  • 82 think

    1. [θıŋk] n разг.
    1. размышление

    to have a long think about smth. - как следует поразмыслить о чём-л.

    2. мысль; мнение
    2. [θıŋk] v (thought)
    1. 1) думать, размышлять; мыслить

    to think aloud - думать /размышлять/ вслух

    to think (twice) before doing smth. - подумать (дважды), прежде чем сделать что-л.

    to learn to think in English - а) научиться думать по-английски; б) усвоить английский образ мыслей

    I'll think about /of/ it - я подумаю об этом

    just think a minute! - подумай немного!

    think again! - не торопись, подумай ещё!

    it's so noisy here I can't think - здесь так шумно, я не могу сосредоточиться

    he's not so handsome, (when you) come to think of it - если подумать - не такой уж он красавец

    did you think to bring any money? - (а) тебе не пришло в голову взять денег?

    I'm glad to think (that) I have been of use to you - мне приятно думать, что я был вам чем-то полезен

    I've been thinking that... - мне пришло в голову, что...

    he thinks he knows everything - он воображает, будто знает всё (на свете)

    what will people think? - что люди подумают?

    I no longer knew what to think - я не знал, что и (по)думать; я терялся в догадках

    he says all he thinks - он говорит всё, что думает; что он думает, то и говорит

    2) думать, иметь в голове

    to think scorn of smb. - уст. думать с презрением о ком-л., презирать кого-л.

    2. полагать, считать; предполагать

    I think it will rain - я думаю, что будет дождь

    I thought I heard a knock - мне показалось, что стучат (в дверь)

    do you think you could do it? - ты полагаешь, что сможешь это сделать?

    then you think that... - значит, ты считаешь /думаешь/, что...

    it's better, don't you think, to get it over with? - как по-твоему, не лучше ли сразу с этим покончить?

    are you coming with us? - I don't think I am - вы идёте с нами? - Пожалуй, нет

    I think with /like/ you - я согласен с вами

    I (should) hardly think so - не думаю; ≅ мне это кажется маловероятным

    thought proper for government publications - считавшийся подходящим для правительственных изданий

    to think smb. the best contemporary novelist - считать кого-л. лучшим современным романистом

    I think it possible - я это допускаю, я считаю это возможным

    do as you think fit - поступай, как знаешь /как считаешь нужным/

    they think their teacher a fine man - они считают своего учителя прекрасным человеком

    to think smb. of little account - не ценить кого-л., относиться с пренебрежением к кому-л.

    he is conventionally thought to be a romantic thing - его обычно считают романтиком

    3. иметь (какое-л.) мнение

    to think much /well, highly, a great deal/ of smb., smth. - быть высокого мнения о ком-л., чём-л.; высоко ценить кого-л., что-л.

    to think badly of smb., smth. - быть дурного мнения о ком-л., чём-л.

    to think little /nothing/ of smth. - а) = to think badly of smth.; б) ни во что не ставить; в) считать пустяком; I think nothing of thirty miles a day - делать тридцать миль в день для меня сущий пустяк

    to think dirty about smb. - прост. плохо думать о ком-л., ни в грош не ставить кого-л.

    to think of smb. as one's inferior [superior] - считать кого-л. ниже [выше] себя

    4. 1) представлять себе, воображать

    to think of smb. as still a boy - представлять себе кого-л. всё ещё мальчиком

    think of him not guessing it! - а он так и не догадался, вы можете себе представить?

    what do you think? - разг. и что бы вы думали?

    only think!, just think of that!, to think of it! - подумать только!; представляете?

    you can't think! - подумайте!; вы и представить себе не можете!

    I can't think where he is - не представляю себе, где он может быть; ума не приложу, куда он исчез /пропал/

    I can't bear to think what might happen - я боюсь думать о том, что может случиться /произойти/

    think what a sacrifice he has made - подумайте, на какие жертвы он пошёл

    you can't think how surprised he was - вы не можете себе представить, до чего он был удивлён

    2) воображать, рисовать в (своём) воображении
    5. 1) придумывать, находить
    2) (of) придумывать, додумываться

    who first thought of the plan? - кому первому пришёл в голову этот план?

    6. иметь в виду, намереваться; замышлять

    to think of marrying /to marry/ smb. - собираться /намереваться/ жениться на ком-л.

    he thinks to deceive me - он думает /хочет/ обмануть меня

    I shouldn't /I should never/ think of doing such a thing - эмоц.-усил. я бы ни за что не сделал этого

    7. 1) ожидать, предполагать, рассчитывать

    I didn't think to see you - я не ожидал /не рассчитывал/ увидеть вас

    who would have thought to meet you here - кто бы подумал /кто бы мог предполагать/, что я встречу вас здесь?

    they think to escape punishment - они рассчитывают, что им удастся избежать наказания

    I little thought I would see him again - никак не ожидал /вот уж не думал/, что вновь его увижу

    2) подозревать, ждать

    to think no evil /no harm/ - не заподозрить злого умысла, не ждать ничего плохого

    3) (for) уст. подозревать, предполагать

    things are worse than you think for - дела обстоят хуже, чем вы думаете /полагаете/

    8. вспоминать

    I can't think of his name at the moment - я не могу сейчас припомнить его имени

    try to think how the accident happened - постарайтесь припомнить, как произошёл несчастный случай

    9. постоянно думать, мечтать

    he thinks nothing but sports - он ни о чём кроме спорта не думает /не может думать/; ≅ он помешался на спорте

    10. заботиться, беспокоиться

    you must think of others - вы должны подумать и о других; не забывайте о других

    11. refl доводить себя раздумьями до какого-л. состояния

    I thought myself silly - я столько думал, что теперь уже ничего не соображаю /дошёл до отупения/

    he thought himself into a fever - он настолько переутомил мозг, что заболел /слёг/

    12. в грам. знач. прил. разг. умственный; интеллектуальный, философский

    ♢ to think long - диал. изнывать, томиться

    to think fit /good, proper/ to do smth. - решиться сделать что-л. (обыкн. какую-л. глупость)

    to think better of smth. - передумать, переменить мнение о чём-л.

    to think better of smb. - быть лучшего мнения о ком-л.

    to think big - сл. далеко метить, иметь честолюбивые планы

    I don't think! - а) не думаю; ничего подобного, что за вздор, что за ерунда; б) ирон. нечего сказать, ничего не скажешь, ничего себе; an amiable young man, I don't think - приятный молодой человек, нечего сказать

    he thinks he is it - он о себе высокого мнения, он нос задирает

    НБАРС > think

  • 83 groove

    I n AmE sl II vi AmE sl
    1)
    2)
    III vt AmE sl
    1)

    She grooves exciting experiences — Она буквально балдеет, когда происходит что-то из ряда вон выходящее

    They see the spade cats going with ofay chicks and they don't groove it — Они видят, как чернокожие парни ходят с белыми чувихами, и это им не нравится

    2)

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > groove

  • 84 EXPO '98

       Portugal's world's fair, held from May to October 1998, set in Lisbon. Designed to commemorate and celebrate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's 1498 discovery of an all-water route to India, this was an ambitious undertaking for a small country with a developing economy. The setting of the exposition was remote eastern Lisbon, along the banks of the Tagus estuary. To facilitate logistics, Portugal opened a new Metro station (Oriente) for the Expo and the new Vasco da Gama Bridge, just northeast of the site. More than 10 million visitors, many of them from abroad but a large proportion from Spain and Portugal, arrived at the site by Metro, bus, taxi, or car and were guided by signs in three languages: Portuguese, Spanish, and English. To the dismay of Francophones, the choice of English and Spanish reflected both the nature of the globalization process and Portugal's growing connections with Europe and the wider world.
       The theme of Expo '98 was "The Oceans, Heritage for the Future," and the official mascot-symbol was "Gil," a cartoon characterization of a drop of ocean water, based on the suggestion of schoolchildren from the small town of Barrancos. Somewhat in the spirit of Disney's Mickey Mouse, "Gil" reflected cheeriness, but his message was serious, alerting the public to the fact that the oceans were endangered and fresh drinking water increasingly in short supply for a burgeoning world population. Among the outstanding structures at Expo '98 was the Pavilion of Portugal, designed by Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza Vieira, and the Pavilion of the Oceans or the Oceanarium (which remained open to the public after the exposition closed), which was designed by an American architect.
       Despite the general success of the fair, critics gave mixed reviews to the historic commemoration of the Discoveries facets of the effort. No vessel from Vasco da Gama's 1497-99 famous voyage was reproduced at the fair's dockside exhibit—although there was a 19th-century sailing vessel and a reproduction of one of the vessels from Christopher Columbus's first voyage, constructed by Portuguese in Madeira—nor was there much else on Vasco da Gama in the Pavilion of Portugal. Instead, visitors were impressed with a multimedia show based on knowledge of a Portuguese shipwreck, a 17th-century nau, found by archaeologists in recent years. The sound and light show in this lovely space was magnificent. The most popular exhibits were the Oceanarium and the Utopia Pavilion, where lines could be hours long. Despite the fact that Expo '98 made only a weak effort to attract visitors from outside Europe, the general consensus was that it was a successful enterprise, unique in Portugal's record of historic and contemporary expositions since 1940.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > EXPO '98

  • 85 Great Britain

    (England before 1707)
       Next to Spain, the country with which Portugal has had the closest diplomatic, political, and economic relations into contemporary times and during much of its history as a nation. Today, the two countries retain the formal bonds of the world's oldest diplomatic alliance. Whatever the diplomatic ups and downs of the alliance, Britain and Portugal increasingly linked their economies, starting with the Methuen Treaty ( 1703) in the early 18th century. "English woolens for Portuguese wines" was the essence of this trade arrangement, but many other products were traded between these two peoples with quite different religious and cultural features. Among economic links, now traditional, are those in banking and finance, manufacturing, agriculture, and trade.
       Portugal joined Britain in several international economic organizations well before Portugal entered the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the European Union (EU), in 1986, among these the European Free Trade Association (in 1959), the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Tourism, too, has long been a key connection. Ever since the 1700s, privileged tourists have enjoyed the sun and citrus fruits of Portugal and Madeira for their health. Another significant link is that Britons comprise one of the largest foreign communities in Portugal. Tourism and foreign communities have increased considerably since the early 1960s, when cheap airfares began. Among EU members, Britain remains one of Portugal's largest foreign investors.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Great Britain

  • 86 rank

    rank [ræŋk]
    1 noun
    (a) (grade) rang m, grade m;
    ∎ promoted to the rank of colonel promu (au rang de ou au grade de) colonel;
    ∎ the rank of manager le titre de directeur;
    ∎ to pull rank faire valoir sa supériorité hiérarchique;
    ∎ I don't want to have to pull rank on you je ne veux pas avoir à user de mon autorité sur vous
    (b) (quality) rang m;
    ∎ we have very few players in the first or top rank nous avons très peu de joueurs de premier ordre
    (c) (social class) rang m, condition f (sociale);
    ∎ the lower ranks of society les couches inférieures de la société
    (d) (row, line) rang m, rangée f; (on chessboard) rangée f;
    ∎ a double rank of policemen une double rangée de policiers;
    ∎ to break ranks Military rompre les rangs; figurative se désolidariser;
    ∎ Military & figurative to close ranks serrer les rangs;
    ∎ Military close ranks! serrez!
    ∎ (taxi) rank station f (de taxis)
    (g) Finance (of debt, mortgage) rang m
    (a) (rate) classer;
    ∎ she is ranked among the best contemporary writers elle est classée parmi les meilleurs écrivains contemporains;
    ∎ I rank this as one of our finest performances je considère que c'est une de nos meilleures représentations;
    ∎ he is ranked number 3 il est classé numéro 3
    (b) (arrange) ranger
    (c) American (outrank → in army) avoir un grade supérieur à; (→ in office, organization etc) être le supérieur de;
    ∎ a general ranks a captain un général est au-dessus d'un capitaine
    (a) (rate) figurer;
    ∎ to rank above sb être le supérieur de ou occuper un rang supérieur à qn;
    ∎ to rank below sb occuper un rang inférieur à qn;
    ∎ to rank equally (with sb) être au même niveau (que qn);
    ∎ it ranks high/low on our list of priorities c'est/ce n'est pas une de nos priorités;
    ∎ he hardly ranks as an expert on ne peut guère le qualifier d'expert;
    ∎ Chess a castle ranks above a bishop la tour est plus forte que le fou
    (b) Finance (creditor, claimant)
    ∎ to rank before/after sb prendre rang ou passer avant/après qn;
    ∎ to rank equally (with sb) prendre ou avoir le même rang (que qn)
    ∎ to rank after sth être primé par qch;
    ∎ to rank before sth avoir la priorité sur qch
    (d) American Military être officier supérieur;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't rank ce n'est pas quelqu'un d'important
    (a) (as intensifier) complet(ète), véritable;
    ∎ it's a rank injustice c'est une injustice flagrante;
    ∎ he is a rank outsider in this competition il fait figure d'outsider dans cette compétition
    (b) (foul-smelling) infect, fétide; (rancid) rance;
    ∎ to smell rank sentir fort;
    ∎ his shirt was rank with sweat sa chemise empestait la sueur
    ∎ his last film was totally rank! son dernier film était complètement merdique!
    (d) (coarse → person, language) grossier
    (e) literary (profuse → vegetation) luxuriant; (→ weeds) prolifique
    (a) (members) rangs mpl;
    ∎ to join the ranks of the opposition/unemployed rejoindre les rangs de l'opposition/des chômeurs
    ∎ the ranks, other ranks les hommes mpl du rang;
    ∎ to have served in the ranks avoir servi comme simple soldat;
    ∎ to come up through or to rise from the ranks sortir du rang;
    ∎ to reduce an officer to the ranks dégrader un officier
    ∎ to rank on sb agonir qn d'injures□, traiter qn de tous les noms

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > rank

  • 87 Adams, William Bridges

    [br]
    b. 1797 Madeley, Staffordshire, England
    d. 23 July 1872 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    [br]
    English inventory particularly of road and rail vehicles and their equipment.
    [br]
    Ill health forced Adams to live abroad when he was a young man and when he returned to England in the early 1830s he became a partner in his father's firm of coachbuilders. Coaches during that period were steered by a centrally pivoted front axle, which meant that the front wheels had to swing beneath the body and were therefore made smaller than the rear wheels. Adams considered this design defective and invented equirotal coaches, built by his firm, in which the front and rear wheels were of equal diameter and the coach body was articulated midway along its length so that the front part pivoted. He also applied himself to improving vehicles for railways, which were developing rapidly then.
    In 1843 he opened his own engineering works, Fairfield Works in north London (he was not related to his contemporary William Adams, who was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the North London Railway in 1854). In 1847 he and James Samuel, Engineer to the Eastern Counties Railway, built for that line a small steam inspection car, the Express, which was light enough to be lifted off the track. The following year Adams built a broad-gauge steam railcar, the Fairfield, for the Bristol \& Exeter Railway at the insistance of the line's Engineer, C.H.Gregory: self-propelled and passenger-carrying, this was the first railcar. Adams developed the concept further into a light locomotive that could haul two or three separate carriages, and light locomotives built both by his own firm and by other noted builders came into vogue for a decade or more.
    In 1847 Adams also built eight-wheeled coaches for the Eastern Counties Railway that were larger and more spacious than most others of the day: each in effect comprised two four-wheeled coaches articulated together, with wheels that were allowed limited side-play. He also realized the necessity for improvements to railway track, the weakest point of which was the joints between the rails, whose adjoining ends were normally held in common chairs. Adams invented the fishplated joint, first used by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849 and subsequently used almost universally.
    Adams was a prolific inventor. Most important of his later inventions was the radial axle, which was first applied to the leading and trailing wheels of a 2–4–2 tank engine, the White Raven, built in 1863; Adams's radial axle was the forerunner of all later radial axles. However, the sprung tyres with which White Raven was also fitted (an elastic steel hoop was interposed between wheel centre and tyre) were not perpetuated. His inventiveness was not restricted to engineering: in matters of dress, his adoption, perhaps invention, of the turn-down collar at a time when men conventionally wore standup collars had lasting effect.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Adams took out some thirty five British patents, including one for the fishplate in 1847. He wrote copiously, as journalist and author: his most important book was English Pleasure Carriages (1837), a detailed description of coachbuilding, together with ideas for railway vehicles and track. The 1971 reprint (Bath: Adams \& Dart) has a biographical introduction by Jack Simmons.
    Further Reading
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 1. See also England, George.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Adams, William Bridges

  • 88 Boulle, André-Charles

    [br]
    b. 11 November 1642 Paris, France
    d. 29 February 1732 Paris, France
    [br]
    French cabinet-maker noted for his elaborate designs and high-quality technique in marquetry using brass and tortoiseshell.
    [br]
    As with the Renaissance artists and architects of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century Italy, Boulle worked as a young man in varied media, as a painter, engraver and metalworker an in mosaic techniques. It was in the 1660s that he turned more specifically to furniture and in the following decade, under the patronage of Louis XIV, that he became a leading ébéniste or cabinet-maker, In 1672 the King's Controller-General, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, recommended Boulle as an outstanding cabinet-maker and he was appointed ébéniste du roi. From then he spent the rest of his life working in the royal palaces, notably the Louvre and Versailles, and also carried out commissions for the French aristocracy and from abroad, particularly Spain and Germany.
    Before the advent of Boulle, the quality furniture made for the French court and aristocracy had come from foreign craftsmen, particularly Domenico Cucci of Italy and Pierre Colle of the Low Countries. Boulle made his name as their equal in his development of new forms of furniture such as his bureaux and commodes, the immense variety of his designs and their architectural quality, the beauty of his sculptural, gilded mounts, and the development of his elaborate marquetry. He was a leading exponent of the contemporary styles, which meant the elaborately rich baroque forms in the time of Louis XIV and the more delicate rococo elegance in that of Louis XV. The technique to which Boulle gave his name (sometimes referred to in its German spelling of Bühl) incorporated a rich variety of veneering materials into his designs: in particular, he used tortoiseshell and brass with ebony. Even greater richness was created with the introduction of an engraved design upon the brass surfaces. Further delicate elaboration derived from the use of paired panels of decoration to be used in reverse form in one piece, or two matching pieces, of furniture. In one panel, designated as première partie, the marquetry took the form of brass upon tortoiseshell, while in the other (contre-partie) the tortoiseshell was set into the brass background.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Fleming and H.Honour, 1977, The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts: Allen Lane, pp. 107–9.
    1982, The History of Furniture: Orbis (contains many references to Boulle).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Boulle, André-Charles

  • 89 Burgi, Jost

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 28 February 1552 Lichtensteig, Switzerland
    d. 31 January 1632 Kassel, Germany
    [br]
    Swiss clockmaker and mathematician who invented the remontoire and the cross-beat escapement, also responsible for the use of exponential notation and the calculation of tables of anti-logarithms.
    [br]
    Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.
    On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.
    At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.
    Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Ennobled 1611.
    Bibliography
    Burgi only published one book, and that was concerned with mathematics.
    Further Reading
    L.von Mackensen, 1979, Die erste Sternwarte Europas mit ihren Instrumenten and Uhren—400 Jahre Jost Burgi in Kassel, Munich.
    K.Maurice and O.Mayr (eds), 1980, The Clockwork Universe, Washington, DC, pp. 87– 102.
    H.A.Lloyd, 1958, Some Outstanding Clocks Over 700 Years, 1250–1950, London. E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.
    See also: Briggs, Henry
    KF / DV

    Biographical history of technology > Burgi, Jost

  • 90 Byron, Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1815 Piccadilly Terrace, London, England
    d. 23 November 1852 East Horsley, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English mathematician, active in the early development of the calculating machine.
    [br]
    Educated by a number of governesses in a number of houses from Yorkshire to Ealing, she was the daughter of a hypochondriac mother and her absent, separated, husband, the poet George Gordon, Lord Byron. As a child a mysterious and undiagnosed illness deprived her "of the use of her limbs" and she was "obliged to use crutches". The complaint was probably psychosomatic as it cleared up when she was 17 and was about to attend her first court ball. On 8 July 1835 she was married to William King, 1st Earl of Lovelace. She later bore two sons and a daughter. She was an avid student of science and in particular mathematics, in the course of which Charles Babbage encouraged her. In 1840 Babbage was invited to Turin to present a paper on his analytical engine. In the audience was a young Italian military engineer, L.F.Menabrea, who was later to become a general in Garibaldi's army. The paper was written in French and published in 1842 in the Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève. This text was translated into English and published with extensive annotations by the Countess of Lovelace, appearing in Taylor's Scientific Memoirs. The Countess thoroughly understood and appreciated Babbage's machine and the clarity of her description was so great that it is undoubtedly the best contemporary account of the engine: even Babbage recognized the Countess's description as superior to his own. Ada often visited Babbage in his workshop and listened to his explanations of the structure and use of his engines. She shared with her husband a love of horse-racing and, with Babbage, tried to develop a system for backing horses. Babbage and the Earl apparently stopped their efforts in time, but the Countess lost so heavily that she had to pawn all her family jewels. Her losses at the 1851 Derby alone amounted to £3,200, while borrow-ing a further £1,800 from her husband. This situation involved her in being blackmailed. She became an opium addict due to persistent pain from gastritis, intermittent anorexia and paroxys-mal tachycardia. Charles Babbage was always a great comfort to her, not only for their shared mathematical interests but also as a friend helping in all manner of small services such as taking her dead parrot to the taxidermist. She died after a protracted illness, thought to be cancer, at East Horsley Towers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.Langley Moore, 1977, Ada, Countess of Lovelace: Byron's Legitimate Daughter, John Murray.
    P.Morrison and E.Morrison, 1961, Charles Babbage and His Calculating Engine, Dover Publications.

    Biographical history of technology > Byron, Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace

  • 91 Crampton, Thomas Russell

    [br]
    b. 6 August 1816 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    d. 19 April 1888 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of submarine electric telegraphy and inventor of the Crampton locomotive.
    [br]
    After private education and an engineering apprenticeship, Crampton worked under Marc Brunel, Daniel Gooch and the Rennie brothers before setting up as a civil engineer in 1848. His developing ideas on locomotive design were expressed through a series of five patents taken out between 1842 and 1849, each making a multiplicity of claims. The most typical feature of the Crampton locomotive, however, was a single pair of driving wheels set to the rear of the firebox. This meant they could be of large diameter, while the centre of gravity of the locomotive remained low, for the boiler barrel, though large, had only small carrying-wheels beneath it. The cylinders were approximately midway along the boiler and were outside the frames, as was the valve gear. The result was a steady-riding locomotive which neither pitched about a central driving axle nor hunted from side to side, as did other contemporary locomotives, and its working parts were unusually accessible for maintenance. However, adhesive weight was limited and the long wheelbase tended to damage track. Locomotives of this type were soon superseded on British railways, although they lasted much longer in Germany and France. Locomotives built to the later patents incorporated a long, coupled wheelbase with drive through an intermediate crankshaft, but they mostly had only short lives. In 1851 Crampton, with associates, laid the first successful submarine electric telegraph cable. The previous year the brothers Jacob and John Brett had laid a cable, comprising a copper wire insulated with gutta-percha, beneath the English Channel from Dover to Cap Gris Nez: signals were passed but within a few hours the cable failed. Crampton joined the Bretts' company, put up half the capital needed for another attempt, and designed a much stronger cable. Four gutta-percha-insulated copper wires were twisted together, surrounded by tarred hemp and armoured by galvanized iron wires; this cable was successful.
    Crampton was also active in railway civil engineering and in water and gas engineering, and c. 1882 he invented a hydraulic tunnel-boring machine intended for a Channel tunnel.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Officier de la Légion d'Honneur (France).
    Bibliography
    1842, British patent no. 9,261.
    1845. British patent no. 10,854.
    1846. British patent no. 11,349.
    1847. British patent no. 11,760.
    1849, British patent no. 12,627.
    1885, British patent no. 14,021.
    Further Reading
    M.Sharman, 1933, The Crampton Locomotive, Swindon: M.Sharman; P.C.Dewhurst, 1956–7, "The Crampton locomotive", Parts I and II, Transactions of the Newcomen Society 30:99 (the most important recent publications on Crampton's locomotives).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allen. J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, 102–4.
    R.B.Matkin, 1979, "Thomas Crampton: Man of Kent", Industrial Past 6 (2).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Crampton, Thomas Russell

  • 92 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany
    d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of printing with movable type.
    [br]
    Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.
    Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.
    In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.
    Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.
    Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.
    S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

  • 93 Hornblower, Jonathan

    [br]
    b. 1753 Cornwall (?), England
    d. 1815 Penryn, Cornwall, England
    [br]
    English mining engineer who patented an early form of compound steam engine.
    [br]
    Jonathan came from a family with an engineering tradition: his grandfather Joseph had worked under Thomas Newcomen. Jonathan was the sixth child in a family of thirteen whose names all began with "J". In 1781 he was living at Penryn, Cornwall and described himself as a plumber, brazier and engineer. As early as 1776, when he wished to amuse himself by making a small st-eam engine, he wanted to make something new and wondered if the steam would perform more than one operation in an engine. This was the foundation for his compound engine. He worked on engines in Cornwall, and in 1778 was Engineer at the Ting Tang mine where he helped Boulton \& Watt erect one of their engines. He was granted a patent in 1781 and in that year tried a large-scale experiment by connecting together two engines at Wheal Maid. Very soon John Winwood, a partner in a firm of iron founders at Bristol, acquired a share in the patent, and in 1782 an engine was erected in a colliery at Radstock, Somerset. This was probably not very successful, but a second was erected in the same area. Hornblower claimed greater economy from his engines, but steam pressures at that time were not high enough to produce really efficient compound engines. Between 1790 and 1794 ten engines with his two-cylinder arrangement were erected in Cornwall, and this threatened Boulton \& Watt's near monopoly. At first the steam was condensed by a surface condenser in the bottom of the second, larger cylinder, but this did not prove very successful and later a water jet was used. Although Boulton \& Watt proceeded against the owners of these engines for infringement of their patent, they did not take Jonathan Hornblower to court. He tried a method of packing the piston rod by a steam gland in 1781 and his work as an engineer must have been quite successful, for he left a considerable fortune on his death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1781, British patent no. 1,298 (compound steam engine).
    Further Reading
    R.Jenkins, 1979–80, "Jonathan Hornblower and the compound engine", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 11.
    J.Tann, 1979–80, "Mr Hornblower and his crew, steam engine pirates in the late 18th century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 51.
    J.Farey, 1827, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Historical, Practical and Descriptive, reprinted 1971, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (an almost contemporary account of the compound engine).
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermo dynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Hornblower, Jonathan

  • 94 Levavasseur, Léon

    [br]
    b. 8 January 1863 Cherbourg, France
    d. 26 February 1922 Puteaux, France
    [br]
    French designer of Antoinette aeroplanes and engines.
    [br]
    Léon Levavasseur was an artist who became an electrical engineer and in 1902 Technical Director of a firm called Société Antoinette, headed by Jules Gastambide (Antoinette being the name of Gastambide's daughter). Levavasseur's first aeroplane, built in 1903, was a bird-like machine which did not fly. The engine showed promise, however, and Levavasseur developed it for use in motor boats from 1904. In 1906 he produced two Antoinette aero-engines, one of 24 hp (18 kW) and the other 50 hp (37 kW), which were used by Alberto Santos-Dumont and several other early designers. In February 1908 Levavasseur produced a tractor (propeller at the front) monoplane, the Gastambide- Mengin I, for two of his colleagues. Flown by a mechanic, this managed several short hops before it crash-landed. It was rebuilt and improved to become the Antoinette II and later in the year became the first monoplane to complete a circular flight. Levavasseur then went on to produce a series of Antoinette monoplanes which, with the monoplanes of Louis Blériot, challenged the pusher biplanes of Voisin and Farman. The rivalry between the Antoinettes and Blériots made headlines in 1909 when they were being prepared to win the Daily Mail prize for the first flight across the English Channel. Hubert Latham took off in his Antoinette on 19 July 1909, but his engine failed and he had to be rescued from the sea. On 25 July Louis Blériot took off in his Blériot No. XI and won both the prize and worldwide acclaim. In 1911 Latham flew his Antoinette across the Golden Gate at San Francisco. The same year Levavasseur built a revolutionary streamlined three-seater monoplane with cantilever wings (no wire bracing), but this Monobloc Antoinette failed; with it the line of Antoinettes came to an end.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (provides details of the Antoinette monoplanes).
    F.Peyrey, 1909, Les Oiseaux artificiels, Paris (a contemporary account of the early machines).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Levavasseur, Léon

  • 95 Lubetkin, Berthold

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1901 Tiflis, Georgia
    d. 23 October 1990 Bristol, England
    [br]
    Soviet émigré architect who, through the firm of Tecton, wins influential in introducing architecture of the modern international style into England.
    [br]
    Lubetkin studied in Moscow, where in the years immediately after 1917 he met Vesnin and Rodchenko and absorbed the contemporary Constructivist ideas. He then moved on to Paris and worked with Auguste Perret, coming in on the ground floor of the modern movement. He went to England in 1930 and two years later formed the Tecton group, leading six young architects who had newly graduated from the Architectural Association in London. Lubetkin's early commissions in England were for animals rather than humans. He designed the gorilla house (1932) at the Regent's Park Zoological Gardens, after which came his award-winning Penguin Pool there, a sculptural blend of curved planes in reinforced concrete. He also worked at Whipsnade and at Dudley Zoo. The name of Tecton had quickly became synonymous with modern methods of design and structure, particularly the use of reinforced concrete; such work was not common in the 1930s in Britain. In 1938–9 the firm was responsible for another pace-setting design, the Finsbury Health Centre in London. Tecton was disbanded during the Second World War, and although it was reformed in the late 1940s it did not recover its initiative in leading the field of modern work. Lubetkin lived on to be an old man but his post-war career did not fulfil his earlier promise and brilliance. He was appointed Architect-Planner of the Peterlee New Town in 1948, but he resigned after a few years and no other notable commissions materialized. In 1982 the Royal Institute of British Architects belatedly remembered him with the award of their Gold Medal.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Gold Medal 1982.
    Further Reading
    John Allan, 1992, Architecture and the Tradition of Progress, RIBA publications. R.Furneaux Jordan, 1955, "Lubetkin", Architectural Review 36–44.
    P.Coe and M.Reading, 1981, Lubetkin and Tecton, University of Bristol Arts Council.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Lubetkin, Berthold

  • 96 contemporaneous

    kənˌtempəˈreɪnjəs прил.
    1) а) современный (относящийся к одному времени, к одной эпохе с кем-л., чем-л.) ;
    происходящий в одно время, одновременный( with) Syn: contemporary, modern б) той же продолжительности, длительности
    2) а) возникший в одно время (напр., в одну историческую или геологическую эпоху) б) одного возраста современный - * styles in women's clothing современные фасоны дамской одежды (часто with) одновременный - * events события, происшедшие одновременно contemporaneous одновременный ~ современный

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > contemporaneous

  • 97 Fellow

    1. noun
    1) usu. in pl. (comrade) Kamerad, der
    2) usu. in pl. (equal) Gleichgestellte, der/die
    3) (Brit. Univ.) Fellow, der; (member of academy or society) Fellow, der; Mitglied, das
    4) (coll.): (man, boy) Bursche, der (ugs.); Kerl, der (ugs.)

    well, young fellow — nun, junger Mann

    old or dear fellow — alter Junge od. Knabe (ugs.)

    2. attributive adjective

    fellow worker — Kollege, der/Kollegin, die

    fellow man or human being — Mitmensch, der

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse, der/-genossin, die

    my fellow teachers/workers — etc. meine Lehrer-/Arbeitskollegen usw.

    fellow student — Kommilitone, der/Kommilitonin, die

    * * *
    ['feləu] 1. noun
    1) (a man: He's quite a nice fellow but I don't like him.) der Kerl
    2) ((often as part of a word) a companion and equal: She is playing with her schoolfellows.) der Gefährte/die Gefährtin
    3) (a member of certain academic societies; a member of the governing body or teaching staff of a college.)
    2. adjective
    (belonging to the same group, country etc: a fellow student; a fellow music-lover.) Mit-...
    - fellowship
    - fellow-feeling
    * * *
    fel·low
    [ˈfeləʊ, AM -oʊ]
    I. n
    1. ( fam: man) Kerl m fam
    he's not the sort of \fellow who makes friends easily er ist nicht der Typ, der sich leicht mit jdm anfreundet
    old \fellow esp BRIT ( dated) alter Knabe fam
    2. ( fam: boyfriend) Freund m, Typ m
    3. BRIT (scholar) Fellow m, Mitglied nt eines College
    4. (award-holder) Fellow m, Preisträger m SCHWEIZ
    research \fellow Forschungsstipendiat(in) m(f)
    5. (expert) Fellow m, Mitglied nt
    6. usu pl (colleague) Kollege, Kollegin m, f
    7. usu pl (contemporary) Zeitgenosse, -genossin m, f, Mitmensch m
    II. adj attr, inv
    \fellow being/citizen Mitmensch m/Mitbürger(in) m(f)
    \fellow countryman Landsmann m, Landsmännin f
    \fellow countrymen Landsleute pl
    \fellow student Kommilitone, Kommilitonin m, f
    \fellow sufferer Leidensgenosse, -genossin m, f
    \fellow worker Arbeitskollege, -kollegin m, f
    * * *
    I ['feləʊ]
    n
    1) Mann m, Kerl m (usu pej), Typ m (inf); (inf, = boyfriend) Freund m, Typ m (inf)

    a nice/friendly fellow — ein netter/freundlicher Kerl

    a clever fellow — ein gescheiter Bursche, ein cleverer Typ (inf)

    listen to me, fellow ( US inf ) — hör mal her, Mann (inf)

    look here, old fellow — hör mal her, alter Junge (inf)

    this journalist fellow —

    this fellow here — dieser Herr, dieser Typ (inf); (rude) dieser Kerl hier

    I'm not the sort of fellow who... — ich bin nicht der Typ, der...

    a fellow needs a bit of rest sometimes (inf) — man braucht doch auch mal 'ne Pause (inf)

    2) (= comrade) Kamerad m, Kumpel m (inf); (= colleague) Kollege m, Kollegin f
    3) (UNIV) Fellow m → research fellow
    See:
    → research fellow
    4) (of a society) Mitglied nt
    5) (of things = one of a pair) Gegenstück nt
    II
    pref

    our fellow bankers/doctors — unsere Kollegen pl (im Bankwesen/in der Ärzteschaft), unsere Berufskollegen pl

    our fellow guests — die anderen Gäste

    fellow member (in club) — Klubkamerad(in) m(f); (in party) Parteigenosse m/-genossin f

    fellow student — Kommilitone m, Kommilitonin f

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse m/-genossin f

    fellow worker — Kollege m, Kollegin f, Mitarbeiter(in) m(f)

    "fellow Americans..." — "meine lieben amerikanischen Mitbürger..."

    * * *
    F. abk
    2. ELEK farad
    S. abk
    2. Saint Hl.
    3. Saturday Sa.
    7. Society Ges.
    8. Socius, Fellow
    9. south S
    10. southern südl.
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) usu. in pl. (comrade) Kamerad, der
    2) usu. in pl. (equal) Gleichgestellte, der/die
    3) (Brit. Univ.) Fellow, der; (member of academy or society) Fellow, der; Mitglied, das
    4) (coll.): (man, boy) Bursche, der (ugs.); Kerl, der (ugs.)

    well, young fellow — nun, junger Mann

    old or dear fellow — alter Junge od. Knabe (ugs.)

    2. attributive adjective

    fellow worker — Kollege, der/Kollegin, die

    fellow man or human being — Mitmensch, der

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse, der/-genossin, die

    my fellow teachers/workers — etc. meine Lehrer-/Arbeitskollegen usw.

    fellow student — Kommilitone, der/Kommilitonin, die

    * * *
    n.
    Bursche -n m.
    Gefährte -n m.
    Kamerad -en m.
    Kerl -e m.
    Mannsbild n.

    English-german dictionary > Fellow

  • 98 fellow

    1. noun
    1) usu. in pl. (comrade) Kamerad, der
    2) usu. in pl. (equal) Gleichgestellte, der/die
    3) (Brit. Univ.) Fellow, der; (member of academy or society) Fellow, der; Mitglied, das
    4) (coll.): (man, boy) Bursche, der (ugs.); Kerl, der (ugs.)

    well, young fellow — nun, junger Mann

    old or dear fellow — alter Junge od. Knabe (ugs.)

    2. attributive adjective

    fellow worker — Kollege, der/Kollegin, die

    fellow man or human being — Mitmensch, der

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse, der/-genossin, die

    my fellow teachers/workers — etc. meine Lehrer-/Arbeitskollegen usw.

    fellow student — Kommilitone, der/Kommilitonin, die

    * * *
    ['feləu] 1. noun
    1) (a man: He's quite a nice fellow but I don't like him.) der Kerl
    2) ((often as part of a word) a companion and equal: She is playing with her schoolfellows.) der Gefährte/die Gefährtin
    3) (a member of certain academic societies; a member of the governing body or teaching staff of a college.)
    2. adjective
    (belonging to the same group, country etc: a fellow student; a fellow music-lover.) Mit-...
    - fellowship
    - fellow-feeling
    * * *
    fel·low
    [ˈfeləʊ, AM -oʊ]
    I. n
    1. ( fam: man) Kerl m fam
    he's not the sort of \fellow who makes friends easily er ist nicht der Typ, der sich leicht mit jdm anfreundet
    old \fellow esp BRIT ( dated) alter Knabe fam
    2. ( fam: boyfriend) Freund m, Typ m
    3. BRIT (scholar) Fellow m, Mitglied nt eines College
    4. (award-holder) Fellow m, Preisträger m SCHWEIZ
    research \fellow Forschungsstipendiat(in) m(f)
    5. (expert) Fellow m, Mitglied nt
    6. usu pl (colleague) Kollege, Kollegin m, f
    7. usu pl (contemporary) Zeitgenosse, -genossin m, f, Mitmensch m
    II. adj attr, inv
    \fellow being/citizen Mitmensch m/Mitbürger(in) m(f)
    \fellow countryman Landsmann m, Landsmännin f
    \fellow countrymen Landsleute pl
    \fellow student Kommilitone, Kommilitonin m, f
    \fellow sufferer Leidensgenosse, -genossin m, f
    \fellow worker Arbeitskollege, -kollegin m, f
    * * *
    I ['feləʊ]
    n
    1) Mann m, Kerl m (usu pej), Typ m (inf); (inf, = boyfriend) Freund m, Typ m (inf)

    a nice/friendly fellow — ein netter/freundlicher Kerl

    a clever fellow — ein gescheiter Bursche, ein cleverer Typ (inf)

    listen to me, fellow ( US inf ) — hör mal her, Mann (inf)

    look here, old fellow — hör mal her, alter Junge (inf)

    this journalist fellow —

    this fellow here — dieser Herr, dieser Typ (inf); (rude) dieser Kerl hier

    I'm not the sort of fellow who... — ich bin nicht der Typ, der...

    a fellow needs a bit of rest sometimes (inf) — man braucht doch auch mal 'ne Pause (inf)

    2) (= comrade) Kamerad m, Kumpel m (inf); (= colleague) Kollege m, Kollegin f
    3) (UNIV) Fellow m → research fellow
    See:
    → research fellow
    4) (of a society) Mitglied nt
    5) (of things = one of a pair) Gegenstück nt
    II
    pref

    our fellow bankers/doctors — unsere Kollegen pl (im Bankwesen/in der Ärzteschaft), unsere Berufskollegen pl

    our fellow guests — die anderen Gäste

    fellow member (in club) — Klubkamerad(in) m(f); (in party) Parteigenosse m/-genossin f

    fellow student — Kommilitone m, Kommilitonin f

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse m/-genossin f

    fellow worker — Kollege m, Kollegin f, Mitarbeiter(in) m(f)

    "fellow Americans..." — "meine lieben amerikanischen Mitbürger..."

    * * *
    fellow [ˈfeləʊ]
    A s
    1. Gefährte m, Gefährtin f, Genosse m, Genossin f, Kamerad(in):
    fellows in misery Leidensgenossen
    2. Mitmensch m, Zeitgenosse m, -genossin f
    3. umg Kerl m, Bursche m, Typ m:
    good fellow guter Kerl, netter Mensch;
    a jolly fellow ein fideles Haus;
    my dear fellow mein lieber Freund!;
    old fellow alter Knabe iron;
    the fellow pej der oder dieser Kerl;
    a fellow man, einer;
    a fellow can’t be too careful man kann nicht vorsichtig genug sein
    4. umg Typ m, Kerl m, Freund m (eines Mädchens)
    5. Gegenstück n, (der, die, das) Dazugehörige, (der, die, das) andere (eines Paares):
    be fellows zusammengehören;
    where is the fellow to this glove? wo ist der andere Handschuh?
    6. Gleichgestellte(r) m/f(m), Ebenbürtige(r) m/f(m):
    he will never find his fellow er wird nie seinesgleichen finden
    7. UNIV Fellow m:
    a) Br Mitglied n eines College (Dozent, der im College wohnt und unterrichtet)
    b) Inhaber(in) eines Forschungsstipendiums
    c) US Student(in) höheren Semesters
    8. Fellow m, Mitglied n (einer gelehrten etc Gesellschaft):
    B adj Mit…:
    fellow being ( oder creature) Mitmensch m;
    fellow Christian Mitchrist(in), Glaubensbruder m, -schwester f;
    fellow citizen Mitbürger(in);
    fellow countryman Landsmann m;
    fellow countrywoman Landsmännin f;
    a) Mitgefühl n,
    b) Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl n;
    fellow student Studienkollege m, -kollegin f, Kommilitone m, Kommilitonin f;
    fellow sufferer Leidensgefährte m, -gefährtin f;
    a) auch fellow passenger Mitreisende(r) m/f(m), Reisegefährte m, -gefährtin f
    b) POL Mitläufer(in)
    c) Anhänger(in) und Verfechter(in) (kommunistischer) politischer Ideen, der (die) nicht eingeschriebenes Parteimitglied ist;
    fellow worker Arbeitskollege m, -kollegin f;
    consult one’s fellow doctors ( teachers, etc) seine Kollegen um Rat fragen; → townsman 2, townswoman 2
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) usu. in pl. (comrade) Kamerad, der
    2) usu. in pl. (equal) Gleichgestellte, der/die
    3) (Brit. Univ.) Fellow, der; (member of academy or society) Fellow, der; Mitglied, das
    4) (coll.): (man, boy) Bursche, der (ugs.); Kerl, der (ugs.)

    well, young fellow — nun, junger Mann

    old or dear fellow — alter Junge od. Knabe (ugs.)

    2. attributive adjective

    fellow worker — Kollege, der/Kollegin, die

    fellow man or human being — Mitmensch, der

    fellow sufferer — Leidensgenosse, der/-genossin, die

    my fellow teachers/workers — etc. meine Lehrer-/Arbeitskollegen usw.

    fellow student — Kommilitone, der/Kommilitonin, die

    * * *
    n.
    Bursche -n m.
    Gefährte -n m.
    Kamerad -en m.
    Kerl -e m.
    Mannsbild n.

    English-german dictionary > fellow

  • 99 history

    n
    история, историческая наука

    to consign smth to history — сдавать что-л. в архив истории

    to make history — делать / творить историю; входить в историю

    to make one's mark on history — оставлять след в истории

    to pass into history — уйти в историю (о событии, партии и т.п.)

    to reverse the course / the tide of history — поворачивать вспять колесо истории

    to write smth off to the dustbin of history — отправлять что-л. на свалку истории

    - black spots in history
    - contemporary history
    - course of history
    - current history of international relations
    - distortion of past history
    - glorious chapters of history
    - history is in the making
    - history of philosophy
    - history of social development
    - history repeats itself
    - human history
    - let history judge
    - life history
    - maker of history
    - mankind's history
    - march of history
    - modern history
    - moment of history
    - natural history
    - political history of a country
    - revaluation of country's history
    - stage of history
    - turning point in history
    - universal history
    - world history

    Politics english-russian dictionary > history

  • 100 acid

    ['æsɪd] 1. сущ.
    1) хим. кислота
    - pyroligneous acid
    - acid estimation
    2) разг. кислятина
    Syn:
    3) нарк. "кислота", ЛСД ( наркотическое вещество)

    I was influenced by acid and got psychedelic, like the whole generation, but really, I like rock and roll and I express myself best in rock. (J. Lennon) — Как и всё моё поколение, я не обошёлся без "кислоты" и психоделиков, но, на самом деле, я люблю рок-н-ролл и лучше всего выражаю себя в нём.

    All we had was acid and grass. Booze is a lot worse for you. — Всё, что мы себе позволяли, это кислота и травка. Пить гораздо хуже.

    4) язвительность; колкое замечание
    ••

    to put the acid on smb. — оказывать давление на кого-л., навязываться кому-л.

    to come the acid — сниж. наезжать (открыто выражать своё недовольство всем подряд, придираться)

    2. прил.
    1) кислый, кислотный ( о химическом составе)

    These shrubs must have an acid, lime-free soil. — Для этих кустов требуется кислая, неизвестковая почва.

    Ant:

    These wines may taste rather hard and somewhat acid. — У этих вин довольно терпкий и несколько кисловатый вкус.

    acid drops, acid tablets — леденцы ( с кисло-сладким вкусом)

    Syn:
    Ant:
    3) едкий, язвительный

    This comedy of contemporary manners is told with compassion and acid humour. — Эта комедия современных нравов написана с сочувствием и язвительным юмором.

    This movie critic has an acid wit. — У этого кинокритика злой язык.

    Syn:
    Ant:
    5) насыщенный, интенсивный, ядовитый ( о цвете)
    6) нарк. кислотный (психоделический; о действии или свойствах галлюциногенов типа ЛСД)
    - acid trip
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > acid

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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  • Contemporary — Con*tem po*ra*ry, a. [Pref. con + L. temporarius of belonging to time, tempus time. See {Temporal}, and cf. {Contemporaneous}.] 1. Living, occuring, or existing, at the same time; done in, or belonging to, the same times; contemporaneous. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • contemporary — contemporarily, adv. contemporariness, n. /keuhn tem peuh rer ee/, adj., n., pl. contemporaries. adj. 1. existing, occurring, or living at the same time; belonging to the same time: Newton s discovery of the calculus was contemporary with that of …   Universalium

  • contemporary — adj. 1 belonging to the same time as sb/sth else VERBS ▪ be ADVERB ▪ exactly ▪ nearly ▪ broadly (BrE), roughly …   Collocations dictionary

  • contemporary — I UK [kənˈtemp(ə)r(ə)rɪ] / US [kənˈtempəˌrerɪ] adjective *** 1) modern, or relating to the present time contemporary art/music/literature/dance contemporary urban society 2) alive or existing at the same time as a particular event or person… …   English dictionary

  • contemporary — This word means existing, living, or occurring at the same time. It is not a synonym for either present day or modern unless no other question of time is involved and the inference is contemporary with now. If the time frame of reference is that… …   Dictionary of problem words and expressions

  • contemporary — con|tem|po|ra|ry1 W2 [kənˈtempərəri, pəri US pəreri] adj [Date: 1600 1700; : Medieval Latin; Origin: contemporarius, from Latin com ( COM ) + tempus time ] 1.) belonging to the present time = ↑modern contemporary music/art/dance etc ▪ an… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • contemporary — I. adjective Etymology: com + Latin tempor , tempus Date: 1631 1. happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time 2. a. simultaneous b. marked by characteristics of the present period ; modern, current •… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • contemporary — con|tem|po|rar|y1 [ kən tempə,reri ] adjective *** 1. ) modern or relating to the present time: contemporary art/music/literature/dance contemporary urban society 2. ) alive or existing at the same time as a particular event or person:… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • contemporary — adj. contemporary with * * * [kən temp(ə)rərɪ] contemporarywith …   Combinatory dictionary

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