ὅσιον

Ὅσιος

masc acc sg

Ὅσιος

masc acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: masc acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: neut nom /voc /acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: masc /fem acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: neut nom /voc /acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: masc acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: neut nom /voc /acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: masc /fem acc sg

ὅσιος

hallowed: neut nom /voc /acc sg

ὅσι-ος, α, ον, also ος, ον Pl.Lg. 831d, D.H.5.71:—

A hallowed, i. e. sanctioned or allowed by the law of God or of nature,

δίκη Thgn.132

;

θοῖναι A.Pr. 529

(lyr.) ;

λουτρά S.Aj. 1405

(anap.);

καθαρμοί E.Ba.77

(lyr.);

μέλος Ar.Av. 898

; οὐχ ὅ. unhallowed,

ὕβρις E.Ba. 374

(lyr.) ;

ἔρως Id.Hipp. 764

(lyr.);

θυσίαι Id.IT 465

(anap.).—The sense of ὅσιος often depends on its relation on the one hand to δίκαιος (sanctioned by human law), on the other to ἱερός ( sacred to the gods):

1 opp. δίκαιος, sanctioned by divine law, hallowed, holy (

μόριον τοῦ δικαίου τὸ ὅ. Pl.Euthphr. 12d

),

δικαιότερον καὶ ὁσιώτερον καὶ πρὸς θεῶν καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων Antipho 1.25

;

τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους δίκαια καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ὅ. Plb.22.10.8

: hence, in a common antithesis, τὰ δίκαια καὶ ὅ. things of human and divine ordinance, Pl. Plt. 301d, etc., cf. Euthphr.6e ; also

ὅ. καὶ νόμιμα Ar.Th. 676

(lyr.);

οὐ.. νόμιμον οὐδ' ὅ. ἂν εἴη Pl.Lg. 861d

; θεοὺς ὅσιόν τι δρᾶν discharge a duty men owe the gods, E.Supp.40, cf. Hipp. 1081 ; τὸ ὅσιον, = εὐσέβεια, Pl.Euthphr.5d: in an imprecatory formula,

ἀποδοῦσι μὲν αὐτοῖς ὅσια ᾖ, μὴ ἀποδοῦσι δὲ ἀνόσια SIG1199

([place name] Cnidus), cf.

ἀνοσία 11

; so ὅ. καὶ ἐλεύθερα ib.1180.6 (ibid.).

2 opp. ἱερός, permitted or not forbidden by divine law, profane, ἱερὰ καὶ ὅ. things sacred and profane,

ἐς ὀλιγωρίαν ἐτράποντο καὶ ἱερῶν καὶ ὁ. ὁμοίως Th.2.52

, cf. Pl.R. 344a, Lg. 857b, etc. ; κοσμεῖν τὴν πόλιν καὶ τοῖς ἱεροῖς καὶ τοῖς ὁ. with sacred and profane buildings, Isoc.7.66 ;

τῶν ἱερῶν μὲν χρημάτων τοὺς θεούς, τῶν ὁ. δὲ τὴν πόλιν ἀποστερεῖ D.24.9

;

ἀργυρίου ὁσίου IG12.186.13

;

ὁ ταμίας τῶν ὁ. προσόδων OGI229.58

(Smyrna, iii B. C.);

ὁ ταμίας τῶν ὁ. Supp.Epigr.1.366.58

(Samos, iii B. C.); ὅ. χωρίον a lawful place (for giving birth to a child), Ar.Lys. 743 ; ὅσιόν ἐστι folld. by inf., it is lawful, not forbidden by any law, E.IT 1045, etc.;

οὐκ ὅσιόν ἐστι

nefas est,

Hdt.6.81

; οὐκ ὅσιον ποιεῦμαι I deem it impious, Id.2.170, cf. D.Ep.5.3 ; οὐδὲ ὅσια (sc. ἐστι)..

μιαίνειν Pl.R. 416e

;

οὐ γάρ σοι θέμις οὐδ' ὅσιον.. ἱστάναι κτερίσματα S.El. 432

;

ὅσια ποιέειν Hdt.6.86

.α';

λέγειν Id.9.79

;

φωνεῖν S.Ph. 662

;

φρονεῖν E.El. 1203

(lyr.).

II of persons, pious, devout, religious,

ἄνδρες A.Supp.27

(anap.), cf. E.Med. 850 (lyr.), etc.;

Παλλάδος ὁ. πόλις Id.El. 1320

(anap.); ὅ. θιασῶται, μύσται, Ar.Ra. 327, 336 (both lyr.);

ἐμαυτὸν ὅ. καὶ δίκαιον παρέχειν Antipho 2.2.2

;

ὅσιοι πρὸς οὐ δικαίους ἱστάμεθα Th.5.104

; opp. ἀνόσιος, E.Or. 547; opp. ἐπίορκος, X.An.2.6.25 ; ὅσιος εἴς τινα, περὶ ξένους, E.Heracl. 719, Cyc. 125 ;

πρὸς τοὺς τοκέας Gorg.6

.

2 sinless, pure,

ἐξ ὁ. στομάτων Emp.4.2

; ὅ. ἔστω καὶ εὐαγής Lex Solonis ap.And.1.96: c. gen., ἱερῶν πατρῴων ὅσιος in regard to the sacred rites of his forefathers, A.Th. 1015;

ὅσιος ἀπ' εὐνᾶς E. Ion 150

(lyr.); also ὅσιαι χέρες pure, clean hands, A.Ch. 378 (anap.), cf. S.OC 470.

3 rarely of the gods, holy, Orph.H.77.2 ;

θεοῖς ὁ. καὶ δικαίοις CIG3830

([place name] Cotyaeum), cf. 3594 (Alexandria Troas).

4 title of five special priests at Delphi, Plu.2.292d, 365a.

5 οἱ ὅσιοι 'the saints', LXX Ps. 29(30).4, al.

III Adv.

ὁσίως Antipho 2.4.12

, etc.;

ὁ. οὔχ, ὑπ' ἀνάγκας δέ E.Supp.63

(lyr.);

οὐχ ὁ. Id.Hipp. 1287

(anap.), cf. Th.2.5 (v. l.);

καλῶς καὶ ὁ. Pl.Phd. 113d

;

δικαίως καὶ ὁ. Id.R. 331a

;

ὁ. καὶ κατὰ νόμον Id.Lg. 799b

; ὁ. ἂν ὑμῖν ἔχοι τοῦτον θύειν.. it would be right for you that he should.., X.Cyr.8.5.26 : c. part., ὁ. ἂν ἔχοι αὐτῷ μὴ δεχομένῳ .. Id.HG4.7.2 : [comp] Comp.

- ώτερον E.IT 1194

, etc.: [comp] Sup.,

ὡς -ώτατα διαβιῶναι τὸν βίον Pl.Men. 81b

, etc. (Not in Hom., who has only Subst. ὁσίη, v. ὁσία.)

ὅσιος, ία, ον (Aeschyl., Hdt.+ [the noun ὁσίη is found as early as Hom.]. Mostly of three endings, but-ος, ον Pla., Leg. 8, 831d; Dionys. Hal. 5, 71; 1 Ti 2:8. B-D-F §59, 2; W-S. §11, 1; Mlt-H. 157). Superl. ὁσιώτατος (Pla.; OGI 718, 1; Philo; 1 Cl 58:1). In the Gr-Rom. world this term for the most part described that which helps maintain the delicate balance between the interests of society and the expectations of the transcendent realm. For example, the ὅσιος pers. prays and sacrifices to the gods (Pl., Euthyph. 14b), is conscious of basic taboos (hence wary of pollution because of bloodshed [ibid. 4de; cp. Od. 16, 423]), and observes traditions of hospitality (on Zeus as protector of the stranger, s. Od. 9, 270f). For contrast of τὸ ὅσιον and τὸ δίκαιον s. Pla., Gorgias 507b, Polit. 301d; X., Hell. 4, 1, 33 al.

① pert. to being without fault relative to deity, devout, pious, pleasing to God, holy

ⓐ of ordinary human beings: w. δίκαιος (cp. Pla., Leg. 2, 663b, Gorg. 507b; Polyb. 22, 10, 8 παραβῆναι καὶ τὰ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους δίκαια καὶ τὰ πρὸς τ. θεοὺς ὅσια; SIG 800, 20f: ἀναστρέφεται πρός τε θεοὺς καὶ πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁσίως κ. δικαίως; En 104:12; TestGad 5:4; TestBenj 3:1 and 5:4; Jos., Ant. 9, 35; Just., D. 96, 3 [after Mt 5:45]; Theoph. Ant. 2, 9 [p. 120, 3]) 1 Cl 45:3; 2 Cl 15:3; and still other virtues Tit 1:8. ἔργα ὅσια κ. δίκαια (Jos., Ant. 8, 245) 2 Cl 6:9. δίκαιον κ. ὅσιον w. acc. and inf. foll. (Dicaearchus. p. 408, line 2 fr. bottom, Fuhr; cp. ὅσιον εἶναι w. acc. and inf., Orig., C. Cels. 5, 26, 13) 1 Cl 14:1. ὀφείλομεν ὅσια 2 Cl 1:3. (W. ἄμωμος) ἐν ὁς. κ. ἀμώμῳ προθέσει δουλεύειν τῷ θεῷ serve God with a holy and blameless purpose 1 Cl 45:7. ἄνδρες 45:3. ὁς. βουλή 2:3.—ὅσιοι χεῖρες (Aeschyl., Choëph. 378; Soph., Oed. Col. 470: ‘consecrated’, ‘ceremonially pure’) 1 Ti 2:8 transferred to the religio-ethical field (Philip of Perg. [II A.D.]: 95 Fgm. 1 Jac. writes ὁσίῃ χειρί).—The word was prob. used in a cultic sense in the mysteries (ERohde, Psyche^9/10, 1925 I 288, 1): Aristoph., Ran. 335 ὅσιοι μύσται. The mystae of the Orphic Mysteries are called οἱ ὅσιοι: Pla., Rep. 2, 363c; Orph., Hymn. 84, 3 Qu.; cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 371d. Sim. the Essenes are called ὅσιοι in Philo, Omn. Prob. Liber 91; cp. 75 ὁσιότης; PParis 68c, 14 ὅσιοι Ἰουδαῖοι (s. Dssm., B 62, 4 [BS 68, 2]); PGM 5, 417 of a worshiper of Hermes.

ⓑ of Christ, the Heavenly High Priest (w. ἄκακος; cp. the opposition Od. 16, 423) Hb 7:26. As subst. ὁ ὅσιός σου (after Ps 15:10) Ac 2:27; 13:35 (cp. ὁ ὅσιος of Abraham Did., Gen. 228, 8).

② pert. to being the standard for what constitutes holiness, holy of God (rarely of deities outside our lit.: Orph., Hymn. 77, 2 Qu.; Arg. 27; CIG 3594; 3830).

ⓐ as adj., of God (Dt 32:4; Ps 144:17) holy μόνος ὅσιος Rv 15:4. ἡ ὁς. παιδεία holy (i.e. divine) discipline 1 Cl 56:16. τὸ ὁσιώτατον ὄνομα most holy name 58:1.

ⓑ as subst. ὁ ὅσιος Rv 16:5.

③ The ref. to ὅς. in δώσω ὑμῖν τὰ ὅς. Δαυὶδ τὰ πιστά I will grant to you (pl.) the unfailing divine assurances or decrees relating to David Ac 13:34 is of special interest (for τὰ ὅς. in the sense of divine decrees or ordinances s. Wsd 6:10; Jos., Ant. 8, 115—). This quot. fr. Is 55:3 is evidently meant to show that the quot. fr. Ps 15:10, which follows immediately, could not refer to the Psalmist David, but to Christ alone (cp. a sim. line of argument relating to a referent Hb 2:6–9). The promises to David have solemnly been transferred to ‘you’. But David himself served not you, but his own generation (vs. 36). So the promises of God refer not to him, but to his Messianic descendant.—Lit. s.v. ἅγιος. JBolkestein, Ὅσιος en Εὐσεβής, diss. Amsterdam ’36; WTerstegen, Εὐσεβής en Ὅσιος in het Grieksch taalgebruik na de 4^e eeuw, diss. Utrecht ’41; JMontgomery, HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; MvanderValk, Z. Worte ὅσιος: Mnemosyne 10, ’41; Dodd 62–64.—B. 1475. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `offered or permitted by the gods or nature, pleasing to the gods, just (= Lat. fas), devout, ritually pure' (Thgn., IA.; cf. ὁσίη below).

Other forms: (τὸ) ὅσιον, (τὰ) ὅσια.

Compounds: As 2. member in ἀν-όσιος (IA.), prob. prop. bahuvrihi `who is without τὸ ὅσιον, ἡ ὁσία' (Frisk Adj. priv. 10 f.), ἀφ-όσιος = ἀν-όσιος (Egypt. inscr. I^a; Strömberg Prefix Studies 41).

Derivatives: ὁσία, Ion. - ίη f. `divine or natural law, law, holy custom, holy service' (Od.), prob. for ὁσι-ία (Frisk Eranos 43, 220 w. lit.; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 208); ὁσιό-της f. `divine obedience, piety' (Pl., X.). Denominative ὁσιό-ομαι, -ω, esp. w. ἀφ-, also w. καθ- a. ἐξ-, `to purify (oneself), to hallow' (IA.) with ( ἀφ-, καθ-)οσίωσις f. `purification, hallowing' (D.H., Plu.), ἀφοσιώματα καθάρ-ματα, καθάρσια H., ὁσιωτήρ m. "the purificator", name of a sacrificial animal in Delphi (Plu.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: On the meaning of ὅσιος, - ίη s. beyond the lit. on ἱερός also W. J. Terstegen Εὑσεβής en ὅσιος. Diss. Utrecht 1941, Jeanmaire REGr. 58, 66ff., van der Walk REGr. 64, 417ff. No convincing etymology. Since Brugmann Grundr.² II: 1, 401 mostly explained as ιο-deriv. of a ptc. * s-o-to-(from * es- `to be') beside seeming * s-e-to- in ἐτά ἀληθῆ (s. ἐτάζω); the root is now established as * h₁s-. As improbable alternative B. considers transformation of an *ἁτιος = Skt. satyá- `true' (\< IE *sn̥t-ii̯o-) after *ὁντ-. Schwyzer 344 considers Aeolic origin (ὁ- for ἁ-) as possible. The derivation from * soto- (root * set- in ἐτάζω) is defended by Pinault, Langue, style (1996) 43f.: *sotii̯o- `conforme à l'ordre établi, pieux'. -- Well argued criticism by v. Windekens Le Pélasgique 124 (with Pelasgian explanation (to Lat. iūs `right' etc.). Cf. Benveniste, Vocab. inst. 2, 198-202.

Page in Frisk: 2,435

θεμῐτ-ός, ή, όν, ([etym.] θέμις)

A allowed by the laws of God and men, righteous, οὐ θεμιτόν [ἐστι],= οὐ θέμις, c. inf.,

οὐ θ. οἱ ἔφασκε πίνειν οἶνον h.Cer. 207

, cf. Pi.P.9.42, S.OT 993, OC 1758 (anap.), E.Or.97, Theoc.5.136, etc.: in Prose, Hdt.3.37,5.72, Pl.Ap. 30d, IG 2.1059.16, 14.1390;

μηδὲ θεμιτὸν.. μηδ' ὅσιον D.21.148

: in pl., τὰ μὴ θεμίτ' ἦν [ἰδεῖν] dub. l. in Call.Lav.Pall.78. Adv.

- τῶς Phot.

, Suid.

κοῦφος, η, ον,

A light, nimble, Hom. only in neut. pl. as Adv., κοῦφα ποσὶ προβιβάς stepping lightly on, Il.13.158, cf. Hes.Sc. 323;

κοῦφα βιβῶν Pi.O.14.16

;

κ. ποσὶν ἄγ' ἐς κύκλον Ar.Th. 954

(lyr.); also

κούφοις ποσί Pi.O.13.114

;

κουφοτάταις πτερύγων ἀκμαῖς Ar.Ra. 1353

;

πήδημα κ. ἐκ νεὼς ἀφήλατο A.Pers. 305

;

κ. ἐξᾶραι πόδα S.Ant. 224

;

κ. ἅλμα E.El. 439

(lyr.);

κ. αἴρειν βῆμα Id.Tr. 343

;

οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος LXX Ec.9.11

: metaph., κουφότεραι.. ἀπειράτων φρένες too buoyant, Pi.O. 8.61.

2 metaph., easy, light, τελεῖν.. κούφαν κτίσιν to make achievement easy, ib.13.83;

κ. εἰ δοίης τέλος A.Th. 260

; κ. νύξ an easier night, of a sick person, Jul.Mis. 342a ([comp] Comp.);

περίπατος Sor.1.46

;

τὸ ὅσιον ἅπαν κ. ἔργον OGI383.120

(Nemrud Dagh, i B. C.); of government, light, κουφοτέραν βασιλείαν less oppressive, Isoc.9.51;

ἡ εὔκλεια κουφοτέρα φέρειν X.Cyr.8.2.22

; of an antagonist, easy-going,

κουφότατος ἦν κρατήσας Id.Ages.11.12

;

δεσπότην ἀπράγμονα καὶ κ. ἐξαπατᾷ θεράπων Men.Per.Fr.1

.

3 unsubstantial, airy, vain,

τὸ νέον.. κούφας ἀφροσύνας φέρον S.OC 1230

(lyr.);

οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν.. κούφην σκιάν Id.Aj. 126

;

ἐλπίδος τι εἶχον κούφης Th.2.51

;

κ. καὶ πτηνοὶ λόγοι Pl.Lg. 717c

; κ. πρᾶγμα a trifle, ib. 935a; κ. γράμματα a small letter, E.IT 594; of persons, = κουφόνους, Hdn.5.7.1; τὸ κοῦφον τοῦ νοῦ levity, Paus.5.21.14, cf. Hdn.7.8.6.

4 light in point of weight, opp. βαρύς, Pl. Phlb. 14d, R. 438c ([comp] Comp.), etc.; κούφα σοι χθὼν ἐπάνωθε πέσοι may earth lie lightly on thee, E.Alc. 462 (lyr.), cf. Hel. 853;

κούφη σοι κόνις ἥδε πέλοι IG14.1942.4

; κούφη σεῖο γαῖ' ὀστέα κεύθοι ib.329 ([place name] Himera); κ. πνεύματα light airs, S.Aj. 558;

ὀστᾶ τε καὶ κ. κόνις Men.538.3

;

τὸ κουφότατον.. τῶν κακῶν.. πενία Id.Kith.Fr.2

.

b Medic. in various uses, σικύαι κοῦφαι dry cuppings, Philum. ap. Orib.45.29.17, cf. Sor.2.11, etc.; also κούφου μένοντος τοῦ ἰοῦ on the surface, Philum.Ven.7.3; μὴν κ. the eighth month of pregnancy, Sor.1.56; of food, easy to digest, light, Arist.EN 1141b18, etc.

c of troops, light-armed,

οἱ κ. τῶν στρατιωτῶν Hell.Oxy.6.4

;

ὡπλισμένοι κουφοτέροις ὅπλοις X. Mem.3.5.27

;

κούφη στρατιά Plu.Fab.11

;

τὰ κ. τῆς δυνάμεως Plb.10.25.2

.

d of ships, lightly-laden, Th.6.37, 8.27.

5 light, slight,

ἁμαρτήματα Pl.Lg. 863c

; κουφότερα γυμνάσια, opp. ἀναγκαῖα, Arist. Pol. 1338b40; κ. ἐργασίαι ib. 1321a25.

6 empty,

κεράμια Gp.7.24.2

, cf. PLond.5.1656.6 (iv A. D.), PFlor.314.8(v. A. D.): hence as Subst., κοῦφον (sc. κεράμιον), τό, jar, in pl., POxy.1631.16 (iii A. D.), PFay. 133.6 (iv A. D.), PStrassb.1.10 (vi A. D.).

7 [voice] Act., relieving, assisting,

χερὶ κούφᾳ Pi.P.9.11

: prob. to be taken in this sense in Theoc. 11.3.

II Adv. - φως lightly, nimbly,

κ. ὀροῦσαι A.Eu. 112

; κ. ἐσκευασμένοι, of soldiers, Th.4.33;

ὡπλισμένοι X.Mem.3.5.26

, etc.; κ. ἔχειν to be relieved, Arist.Pr. 873a16.

2 metaph., lightly, with light heart,

κουφότερον μετεφώνεε Od.8.201

;

κ. νοῆσαι Sapph.Supp. 5.14

; κ. φέρειν, opp. δεινῶς φ., E.Med. 449, 1018;

ὡς κουφότατα φέρειν Hdt.1.35

; διάγουσα κούφως doing well, of a patient, Hp.Epid.1.26.δ.

3 lightly, with ease, A.Pr. 701.

παρέχω, [tense] fut.

A

παρέξω Od.18.317

, Th.8.48,

παρασχήτω Id.6.86

, Isoc. 6.71, 15.248 : [tense] pf. παρέσχηκα : [tense] aor. παρέσχον, [dialect] Ep. inf.

παρασχέμεν Il. 19.147

; imper.

παράσχες E.Hec. 842

( παράσχε is f.l.) ; poet.

παρέσχεθον Hes. Th. 639

, inf.

παρασχεθεῖν Ar.Eq. 321

; [dialect] Aeol.

παρέσκεθον Alc. Oxy.1788

Fr.15 ii 11 ; παρεχέσκετο is f.l. for παρεκέσκετο in Od.14.521. [In Od.19.113, πᾱρέχη.]

A [voice] Act., hand over, Il.18.556 ; furnish, supply,

φάος πάντεσσι παρέξω Od.18.317

;

δῶρα Il.19.147

; esp. in Od., ἱερήϊα, βρῶσίν τε πόσιν τε, σῖτον, 14.250, 15.490, 18.360 : abs., ἐγὼ δ' εὖ πᾶσι παρέξω I will provide for all, 8.39 ;

π. νέας Hdt.4.83

, 7.21 ;

τεταρτημόριον τοῦ μισθώματος Id.2.180

;

χρήματα Th.8.48

; ἀργύριον, ποίμνια, IG12.39.69,45.4 ;

αἱ δὲ Συράκουσαι σῦς.. παρέχουσιν Hermipp.63.9

; πληρώμαθ' ἡ πόλις παρέχει the state finds men to man the ships, D.21.155, cf. Lys. 19.43.

2 of natural objects, yield, produce,

θάλασσα π. ἰχθῦς Od.19.113

; [ σίδηρον] παρέξει (sc. σόλος) Il.23.835.

3 of incorporeal things, afford, cause, φιλότητα, ἀρετήν, γέλω τε καὶ εὐφροσύνην, 3.354, Od.18.133, 20.8 ;

ὀνίαις Alc.88

;

π. εἰράναν τισί Pi.P.9.23

;

ὕμνον Id.N.6.33

;

αἶσαν Id.O.6.102

;

Σάρδεσιπένθος A.Pers. 322

; τύχην, φρίκην, S.OT53, 1306 (anap.); χάριν, εὔνοιαν, Id.OC 1498(lvr.), Tr. 708 ; ὄχλον, πρήγματα π., Hdt. 1.86, al. (v. πρᾶγμα)

; πόνον Alc.19

, Hdt.1.177 ;

ἔργον Ar.Nu. 523

;

π. εὔνοιαν εἴς τινα Antipho 5.76

; αἴσθησιν παρέχει τινός enables one to observe a thing, Th.2.50 ; but αἴσθησιν π., abs., it causes remark, is perceived, Id.3.22, X.An.4.6.13 ; πενία ἀνάγκῃ τὴν τόλμαν π. Th.3.45 ; ὑφειμένου δόξαν π., = ὑφειμένῳ ἐοικέναι, Plu.2.131a.

II present or offer for a purpose,

1 c. inf., [ ὄϊες]

παρέχουσι.. γάλα θῆσθαι Od.4.89

;

π. τὸ σῶμα τύπτειν Ar.Nu. 441

;

τὸ στράτευμα π. τισὶ διαφθεῖραι Th.8.50

(withoutinf.,

πτήξας δέμας παρεῖχε A.Pers. 210

): with reflex. Pron., ἐμαυτόν σοι ἐμμελετᾶν π. I give myself up to you to practise upon, Pl.Phdr. 228e ;

π. ἐμαυτὸν ἐρωτᾶν Id.Ap. 33b

, cf. Prt. 312c ;

π. ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς ἄρχουσι χρῆσθαι ἤν τι δέωνται X.Cyr.1.2.9

: rarely with a part.,

π. ἑαυτὸν δεδησόμενον Luc. Tox. 35

.

2 give oneself up, submit oneself, ἑαυτόν being omitted,

π. [ἑωυτοὺς] διαφθαρῆναι Hdt.9.17

; πατεῖν παρεῖχετῷ θέλοντι [ ἑαυτόν] S. Aj. 1146, cf. Ar.Nu. 422 ;

τοῖς ἰατροῖς παρέχουσι.. ἀποτέμνειν καὶ ἀποκάειν X.Mem.1.2.54

, cf. Pl.Grg. 456b ; τῷ λόγῳ ὥσπερ ἰατρῷ παρέχων ἀποκρίνου ib. 475d, cf. Tht. 191a;

ἕτοιμός εἰμί σοι παρέχειν ἀποκρινόμενος Id.Prt. 348a

; esp. of a woman, sens. obsc., Ar.Lys. 162, 227, Luc. DMeretr.5.4, etc. (in full,

π. ἑαυτήν Id.DMar.13.1

, Artem.1.78).

3 with reflex. Pron. and a predicative, show, exhibit oneself so and so,

π. ἐμαυτὸν ὅσιον καὶ δίκαιον Antipho 2.2.2

; σπάνιον σεαυτὸν π. Pl. Euthphr.3d ; σαυτὸν σοφιστὴν π. Id.Prt. 312a ;

ἑαυτὸν π. εὐπειθῆ X.Cyr. 2.1.22

; μέτριον ἐμαυτὸν π. Aeschin.1.1 ;

τοιοῦτον πολίτην Lys.14.1

;

π.ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἐμαυτόν X.Cyr.7.5.46

;

δέμασἀ κέντητον παρέχων Pi.O.1.21

.

III allow, grant,

σιγὴν παρασχὼν κλῦθί μου S.Tr. 1115

: c. inf., ἐπεὶ παρέσχες ἀντιφωνῆσαι did'st allow me to.., ib. 1114 ;

π. αὐτοὺς δικαστὰς.. γίγνεσθαι Th.1.37

: abs. in imperat., πάρεχε make way, E. Tr. 308, Cyc. 203, Ar.V. 1326, Av. 1720 (all lyr.) ;

πάρεχ' ἐκποδών Id.V. 949

.

2 impers., παρέχει τινί c. inf., it is allowed, in one's power to do so and so,

παρεῖχε ἄν σφι εὐδαιμονέειν Hdt.1.170

, cf. 3.73, al., Pi.I. 8(7).76 ;

ὑμῖν οὐ παρασχήσει ἀμύνασθαι Th.6.86

;

σωφρονεῖν παρεῖχέ σοι E.El. 1080

: neut. part. used abs., παρέχον it being in one's power, since one can, like ἐξόν, παρόν, παρέχον [ὑμῖν] ἄρχειν Hdt.5.49 ; also εὖ, καλῶς παρασχόν, Th.1.120, 5.14 ; κάλλιον π. ib.60.

IV produce a person on demand,

ἐς τὸ κοινόν X.HG7.4.38

; εἰς τὴν βουλήν, εἰς ἀγοράν (leg. αὔριον) , εἰς κρίσιν, Lys.13.23, 23.9, Aeschin.2.117, cf. PHib. 1.168 (iii B.C.), etc.

V with a predic. added, make so and so, τὴν διέξοδόν οἱ ἀσφαλέα π. Hdt.3.4 ;

π. τινὰς βελτίους And.1.136

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 274e, 277a : with part.,

π. ξυμμάχους τὰς σπονδὰς δεχομένους Th.5.35

, cf. X.Oec. 21.4 ; κοινὴν τὴν πόλιν π. offer it as a common resort, Isoc.4.52 ; γῆν ἄσυλον καὶ δόμους ἐχεγγύους π. E.Med. 388, etc.

B [voice] Med. παρέχομαι, [tense] fut.

- έξομαι Antipho 5.20

, Lys.23.8, etc.; also

παρασχήσομαι Antipho 5.24

, Lys.9.8 : [tense] aor. 2

παρεσχόμην Is.3.18

, 19 : [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. (in med. sense)

παρέσχημαι X.An.7.6.11

, D.27.49, 36.35 : freq. used much like [voice] Act., without any reflex. sense:

1 supply of oneself or from one's own means,

νέας Hdt.6.8

,15,al. ;

δαπάνην οἰκηΐην Id.8.17

; π. ὅπλα furnish a suit of armour, IG12.22.11, Th. 8.97 ; οἱ τὰ τιμήματα παρεχόμενοι the tax- paying citizens, Arist.Ath. 39.6 ; μηδεμίαν δύναμιν π. εἰς τὴν στρατιάν supply no contingent of one's own to.., X.An.6.2.10 ; freq. with

ἑαυτόν, εὔνουν καὶ πρόθυμον ἑαυτὸν παρέχεται SIG333.11

(Samos, iv/iii B.C.), cf. 620.6 (Tenos, ii B.C.), etc.

2 of natural objects, furnish, present, exhibit, [ ποταμὸς] κροκοδείλους π. Hdt.4.44 ; π. λίμνην ὁ Πόντος.. οὐ πολλῷ τεῳ ἐλάσσω ἑωυτοῦ ib.86, cf. 46, Pl.Phd. 81d.

3 of works, ἓν ἔργον πολλὸν μέγιστον π. Hdt.1.93.

4 of incorporeal things, display on one's own part,

πᾶσαν προθυμίην Id.7.6

, cf. X.An.7.6.11 ;

πᾶν τὸ πρόθυμον Th.4.85

, cf. 61 ;

εὔνοιαν D.18.10

; χρείας Decr. ap. D.18.84.

II in Law, παρέχεσθαί τινας μάρτυρας, π. τεκμήρια, bring forward witnesses or proofs, Pl.Ap. 19d, Prm. 128b, Antipho 1.11, cf. 5.20,22, Lys.23.8, etc. ; π. ἐκμαρτυρίαν, μαρτυρίαν, Is. ll.cc.

III produce as one's own, ἄρχοντα παρέχεσθαί τινα acknowledge as one's general, Hdt.7.61, 62, 67 ; Ἀθηναῖοι ἀρχαιότατον ἔθνος παρεχόμενοι presenting themselves as.., ib. 161 ; π.πόλιν μεγίστην, of an ambassador, represent a city in one's own person, Th.4.64, cf. 85.

IV offer, promise,

ἀψευδέα μαντήϊα Hdt.2.174

; ἔστιν ἃ π. Th.3.36 ; put forward,

τὸ εὐπρεπὲς τῆς δίκης Id.1.39

.

V render so and so for or towards oneself,

θεὸν παρασχέσθαι εὐμενῆ E.Andr.55

;

δυσμενεστέρους π. τοὺς ἀνθρώπους Pl.Prt. 317b

, cf. R. 432a, Lg. 809d ; v. supr. A. V.

VI Arith., make up, amount to, ἐνιαυτοὶ.. παρέχονται ἡμέρας .. Hdt.1.32, cf. X.Cyr. 6.1.28.

προδίδωμι,

A give beforehand, pay in advance, X.HG1.5.7, IG22.1304.34; προεδίδου cj. for προς- in Plb.8.15.7; προδιδούς, opp. ἐπιδιδούς, Gal.12.174; give first, Ep.Rom.11.35:—[voice] Pass., Arist.Oec. 1350a36;

τῶν -δεδομένων τιμῶν Inscr.Prien.107.17

, cf. GDI5181.34 ([place name] Crete); of a menu-tablet, Ath.2.49d.

II give up, [ κλῆρον] PPetr.3p.96(iii B.C.); deliver up,

τοὺς ὁμοκωμήτας ἡμῖν PThead.17.16

(iv A.D.): most freq., give up to the enemy, betray,

τοὺς λοιποὺς τοῖσι Σαμίοισι Hdt.6.23

;

τὸ σὸν θνητοῖσι π. γέρας A.Pr.38

, etc.;

π. τὴν Ποτείδαιαν Hdt.8.128

;

τὰν φυγάδα A.Supp. 420

(lyr.);

ἱκέτας E.Heracl. 246

;

πυργώματα A.Th. 251

; τὰς πύλας, φρούριον, Ar.Av. 766, Ra. 362; of a woman,

π. τὸ σῶμα Lys.Fr.90

: c. inf.,

ὃν σὺ προὔδωκας θανεῖν E.Or. 1588

, cf. Alc. 659:—[voice] Pass.,

προδοθέντες ὑπὸ Σιτάλκεω ἥλωσαν Hdt.7.137

;

ἀπόλωλα τλήμων, προδέδομαι S.Ph. 923

.

2 forsake, abandon,

οἵ με φίλοι προὔδωκαν Thgn.813

;

π. τὴν Ἑλλάδα Hdt.9.7

.β, Ar. Pax 408;

μηδαμῶς.. προδῷς με Id.Th. 229

;

τὴν μητέρα π. Antipho 1.5

;

τὴν πολιτείαν Pl.Lg. 762c

;

σαυτόν Id.Cri. 45c

:—[voice] Pass.,

προδεδόμεθα ὑπὸ τῶν συμμάχων Hdt.9.60

, cf. Vett.Val.78.19.

3 abs., play false, desert, Hdt.5.113, 6.15, etc.; οὔτοι προδώσει χρησμός will not prove traitor, A.Ch. 269;

χάρις.. προδοῦσ' ἁλίσκεται S.Aj. 1267

; ἢν προδιδῶσι πρὸς τοὺς κατιόντας treat treasonably with them, Hdt.3.45: c. acc. cogn.,

προδοσίαν π.

to be guilty of treachery,

Din.1.10

.

4 with a thing as subject, betray, fail one, [

αἱ κάτω πλίνθοι] π. τὰς ἄνω X.HG5.2.5

;

ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς π. τινά D.52.13

: intr.,fail, of wine, Xenoph. 1.5; of a river, run dry, Hdt.7.187; of a barricade that has proved useless, Id.8.52.

5 with a thing as object, surrender, give up,

προδέδοται τὰ κρυπτά E.IA 1140

; χάριν π. to be thankless, Id.Heracl. 1036;

τὰ πράγματα Ar.Eq. 241

;

τὸ δοκοῦν ἀληθὲς οὐχ ὅσιον προδιδόναι Pl.R. 607c

;

τὸ δίκαιον Id.Lg. 907a

; ἑτέροισι τὴν νίκην ib. 906e;

καιρὸν τοῖς ἐναντίοις D.19.6

; to be false to, fail to uphold,

ὅρκους X.Cyr.5.1.22

;

τὴν καταχειροτονίαν D.21.120

; give up as lost, bid adieu to,

ἡδονάς S.Ant. 1166

;

τὰς ἐλπίδας Ar.Nu. 1500

;

τὴν ἐκείνου προαίρεσιν D. 60.28

;

τὸν ἀγῶνα Aeschin.1.115

.

προηρόσιος, α, ον, ([etym.] ἄροτος)

A before the time of tillage: προηροσία (sc. θυσία), ἡ, a festival at that time celebrated by Athens for the whole of Greece, Hyp.Fr.75, Lycurg.Fr.87 (- όσια cj. Sauppe), Aristid.1.196J., Lib.Decl.1.179, Sch.Ar.Pl. 1055, Phot., etc.: also [full] προηρόσια (sc. θύματα or ἱερά), τά, IG22.1029.16, Hsch., Suid. s.v. εἰρεσιώνη (gen. pl. - ιων in ambiguous in IG22.1363.6): sg. [suff] προηγορ-όσιον Sch.Ar.Eq. 725: cf. πληροσία, πρηροσία.

II θεοὶ προηρόσιοι the gods in whose honour it was performed, Plu.2.1119e; π. Δημήτηρ ib.158d.

συνωμ-όσιον, τό,

A joint oath, D.H.10.31; simply oath, Longus 4.31.

ἐπι-σημαίνω, [dialect] Dor.[suff] ἐπι-σᾱμαίνω SIG953.31 (Calymna, ii B.C.):—

A mark, γράμματα Aen. Tact.31.3 ([voice] Med.):—[voice] Med., seal, μαρτυρίας τᾷ δαμοσίᾳ σφραγῖδι SIG l.c.:— [voice] Pass., to have a mark set on one, κἀπισημανθήσεται κείνου κεκλῆσθαι

λαός E. Ion 1593

.

δίδωμι (Hom.+) by-form διδῶ (B-D-F §94, 1; Rob. 311f) Rv 3:9 (δίδω Tregelles, δίδωμι v.l.), 3 sg. διδοῖ (GrBar 7:2), 3 pl. διδόασι; impf. 3 sg. ἐδίδου, ἐδίδει (Hs 6, 2, 7; cp. Mk 4:8 cod. W), 3 pl. ἐδίδουν, ἐδίδοσαν J 19:3; ptc. διδῶν (Hs 8, 3, 3); fut. δώσω; 1 aor. ἔδωκα, subj. 3 sg. δώσῃ J 17:2; Rv 8:3 v.l. (on this W-S.§14, 9; B-D-F §95, 1; Rob. 308f), 1 pl. δώσωμεν Mk 6:37 v.l., 3 pl. δώσωσιν Rv 4:9 v.l.; pf. δέδωκα; plpf. ἐδεδώκειν (and without augm. δεδώκειν Mk 14:44; Lk 19:15; J 11:57); 2 aor. subj. 3 sg. δῷ J 15:16 (δώῃ v.l.); also in the form δώῃ Eph 1:17; 2 Ti 2:25 (in both δῷ as v.l.): in all these cases read δώῃ subj., not δῴη opt., s. below; δοῖ Mk 8:37 (B-D-F §95, 2; Mlt. 55; Rdm.² 97f and Glotta 7, 1916, 21ff; GKilpatrick in Festschrift JSchmid ’63, 135), pl. δῶμεν, δῶτε, δῶσιν; 2 aor. opt. 3 sg. Hellenist. (also LXX) δῴη for δοίη Ro 15:5; 2 Th 3:16; 2 Ti 1:16, 18 (on Eph 1:17; 2 Ti 2:25 s. above); 2 aor. impv. δός, δότε, inf. δοῦναι, ptc. δούς; pf. δέδωκα LXX. Pass.: 1 fut. δοθήσομαι (W-S. §14, 8ff); 1 aor. ἐδόθην; pf. δέδομαι.

① to give as an expression of generosity, give, donate as a gen. principle: μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν it is more blessed to give than to receive Ac 20:35 (Theophyl. Sim., Ep. 42 τὸ διδόναι ἢ τὸ λαβεῖν οἰκειότερον); cp. 1 Cl 2:1; Hm 2:4ff (the contrast δίδωμι … λαμβάνω is frequently found: Epicharmus, Fgm. 273 Kaibel; Com. Fgm. Adesp. 108, 4 K.; Maximus Tyr. 32, 10c ὀλίγα δούς, μεγάλα ἔλαβες; Sir 14:16; Tat. 29, 2).—On the logion Ac 20:35 s. Unknown Sayings 77–81: giving is blessed, not receiving (cp. EHaenchen on Ac 20:35; Aristot., EN 4, 3, 26; Plut., Mor. 173d). S. μᾶλλον 3c. δὸς τοῖς πτωχοῖς give to the poor Mt 19:21 (HvonCampenhausen, Tradition u. Leben ’60, 114–56). τινὶ ἔκ τινος give someone some (of a substance: Tob 4:16; Ezk 48:12) Mt 25:8. S. also 7:11; 14:7.

② to give someth. out, give, bestow, grant δ. δακτύλιον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα put a ring on the finger Lk 15:22 (cp. Esth 3:10—δίδωμί τι εἰς τ. χεῖρα also Aristoph., Nub. 506; Herodas 3, 70). give τινί τι someth. to someone τὸ ἅγιον τοῖς κυσίν Mt 7:6 (Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 33 τὰ ἔγκατα τοῖς κυσὶ δότε).—A certificate of divorce to one’s wife 5:31 (Dt 24:1; conversely of the wife Just., A II, 2, 6 ῥεπούδιον δοῦσα); without dat. 19:7. Of bread (w. dat. or acc. somet. to be supplied fr. the context) 26:26f; Mk 2:26; 14:22; Lk 6:4; 11:7f; 22:19; J 21:13 (difft. Mt 14:19; 15:36; Mk 6:41; 8:6 the disciples transfer to others what they have received). W. inf. foll. δ. τινὶ φαγεῖν give someone someth. to eat Mt 14:16; 25:35, 42; Mk 5:43; 6:37; J 6:31 al. (cp. Gen 28:20; Ex 16:8, 15; Lev 10:17); someth. to drink Mt 27:34; Mk 15:23; J 4:7; Rv 16:6 (Hdt. 4, 172, 4; Aristoph., Pax 49; Jos., Ant. 2, 64; schol. on Nicander, Alexiph. 146 δὸς πιεῖν τί τινι, without dat. 198; PGM 13, 320 δὸς πεῖν[=πιεῖν]; Jos., Ant. 2, 64).—τὰς ῥάβδους GJs 9:1.—Lk 15:29 (Hipponax 43 Deg.).

③ to express devotion, give δόξαν δ. θεῷ give God the glory, i.e. praise, honor, thanks (Josh 7:19; Ps 67:35; 1 Esdr 9:8; 2 Ch 30:8 and oft.) Lk 17:18; J 9:24 (practically=promise under oath to tell the truth); Ac 12:23 al. δόξαν καὶ τιμήν (2 Ch 32:33) give glory and honor Rv 4:9. Through a sacrificial offering θυσίαν δ. bring an offering Lk 2:24 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 196 θυσίαν ἀποδοῦναι τ. θεῷ).

④ to cause to happen, esp. in ref. to physical phenomena, produce, make, cause, give fig. extension of mng. 1 ὑετὸν δ. (3 Km 17:14; Job 5:10; Zech 10:1; PsSol 5:9) yield rain Js 5:18; send rain Ac 14:17. τέρατα cause wonders to appear Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3). Of heavenly bodies φέγγος δ. give light, shine Mt 24:29; Mk 13:24 (cp. Is 13:10). Of a musical instrument φωνὴν δ. (cp. Ps 17:14; 103:12; Jdth 14:9; Pind., N. 5, 50b [93]) produce a sound 1 Cor 14:7f.

⑤ to put someth. in care of another, entrust

ⓐ of things entrust τινί τι someth. to someone money Mt 25:15; Lk 19:13, 15; the keys of the kgdm. Mt 16:19; perh. Lk 12:48. W. εἰς τὰς χεῖρας added J 13:3 (cp. Gen 39:8; Is 22:21; 29:12 al.) or ἐν τῇ χειρί τινος 3:35 (cp. Jdth 9:9; Da 1:2; 7:25 Theod.; 1 Macc 2:7). Of spiritual things J 17:8, 14; Ac 7:38.

ⓑ of pers. τινά τινι entrust someone to another’s care J 6:37, 39; 17:6, 9, 12, 24; Hb 2:13 (Is 8:18).

⑥ to engage in a financial transaction

ⓐ of payment pay, give τινί τι Mt 20:4; 26:15; 28:12; Mk 14:11; Lk 22:5; Rv 11:18. Fig. repay someone (Mélanges Nicole, var. contributors, JNicole Festschr. 1905, p. 246 [HvanHerwerden=PLips 40 III, 3 p. 129] λίθῳ δέδωκεν τῷ υἱῷ μου; Ps 27:4) Rv 2:23. Of taxes, tribute, rent, etc. τινὶ ἀπό τινος pay rent of someth. Lk 20:10 (cp. 1 Esdr 6:28). τὶ pay (up), give someth. Mt 16:26; 27:10; Mk 8:37; δ. κῆνσον, φόρον καίσαρι pay tax to the emperor (Jos., Bell. 2, 403) Mt 22:17; Mk 12:14; Lk 20:22. Of inheritance pay out a portion of property Lk 15:12.

ⓑ as commercial t.t. for bookkeeping λόγον δ. render account (POxy 1281, 9 [21 A.D.]; PStras 32, 9 δότω λόγον; cp. Phil 4:15) Ro 14:12.

ⓒ of a bank deposit, equivalent to τιθέναι put, place, deposit ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τράπεζαν put money in the bank Lk 19:23.

⑦ appoint to special responsibility, appoint (Num 14:4) κριτάς judges Ac 13:20; w. double acc. appoint someone someth. (PLille 28, II [III B.C.] αὐτοῖς ἐδώκαμεν μεσίτην Δωρίωνα) τοὺϚ μὲν ἀποστόλους some (to be) apostles Eph 4:11. τινὰ κεφαλήν make someone head 1:22. Also δ. τινὰ εἴς τι B 14:7 (Is 42:6).

⑧ to cause someth. to happen, give (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 106 δ. χρόνον εἰς μετάνοιαν) δ. γνῶσιν σωτηρίας= to give (his people) knowledge of salvation = to tell (his people) how to be saved Lk 1:77.

⑨ to bear as a natural product, yield, produce of a field and its crops καρπὸν δ. yield fruit (Ps 1:3) Mt 13:8; Mk 4:7f; fig. ἔδωκεν μοὶ Κύριος καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης αὐτοῦ GJs 6:3 (Pr 11:30).

⑩ to dedicate oneself for some purpose or cause, give up, sacrifice τὸ σῶμά μου τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον my body, given up for you Lk 22:19 (cp. Thu. 2, 43, 2; Libanius, Declam. 24, 23 Förster οἱ ἐν Πύλαις ὑπὲρ ἐλευθερίας τ. Ἑλλήνων δεδωκότες τὰ σώματα; of Menas δ. ἀπροφασίστως ἑαυτόν ‘gave of himself unstintingly’ OGI 339, 19f; Danker, Benefactor 321–23; for use of δ. in a testamentary context cp. Diog. L. 5, 72); ἑαυτὸν (τὴν ψυχὴν) δ. give oneself up, sacrifice oneself (ref. in Nägeli 56; 1 Macc 6:44; 2:50) w. dat. 2 Cor 8:5. λύτρον ἀντι πολλῶν give oneself up as a ransom for many Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (ἀντί 3). Also ἀντίλυτρον ὑπέρ τινος 1 Ti 2:6. ὐπέρ τινος for or because of a person or thing J 10:15 v.l.; Gal 1:4; Tit 2:14; AcPl Ha 8, 24 (on the form of these passages s. KRomaniuk, NovT 5, ’62, 55–76). ἑαυτὸν δ. τῷ θανάτῳ ISm 4:2 (cp. Just., A I, 21, 2 πυρί); δ. ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὸ θηρίον face the beast Hv 4, 1, 8.

⑪ to cause (oneself) to go, go, venture somewhere (cp. our older ‘betake oneself’) (Polyb. 5, 14, 9; Diod S 5, 59, 4; 14, 81, 2; Jos., Ant. 7, 225; 15, 244) εἰς τὸ θέατρον Ac 19:31; εἰς τὴν ἔρημον GJs 1:4.

⑫ to use an oracular device, draw/cast lots Ac 1:26.

⑬ to grant by formal action, grant, allow, freq. of God (cp. 7 above) ἐξουσίαν δ. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 26, 21 grant someone the power or authority, give someone the right, etc. (cp. TestJob 20:3; Jos., Ant. 2, 90, Vi. 71) Mt 9:8; 28:18; 2 Cor 13:10; Rv 9:3; 1 Cl 61:1; τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω τινός tread on someth. Lk 10:19. τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ γράψαι τὴν ἱστορίαν ταύτην the ability to write this account GJs 25:1. ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς δύναμιν καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἐπί Lk 9:1 (cp. Just., D. 30, 3 ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ δύναμιν). ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω i.e. put them under your control Mt 4:9 of the devil. Simple δ. w. inf. (Appian, Liby. 19 §78 ἢν [=ἐὰν] ὁ θεὸς δῷ ἐπικρατῆσαι 106 §499) δέδοται it is given, granted to someone γνῶναι τὰ μυστήρια to know the secrets Mt 13:11; cp. ἡ δοθεῖσα αὐτῷ γνῶσις B 9:8 (Just., D. 7, 3 εἰ μή τῳ θεός δῷ συνιέναι) ἔδωκεν ζωὴν ἔχειν he has granted (the privilege) of having life J 5:26. μετὰ παρρησίας λαλεῖν to speak courageously Ac 4:29 and oft. Rather freq. the inf. is to be supplied fr. the context (Himerius, Or. 38 [4], 8 εἰ θεὸς διδοίη=if God permits) οἷς δέδοται sc. χωρεῖν Mt 19:11. ἦν δεδομένον σοι sc. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. W. acc. and inf. foll. (Appian, Mithrid. 11, §37; Heliodorus 5, 12, 2 δώσεις με πιστεύειν) οὐδὲ δώσεις τὸν ὅσιόν σου ἰδεῖν διαφθοράν you will not permit your holy one to see corruption Ac 2:27; 13:35 (both Ps 15:10). ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν ἐμφανῆ γενέσθαι granted that he should be plainly seen 10:40. δὸς … ῥαγήναι τὰ δέσμα grant that our chains be broken AcPl Ha 3,11f. Pregnant constr.: grant, order (Diod S 9, 12, 2 διδ. λαβεῖν=permit to; 19, 85, 3 τὶ=someth.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 125 §524 ὁ καιρὸς ἐδίδου=the opportunity permitted; Biogr. p. 130 ἐδίδου θάπτειν τ. ἄνδρα) ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα μὴ ἀποκτείνωσιν orders were given them not to kill Rv 9:5; cp. 19:8.—Of an oath w. double inf. Lk 1:73f. S. also 17 below.

⑭ to cause to come into being, institute περιτομὴν δ. institute circumcision B 9:7.

⑮ give up, someth. that has been under one’s control for a relatively long time, give up, give back ἡ θάλασσα τ. νεκρούς the sea gave up its dead Rv 20:13.

⑯ to proffer someth., extend, offer χεῖρα hold out one’s hand (to someone) Ac 9:41 (cp. 1 Macc 6:58; 2 Macc 12:11; Jos., Bell. 6, 318). (τὸν) μαστὸν τῇ παῖδι GJs 5:2; 6:3.

⑰ In many phrases this word relates to an activity or an abstract object, and with tr. freq. determined by the noun object; cp. 13 above.

ⓐ of humans: of a plan conceived in a meeting give counsel or advice: δ. for ποιεῖν (cp. κατά A2b β and s. s.v. συμβούλιον), which is read by some mss., in συμβούλιον δ. conspired (against Jesus) Mk 3:6. ἀφορμὴν δ. give an occasion (for someth.) 2 Cor 5:12; Hm 4, 1, 11; μαρτυρίαν δ. give testimony 1 Cl 30:7; δ. τὸ μαρτύριον bear witness AcPl Ha 4, 28; γνώμην δ. give an opinion 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 8:10; ἐγκοπὴν δ. cause a hindrance 1 Cor 9:12; ἐντολὴν δ. command, order J 11:57; 12:49; 1J 3:23; ἐντολὴν καινὴν δ. give a new commandment J 13:34; εὔσημον λόγον δ. speak plainly or intelligibly 1 Cor 14:9; παραγγελίαν δ. give an instruction 1 Th 4:2; δ. τὴν ἐν [κυρίῳ σφραγίδα] seal in the Lord AcPl Ha 11, 23 (restored after the Coptic); προσκοπὴν δ. put an obstacle in (someone’s) way 2 Cor 6:3; δ. ἐκδίκησιν take vengeance 2 Th 1:8; ῥάπισμα δ. τινί slap someone J 18:22; 19:3; σημεῖον δ. give a sign Mt 26:48; τόπον δ. τινί make room for someone (Plut., Gai. Gracch. 840 [13, 3]) Lk 14:9; fig. leave room for Ro 12:19 (cp. τόπος 4); Eph 4:27. ὑπόδειγμα δ. give an example J 13:15; φίλημα δ. τινί give someone a kiss Lk 7:45.—δὸς ἐργασίαν Lk 12:58 is prob. a Latinism=da operam take pains, make an effort (B-D-F §5, 3b note 9; Rob. 109), which nevertheless penetrated the popular speech (OGI 441, 109 [senatorial decree 81 B.C.]; POxy 742, 11 [colloq. letter 2 B.C.] δὸς ἐργασίαν; PMich 203, 7; 466, 33f [Trajan]; PGiss 11, 16 [118 A.D.]; PBrem 5, 8 [117/119 A.D.]).

ⓑ esp. oft. of God (Hom. et al.) and Christ: give, grant, impose (of punishments etc.), send, of gifts, peace τινί τι Eph 4:8; 1 Cl 60:4; τινί τινος give someone some of a thing Rv 2:17. Also τινὶ ἔκ τινος 1J 4:13. τὶ εἴς τινα 1 Th 4:8 (Ezk 37:14); εἰς τὰς καρδίας put into the hearts Rv 17:17 (cp. X., Cyr. 8, 2, 20 δ. τινί τι εἰς ψυχήν). Also ἐν τ. καρδίαις δ. (cp. ἐν 3) 2 Cor 1:22; 8:16 (cp. Ezk 36:27). εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν Hb 8:10 (Jer 38: 33); ἐπὶ καρδίας Hb 10:16 (δ. ἐπί w. acc. as Jer 6:21, and s. Jer 38:33 ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν γράψω). W. ἵνα foll. grant that Mk 10:37.—The pass. occurs very oft. in this sense (Plut., Mor. 265d; 277e) Lk 8:10; Rv 6:4; 7:2; 13:7, 14f and oft. ἐκδίκησιν διδόναι τινί inflict punishment on someone 2 Th 1:8; βασανισμὸν καὶ πένθος δ. τινί send torment and grief upon someone Rv 18:7; ὄνομα δ. GJs 6:2, χάριν δ. (Jos., Bell. 7, 325) Js 4:6; 1 Pt 5:5 (both Pr 3:34); GJs 14:2; υἱοθεσίαν AcPl Ha 2, 28; 9,12; ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν 2, 30f; μεγαλεῖα 6,13. W. gen. foll. over someone Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; J 17:2.—B. 749. Schmidt, Syn. 193–203. DELG. M-M. TW.

δίκαιος, αία, ον (s. δικαιοσύνη; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① pert. to being in accordance with high standards of rectitude, upright, just, fair

ⓐ of humans

α. In Gr-Rom. tradition a δ. pers. is one who upholds the customs and norms of behavior, including esp. public service, that make for a well-ordered, civilized society (Hom, Od. 6, 120f hospitality and fear of God mark an upright pers.; Dem. 3, 21 a δίκαιος πολίτης gives priority to the interest of the state). Such perspective opened a bridge to Greco-Romans for understanding of Jewish/Christian perspectives: e.g. the description of an eccl. overseer (w. σώφρων, ὅσιος) Tit 1:8. Both polytheistic and monotheistic societies closely associated uprightness, with special reference to behavior toward humans (cp. Pla., Rep. 4, 443; Aristot. EN 5, 1, 1129a-1130a), and piety in reference esp. to familial obligations and deity (Augustus enshrined the perspective, taking pride in being awarded a crown for his δικαιοσύνη and εὐσέβεια Res Gestae 34). In keeping with OT tradition, NT writers emphasize a connection between upright conduct and sense of responsibility to God; δ. like צַדִּיק=conforming to the laws of God and people. General definition ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δ. ἐστιν one who does what is right, is righteous 1J 3:7; cp. Rv 22:11.—Ro 5:7. δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται law does not apply to an upright person 1 Ti 1:9. οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος Ro 3:10 (cp. Eccl 7:20); δ. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13; δ. ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 7:1; Job 32:2) Lk 1:6. W. φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν of Cornelius Ac 10:22. W. εὐλαβής (Pla., Pol. 311ab ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δικαιον κ. εὐλαβές) Lk 2:25. W. ἀγαθός (Kaibel 648, 10; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; 9, 132 ἀνὴρ ἀγ. κ. δίκ.; s. ἀγαθός 2aα) 23:50; ἀθῷος (Sus 53) 1 Cl 46:4; ὅσιος (En 103:9) 2 Cl 15:3; ταπεινός B 19:6. (ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον Just., D. 47, 5). Serving God w. a pure heart makes one δ. 2 Cl 11:1. Hence the δίκαιοι=the just, the upright in a specif. Israelite-Christian sense Mt 13:43 (cp. Da 12:3 Theod.) Lk 1:17; 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:16); 1 Cl 22:6 (Ps 33:16); 33:7; 45:3f; 48:3 (Ps 117:20); 2 Cl 6:9; 17:7; 20:3f; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5f); MPol 14:1; 17:1; also of those who only appear upright (cp. Pr 21:2) Mt 23:28; Lk 18:9; 20:20; specifically of Christians Mt 10:41; Ac 14:2 D; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); Hv 1, 4, 2. W. apostles MPol 19:2; cp. 1 Cl 5:2. Esp. of the righteous of the OT: πατέρες δ. 1 Cl 30:7. W. prophets Mt 13:17; 23:29 (perh. teachers: DHill, NTS 11, ’64/65, 296–302). Of Abel (Did., Gen. 181, 10) Mt 23:35 (construction with τοῦ αἵματος deserves consideration: GKilpatrick, BT 16, ’65, 119); Hb 11:4; Enoch 1 Cl 9:3; Lot 2 Pt 2:7f (Noah: Just., D. 20, 1; 138, 1; δίκαιοι καὶ πατριάρχαι ibid. 67, 7); John the Baptist (w. ἅγιος) Mk 6:20; δ. τετελειωμένοι just persons made perfect (i.e., who have died) Hb 12:23. Opp. ἄδικοι (Pr 17:15; 29:27; En 99:3; 100:7) Mt 5:45; Ac 24:15; 1 Pt 3:18; ἁμαρτωλοί (Ps 1:5; En 104:6 and 12; PsSol 2:34) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 15:7; ἁμαρτωλοί and ἀσεβεῖς (Ps 1:5f) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); πονηροί (Pr 11:15) Mt 13:49 (μοχθηροί Tat. 3, 2). W. regard to the Last Judgment, the one who stands the test is δ. righteous Mt 25:37, 46.—Ro 1:17 (s. ζάω 2bβ); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38 (all three Hab 2:4; cp. Larfeld I 494); Ro 5:19. Resurrection of the just Lk 14:14; prayer Js 5:16; cp. 5:6 (1bβ below). Joseph, who is interested in doing the right thing honorable, just, good (Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Diod S 33, 5, 6 ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς κ. δικαίου; Conon [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac.; Galen CMG V/10, 3 p. 33, 13f [XVIII/1 p. 247 K.] ἄνδρες δ.) Mt 1:19 (w. connotation of ‘merciful’ DHill, ET 76, ’65, 133f; s. δικαιοσύνη 3b).

β. of things relating to human beings ἔργα 1J 3:12; αἷμα δ. (Jo 4:19; La 4:13=αἷμα δικαίου Pr 6:17, where αἷ. δίκαιον is a v.l.) blood of an upright, or better, an innocent man Mt 23:35 (s. 1bβ below), and esp. 27:4, where δ. is v.l. for ἀθῷον; AcPl Ha 11, 8; ψυχὴ δ. upright soul (cp. Pr 10:3; s. also GrBar 10:5) 2 Pt 2:8; πνεῦμα δ. upright spirit Hm 5, 2, 7; ἐντολή (w. ἁγία and ἀγαθή) Ro 7:12. κρίσις (Dt 16:18; Is 58:2; 2 Macc 9:18; 3 Macc 2:22; Jos., Ant. 9, 4) J 5:30; 7:24; 8:16 v.l.; 2 Th 1:5; B 20:2. Pl. Rv 16:7; 19:2. φύσει δικαίᾳ by an upright nature IEph 1:1 (Hdb. ad loc.; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 24, 8); ὁδὸς δ. (Vi. Aesopi I G 85 P. of the ‘right way’) 2 Cl 5:7; B 12:4; pl. Rv 15:3.

ⓑ of transcendent beings. Because of their privileged status as authority figures, the idea of fairness or equity is associated w. such entities (for δ. in the sense of ‘equitable’ in a very explicit form s. Strabo 4, 18, 7).

α. God (NRhizos, Καππαδοκικά 1856, p. 113: it is gener. assumed that deities are just or fair, but the attribute is esp. affirmed in an ins fr. Tyana Θεῷ δικαίῳ Μίθρᾳ.—JMordtmann, MAI 10, 1885, 11–14 has several exx. of ὅσιος κ. δίκαιος as adj. applied to gods in west Asia Minor.—δικ. of Isis: PRoussel, Les cultes égypt. à Delos 1916, p. 276.—Oft. in OT; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 11, 55 [w. ἀληθινός]; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 23, 2) just, righteous w. ref. to God’s judgment of people and nations κριτὴς δ. a righteous judge (Ps 7:12; 2 Macc 12:6; PsSol 9:2; cp. the description of Rhadamanthys, Pind., O. 2, 69) 2 Ti 4:8; δ. ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1; cp. 56:5 (Ps 140:5); πατὴρ δ. J 17:25; cp. Ro 3:26; 1J 2:29; cp. 3:7; ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ δ. AcPlCor 2:12. W. ὅσιος (Ps 144:17; Dt 32:4) Rv 16:5. W. πιστός 1J 1:9.

β. of Jesus who, as the ideal of an upright pers. is called simply ὁ δ. the upright one (HDechent, D. ‘Gerechte’, Eine Bezeichnung für d. Messias: StKr 100, 1928, 439–43) Ac 7:52; 22:14; Mt 27:19, cp. 24 v.l.; 1J 2:1; 3:7b; Lk 23:47 (for Gr-Rom. associations in favor of upright, esp. in Lk 23:47 s. Danker, Benefactor ’82, 345f. GKilpatrick, JTS 42, ’41, 34–36, prefers innocent, so also Goodsp., Probs. 90f, but against this interp. s. RHanson, Hermathena 60, ’42, 74–78; RKarris, JBL 105, ’86, 65–74). W. ἅγιος Ac 3:14. On the qu. whether Js 5:6 applies to Jesus, s. KAland, TLZ ’44, 103 and MDibelius, Commentary (Hermeneia), ad loc. (but s. Greeven’s note in this comm. p. 240, 58: ‘perhaps a veiled, melancholy allusion to the death of James’).—Also of angels Hs 6, 3, 2.

② The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice, right, fair, equitable (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 12; Jos., Ant. 15, 376; cp. Strabo 4, 18, 7; s. Larfeld I 494) δ. παρὰ θεῷ it is right in the sight of God 2 Th 1:6. Also δ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 4:19; δ. καὶ ὅσιον it is right and holy 1 Cl 14:1, pl. Phil 4:8; δ. ἐστιν it is right Eph 6:1; w. inf. foll. Phil 1:7; 1 Cl 21:4 (cp. Hyperid. 6, 14; PSI 442, 14 [III B.C.] οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι οὕτως εἶναι; Sir 10:23; 2 Macc 9:12; 4 Macc 6:34); δ. ἡγοῦμαι I consider it right (Diod S 12, 45, 1 δ. ἡγοῦντο) 2 Pt 1:13; τὸ δ. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 97 §409 τὸ δ.=the just cause; Arrian, Anab. 3, 27, 5; Polyb.; IMagnMai; SEG XLI, 625, 5; pap; 2 Macc 4:34; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:25; EpArist; Jos., Bell. 4, 340 Ant. 16, 158; το νῦν δ. Tat. 1, 3) what is right Lk 12:57. τὸ δ. παρέχεσθαι give what is right Col 4:1. ὸ̔ ἐὰν ᾖ δ. δώσω ὑμῖν whatever is right I will give you Mt 20:4 (Diod S 5, 71, 1 τὸ δίκαιον άλλήλοις διδόναι; 8, 25, 4). Abstract for concrete (Philipp. [=Demosth. 12] 23 μετὰ τοῦ δ.; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6 ἄνευ νόμου κ. δικαίου; Ael. Aristid, 46 p. 302 D.) τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν ἔχει uprightness goes the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2. Pl. (Diod S 15, 11, 1; 19, 85, 3; Appian, Samn. 11 §4 al.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 30, 1; Jos., Ant. 19, 288; SibOr 3, 257; Just., A I, 68, 3 δ. ἀξιοῦν; D. 28, 4 φυλάσσει τὰ αἰώνια δ.) δίκαια βουλεύεσθαι have upright thoughts Hv 1, 1, 8 (cp. λαλεῖν Is 59:4; ἐκζητήσεται 1 Macc 7:12; κρίνειν Ar. 15, 4; Just., A II, 15, 5).—B. 1180. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.