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101 mьgà
mьglà; mьgà; miglъ Grammatical information: f. ā; f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `mist, haze'Page in Trubačev: XXI 92-94Old Church Slavic:Russian:mglá `mist, haze, darkness' [f ā];Czech:Old Czech:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:màgla `mist, haze' [f ā], mȁglu [Accs];Čak. maglȁ (Novi) `mist, haze' [f ā], maglȕ [Accs], mȁglu;Kajk. mīēglȍ (Bednja) `mist, haze' [f ā], mīēglȕ [Accs] \{1\};mǝgà (dial.) `drizzle' [f ā]Slovene:mǝglà `mist, haze' [f ā], mglè [Gens], mglę̑ [Gens]Bulgarian:măglá `mist, haze' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: migláHLithuanian:miglà `mist, haze' [f ā] 2/4;miẽgas `sleep' [m o] 2;mìgti `sleep, fall asleep' [verb]Latvian:mìegs `sleep' [m o]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₃migʰ-leh₂IE meaning: mist, cloudPage in Pokorny: 712Comments: I agree with Mayrhofer (EWAia s.v. meghá-) that we must in principle distinguish PIE. *h₃meiǵʰ- and *h₃meigʰ- (cf. Kern 1894: 106). The former root is present in Lith. mỹžti, Latv. mìzt `urinate', and is, in my opinion, sparsely attested in Slavic. On account of their semantic similarity, the above-mentioned Slavic verbs meaning `to drizzle' are sometimes connected with mỹžti etc. I think that the Slavic etyma listed above show that verbs like *mьžiti are best grouped together with *mьglà. A more complicated issue is the relationship between words meaning `mist, drizzle' (*meigʰ- B `dunkel vor den Augen werden, Nebel, Wolke' in Pokorny) and words meaning `blink, twinkle' (*meigʰ- A `flimmern, blinzeln, micāre'), which I discuss s.v. mȋgъ. Since there is no obvious semantic link between these groups, Trubačëv basically tries to keep them apart, e.g. *mьžiti I `blink, twinkle' vs. *mьžiti II `drizzle' (but Ru.(dial.) mža `doze; drizzle; said about smth. which vanished rapidly' without further distinctions). It is not entirely clear how the meanings `doze, drowsiness' and `swarm (with) `fit in. LSrb. migoriś se `move to and fro, swarm with; drizzle' (Schuster-Šewc 907) is matched by MoDu. (dial.) miggelen (miegelen) `drizzle; swarm with'. Ru.(dial.) mžit' `doze, be delirious' is mentioned by Trubačëv s.v. *mьžiti I, but a connection with *mьžiti I cannot be excluded, cf. SCr. míždati `drizzle, doze', MoHG drisseln `drizzle, doze', drusen `doze', drussig `clouded', Lith. blañdas `sleepiness; cloudiness' (cf. Merkulova 1975: 59). Discussing the origin of the meaning `doze' is essentially the same as establishing the semantic connection between Slavic *mьg- and Lith. miẽgas `sleep', mìgt `sleep, fall asleep', miegóti `sleep' etc. Fraenkel (I 447) considers the meaning of miegóti to have evolved from `close one's eyes' (cf. Kern 1894: 109). This seems plausible indeed. On the other hand, there are parallels for a connection between `sleep' and `cloud', e.g. Av. snaođa- `cloud' vs. Lith. snáusti `doze' or OIr. nél `cloud; swoon, faintness, stupor' (cf. Merkulova 1975: 58-59). As long as there is no evidence for a formal distinction between the roots of *mьglà and *mȋgъ, I think that we must depart from a single root h₃meigʰ-.Other cognates:Skt. meghá- (RV) `cloud, gloomy weather';Skt. míh- (RV, TS) `haze, rain' [f];Notes: -
102 miglъ
mьglà; mьgà; miglъ Grammatical information: f. ā; f. ā; m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `mist, haze'Page in Trubačev: XXI 92-94Old Church Slavic:Russian:mglá `mist, haze, darkness' [f ā];Czech:Old Czech:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:màgla `mist, haze' [f ā], mȁglu [Accs];Čak. maglȁ (Novi) `mist, haze' [f ā], maglȕ [Accs], mȁglu;Kajk. mīēglȍ (Bednja) `mist, haze' [f ā], mīēglȕ [Accs] \{1\};mǝgà (dial.) `drizzle' [f ā]Slovene:mǝglà `mist, haze' [f ā], mglè [Gens], mglę̑ [Gens]Bulgarian:măglá `mist, haze' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: migláHLithuanian:miglà `mist, haze' [f ā] 2/4;miẽgas `sleep' [m o] 2;mìgti `sleep, fall asleep' [verb]Latvian:mìegs `sleep' [m o]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₃migʰ-leh₂IE meaning: mist, cloudPage in Pokorny: 712Comments: I agree with Mayrhofer (EWAia s.v. meghá-) that we must in principle distinguish PIE. *h₃meiǵʰ- and *h₃meigʰ- (cf. Kern 1894: 106). The former root is present in Lith. mỹžti, Latv. mìzt `urinate', and is, in my opinion, sparsely attested in Slavic. On account of their semantic similarity, the above-mentioned Slavic verbs meaning `to drizzle' are sometimes connected with mỹžti etc. I think that the Slavic etyma listed above show that verbs like *mьžiti are best grouped together with *mьglà. A more complicated issue is the relationship between words meaning `mist, drizzle' (*meigʰ- B `dunkel vor den Augen werden, Nebel, Wolke' in Pokorny) and words meaning `blink, twinkle' (*meigʰ- A `flimmern, blinzeln, micāre'), which I discuss s.v. mȋgъ. Since there is no obvious semantic link between these groups, Trubačëv basically tries to keep them apart, e.g. *mьžiti I `blink, twinkle' vs. *mьžiti II `drizzle' (but Ru.(dial.) mža `doze; drizzle; said about smth. which vanished rapidly' without further distinctions). It is not entirely clear how the meanings `doze, drowsiness' and `swarm (with) `fit in. LSrb. migoriś se `move to and fro, swarm with; drizzle' (Schuster-Šewc 907) is matched by MoDu. (dial.) miggelen (miegelen) `drizzle; swarm with'. Ru.(dial.) mžit' `doze, be delirious' is mentioned by Trubačëv s.v. *mьžiti I, but a connection with *mьžiti I cannot be excluded, cf. SCr. míždati `drizzle, doze', MoHG drisseln `drizzle, doze', drusen `doze', drussig `clouded', Lith. blañdas `sleepiness; cloudiness' (cf. Merkulova 1975: 59). Discussing the origin of the meaning `doze' is essentially the same as establishing the semantic connection between Slavic *mьg- and Lith. miẽgas `sleep', mìgt `sleep, fall asleep', miegóti `sleep' etc. Fraenkel (I 447) considers the meaning of miegóti to have evolved from `close one's eyes' (cf. Kern 1894: 109). This seems plausible indeed. On the other hand, there are parallels for a connection between `sleep' and `cloud', e.g. Av. snaođa- `cloud' vs. Lith. snáusti `doze' or OIr. nél `cloud; swoon, faintness, stupor' (cf. Merkulova 1975: 58-59). As long as there is no evidence for a formal distinction between the roots of *mьglà and *mȋgъ, I think that we must depart from a single root h₃meigʰ-.Other cognates:Skt. meghá- (RV) `cloud, gloomy weather';Skt. míh- (RV, TS) `haze, rain' [f];Notes: -
103 θᾶκος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `seat, chair' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e. g. in σύν-θακος, - θωκος `who has his chair together with another' (S., E.).Derivatives: Denomin. verbs: 1. θάσσω, ep. θαάσσω, only present stem, `sit' (Il.), \< *θαϜακ-ι̯ω, s. below; ( θοάζω for *θοάσσω) 2. θᾱκέω, θωκέω, also with prefix, e. g. συν-, ἐν-, `sit' (posthom.) with θάκημα `sitting' (S.), ἐνθάκησις `sitting' (S.), ἐνθακη `ambush' (Pompeiopolis; postverbal), θακεῖον `seat' (Attica IVa; cf. ἀρχεῖον, Chantraine Formation 61). 3. θακεύω `go to stool' (Plu., Artem.). - On θοάζω s. v.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: From θάβακον θᾶκον η θρόνον H. it appears, that *θᾶκο was contracted from *θά(Ϝ)ακος; θῶκος will come from θώ(Ϝ)ακος, shortened *θό(Ϝ)ακος, which will have given with metr. lengthening θόωκος. One further assumes the zero grade, resp. ō-grade of τί-θη-μι (as in θωμ-ός). This is impossible for *θαϜακ-ος. One explains further, with Schulze Q. 435, *θάϜακος as assimilated from *θόϜακος. This is most improbable. - Lit. dėveti `carry' (of clothes) etc.' (Bezzenberger BB 27, 179) is not connected. - Details on θᾶκος, θῶκος in Björck Alpha impurum 349ff. - The word must be Pre-Greek, as seen by Fur. 342; a suffix - ακ- is frequent in Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes); variation *θαϜ\/ θοϜ is normal (there is no need to assume a form *θωϜ); the form θοωκος requires *θοϜ-ᾱκ-ος).Page in Frisk: 1,647-648Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θᾶκος
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104 στράγξ
στράγξ, - γγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `squeezed out drop[ pouring out]' (Arist., Thphr., Men., AP a. o.).Derivatives: Beside it στραγγ-ός (also - γ-) `flowing drop by drop', also `tied together, entangled, by shocks, irregular' (medic. a.o.), - εῖον n. `drop-bottle' (medic.). - ίας ( πυρός) `kind of wheat' (Thphr.; cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 91). As 1. element in the compound στραγγ-ουρ-ία, Ion. - ίη f. = ἡ κατὰ στράγγα οὔρησις (Gal.), `strangury' (Hp., Att., hell. a. late) with - ικός, - ιώδης, - ιάω, - έω. Denominatives 1. στραγγ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, `to squeeze out drop by drop' (LXX, Dsc. a.o.); 2. - εύομαι (auch - γ-) `to hesitate, to linger, to dawdle' (Ar., Pl. hell. a. late; on the meaning below) with - εία f. `hesitation' (M. Ant.). -- With λ-sufflx: στραγγάλη f. `cord, rope, noose' (J., Plu., S. E.) wit - αλίς f. `entangled knot, induration' (com. Va, Arist. a.o.), - αλιά f. `id.' (LXX etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 88), - αλιώδης `knotty, entangled' (LXX, Com. Adesp.), - αλάω `to choke, to strangle' (Men., LXX), - αλίζω, also w. ἀπο-, `id.' (D. S., Str. etc.), - αλισμός (gloss.), - αλόομαι `to become entangled, ensnared' (Ph. Bel. a.o.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With στράγξ cf. στρίγξ, λύγξ, κλαγγ-ί a.o.; στραγγ-άλη as σκυτ-άλη etc. -- Of στράγξ a. cogn. remind strongly of several words from other languages: Lat. stringō `string, tie together', if from * strengō with analog. i in strictus, Latv. stringu, stringt (zero grade) `become stiff', also `wither' (from `shrivel, contract'), MIr. srengim `draw, drag', NIr. sreang `strand, strick', Germ., e.g. OHG strang, OWNo. strengr (from * strang-i-) `id.', OWNo. strangr, OS strang, OHG strengi `stretched, stiff, unbendible, streng etc.' with Norw. strengja `draw stiff', NHG anstrengen etc., IE * streng(h)-, strong(h)-. But then στραγγ- must stand either as zero grade for στραγ- (= Latv. stringt; in στραγ-ός, - εύομαι beside στραγγ- still retained?) or have got the α-vowel secondarily, which would not surprise with the orig. popular character of this word group. As orig. meaning of this family we must posit `string, tie together', which had in Greek a quite special development. Thus the drop, στράγξ, as "which strings, ties together," resp. "which is strung togethet" (as opposed to free running liquidity) interpreted; cf. σύστρεμμα also `round drop of water'. (Prop. from washing? Thierfelder by letter.) The meaning `linger, hesitate' in στραγ-γεύομαι can be explained both from `draw together, congeal' as from `run by drops (= slowly)'. -- Further forms and combinations a. lit. in WP. 2, 650f., Pok. 1036f., W.-Hofmann s. stringō. Lat. LW [loanword] strangūria, strangulō. Cf. στρογγύλος. -- The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (cf. the variant without nasal, and the a-vocalism).Page in Frisk: 2,804-805Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στράγξ
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105 μέλας
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `dark-coloured, black' (Il.); μελάν-τερος (Il.), - τατος (IA.), late μελανώτερος Str.), μελαινοτάτη ( Epigr. Gr., AP; Leumann Mus. Helv. 2,9f. = Kl.Schr. 223f.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e.g. μελάγ-χροος (pl. - ες), - χροιής, - χρής, - χρως- μελανό-χροος etc. `with dark skin' (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 21ff.; also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 52 a. 80); μελαγ-χιμος `dark, black' (A., E., X.), with faded 2. member, cp. δύσ-χιμος and Sommer 71ff.; μελάν-δετος prob. `dark-striped' or `with dark bands' (O713, A., E.; Trümpy Fachausdrücke 62, Risch 189); μελάν-δρυ-ος `of black wood (δόρυ)' (A. Fr. 251), n. `heart-wood, marrow' (Thphr., Strömberg Theophrastea 128), pl. `piece of tunny', with which μελάν-δρυς m. `tunny' (Pamphil.; Strömberg Fischnamen 128); μελάμ-πυρον n. (- ος m.) `ball-mustard, Neslia paniculata' (Thphr., Gal.); with the form. cf. διόσπυρον (s.v.), on the meaning Carnoy REGr. 71, 96; μελαγ-κάλαμον n. dvandva `ink and pen' (pap. Vp, Maas Glotta 35, 299f.). Often in PN, with as shortnames e.g. Μελαινεύς, Μελανεύς, Μελανθεύς, Μέλανθος (Boßhardt 95, 101, 154, Schwyzer 263).Derivatives: 1. μελαιν-άς f. name of a dark-coloured fish (Cratin. [?]; Strömberg Fischnamen 22); - ίς f. name of a sea-shell (Sophr., Herod., Xenokr.), also name of Aphrodite in Corinth (Ath.). 2. μελάν-ιον n. `ink' (pap., Edict. Diocl.; from μέλαν, Georgacas Glotta 36, 169). 3. μελαν-ία f. `blackness, black shadow, black colour' (X., Arist.), - ότης f. `blackness' (Arist.: λευκότης). 4. μελανός = μέλας (Sp.), - όν n. `black pigment' ( Sammelb. IVp); after κελαινός, ὀρφνός etc.; μελαιναῖος `id.' ( Orac. Sib.; after κνεφαῖος a.o.; Chantraine Form. 47); μελανώδης `blackish' (EM). -- Denominative verbs: 1. μελαίνομαι, -ω `become, make dark, black' (Il.); from this μέλανσις f. `blackening' (Arist.), μέλασ-μα n. `black spot, black paint' (Hp.), - μός m. `blackening, black spot' (Hp., Plu.), μελαντηρ-ία f. `black pigment, blackness' (IG 22, 1672, Arist.), - ιον `stain' (sch.). 2. μελάνω `become (make?) black' (H 64; Schwyzer 700, Shipp Studies 37). 3. μελανέω intr. `id.' (Thphr., A. R., Call.)Etymology: To μέλᾱς \< *μέλᾰν-ς, μέλαινα (\< - αν- ι̯α), μέλᾰν is τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν a parallel, where it must be noted that τάλας seems to be an orig. ντ-stem. --The identification of μέλαινα with Skt. f. malinī (supp. IE *melh₂n-i̯ǝ), to which a consonantic m. μελαν- was innovated for an older *μέλανος = Skt. malina-'dirty' (Schwyzer IF 30, 446ff. after Brugmann Grundr. 2: 1, 256 n. 1), fails because malinī is known only as a gloss and in the sense of `menstruating woman'; masc. malina- is further an ep.-class. deriv. from Ved. mála- n. `dirt'; s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 25, Wackernagel-Debrunner II: 2, 351 f. Of the many words cited under the words mel- indicating colour in WP. 2, 293 f., Pok. 720 f. only a few Baltic formations with n-suffix are interesting, Latv. męl̃ns `black' (see Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 237), OPr. melne `blue spot', mīlinan acc. f. `spot' (further Fraenkel Wb. s. mė́las 2). -- Further s. μολύνω, also μελίνη and μώλωψ.Page in Frisk: 2,198-199Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέλας
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106 ἀμαλδύνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `destroy, weaken' (Il.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: One assumes a denominative from *ἀμαλδύς, which is further not known. The first question is whether the word has the same root as βλαδύς (q.v.). The ἀ- must then have been added after the privative formations (which always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ἀμαλός is not very likely. - The form seems identical with Lat. mollis (\< *moldu̯is) `soft', Skt. mr̥dú- id. Arm. meɫk `weak, soft' shows no initial laryngeal for this group (Pok. 718). The absence of prothesis could point to substratal origin, but there are no other indications for this. - μέλδομαι `to smelt' is hardly cognate because of its meaning. However, it has a variant ἀμέλδειν showing the same problem as ἀμαλδύνω \/ βλαδύς. In this case we are certain of cognate forms with s-, OHG smelzan; does this point to h₂m-\/ sm-? The question has not been solved. - μαλθακός, μαλακός, ἀμαλός and ἀμβλύς differ too much to be useful. Not here βλέννα and μύλη.Page in Frisk: 1,84Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμαλδύνω
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107 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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108 for
A prep1 ( intended to belong to or be used by) pour ; who are the flowers for? pour qui sont les fleurs? ; for her pour elle ; to buy sth for sb acheter qch pour or à qn ; she bought a book for me elle a acheté un livre pour moi, elle m'a acheté un livre ; she bought presents for the family elle a acheté des cadeaux pour la famille ; a club for young people un club pour les jeunes ; a play area for children une aire de jeux pour les enfants ; keep some pancakes for us! garde-nous des crêpes! ; not for me thanks pas pour moi merci ;2 ( intended to help or benefit) pour ; to do sth for sb faire qch pour qn ; you risked your life for us tu as risqué ta vie pour nous ; let me carry it for you laisse-moi le porter pour toi ; could you book a seat for me? est-ce que tu pourrais réserver une place pour moi or me réserver une place? ; he cooked dinner for us il nous a préparé à manger ; play a tune for us joue-nous quelque chose ;3 ( indicating purpose) pour ; what's it for? c'est pour quoi faire?, ça sert à quoi? ; it's for removing stains c'est pour enlever or ça sert à enlever les taches ; what's this spring for? c'est pour quoi faire ce ressort? ; it's not for cleaning windows ce n'est pas fait pour nettoyer les vitres ; an attic for storing furniture un grenier pour entreposer les meubles ; ‘I need it’-‘what for?’ ‘j'en ai besoin’-‘pourquoi?’ ; what did you say that for? pourquoi as-tu dit cela? ; let's stop for a rest arrêtons-nous pour nous reposer ; to do sth for a laugh faire qch pour rigoler ○ ; to go for a swim/ meal aller nager/manger ; I need something for my cough j'ai besoin de quelque chose contre la toux ; she's being treated for depression elle suit un traitement contre la dépression ; a cure for Aids un remède contre le sida ; I sent it away for cleaning je l'ai renvoyé pour qu'il soit nettoyé ; I brought her home for you to meet her je l'ai amenée à la maison pour que tu puisses la rencontrer ; the bell rang for class to begin la cloche a sonné pour indiquer le début du cours ; for this to be feasible pour que ce soit réalisable ; more investment is needed for economic growth to occur il faut qu'il y ait plus d'investissements pour relancer la croissance économique ; the idea was for you to work it out yourself le but était que tu trouves ( subj) la réponse tout seul ;4 (as representative, member, employee of) pour, de ; to work for a company travailler pour une entreprise ; to play for France jouer pour la France ; the MP for Oxford le député d'Oxford ; Minister for Foreign Affairs ministre des Affaires étrangères ;5 ( indicating cause or reason) pour ; the reason for doing la raison pour laquelle on fait ; for this reason, I'd rather… pour cette raison je préfère… ; grounds for divorce/for hope des motifs de divorce/d'espoir ; to jump for joy sauter de joie ; imprisoned for murder emprisonné pour meurtre ; she left him for another man elle l'a quitté pour un autre homme ; famous for its wines réputé pour ses vins ; to praise sb for his actions féliciter qn pour ses actes ; she's been criticized for her views on lui a reproché ses opinions ; I was unable to sleep for the pain/the noise je ne pouvais pas dormir à cause de la douleur/du bruit ; the car is the worse for wear la voiture est abîmée ; if it weren't for her we wouldn't be here sans elle nous ne serions pas là ; if it hadn't been for the traffic jams, we'd have made it sans les embouteillages nous serions arrivés à temps ; the plant died for want of water la plante est morte parce qu'elle manquait d'eau ; she is annoyed with me for contradicting her elle m'en veut parce que je l'ai contredite ;6 ( indicating consequence) pour que (+ subj) ; it's too cold for her to go out il fait trop froid pour qu'elle sorte ; they spoke too quickly for us to understand ils parlaient trop vite pour que nous les comprenions ; she said it loudly enough for all to hear elle l'a dit suffisamment fort pour que tout le monde puisse entendre ; I haven't the patience ou enough patience for sewing je n'ai pas la patience qu'il faut pour coudre ; there's not enough time for us to have a drink nous n'avons pas le temps de prendre un verre ;7 ( indicating person's attitude) pour ; to be easy for sb to do être facile pour qn de faire ; for her it's almost like a betrayal pour elle c'est presque une trahison ; the film was too earnest for me le film était trop sérieux pour moi ; it was a shock for him ça a été un choc pour lui ; what counts for them is… ce qui compte pour eux c'est… ; living in London is not for me je ne suis pas fait pour vivre à Londres, vivre à Londres, très peu pour moi ○ ! ; that's good enough for me! ça me suffit! ;8 ( stressing particular feature) pour ; for further information write to… pour plus de renseignements écrivez à… ; I buy it for flavour/freshness je l'achète pour le goût/la fraîcheur ; for efficiency, there is no better system pour ce qui est de l'efficacité il n'y a pas de meilleur système ;9 ( considering) pour ; to be mature for one's age être mûr pour son âge ; she's very young for a doctor elle est très jeune pour un médecin ; it's warm for the time of year il fait chaud pour la saison ; it's not a bad wine for the price ce vin n'est pas mauvais pour le prix ; suitably dressed for the climate habillé comme il faut pour le climat ;10 ( towards) pour ; to have admiration/respect for sb avoir de l'admiration/du respect pour qn ; to feel sorry for sb avoir de la peine pour qn ; to feel contempt for sb mépriser qn ;11 ( on behalf of) pour ; to be delighted/pleased for sb être ravi/content pour qn ; to be anxious for sb être inquiet pour qn ; say hello to him for me dis-lui bonjour de ma part ; I can't do it for you je ne peux pas le faire à ta place ; let her answer for herself laisse-la répondre elle-même ; I speak for everyone here je parle au nom de toutes les personnes ici présentes ;12 ( as regards) to be a stickler for punctuality être à cheval sur la ponctualité ; she's a great one for jokes on peut toujours compter sur elle pour raconter des blagues ; to be all right for money avoir assez d'argent ; luckily for her heureusement pour elle ;13 ( indicating duration) ( taking account of past events) depuis ; ( stressing expected duration) pour ; ( stressing actual duration) pendant ; this is the best show I've seen for years c'est le meilleur spectacle que j'aie vu depuis des années ; we've been together for 2 years nous sommes ensemble depuis 2 ans, ça fait 2 ans que nous sommes ensemble ; she hasn't slept for a week elle n'a pas dormi depuis une semaine, ça fait une semaine qu'elle n'a pas dormi ; they hadn't seen each other for 10 years ils ne s'étaient pas vus depuis 10 ans, ça faisait 10 ans qu'ils ne s'étaient pas vus ; she's off to Paris for the weekend elle va à Paris pour le week-end ; I'm going to Spain for 6 months je vais en Espagne pour 6 mois ; they are stored in the cellar for the winter ils sont entreposés dans la cave pour l'hiver ; will he be away for long? est-ce qu'il sera absent longtemps? ; you can stay for a year vous pouvez rester un an ; to be away for a year être absent pendant un an ; they were married for 25 years ils ont été mariés pendant 25 ans ; he hasn't been seen for several days on ne l'a pas vu depuis plusieurs jours ; she remained silent for a few moments elle est restée silencieuse pendant quelques instants ; I was in Paris for 2 weeks j'étais à Paris pendant 2 semaines ; to last for hours durer des heures ;14 ( indicating a deadline) pour ; ( in negative constructions) avant ; it will be ready for Saturday ça sera prêt pour samedi ; when is the essay for? la rédaction, c'est pour quand? ; the car won't be ready for another 6 weeks la voiture ne sera pas prête avant 6 semaines ; you don't have to decide for a week yet tu n'as pas à prendre ta décision avant une semaine ;15 ( on the occasion of) pour ; to go to China for Christmas aller en Chine pour Noël ; invited for Easter invité pour Pâques ; he got a bike for his birthday il a eu un vélo pour son anniversaire ;16 ( indicating scheduled time) pour ; the summit scheduled for next month le sommet prévu pour le mois prochain ; that's all for now c'est tout pour le moment ; I'd like an appointment for Monday je voudrais un rendez-vous pour lundi ; I have an appointment for 4 pm j'ai rendez-vous à 16h 00 ; it's time for bed c'est l'heure d'aller au lit ; now for some fun/food! on va s'amuser/manger! ;17 ( indicating distance) pendant ; to drive for miles rouler pendant des kilomètres ; lined with trees for 3 km bordé d'arbres pendant or sur 3 km ; the last shop for 30 miles le dernier magasin avant 50 kilomètres ; there is nothing but desert for miles around on ne voit que le désert à des kilomètres à la ronde ;18 ( indicating destination) pour ; a ticket for Dublin un billet pour Dublin ; the train leaves for London le train part pour Londres ; to leave for work partir travailler ; to head for the beach partir à la plage ; to swim for the shore nager vers la rive ;19 (indicating cost, value) pour ; it was sold for £100 ça s'est vendu (pour) 100 livres sterling ; they bought the car for £6,000 ils ont acheté la voiture pour 6 000 livres sterling ; 10 apples for £1 10 pommes pour une livre sterling ; he'll fix it for £10 il le réparera pour 10 livres sterling ; I wouldn't do it for anything! je ne le ferais pour rien au monde! ; you paid too much for that dress! tu as payé cette robe trop cher! ; I'll let you have it for £20 je vous le laisse à 20 livres sterling ; a cheque for £20 un chèque de 20 livres sterling ; to exchange sth for sth else échanger qch contre qch d'autre ; ⇒ nothing ;20 ( in favour of) to be for être pour [peace, divorce, reunification] ; to be all for it être tout à fait pour ; I'm for going to a nightclub je suis pour qu'on aille en boîte ○ ; who's for a game of football? qui veut jouer au football? ;21 ( stressing appropriateness) she's the person for the job elle est la personne qu'il faut pour le travail ; that's for us to decide c'est à nous de décider ; it's not for him to tell us what to do ce n'est pas à lui de nous dire ce qu'il faut faire ;22 ( in support of) en faveur de ; to vote for change voter en faveur de la réforme ; the argument for recycling l'argument en faveur du recyclage ; there's no evidence for that ce n'est absolument pas prouvé ;24 ( as part of ratio) pour ; one teacher for five pupils un professeur pour cinq élèves ; for every female judge there are ten male judges il y a une femme juge pour dix hommes juges ;25 ( equivalent to) T for Tom T comme Tom ; what's the French for ‘boot’? comment dit-on ‘boot’ en français? ; the technical term for it is ‘chloasma’ ‘chloasme’ c'est le terme technique ; what is CD for? qu'est-ce que CD veut dire? ; green is for go le vert veut dire qu'on a le droit de passer ;26 ( in explanations) for one thing… and for another… premièrement… et deuxièmement… ; for that matter d'ailleurs ; for example par exemple ; I, for one, agree with her en tout cas moi, je suis d'accord avec elle ;27 ( when introducing clauses) it would be unwise for us to generalize il serait imprudent pour nous de généraliser ; it's not convenient for them to come today ce n'est pas pratique pour eux de passer aujourd'hui ; the best thing would be for them to leave le mieux serait qu'ils s'en aillent ; it must have been serious for her to cancel the class cela a dû être grave pour qu'elle annule ( subj) le cours ; there's nothing worse than for someone to spy on you il n'y a rien de pire que quelqu'un qui t'espionne ; there's no need for people to get upset il n'y a pas de quoi s'énerver ;28 ( after) to name a child for sb donner à un enfant le nom de qn.oh for a nice hot bath! je rêve d'un bon bain chaud! ; I'll be (in) for it if… ○ GB ça va être ma fête si… ○ ; right, you're for it ○ ! GB bon, ça va être ta fête ○ ! ; to have it in for sb ○ avoir qn dans le collimateur ○ ; that's adolescents for you! que voulez-vous, c'est ça les adolescents! ; there's gratitude for you! c'est comme ça qu'on me (or vous etc) remercie!, quelle ingratitude! -
109 in
in [ɪn]dans ⇒ 1A (a)-(e), 1B (c), 1C (d), 1D (a), 1F (a) à ⇒ 1A (g), 1F (b) en ⇒ 1A (h), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1C (a), 1C (b), 1C (d), 1E (b), 1F (b) chez ⇒ 1C (f) sur ⇒ 1G (b) à l'intérieur ⇒ 2A (a) à la mode ⇒ 2E (b), 3 (a)A.∎ in a box dans une boîte;∎ what have you got in your pockets? qu'est-ce que tu as dans tes poches?;∎ she was sitting in an armchair elle était assise dans un fauteuil;∎ in the house dans la maison;∎ in Catherine's house chez Catherine;∎ they're playing in the garden/living room/street ils jouent dans le jardin/le salon/la rue;∎ we live in a village nous habitons un village;∎ he's still in bed/in the bath il est encore au lit/dans son bain;∎ she shut herself up in her bedroom elle s'est enfermée dans sa chambre;∎ the light's gone in the fridge la lumière du réfrigérateur ne marche plus;∎ Law in camera à huis clos∎ she trailed her hand in the water elle laissait traîner sa main dans l'eau;∎ there's a smell of spring in the air ça sent le printemps;∎ we swam in the sea nous nous sommes baignés dans la mer(c) (indicating movement) dans;∎ put it in your pocket mets-le dans ta poche;∎ throw the letter in the bin jette la lettre à la poubelle;∎ we headed in the direction of the port nous nous sommes dirigés vers le port∎ he had a knife in his hand il avait un couteau dans ou à la main;∎ she held her tight in her arms elle la serrait dans ses bras;∎ with tears in his eyes les larmes aux yeux(e) (on or behind a surface) dans;∎ a hole in the wall un trou dans le mur;∎ there were deep cuts in the surface la surface était marquée de profondes entailles;∎ a reflection in the mirror un reflet dans la glace;∎ how much is that jumper in the window? combien coûte ce pull dans la vitrine?;∎ who's that man in the photo? qui est cet homme sur la photo?∎ she's in hospital/in prison elle est à l'hôpital/en prison;∎ he teaches in a language school il enseigne dans une école de langues∎ in Paris à Paris;∎ in France en France;∎ in Afghanistan en Afghanistan;∎ in the States aux États-Unis;∎ in Portugal au Portugal;∎ in the Pacific dans l'océan Pacifique;∎ in the Third World dans les pays du tiers-monde∎ he was in a suit il était en costume;∎ she was still in her dressing gown elle était encore en robe de chambre;∎ he always dresses in green il s'habille toujours en vert;∎ who's that woman in the hat? qui est la femme avec le ou au chapeau?;∎ in uniform/mourning en uniforme/deuil∎ sardines in tomato sauce des sardines à la sauce tomate;∎ beef in a red wine sauce bœuf mijoté dans une sauce au vin rouge;∎ fish in breadcrumbs poisson pané;∎ we were up to our waists in mud nous étions dans la boue jusqu'à la tailleB.∎ in 1992 en 1992;∎ in March en mars, au mois de mars;∎ in the thirties dans les années trente;∎ in (the) summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver;∎ in (the) spring au printemps;∎ he doesn't work in the afternoon/morning il ne travaille pas l'après-midi/le matin;∎ I'll come in the afternoon/morning je viendrai l'après-midi/le matin;∎ at 5 o'clock in the afternoon/morning à 5 heures de l'après-midi/du matin;∎ in the future à l'avenir;∎ in the past autrefois∎ he cooked the meal in ten minutes il prépara le repas en dix minutes∎ I'll be back in five minutes je reviens dans cinq minutes, j'en ai pour cinq minutes∎ we haven't had a proper talk in ages nous n'avons pas eu de véritable conversation depuis très longtemps;∎ I hadn't seen her in years ça faisait des années que je ne l'avais pas vue∎ in my absence en ou pendant mon absence;∎ in the ensuing chaos dans la confusion qui s'ensuivitC.(a) (indicating arrangement, shape) en;∎ in five rows/parts en cinq rangées/parties;∎ stand in a circle mettez-vous en cercle;∎ line up in twos mettez-vous par deux;∎ cut the cake in three/in half coupe le gâteau en trois/en deux;∎ she had her hair up in a ponytail ses cheveux étaient relevés en queue de cheval(b) (indicating form, method)∎ in cash en liquide;∎ in writing par écrit;∎ in English/French en anglais/français;∎ written in ink écrit à l'encre;∎ do you have these shoes in a 5? est-ce que vous auriez ces chaussures en 38?;∎ have you got this jacket in a large? est-ce que vous auriez cette veste dans une taille plus grande?;∎ does it come in red? est-ce que ça existe ou est-ce que ça se fait en rouge?∎ she's in a bit of a state elle est dans tous ses états;∎ to be in love être amoureux;∎ don't keep us in suspense ne nous tiens pas en haleine plus longtemps;∎ he watched in wonderment il regardait avec émerveillement(d) (indicating state, situation) dans, en;∎ in the present circumstances dans les circonstances actuelles;∎ in the dark dans l'obscurité;∎ in this weather par ou avec ce temps;∎ in the sun au soleil;∎ in the rain/snow sous la pluie/neige;∎ in danger/silence en danger/silence;∎ in my presence en ma présence;∎ she's got her leg in plaster elle a une jambe plâtrée ou dans le plâtre∎ in blossom en fleur ou fleurs;∎ in pup/calf/cub plein;∎ American in heat en chaleur∎ a disease common in five-year-olds une maladie très répandue chez les enfants de cinq ans;∎ the sense of smell is more developed in dogs l'odorat est plus développé chez les chiensD.(a) (forming part of) dans;∎ in chapter six dans le chapitre six;∎ we were standing in a queue nous faisions la queue;∎ she's appearing in his new play/film elle joue dans sa nouvelle pièce/son nouveau film;∎ he has two Picassos in his collection il a deux Picasso dans sa collection;∎ this is a common theme in Shakespeare's work c'est un thème fréquent dans les œuvres de Shakespeare;∎ the best player in the team le meilleur joueur de l'équipe;∎ how many feet are there in a metre? combien de pieds y a-t-il dans un mètre?;∎ service is included in the price le service est inclus dans le prix∎ she hasn't got it in her to be nasty elle est bien incapable de méchanceté;∎ I didn't think she had it in her je ne l'en croyais pas capable;∎ it's the Irish in me c'est mon côté irlandais∎ she has no confidence in him elle n'a aucune confiance en lui;∎ they showed no interest in my work mon travail n'a pas eu l'air de les intéresser le moins du monde∎ in my opinion or view à mon avisE.(a) (indicating purpose, cause)∎ he charged the door in an effort to get free dans un effort pour se libérer, il donna un grand coup dans la porte;∎ in reply or response to your letter... en réponse à votre lettre...;∎ there's no point in complaining il est inutile de ou ça ne sert à rien de se plaindre(b) (as a result of) en;∎ in doing so, you only encourage him en faisant cela, vous ne faites que l'encourager;∎ in attempting to save her son's life, she almost died en essayant de sauver son fils, elle a failli mourir∎ it's five feet in length ça fait cinq pieds de long;∎ the town has grown considerably in size la ville s'est beaucoup agrandie;∎ a change in direction un changement de direction;∎ he's behind in maths il ne suit pas en maths;∎ spinach is rich in iron les épinards sont riches en fer;∎ we've found the ideal candidate in Richard nous avons trouvé en Richard le candidat idéal∎ I've got a pain in my arm j'ai une douleur au ou dans le brasF.(a) (indicating specified field, sphere of activity) dans;∎ to be in the army/navy être dans l'armée/la marine;∎ she's in advertising elle est dans la publicité;∎ an expert in economics un expert en économie politique;∎ he's in business with his sister il dirige une entreprise avec sa sœur;∎ there have been tremendous advances in the treatment of cancer de grands progrès ont été faits dans le traitement du cancer;∎ a degree in Italian une licence d'italien∎ our days were spent in swimming and sailing nous passions nos journées à nager et à faire de la voile;∎ they spent hours (engaged) in complex negotiations ils ont passé des heures en négociations difficiles;∎ you took your time in getting here! tu en as mis du temps à venir!G.(a) (indicating approximate number, amount)∎ people arrived in droves/in dribs and drabs les gens sont arrivés en foule/par petits groupes;∎ they came in their thousands ils sont venus par milliers;∎ he's in his forties il a la quarantaine;∎ the temperature was in the nineties la température était dans les trente degrés(b) (in ratios) sur;∎ one child in three un enfant sur trois;∎ a one-in-five hill une pente de 20 pour cent;∎ once in ten years une fois tous les dix ans2 adverbA.(a) (into an enclosed space) à l'intérieur, dedans;∎ she opened the door and looked in elle ouvrit la porte et regarda à l'intérieur;∎ he jumped in il sauta dedans∎ breathe in then out inspirez puis expirez;∎ we can't take in any more refugees nous ne pouvons pas accueillir plus de réfugiés;∎ she's been in and out of mental hospitals all her life elle a passé presque toute sa vie dans des hôpitaux psychiatriques;∎ she and I were always in and out of each other's houses nous étions tout le temps fourrées l'une chez l'autre∎ is your wife/the boss in? est-ce que votre femme/le patron est là?;∎ it's nice to spend an evening in c'est agréable de passer une soirée chez soi;∎ to eat/to stay in manger/rester à la maison;∎ we've got the builders in nous avons des ouvriers à la maison;∎ he usually comes in about 10 o'clock en général, il est là vers 10 heures;∎ familiar what's he in for? (in prison) pourquoi est-ce qu'il fait de la tôle?; (in hospital) pourquoi est-ce qu'il est à l'hôpital?□B.∎ to go in entrer;∎ come in! entrez!;∎ to saunter/to run in entrer d'un pas nonchalant/en courant;∎ in we go! on y va!∎ the bus isn't in yet le bus n'est pas encore arrivé;∎ what time does your train get in? quand est-ce que votre train arrive?∎ the walls fell in les murs se sont écroulés;∎ the edges bend in le bord est recourbé∎ the tide is in la marée est hauteC.∎ write in for further information écrivez-nous pour plus de renseignements;∎ entries must be in by 1 May les bulletins doivent nous parvenir avant le 1 mai;∎ offers of help poured in les propositions d'aide sont arrivées en masse(b) (indicating participation, addition)∎ to be in at the start/finish of sth assister au début/à la fin de qch;∎ we asked if we could join in nous avons demandé si nous pouvions participer;∎ stir in the sliced onions ajouter les oignons en lamelles;∎ fill in the blanks remplissez les espaces videsD.∎ the ball was in la balle était bonne(b) (in cricket) à l'attaque;∎ the other side went in first c'est l'autre équipe qui était d'abord à l'attaqueE.∎ he failed to get in at the last election il n'a pas été élu aux dernières élections(b) (in fashion) à la mode;∎ short skirts are coming back in les jupes courtes reviennent à la modeF.∎ you're in for a bit of a disappointment tu vas être déçu;∎ he's in for a surprise/shock il va avoir une surprise/un choc;∎ we're in for a storm nous aurons sûrement de l'orage;∎ they don't know what they're in for ils ne savent pas ce qui les attend;∎ now he's really in for it cette fois-ci, il va y avoir droit;∎ he's in on the secret il est dans le secret;∎ he's in on it il est dans le coup;∎ we were all in on the plot on était tous au courant;∎ I wasn't in on that particular conversation je n'étais pas là pendant cette conversation;∎ familiar to be in with sb être en bons termes avec qn;∎ he's trying to get in with the boss il essaie de se faire bien voir du patron(a) (fashionable) à la mode□, branché;∎ that nightclub is very in cette boîte est très à la mode;∎ it's the in place to go c'est l'endroit branché du moment;∎ to be the in thing être à la mode;∎ the in crowd les gens dans le coup∎ it's an in joke c'est une plaisanterie entre nous/elles/ etc □4 noun∎ to have an in avoir de l'influence;∎ he has an in with the senator il a ses entrées chez le sénateur∎ the ins and outs (of a situation) les tenants et les aboutissants (d'une situation)en tout;∎ there are 30 in all il y en a 30 en tout1 adverb∎ a row of bushes with little clumps of flowers in between une rangée d'arbustes séparés par des petites touffes de fleurs;∎ he's neither right nor left but somewhere in between il n'est ni de droite ni de gauche mais quelque part entre les deux;∎ she either plays very well or very badly, never in between elle joue très bien ou très mal, jamais entre les deuxentreen soi;∎ the town is not in itself beautiful but it has style la ville n'est pas belle en soi mais elle a de l'allure;∎ this was in itself an achievement c'était déjà un exploit en soipuisque;∎ I'm not badly off in that I have a job and a flat but... je ne peux pas me plaindre puisque j'ai un emploi et un appartement mais...;∎ we are lucky in that there are only a few of us nous avons de la chance d'être si peu nombreux►► Computing in box (for e-mail) boîte f de réception, corbeille f d'arrivée -
110 principio
m.1 beginning, start (comienzo).el principio del fin the beginning of the enddel principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finisha principios de at the beginning ofal principio at first, in the beginningen principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursdayen un principio at first2 principle (fundamento, ley).en principio in principlepor principio on principle3 origin, source (origen).4 element (elemento).principio activo active ingredientpres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: principiar.* * *1 (inicio) beginning, start2 (base) principle3 (moral) principle1 rudiments\al principio at first, at the beginningen principio in principle* * *noun m.1) beginning, outset2) principle* * *SM1) (=comienzo) beginningal principio — at first, in the beginning
a principios del verano — at the beginning of the summer, early in the summer
desde el principio — from the first, from the outset
desde el principio hasta el fin — from start to finish, from beginning to end
en un principio — at first, to start with
tener principio en algo — to start from sth, be based on sth
2) pl principios (=nociones) rudiments, first notions"Principios de física" — "Introduction to Physics", "Outline of Physics"
3) (=norma) principleel principio de la legalidad — the force of law, the rule of law
4) (Fil) principle5) (Quím) element, constituent6) (Culin) entrée* * *1) ( comienzo) beginningel principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer
en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning
2)a) (concepto, postulado) principleb) ( norma moral) principle* * *1) ( comienzo) beginningel principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer
en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning
2)a) (concepto, postulado) principleb) ( norma moral) principle* * *el principio= early days, theEx: The new chemical was expensive, and in the early days it was often mishandled; much of the foxing of early nineteenth-century paper was due to inefficient bleaching.
principio11 = principle, proposition, tenet, canon, touchstone.Ex: Objective 2 results in what could be described as a collocative catalogue, because a catalogue based on this principle collocates the writings of a particular author.
Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.Ex: This attack summarises her main tenets.Ex: The archetypal canon is of course that of the books of the Bible, which are gathered together in a fixed and unchanging order.Ex: The touchstone for professional practice are the professional codes of ethics that govern medicine in face-to-face relationships with patients.* actuar de acuerdo con los principios de Uno = act on + Posesivo + principles.* adherirse a principios = espouse + principles.* basado en principios = principled.* basarse en un principio = base on + principle.* con principios = principled.* cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.* declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.* defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.* de principios = principled.* de principios muy elevados = high-minded.* en principio = in principle, on principle.* establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.* formular un principio = formulate + principle.* infringir un principio = violate + principle.* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.* Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.* por principio = on principle.* por principios = as a matter of principle.* principio constitutivo = constitutive principle.* principio de actuación = governing principle.* principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.* principio de cualificación profesional adecuada para el trabajo en cuestión = principle of rate for the job.* principio de gratuidad, el = gratis principle, the.* principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.* principio de la alfabetización literal = file-as-is principle, file-as-is principle.* principio del escalonamiento = scalar principle.* principio ético = moral principle.* principio fundamental = fundamental, principium [principia, -pl.].* principio moral = moral principle.* principio orientador = guiding principle.* principios = philosophy, ethos, morals.* principios elevados = high-mindedness.* Principios para la Intercalación Bibliográfica = ISO7154.* proponer como principio = posit.* respetar los principios = observe + principles.* seguir un principio = adopt + convention.* sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.* suscribir un principio = subscribe to + principle.* traicionar los principios de uno mismo = betray + Posesivo + own principles.* una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.* violar un principio = violate + principle.principio22 = start, eruption, kick-off, startup [start-up], beginning.Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.
Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.* abocado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed to + failure, doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed from + the beginning.* al principio = at first, at the outset, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], in the early years, originally, to start with, early on, at startup.* al principio de = at the beginning (of), at the dawn of, at the onset of, early in.* al principio de la imprenta = early printing.* al principio y al final = both ends.* al principio y al final de = at each end of.* a principios de = in the early + Fecha.* a principios de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.* a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.* comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.* comenzar por el principio, empezar desde cero, comen = start from + scratch.* condenado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the beginning.* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.* de principio a fin = from start to finish, gavel to gavel, from beginning to end.* de principio a fin (documento) = cover to cover.* desde el principio = from the start, all along, ab initio, from the outset, from the beginning, from the word go, from the word get-go.* desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.* desde principio a fin = throughout.* desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.* el principio de = the dawn of.* el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.* el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.* empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.* en principio = at first, conceivably, first of all, prima facie.* en un principio = at an earlier stage, initially, originally, at one time, to begin with.* fracaso desde el principio = doomed failure.* hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.* leer de principio a fin = read + from cover to cover.* muy al principio = in very early days, at the very outset.* para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.* principio, el = early days, the.* regresar al principio = go back to + square one, be back to square one.* volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.* volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.* * *A (comienzo) beginningel principio del verano early summer, the beginning of summerempieza por el principio start at the beginningel principio del fin the beginning of the endel éxito logrado con su primer libro es un buen principio the success she's had with her first book is a good start, the success of her first book has got her off to a good startse llegó a un principio de acuerdo en las negociaciones they reached the beginnings of an agreement in the negotiationscongeniamos desde el principio we got along well from the startleyó el libro desde el principio hasta el final sin parar he read the book from cover to cover o from beginning to end o from start to finish without putting it downa principios de temporada at the beginning of the seasona principios de siglo at the turn of the centuryal principio at firsten un principio se creyó que la Tierra era plana at first o in the beginning people believed the Earth was flatB1 (concepto, postulado) principlees un principio universalmente aceptado it's a universally accepted conceptla teoría parte de un principio erróneo the theory is based on a false premiseen principio la reunión es el jueves the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise o provisionally, the meeting is set for Thursdayen principio estoy de acuerdo, pero no depende sólo de mí I agree in principle, but it isn't only up to me2 (norma moral) principlees una cuestión de principios it's a question of principle(s)es una persona de principios she's a person of principle o a principled personpor principio on principleCompuestos:uncertainty principleuncertainty principle● principio de placer/realidadpleasure/reality principle* * *
Del verbo principiar: ( conjugate principiar)
principio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
principió es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
principiar
principio
principio sustantivo masculino
1 ( comienzo) beginning;
empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
eso es un buen principio that's a good start;
en un or al principio at first, in the beginning
2 (postulado, norma moral) principle;
por principio on principle
principio sustantivo masculino
1 (comienzo) beginning, start: nos hemos perdido el principio de la película, we've missed the beginning of the film
2 (causa, origen) premise, origin
3 (idea fundamental, norma) principle 4 principios, (nociones) rudiments, basics: posee algunos principios de mecánica, she has some rudiments of mechanics
♦ Locuciones: al principio, at first
en principio, in principle
por principio, on principle
' principio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- cien
- empezar
- extrema
- extremo
- frustrarse
- germen
- horterada
- indirecta
- vista
- criterio
- elemental
- por
English:
at
- basically
- begin
- beginning
- cornerstone
- early
- farce
- first
- front
- further
- go
- hear of
- initially
- initiation
- listen
- maybe
- originally
- outset
- policy
- principle
- see
- soon
- start
- stick to
- tenet
- wind back
- from
- out
- right
- throughout
- turn
* * *principio nm1. [comienzo] beginning, start;empieza por el principio start at the beginning;al principio at first, in the beginning;desde el principio from the beginning;se ha llegado a un principio de acuerdo a preliminary agreement has been reached;a principios de at the beginning of;en un principio at first;el principio del fin the beginning of the end;del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish2. [fundamento, ley] principleprincipio de Arquímedes Archimedes' principle; Filosofía principio de causalidad causality principle;principio de incertidumbre uncertainty principle;principio de indeterminación uncertainty principle;principio del todo o nada all-or-nothing policy3. [origen] origin, source4. [elemento] elementprincipio activo active ingredient5.principios [reglas de conducta] principles;un hombre de principios a man of principles;sin principios unprincipled, unscrupulous;por principio on principle;se negó a hacerlo por principios she refused to do it on principle6.principios [nociones] rudiments, first principles;tiene algunos principios de informática she knows a bit about computing7. [primera consideración]en principio: en principio, me parece buena la idea in principle, the idea seems good;en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday* * *men principio in principle;por principio on principle2 en tiempo beginning;a principios de abril at the beginning of April;al principio, en un principio at first;el principio del fin the beginning of the end* * *principio nm1) comienzo: beginning2) : principle3)al principio : at first4)a principios de : at the beginning ofa principios de agosto: at the beginning of August5)en principio : in principle* * *1. (comienzo) beginning2. (concepto) principlea principios de... at the beginning of... -
111 above
1. preposition1) (in a higher position than: a picture above the fireplace.) sobre2) (greater than: The child's intelligence is above average.) acima de3) (too good for: The police must be above suspicion.) acima de2. adverb1) (higher up: seen from above.) de cima2) ((in a book etc) earlier or higher up on the page: See above.) acima•- above all* * *a.bove[əb'∧v] n 1 o alto, céu. 2 o acima mencionado, o acima escrito ou dito. the above is his opinion / o acima escrito é a opinião dele. in addition to all of the above, I must say that... / em acréscimo a todo o acima mencionado, devo dizer que... • adj acima mencionado, anteriormente escrito ou dito. for further information see the above passage / para informações complementares consulte o texto acima. the above remarks are concerned with this item / as observações anteriores dizem respeito a este item. • adv 1 acima, no alto, em cima. the sound was coming from the bedroom above / o som vinha do quarto de cima. our plane flew above the clouds / nosso avião voava acima das nuvens. 2 anteriormente (citado ou dito). the facts mentioned above / os fatos mencionados acima. 3 em lugar mais alto. those are the hills above Rome / aquelas são as colinas no alto de Roma. • prep 1 sobre, acima, por cima. she lived on the first floor above a night club / ela morava no primeiro andar acima de uma boate. the police officer ought to be above suspicion / o policial devia estar acima de suspeita. 2 superior. he is above his brother / ele é superior a seu irmão. 3 mais que. the show is allowed to children above the age of ten years / o espetáculo é permitido para crianças com mais de dez anos. 4 além de. he is above criticism / ele está além da crítica. it is above me / isso está além da minha compreensão. above all sobretudo, mais importante de tudo. above all things antes de tudo. above-board a) claro, franco, honesto, correto. b) francamente, honestamente, corretamente. above-ground a) vivo, na terra. b) acima do solo. above-mentioned supracitado, supradito, acima mencionado. above par Econ acima do valor, com ágio. above praise acima de louvor. above the average acima da média. from above de cima. I am above myself eu estou fora de mim (de alegria, de raiva). over and above além disto. to be above nothing considerar nada indigno demais. -
112 personne
personne [pεʀsɔn]1. feminine nouna. ( = être humain) person• les personnes qui... those who...• 100 € par personne 100 euros each• c'est la bonté en personne he's or she's kindness itself2. pronouna. ( = quelqu'un) anyone, anybody• personne ne l'a vu no one or nobody saw him• il n'a vu personne d'autre he didn't see anyone or anybody else• personne d'autre que lui no one or nobody but him• il n'y a personne there's no one or nobody in• presque personne hardly anyone or anybody• ce n'est la faute de personne it's no one's or nobody's fault3. compounds* * *
I pɛʀsɔnpronom indéfinipersonne n'est parfait — nobody's ou no-one's perfect
je n'ai parlé à personne — I didn't talk to anybody ou anyone
II pɛʀsɔn1) ( individu) person50% des personnes interrogées — 50% of those interviewed
lit/chambre d'une personne — single bed/room
il doit y avoir erreur sur la personne — it must be the wrong person ou a case of mistaken identity
2) ( individu en lui-même)c'est la cupidité en personne — he/she is greed personified
3) Linguistique person•Phrasal Verbs:* * *pɛʀsɔn1. nf1) (= individu de l'un ou l'autre sexe) person10 euros par personne — 10 euros per person, 10 euros a head
Il y avait une trentaine de personnes dans la pièce. — There were about 30 people in the room.
2) (= être humain)3) LINGUISTIQUE person2. pron1) (négatif) nobody, no oneIl n'y a personne à la maison. — There's nobody at home., There's no one at home.
Personne n'est venu le chercher. — Nobody came to fetch him., No one came to fetch him.
2) (= quiconque)mieux que personne — better than anyone, better than anybody
Il connaît la route mieux que personne. — He knows the road better than anyone.
comme personne — like nobody else, like no one else
Elle joue du piano comme personne. — She plays the piano like nobody else.
* * *I.personne pron indéf1 ( nul) personne n'est parfait nobody's ou no-one's perfect; personne ne te dérangera nobody ou no-one will disturb you; je n'accuse personne I'm not accusing anybody ou anyone; personne n'a vu mon stylo? has anybody seen my pen?; il n'y avait presque/jamais personne there was hardly/never anybody there; tu n'as oublié personne? you haven't forgotten anybody, have you?; plus personne ne les a vus nobody else saw them; ni lui ni personne n'est satisfait neither he nor anyone else is satisfied; je n'ai parlé à personne I didn't talk to anybody ou anyone; je n'en ai parlé à personne d'autre que toi I told nobody ou no-one but you; personne d'autre que lui ne pourrait le faire nobody but him could do it; tu ne connais personne d'autre? don't you know anybody else?; n 'y a-t-il personne ici qui parle l'anglais? is there no-one here who speaks English?; il n'y a personne? ( dans le lieu) is anybody there?; ( depuis la porte) is anybody in?; ‘qui a sonné/parlé?’-‘personne’ ‘who rang/spoke?’-‘no-one’; que personne ne sorte! nobody leave!; que personne n'aille croire que don't let anybody think that; personne de sensé/sérieux ne ferait no sensible/serious person would do; ce n'est un mystère pour personne it's no mystery; je n'y suis pour personne if anybody asks for me, I'm not here; il n'y est pour personne he's not in for anyone; quand il s'agit de faire le ménage, il n'y a plus personne○ when it comes to doing the housework, there's nobody around; dès qu'on parle de travail, il n'y a plus personne○ as soon as you mention work, everybody disappears;2 ( quiconque) anyone, anybody; faire qch comme or mieux que personne to do sth better than anyone ou anybody (else); sans personne pour m'aider without anyone ou anybody to help me; avant que personne (ne) réagisse before anyone had time to react; personne de blessé? anyone ou anybody hurt?II.personne nf1 ( individu) person; la personne de votre choix the person of your choice; la personne de la réception the person at reception; cinquante euros par personne fifty euros per person; un groupe de dix personnes a group of ten people; les personnes concernées those concerned; 50% des personnes interrogées 50% of those interviewed; un voyage pour deux personnes a trip for two; logement pour personne seule accommodation for a single person; lit/chambre d'une personne single bed/room; la personne aimée the loved one; une personne âgée an elderly person; les personnes âgées the elderly; il était accompagné d'une charmante jeune personne he was accompanied by a charming young lady; en cas d'empoisonnement, si la personne ne respire plus in case of poisoning, if the person has stopped breathing; si une personne tombe à l'eau if someone falls into the water; si une personne te demande son chemin if anybody asks you the way; une personne de confiance someone trustworthy; toute personne désirant des informations supplémentaires anyone wishing further information; il doit y avoir erreur sur la personne it must be the wrong person ou a case of mistaken identity; il y avait erreur sur la personne de leur client their client was a victim of mistaken identity; ⇒ grand;2 ( individu en lui-même) satisfait/content de sa (petite) personne satisfied/pleased with oneself; bien fait de sa personne good-looking; trouver un allié en la personne de mon frère/du ministre to find an ally in the person of my brother/of the minister; c'est bien suffisant pour mon humble ou ma modeste personne it's quite enough for my humble self; le respect de/les droits de la personne (humaine) respect for/the rights of the individual; la personne et la pensée de Confucius Confucius, the man and his thought; j'apprécie en lui le poète, pas la personne I like him as a poet, not as a person; toute sa personne inspirait le respect his/her whole being inspired respect; le Christ en tant que personne Christ as a person; le ministre en personne the minister in person; il s'en occupe en personne he's dealing with it personally; c'est la cupidité en personne he/she is greed personified;3 Ling person; troisième personne du pluriel third person plural; écrit à la première personne written in the first person.personne à charge Jur dependant; personne civile Jur artificial person; personne déplacée Pol displaced person; personne morale Jur = personne civile; personne physique Jur natural person.I[pɛrsɔn] nom féminin1. [individu] persona. [sens courant] several peopletoute personne intéressée peut ou les personnes intéressées peuvent s'adresser à Nora all those interested ou all interested parties should contact Noravingt euros par personne twenty euros each ou per person ou a head2. [être humain]ce qui compte, c'est l'oeuvre/le rang et non la personne it's the work/the rank that matters and not the individual3. [femme] lady4. [corps]la personne de: ils s'en sont pris à la personne (même) du diplomate they attacked the diplomat physicallyil dînait avec Napoléon en personne he was dining with Napoleon himself ou none other than Napoleonelle est la beauté en personne she's the very embodiment of beauty, she's beauty personified6. DROITpar personne interposée locution adverbialethrough ou via a third partyII[pɛrsɔn] pronom indéfinique personne ne sorte! nobody ou no one leave (the room)!personne d'autre que toi nobody ou no one (else) but youil n'y a personne there's nobody ou no one there, there isn't anybody ou anyone thereil n'y a jamais personne dans ce restaurant there is never anyone ou anybody in this restaurantje ne vois personne que je connaisse I can't see anybody ou anyone I knowje ne connais personne d'aussi gentil qu'elle I don't know anyone ou anybody as nice as herelle ne parle à personne d'autre she doesn't speak to anyone ou anybody elseje n'y suis ou je ne suis là pour personne if anyone calls, I'm not inquand il faut se mettre au travail, il n'y a plus personne (familier) when there's work to be done, (suddenly) everyone disappearsil est parti sans que personne le remarque he left without anybody ou anyone noticing himsortez avant que personne vous voie leave before anyone ou anybody sees youy a-t-il personne de plus rassurant que lui? is there anyone ou anybody more reassuring than him?c'est trop difficile pour laisser personne d'autre que lui s'en charger it is too difficult to let anyone ou anybody but him do itpersonne de blessé? nobody ou anybody injured?tu le sais mieux que personne you know it better than anybody ou anyone (else)elle réussit les crêpes comme personne there's no one ou nobody who makes pancakes quite like her -
113 ἐνῑπή
ἐνῑπήGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `reproach, menace, threat' (Il.).Derivatives: Beside it the Jotpresent ἐνίσσω, aor. ἐνένῑπον, ἠνίπαπον (Schwyzer 648 and 748, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 398), new present ἐνίπτω (Il.; ἐνίπτω also A. Ag. 590, cf. to ἐννέπω) `reproach, revile'; lengthened present ἐνιπτάζω (A. R.). - Here also the river name Ένιπεύς (Hdt.)? (s. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 98)?Etymology: As verbal noun to ἐνίσσω ἐνῑπ-ή must have had a labio-velar kʷ̯(on the phonetics Risch 245, Schwyzer 704 w. n. 11). Brugmann further connected ὀπῑπεύω (s. v.), Skt. ī́kṣate `see' etc., what he supported (IF 12, 31) by referring to ὄπις `reverent seeing', also `retribution, punishment'); but see below. Thus Porzig Satzinhalte 228: ἐνίσσω orig. `look damaging at ', ἐνιπή `malign look'. Less certain is Brugmanns further combination with (rather unclear) ἴψαο, ἴψεται (s. ἴπτομαι), about `oppress, damage'. This is connected with ἰάπτω \< *h₂i-h₂ekʷ-i̯-; so ἴπτομαι from * h₂i-h₂kʷ- (Kuiper, Glotta 21. 282ff, MKNAW 14: 5, 25 n. 1. ἐνῑ-πή then \< *h₁eni-h₂kʷ̇-.Page in Frisk: 1,519Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐνῑπή
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114 ἔχις
ἔχις, - εως of toch PG [Pre-Greek]?Grammatical information: m. (f.)Meaning: `viper' (Att.).Derivatives: Dimin. ἐχίδιον (Arist.) and the plant-name ἔχιον (Dsc.; because of the resemblance of the fruit with the head of a snake, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 54), ἐχίειον (Nic.); further ἐχιῆες pl. = ἔχεις (Nic. Th. 133, only metrical variant?; cf. also Boßhardt 148); ἐχῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin., after the colour; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 54). - Fem. ἔχιδνᾰ `viper' (Ion.-Att., Hes. Th. 297), mostly thought to be a ια-deriv. from *ἐχιδνός (Schwyzer 475; see Specht Ursprung 229 and 377), with ἐχιδν-αῖος and - ήεις (hell.); this is not very probable, however; - δνα is a typical Pre-Greek suffix; it must have been a loan from Pre-Greek.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵhi- `snake' (sic; wrong Pok.)Etymology: If the interpretation of ἐχῖνος is correct, ἔχις must have a palatal ǵh. The comparable words for `snake', Skt. áhi- = Av. aži- like Arm. iž, nust then be connected with ὄφις. Also Welsh euod `Schafwürmer', euon `Pferdewurmer' may belong to ὄφις (Pedersen Vergl. Gramm. 1, 99, Lewis-Pedersen 29, Pok. 44. - Cf. also ἔγχελυς.Page in Frisk: 1,601-602Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχις
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115 κηλίς
κηλίς, - ῖδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `stin (of blood), spot, defilement' (Trag., Antipho, X., Arist.).Derivatives: κηλιδόω ( καλ- Ekphant. ap. Stob. 4, 7, 64) `stain, soil' (E., Arist., Ph.), κηλιδωτός (Suid., Gloss.). - Besides κηλάς, - άδος f. adjunct of the stormclouds (Thphr.), after H. also = χειμερινη ἡμέρα and αἴξ, ἥτις κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον ἔχει τυλοειδές, so prop. `spotted, sparkled'; also κηλήνη μέλαινα H.Etymology: Formation as κληΐς, κνημίς a. o. (Schwyzer 465, Chantraine Formation 346f.), like these from a noun. Whether κηλάς, κηλήνη go back on this noun is uncertain, as we must reckom with suffix-change and backformation. - An unknown word is the basis of an Italic adjective with comparable meaning Lat. cālidus `with a bless on the head' = Umbr. ( buf) kaleřuf `boves calidos' (like candidus, nitidus). To the same semantic sphere also Lith. kalýbas, -ývas `white-necked, of dogs' (with short vowel); further OIr. caile `stain' (IE. *kali̯o-). Semantically further off is Lat. cālīgō `fog, darkness', which Ernout-Meillet keep away. (Away remain Skt. kāla- `(blue)black', kalmaṣa- `spot, soil' (prob. LW [loanword], s. Mayrhofer KEWA s. vv.). Not here κελαινός with deviating vowel and peculiar formation. - Details in Pok. 547f., W.-Hofmann s. (2.) callidus and cālīgō, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. kalýbas, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. kal. Note that the suffix -ῑδ- is prob. Pre-GreekPage in Frisk: 1,840-841Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κηλίς
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116 μάγγανον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `philtre, charm, block of a pulley' (Hero Bel., Pap. IIIp), [`eiserner Pflock, Bolzen'] (Sch.), `throwing machine, ballista, tormentum' (Gloss., H.), `means to deceive, bewitch' (Heracl. All., H.).Derivatives: μαγγανάριος `deceiver' (pap. IIIp), `mechanic' (Papp.), will be a loan from Latin. Denomin. verb μαγγανεύω `deceive, bewitch with artificial means, play tricks' with μαγγαν-εία `trickery' (Pl. Lg., Ph.), - εύματα pl. `charms, philtres' (Pl., Plu.), - ευτής `impostor, quack' (Suid., Phot.), - ευτικη τέχνη `agical art' (Poll.), - εύτριαι pl. H. s. βαμβακεύ-τριαι, - ευτήριον `haunt for impostors' (Them.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word got as a loan a wide spread: Lat. manganum `machine' (to Rom., e.g. Ital. mangano `sling') with the unclear byform mangō `a handler, who promotes his ware by artificial means' (from hell. *μάγγων?), from where mangōnium `dressing up ware', Alb. mangë `hemp-brake', mengji `medicine', MHG MLG mange `throwing-machine', NHG Mange(l) `smoothing roll(?) for laundry' (from where Balt., e.g. Lith. mañgalis `mangling-machine'). If we forget these loans, a few words from the farthest east and west remain, which have been connected as cognate with μάγγανον: Skt. mañju-, mañjula- `beautiful, sweet, charming', maṅgala n. `happiness, salvation, good omen' (all ep. class.), Osset. mäng `deceit'; Celt., MIr. meng `deceit, cleverness, ruse' (but Toch. A maṅk `guilt, fault, sin', adduced by Schneider, together with B meṅki `id.', also `smaller', with μανός, μάνυ). To this rather motley collection one may add further the group of μάσσω `knead', through which the most wide combinations can be made. - Lit. in Bq, WP. 2, 233, Pok. 731, W.-Hofmann s. mangō; esp. Meringer IF 19, 436f. a. 21, 282, whose attempts to make the history of these words concrete, are in principle no doubt correct, even when they lack confirmation or are in detail even wrong. - From an IE root * meng- (Pok. 731) the Greek form cannot be derived; the word must then be Pre-Greek (as was already stated by W.- Hofmann s.v. mango), where mang-an- is unproblematic. The Sanskrit words are semantically too far off (perh. they are of Dravidian origin, Mayrhofer KEWA547, 553 and EWAia 379f.). (Such isolated Sanskrit comparisons with Greek must often be discarded.) The other words will be loans from Latin. (Lith. mañgalis is a loan from German.) The original meaning was no doubt as Frisk assumed a technical instrument. The meaning `hemp-brake' goes in the same direction, but the meaning ballista I cannot easily combine. The meaning `mangling-machine' recurs several times (Germ. `Glättroll für Wäsche'). It served to `embellish' the cloths. From there the notion of deceit. It is a good example of the long life of a Pre-Greek word which was by some considered as IE.Page in Frisk: 2,155Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάγγανον
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117 μαρμαίρω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `flash, sparkle, gleam' (Il., late also prose); only presentCompounds: Rarely with ἀνα-, παρα-, περι-, ὑπο-. πυρι-, περι-μάρμαρος `sparkling (of fire)' (Man., Hymn. Is.)Derivatives: Besides μαρμάρεος `gleaming, flashing, sparkling' (Il.) with μαρμαρίζω = μαρμαίρω (Pi., D. S.); μαρμαρυγή f. `flashing, sparkling', a. o. of rapid movements (cf. on 1. ἀργός; IA., since θ 265), after ἀμαρυγή (Debrunner IF 21, 243 f., Porzig Satzinhalte 229) with μαρμαρυγώδης `flashing-like' (Hp.), μαρμαρύσσω (: ἀμαρύσσω) = μαρμαίρω (Them., Jul.); with μαρμάρυγμα (Cael. Aur.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On μάρμαρος s. v. The reduplicated intensive yot-present μαρμαίρω (\< *μαρ-μαρ-ι̯ω) stands beside μαρμάρεος like δαιδάλλω beside δαιδάλεος (cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 118 n. 3; on - εος Schmid - εος u. - ειος 34). As simplex μαρ- is found in Μαῖρα f. "the sparkling"(?), name of the Sirius (Call., Eratosth., as PN in Hom.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 114f.); in μαρ-αυγέω, ἀ-μαρ-ύσσω, prob. also in μαρίλη and μαριεύς (s. vv.); further perhaps the PN Άμφί-μαρος, son of Poseidon (Paus. 9, 29, 6; Lesky RhM 93, 54ff.; \< *Άμφι-μάρ-μαρος?). -- As certain cognate outside Greek was considered Skt. márīci- f. (m.) `beam of light, (air)mirage' (cf. μαρί̄-λη, *μαρι̯α \> μαῖρα?). Though accepted by Mayrhofer ( KEWA 2, 589, EWAia 2, 321), the connection must be rejected, as Greek μαρ- cannot be explained in this comparison (it is an old comparison, from the time when *a was not a problem; Pok. 733 writes simply * mer-). Further suppositions (Lat. merus `unmixed, pure', also mare `sea' ?, OE ā-merian `purify, taste', Russ. mar `ardour of the sun' etc.), cf. WP. 2, 273f., Pok. 733, W.-Hofmann s. merus, Vasmer s. mar are also most doubtful. - The reduplication μαρ-μαρ- is hardly IE. ᾽Αμαρυγή has a prothetic vowel, which is typical of Pre-Greek (as is the suffix - υγ-). So the word is no doubst Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,176Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαρμαίρω
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118 μῠδάω
μῠδάωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `be damp, deteriorate by dampness' (Ion. poet., Plb.)Derivatives: μῡδ-αλέος ( δια- μῠδάω A. in lyr.) `wet, dripping' (since Λ 54), - αλόεις `id.' (AP); μῠ́δος m. `wetness, putrefaction' (Nic.) with μυδόεις = μυδαλέος (Nic.), μυδών, - ῶνος m. `putrefaction of an ulcer' (Poll.). ( δια-)μύδησις `id.' (medic.), μῡδαίνω, also with δια-, `moisten, make wet' (A. R., Nic.). -- To μύδρος, which may be cognate, and μύζω `suck', which was wrongly connected, s. v.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Whether the late and rare μύδος must be sonsidered as the basis of the Greek group, may be doubted, s. below. As basis of the early attested μυδαλέος (as ἰκμαλέος, ἀζαλέος a.o.) may have served both a verb and a noun (cf. Debrunner IF 23, 5, Chantraine Form. 253 f.); beside this adj. with metr. lengthened (?) ῡ there was (after αὑαλέος: αὑαίνω ets.) μυδαίνω with analogical (?) long vowel (Schulze Q. 169 ff.). μυδάω too is ambiguous; it can be a denomin. of μύδος, but it can be understood as well as a deverbative formation (cf. Schwyzer 719, also 682 on μαδάω); then μύδος would be a late backformation. -- The comparable non-Greek words do not clarify the situation: Lith. máudyti `bathe' (full grade iterative, prob. with secondary d to Latv. maût `submerge, swim'); Skt. mudira- m. `cloud' (class.), also `frog' and `lover' (lex.); in all meanings prob. from múd- f. `lust, joy', módate `be gay'. The meaning makes the connection with μυδάω rather doubtful; one compares mádati also `be gay' beside μαδάω (s.v.). Further from Germ. Dutch mot `fine rain' a.o. -- WP. 2, 250f., Pok. 741 f., Fraenkel s. maudà, máudyti, mudà, Vasmer s. múslitь, W.-Hofmann s. 1. mundus; many more forms and lit. Cf. μύσος and μυλάσασθαι. - IE connection is uncertain. Lith. mudrùs `lively' cannot have IE * mud- which would have given a long ū (so it must have been * mudh-). Fur. 249f., 259 connects μύσος and takes δ\/σ as Pre-Greek. The variation of the length can also be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,263Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῠδάω
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119 πλάξ
πλάξ, - ακόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `plane, plain, surface of a sea, a mountain' (Pi., trag.), `flat stone, board, table' (hell.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πλακ-ίον n. (Troizen IVa), - ίς κλινίδιον... H. 2. - άς f. `floor of a wine cellar' (pap. IIp). 3. - ίτας ἄρτος `flat cake' (Sophr.), - ῖτις f. `kind of calamine or alum' (Gal.). 4. Adj. - ερός `flat' (Theoc.), - όεις `id.' (D.P.), - ινος `made of marble slabs' (inscr.), - ώδης `overdrawn with panes, a crust' (Arist.). 5. - οῦς, - οῦντος (from - όεις) m. `(flat) cake' (com. etc.) with - ούντ-ιον, - ικός. - ινος, - ᾶς a.o. 6. - όω `to cover with slabs of marble' (Syria) with - ωσις f. (Asia Minor), - ωτή f. `kind of calamine' (Dsc.). 7. PlN: Πλάκος m. name of a side-branch of the Ida (mountain) (Il.) with ὑποπλάκ-ιος (Z 397), - ος (Str.); Πλακίη f. name of a Pelasg. colony on the Propontis (Hdt.) with πλακιανόν n. name of a eye-unguent (Aët.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: With pl. πλάκ-ες agrees exactly a northgerm. word, OWNo. flær f. pl. `rock-terrace', PGm. * flah-iz, IE *plák-es; to this the innovated sg. flā, PGm. * flah-ō (would be Gr. *πλάκ-η). To this several Germ. words: with grammatic change Nord. flaga f., MLG vlage f. `thin layer (of the earth), flatness'; with long vowel: OWNo. flō f. `layer, course' (PGm. * flōh-ō), OHG fluoh, NHG Flüche, Schweiz. Fluh f. `rockwall' etc. From Balt. still e.g. Lett. plaka f. `low lying place, plain', also `cow's excrement', plakt `become flat'. Here prob. also with metaph. meaning Lat. placidus `quiet, calm, still' (orig. meaning `even, flat' still in aqua placida a.o.?), placeō `be pleasant'. -- Beside IE plak stands with final voiced cons. plag- in πλάγιος, (doubtful πέλαγος, s. vv.), all velar enlargements of an in no language retained verb * pelā- `broaden'(?); s. also πλάσσω, παλάμη, παλαστή; to this WP. 2, 90 f., Pok. 831 f., W.-Hofmann s. placeō w. further forms and rich lit. -- From πλακοῦς, - οῦντος with unclear development Lat. placenta `a kind of flat cake'; s. W.-Hofmann s. v. (cf. also pollenta `peeled barley'). -- A form * plak- is impossible in IE; the root * pelh₂- cannot give a short a in Greek. So πλακ- must be a loan (from a Eur. substratum?)Page in Frisk: 2,550-551Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλάξ
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120 πωλέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to offer for sale, to sell' (IA.).Derivatives: 1. Nom. actionis: πώλ-ησις f. `sale (X. a.o.),- ημα n. `sale, sold merchandise' (inscr. Tauro- menion a.o.); backformation -ή, Dor. -ά f. `sale' (Sophr., Hyp. fr.). 2. Nom. agentis: πωλ-ητής m. `seller', des. of a financial official (Att. etc.), also - ητήρ m. `id.' (Delph. IVa a.o.), f. - ήτρια `seller' (Poll.), λαχανο- πωλέω (Ar.) a.o.; - πώλης m., - πωλις f. unlimited productive in compounds, e.g. ἀλλαντο-πώλης `sausage-seller' with ἀλλαντο-πωλ-έω etc., ἀρτό-πωλις `bread-seller, baker' (Ar. a.o.), cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 26 a. 109 w. n. 3, Schwyzer 451; from this as momentary formation the simplex πώλης (Ar.). 3. Nom. loci - ητήριον `selling-booth' (X. a.o.). 4. Adj. - ητικός `belonging to sale' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 134), - ιμος `for sale' (hell. pap.).Etymology: Acc. to its formation πωλέω must be an iterative-intensive deverbative, though neither in Greek nor in the related languages a corresponding primary verb can be shown with certainty. However Skt. páṇate `purchase, buy' can represent an old nasalpresent in MInd. form IE *pl̥-nā-ti). With this n-present is clearly related (except Skt. paṇa- n. `bet, stake, wages') a Balto-Slav. noun: Lith. pel̃nas `gain, profit, merit', Slav., e.g. OCS plěnъ ' λάφυρον', Russ. polón `captivity, booty'; IE * pel-no-s. From Germ. come two isolated adj.: OWNo. falr `vendible' (IE * polo-s), OHG fāli `id.' (IE *pēli̯o-s; formation like OWNo. ǣtr = Skt. ādyàs `eatable' \< IE *ēdi̯o-s); besides OHG feili, NHG feil with unexplained vocalism. Further details w. lit. in Mayrhofer s. páṇate, Fraenkel s. pel̃nas, Vasmer s. polón; older lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 51 (Pok. 804). -- Semant. πωλέω is close to ἐμπολή `trade(ware), purchase, gain' (s.v.), which is usu. connected with πέλομαι prop. *'turn (oneself)'; for πωλέω to πέλομαι Schwyzer 720. With this combination one should abandon the words mentioned above from IE * pel-. -- Cf. the lit. on πέρνημι.Page in Frisk: 2,633Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πωλέω
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