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1 criterion cri·teri·on n
[kraɪ'tɪərɪən] [kraɪ'tɪərɪə] -
2 Insight
In October 1838 that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement "Malthus on Population," and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. (Darwin, 1911, p. 68)The insight of the chimpanzee shows itself to be principally determined by his optical apprehension of the situation. (KoЁhler, 1925, p. 267)Then I turned my attention to the study of some arithmetical questions apparently without much success and without a suspicion of any connection with my preceding researches. Disgusted with my failure, I went to spend a few days at the seaside, and thought of something else. One morning, walking on the bluff, the idea came to me, with just the same characteristics of brevity, suddenness and immediate certainty, that the arithmetic transformations of indeterminate ternary quadratic forms were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. (Poincareґ, 1929, p. 388)The direct awareness of determination... may also be called insight. When I once used this expression in a description of the intelligent behavior of apes, an unfortunate misunderstanding was, it seems, not entirely prevented.... Apparently, some readers interpreted this formulation as though it referred to a mysterious mental agent or faculty which was made responsible for the apes' behavior. Actually, nothing of this sort was intended... the concept is used in a strictly descriptive fashion. (KoЁhler, 1947, pp. 341-342)The task must be neither so easy that the animal solves the problem at once, thus not allowing one to analyze the solution; nor so hard that the animal fails to solve it except by rote learning in a long series of trials. With a problem of such borderline difficulty, the solution may appear out of a blue sky. There is a period first of fruitless effort in one direction, or perhaps a series of attempted solutions. Then suddenly there is a complete change in the direction of effort, and a cleancut solution of the task. This then is the first criterion of the occurrence of insight. The behavior cannot be described as a gradual accretion of learning; it is evident that something has happened in the animal at the moment of solution. (What happens is another matter.) (Hebb, 1949, p. 160)If the subject had not spontaneously solved the problem [of how to catch hold at the same time of two strings hung from the ceiling so wide apart that he or she could only get hold of one at a time, when the only available tool was a pair of pliers, by tying the pliers to one string and setting it into pendular motion] within ten minutes, Maier supplied him with a hint; he would "accidentally" brush against one of the strings, causing it to swing gently. Of those who solved the problem after this hint, the average interval between hint and solution was only forty-two seconds.... Most of those subjects who solved the problem immediately after the hint did so without any realization that they had been given one. The "idea" of making a pendulum with pliers seemed to arise spontaneously. (Osgood, 1960, p. 633)There seems to be very little reason to believe that solutions to novel problems come about in flashes of insight, independently of past experience.... People create solutions to new problems by starting with what they know and later modifying it to meet the specific problem at hand. (Weisberg, 1986, p. 50)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insight
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3 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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4 parallel branch
An element of workflow logic that defines an alternative wait condition with a corresponding set of additional steps that are only performed when the initial criterion is met. -
5 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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6 Animal Intelligence
We can... distinguish sharply between the kind of behavior which from the very beginning arises out of a consideration of the structure of a situation, and one that does not. Only in the former case do we speak of insight, and only that behavior of animals definitely appears to us intelligent which takes account from the beginning of the lay of the land, and proceeds to deal with it in a single, continuous, and definite course. Hence follows this criterion of insight: the appearance of a complete solution with reference to the whole lay- out of the field. (KoЁhler, 1927, pp. 169-170)Signs, in [Edward] Tolman's theory, occasion in the rat realization, or cognition, or judgment, or hypotheses, or abstraction, but they do not occasion action. In his concern with what goes on in the rat's mind, Tolman has neglected to predict what the rat will do. So far as the theory is concerned the rat is left buried in thought: if he gets to the food-box at the end that is his concern, not the concern of the theory. (Guthrie, 1972, p. 172)3) A New Insight Consists of a Recombination of Pre-existent Mediating PropertiesThe insightful act is an excellent example of something that is not learned, but still depends on learning. It is not learned, since it can be adequately performed on its first occurrence; it is not perfected through practice in the first place, but appears all at once in recognizable form (further practice, however, may still improve it). On the other hand, the situation must not be completely strange; the animal must have had prior experience with the component parts of the situation, or with other situations that have some similarity to it.... All our evidence thus points to the conclusion that a new insight consists of a recombination of pre existent mediating processes, not the sudden appearance of a wholly new process. (Hebb, 1958, pp. 204-205)In Morgan's own words, the principle is, "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." Behaviorists universally adopted this idea as their own, interpreting it as meaning that crediting consciousness to animals can't be justified if the animal's behavior can be explained in any other way, because consciousness is certainly a "higher psychical faculty." Actually, their interpretation is wrong, since Morgan was perfectly happy with the idea of animal consciousness: he even gives examples of it directly taken from dog behavior. Thus in The Limits of Animal Intelligence, he describes a dog returning from a walk "tired" and "hungry" and going down into the kitchen and "looking up wistfully" at the cook. Says Morgan about this, "I, for one, would not feel disposed to question that he has in his mind's eye a more or less definite idea of a bone."Morgan's Canon really applies to situations where the level of intelligence credited to an animal's behavior goes well beyond what is really needed for simple and sensible explanation. Thus application of Morgan's Canon would prevent us from presuming that, when a dog finds its way home after being lost for a day, it must have the ability to read a map, or that, if a dog always begins to act hungry and pace around the kitchen at 6 P.M. and is always fed at 6:30 P.M., this must indicate that it has learned how to tell time. These conclusions involve levels of intelligence that are simply not needed to explain the behaviors. (Coren, 1994, pp. 72-73)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Animal Intelligence
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7 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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8 Unconscious
Prior to Descartes and his sharp definition of the dualism there was no cause to contemplate the possible existence of unconscious mentality as part of a separate realm of mind. Many religious and speculative thinkers had taken for granted factors lying outside but influencing immediate awareness.... Until an attempt had been made (with apparent success) to choose awareness as the defining characteristic of mind, there was no occasion to invent the idea of unconscious mind.... It is only after Descartes that we find, first the idea and then the term "unconscious mind" entering European thought. (Whyte, 1962, p. 25)If there are two realms, physical and mental, awareness cannot be taken as the criterion of mentality [because] the springs of human nature lie in the unconscious... as the realm which links the moments of human awareness with the background of organic processes within which they emerge. (Whyte, 1962, p. 63)he unconscious was no more invented by Freud than evolution was invented by Darwin, and has an equally impressive pedigree, reaching back to antiquity.... At the dawn of Christian Europe the dominant influence were the Neoplatonists; foremost among them Plotinus, who took it for granted that "feelings can be present without awareness of them," that "the absence of a conscious perception is no proof of the absence of mental activity," and who talked confidently of a "mirror" in the mind which, when correctly aimed, reflects the processes going on inside it, when aimed in another direction, fails to do so-but the process goes on all the same. Augustine marvelled at man's immense store of unconscious memories-"a spreading, limitless room within me-who can reach its limitless depth?"The knowledge of unconscious mentation had always been there, as can be shown by quotations from theologians like St. Thomas Aquinas, mystics like Jacob Boehme, physicians like Paracelsus, astronomers like Kepler, writers and poets as far apart as Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, and Montaigne. This in itself is in no way remarkable; what is remarkable is that this knowledge was lost during the scientific revolution, more particularly under the impact of its most influential philosopher, Rene Descartes. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)4) The Constructive Nature of Automatic Cognitive Functioning Argues for the Existence of Unconscious ActivityThe constructive nature of the automatic functioning argues the existence of an activity analogous to consciousness though hidden from observation, and we have therefore termed it unconscious. The negative prefix suggests an opposition, but it is no more than verbal, not any sort of hostility or incompatibility being implied by it, but simply the absence of consciousness. Yet a real opposition between the conscious and the unconscious activity does subsist in the limitations which the former tends to impose on the latter. (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Unconscious
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9 check
tʃek
1. сущ.
1) шахм. шах (употр. тж. как межд.) the king is in check ≈ королю объявлен шах to produce a check ≈ сделать шах to discover check ≈ обнаружить шаховую позицию perpetual check ≈ вечный шах
2) а) задержка, остановка( в развитии, карьере и т. п. из-за какой-л. помехи, препятствия или противодействия) Syn: arrest
1. б) отпор, отражение нападения Syn: rebuff
1., repulse
1. в) потеря охотничьей собакой следа
3) внезапная остановка;
пауза, перерыв (при движении, работе) without check
4) а) ограничивание, сдерживание in check Syn: restraint б) препятствие, ограничитель (любое лицо или предмет, действующие в качестве ограничивающего начала) The magistrate may be necessary as a check on the doctor. ≈ Мировой судья может оказаться необходимым, как некто, кто сможет сдержать доктора. в) амер. мартингал (в верховой езде) Syn: check-rein
5) а) критерий (стандарт для оценки и проверки) Syn: criterion б) обследование, исследование background check ≈ расследование истории вопроса/проблемы Syn: examination в) контроль, проверка to conduct, make, run a check of/on ≈ осуществлять контроль, проводить проверку clearance check loyalty check Syn: inspection
6) контрольный штемпель;
отметка, галочка (знак проверки)
7) а) ярлык;
багажная квитанция baggage амер. check ≈ квитанция на получение багажа б) номерок( в гардеробе) в) преим. амер. счет в ресторане г) контрамарка;
корешок( билета и т. п.)
8) амер. фишка, марка (в карт. игре) to cash, hand, pass in one's checks ид. ≈ умереть
9) амер. чек to cash a check ≈ платить по чеку to clear a check ≈ производить выплаты по чеку to cover a check (by making a deposit) ≈ обеспечивать денежное покрытие чека (с помощью депозита) to deposit a check ≈ сделать вклад в банке to draw a check against one's account ≈ выписать чек на чей-л. счет to draw a check on a bank ≈ выписать чек на счет в банке to endorse a check ≈ подписывать чек на какую-л. сумму to issue, make out, write out a check to ≈ выписать чек to kite a check ≈ получать деньги по фиктивным чекам to pass a (bad) check ≈ пустить в обращение фальшивый чек to present a check ≈ предъявить чек to stop payment of/on a check ≈ прекратить выплату по чекам bad check bounced check cashier's check certified check
10) клетка( на ткани) ;
клетчатая ткань
11) с.-х. делянка
12) трещина, щель( в дереве) Syn: crack
1., break I
1.
2. прил.
1) контрольный;
испытательный check experiment ≈ контрольный опыт check ballot ≈ проверочное голосование
2) клетчатый check shirt ≈ клетчатая рубашка
3. гл.
1) шахм. объявлять шах
2) а) останавливать;
препятствовать( продвижению) Syn: stop
2., brake
2. б) поэт. натягивать( поводья)
3) а) внезапно остановиться, отшатнуться( от неожиданности, страха;
проявить осторожность) Syn: stop
2. б) охот. останавливаться, потеряв след ( об охотничьих собаках)
4) ограничивать, сдерживать, обуздывать, регулировать He hastily checked the impulse. ≈ Он быстро подавил этот порыв. Mr. Baldwin checked the enthusiasm of his visitors. ≈ Мистер Болдуэн умерил энтузиазм своих гостей. The multiplication of animals is checked only by want of food, and by the hostility of races. ≈ Размножение животных сдерживается только количеством еды и степенью агрессивности других видов. Syn: restrain
5) а) проверять, сверять How can you check on whether it will rain that day? ≈ Как проверить, будет в тот день идти дождь? We must check the book over before sending it to the printer. ≈ Нам надо еще раз внимательно просмотреть книгу, прежде чем отсылать ее издателю. We must check through the pages to see if any are missing. ≈ Надо просмотреть бумаги, вдруг что-то пропало. Syn: verify б) контролировать Syn: control
2.
6) соответствовать, совпадать The description checks with the photograph. ≈ Описание соответствует фотографии.
7) отмечать галочкой или каким-л. знаком( что-л. проверенное)
8) амер. выписывать чек to check upon smb. for $500 ≈ выписать на кого-л. чек на 500 долларов
9) преим. амер. сдавать( в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) They walked out into the club and checked their hats. ≈ Они вошли в клуб и сдали на вешалку свои шляпы.
10) (ранее диал., в современном употреблении разг.) делать выговор, отчитывать;
ругать, давать нагоняй Syn: rebuke
2., reprove
2., reprimand
2.
11) раскрашивать клеткой
12) а) редк. располагать в шахматном порядке б) амер. размечать на квадраты (землю для дальнейшего засевания)
13) а) вызывать трещины The sun checks timber. ≈ Солнце заставляет доски растрескиваться. б) покрываться трещинами ∙ Syn: crack
3., split
3. ∙ check back check in check off check on check over check out check up check with препятствие, остановка;
задержка - to serve as a * служить препятствием;
обуздывать - wind acts as a * on speed ветер мешает быстрой езде - his illness gave a * to our plans его болезнь сорвала наши планы - to keep in * держать в руках, контролировать - keep your emotions in * сдерживайте свои чувства - to keep a * on smb. держать кого-л в руках, не давать воли кому-л - to keep a * on smth. следить за чем-л.;
контролировать что-л;
держать что-л. в своих руках - keep a * on your tongue думай, прежде чем говорить преим. (военное) отпор, приостановка наступления или продвижения проверка, контроль - accuracy * проверка точности - spot *s (полиграфия) выборочная корректура, выборочный редакционный просмотр галочка, птичка, отметка ( знак проверки) номерок (в гардеробе) - hat * номерок на шляпу ярлык;
богажная квитанция - a * for a suitcase квитанция на чемодан контрольный штемпель контрамарка;
корешок (билета) клетка (рисунок ткани) клетчатая ткань;
шотландка - do you want a stripe or a *? вам в полоску или в клетку? счет (в ресторане) (шахматное) шах - double * двойной шах - perpetual * вечный шах - * to the king шах королю (сельскохозяйственное) чек, делянка, окруженная валом и затапливаемая водой (сельскохозяйственное) контрольная делянка (охота) потеря (собакой) следа (специальное) трещина, щель (в дереве) ;
волосная трещина (американизм) (карточное) фишка, марка > *s and balances принцип взаимозависимости и взаимозависимости и взаимоограничения законодательной, исполнительной и судебной власти контрольный, проверочный, испытательный - * analysis контрольный анализ - * cage клетка или садок для контрольных животных - * experiment поверочный опыт - * flight (авиация) контрольный полет - * sample контрольный образец - * station( военное) пункт технического осмотра - * test поверочное испытание клетчатый - * handkerchief клетчатый платок - * system of irrigation (сельскохозяйственное) орошение способом затопления по клеткам запирающий, задерживающий - * dam задерживающая плотина, защитная дамба или плотина - * valve( техническое) запорный клапан, обратный клапан - * work (техническое) периодическое включение и выключение механизма > * wine марочное вино останавливать, сдерживать;
препятствовать;
удерживать;
обуздывать - to * the advance of the enemy приостановить продвижение противника - to * extravagant spending положить конец расточительству - to * anger подавить гнев - to * the growth замедлять рост - he *ed his impetuous son он сдерживал своего необузданного сына - to * a fire остановить пожар - to * oneself остановиться, удержаться;
сдержаться - she *ed herself она не договорила - he *ed himself just as he was about to blurt out his indignation он подавил готовые вырваться слова негодования проверять, контролировать;
ревизовать;
сличать;
расследовать - to * figures проверять цифры - to * by sight проверять на глаз - to * for errors корректировать, исправлять - to * an instrument выверять прибор - to * one's speed контролировать скорость - * into the matter разберитесь в этом деле - * bearing! (специальное) проверить пеленг!, взять контрольный пеленг! (команда) проверять, выяснять;
убеждаться( в чем-л.) - we must * on him его надо проверить - to * on a statement проверить правильность какого-л утверждения - to * on the past experience of the applicants выяснить уровень квалификации претендентов на должность сверять, сличать - * your watch with the tower clock проверьте свои часы по башенным (американизм) соответствовать. совпадать - his statement *s with yours его заявление совпадает с вашим - the description *s with the photograph описание соответствует фотографии (американизм) сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж) - have you *ed all your luggage? вы все свои вещи сдали в багаж? - * in your coat and hat cдайте в гардероб пальто и шляпу принимать на хранение - the hotel *ed our baggage гостиница приняла на хранение наш багаж отмечать галочкой, значком - how many mistakes did the teacher *? сколько ошибок учитель отметил (птичкой) ? (шахматное) объявлять шах (карточное) пасовать располагать в шахматном порядке делать выговор;
давать нагоняй;
разносить( сельскохозяйственное) приостанавливать( рост) (специальное) делать щели;
вызывать трещины (специальное) покрываться трещинами, щелями (устаревшее) внезапно остановиться (перед чем-л) ;
отшатнуться (от чего-л) (морское) травить( шахматное) шах! (просторечие) ладно!, точно!, договорились! (американизм) (финансовое) чек - bank * банковский чек - сertified * удостоверенный чек, чек с надписью банка о принятии к платежу - crossed * кроссированный чек - town * чек на банк в Лондонском Сити - traveller's * дорожный чек( американизм) выписывать чек - to * upon a banker for $100 выдать чек на какой-л. банк на сумму в 100 долларов access ~ вчт. контроль доступа automatic ~ вчт. автоматический контроль bias ~ профилактический контроль block ~ вчт. контроль блоков block ~ вчт. проверка по блокам bound ~ вчт. контроль границ built-in ~ вчт. встроенный контроль bus-out ~ вчт. контроль выходной шины ~ attr. клетчатый;
to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть cashier's ~ кассирский чек check багажная квитанция ~ делать выговор;
давать нагоняй ~ делать выговор ~ задержка ~ клетка (на материи) ;
клетчатая ткань ~ контрамарка;
корешок (билета и т. п.) ~ контрамарка ~ контролировать ~ контроль, проверка;
loyalty check амер. проверка лояльности( государственных служащих) ~ контроль ~ контрольный штемпель;
галочка (знак проверки) ~ корешок, номерок ~ корешок билета ~ номерок (в гардеробе) ~ обуздывать ~ шахм. объявлять шах ~ останавливать(ся) ;
сдерживать;
препятствовать ~ останавливать ~ остановка ~ отметка в документе ~ отметка о проверке ~ отмечать галочкой ~ переводной вексель, оплачиваемый по предъявлении ~ потеря охотничьей собакой следа ~ препятствие;
остановка;
задержка;
without check без задержки, безостановочно ~ препятствие ~ препятствовать ~ принимать на хранение ~ проверка ~ проверять, контролировать ~ проверять ~ располагать в шахматном порядке ~ расследовать ~ ревизовать ~ амер. сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) ;
check in сдавать под расписку;
регистрировать (ся), записывать(ся) ~ сдерживать ~ сличать ~ трещина, щель (в дереве) ~ амер. фишка, марка (в карт. игре) ~ амер. чек ~ (амер.) чек ~ чек ~ шахм. шах (употр. тж. как int) ;
the king is in check королю объявлен шах ~ ярлык;
багажная квитанция ~ against проверять на соответствие ~ attr. клетчатый;
to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть ~ attr. контрольный;
check experiment контрольный опыт;
check ballot проверочное голосование ~ attr. контрольный;
check experiment контрольный опыт;
check ballot проверочное голосование ~ attr. контрольный;
check experiment контрольный опыт;
check ballot проверочное голосование ~ амер. сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) ;
check in сдавать под расписку;
регистрировать (ся), записывать(ся) ~ in отмечаться при приходе на работу ~ in регистрировать ~ in сдавать на хранение ~ in сдавать под расписку ~ off отмечать галочкой ~ off удерживать из заработной платы ~ out освободить номер в гостинице ~ out амер. отметиться при уходе с работы по окончании рабочего дня ~ out отмечаться при уходе с работы ~ out радио отстроиться ~ out оформлять выдачу ~ out оформлять получение ~ out подсчитывать стоимость покупок и выбивать чек ~ out амер. уйти в отставку ~ the figures проверять расчеты ~ up проверять ~ with совпадать, соответствовать claim ~ квитанция на получение заказа, вещей после ремонта claim ~ квитанция на получение товара code ~ вчт. проверка программы compile-time ~ вчт. статическая проверка composition ~ вчт. проверка плотности composition ~ вчт. проверка полноты computation ~ вчт. проверка вычислений consistency ~ вчт. проверка на непротиворечивость control totals ~ вчт. проверка с помощью контрольных сумм copy ~ вчт. контроль дублированием copy ~ проверка копии credibility ~ проверка правдоподобия cross ~ вчт. перекрестный контроль current ~ вчт. текущий контроль customs ~ таможенный досмотр customs ~ таможенный контроль customs ~ таможенный чек cyclic redundancy ~ вчт. контроль циклическим избыточным кодом data ~ вчт. контроль данных data-type ~ вчт. контроль типов данных desk ~ вчт. проверка программы за столом diagnostic ~ вчт. диагностический контроль dump ~ вчт. контроль по распечатке duplication ~ вчт. контроль дублированием dynamic ~ вчт. динамический контроль edit ~ вчт. контрольное редактирование error ~ вчт. контроль ошибок even-odd ~ вчт. контроль по четности even-parity ~ вчт. контроль по четности false-code ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных комбинаций flag ~ вчт. флаговый контроль format ~ вчт. контроль формата functional ~ вчт. функциональная проверка gate ~ пропускной контроль hardware ~ вчт. аппаратный контроль hierarchical ~ вчт. иерархический контроль high-low bias ~ вчт. граничная проверка horizontal redundancy ~ вчт. поперечный контроль illegal-command ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных команд imparity ~ вчт. контроль по нечетности imparity ~ вчт. проверка на нечетность improper-command ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных команд in-line ~ вчт. встроенный контроль in-line ~ вчт. оперативный контроль input ~ вчт. входный контроль internal ~ вчт. внутренний контроль internal ~ внутренняя проверка ~ attr. клетчатый;
to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть ~ шахм. шах (употр. тж. как int) ;
the king is in check королю объявлен шах lexical ~ вчт. лексический контроль limit ~ проверка возможностей line-by-line ~ вчт. построчная проверка loop ~ вчт. контроль путем обратной передачи ~ контроль, проверка;
loyalty check амер. проверка лояльности (государственных служащих) marginal ~ вчт. граничная проверка marginal ~ вчт. профилактический котроль naught ~ вчт. проверка на ноль negative ~ вчт. проверка на отрицательное значение odd-even ~ вчт. контроль по четности odd-even ~ вчт. контроль четности odd-parity ~ вчт. контроль четности on-line rule ~ вчт. оперативная проверка правила on-the-spot ~ контроль на месте overflow ~ вчт. контроль переполнения page ~ вчт. групповой страничный контроль parity ~ вчт. контроль по четности parity ~ вчт. контроль четности pass-out ~ амер. = passout pass-out ~ амер. = passout passcheck: passcheck = passout passport ~ паспортный контроль peak-a-boo ~ вчт. проверка на просчет photocell ligth ~ оптический контроль postmortem ~ вчт. постконтроль privacy ~ вчт. проверка конфиденциальности program ~ вчт. проверка программы program ~ вчт. программный контроль programmed ~ вчт. программный контроль quality ~ проверка качества random ~ выборочная проверка random sample ~ проверка случайной выборки range ~ вчт. контроль границ range ~ вчт. контроль попадания read-back ~ вчт. эхопроверка reasonability ~ вчт. проверка на непротиворечивость reasonability ~ вчт. смысловая проверка redundancy ~ вчт. контроль за счет избыточности residue ~ вчт. контроль по остатку reversal ~ вчт. реверсивная проверка rights ~ вчт. проверка прав routine ~ обычная проверка routine ~ вчт. программный контроль routine ~ текущая проверка run-time ~ вчт. динамическая проверка run-time ~ вчт. динамический контроль security ~ проверка безопасности selection ~ вчт. выборочный контроль semantic ~ вчт. семантический контроль sequence ~ вчт. контроль порядка следования sequence ~ comp. контроль порядка следования sequence ~ comp. проверка упорядоченности sight ~ вчт. визуальный контроль sight ~ вчт. проверка на просвет sign ~ вчт. контроль по знаку special crossed ~ специальный кроссированный чек spelling ~ comp. орфографическая проверка spot ~ выборочная проверка spot ~ выборочная ревизия spot ~ проверка на выборку static ~ вчт. статический контроль status ~ comp. контроль состояния stock ~ проверка состояния запасов store ~ проверка состояния запасов structural ~ вчт. структурный контроль sum ~ контроль по сумме sum ~ контроль суммированием sum ~ вчт. проверка по сумме sum ~ проверка по сумме sum ~ проверка суммированием summation ~ вчт. контроль суммированием summation ~ контроль суммированием summation ~ проверка суммированием summation ~ вчт. проверка суммирования syntactic ~ вчт. синтаксический контроль system ~ вчт. системный контроль systems ~ проверка состояния систем technical ~ технический контроль test ~ контрольная проверка test ~ контрольное испытание test ~ вчт. тестовый контроль total ~ вчт. проверка по сумме transfer ~ вчт. контроль передачи transfer ~ переводной чек tranverce ~ вчт. поперечный контроль twin ~ вчт. двойной счет type ~ вчт. контроль соответствия типов type ~ вчт. контроль типов validity ~ вчт. контроль правильности validity ~ вчт. проверка адекватности validity ~ вчт. проверка достоверности validity ~ вчт. проверка на достоверность wired-in ~ вчт. аппаратный контроль wired-in ~ вчт. встроенный аппаратный контроль ~ препятствие;
остановка;
задержка;
without check без задержки, безостановочно -
10 check
[ʧek] 1. гл.1) = check out / up проверять, сверятьWe must check through the pages to see if any are missing. — Надо проверить, все ли страницы на месте.
The police are checking out his alibi. — Полиция проверяет его алиби.
Check the facts up before you write your report. — Проверь все факты перед тем, как писать отчёт.
We must check the book over before sending it to the printer. — Нам надо ещё раз внимательно выверить книгу, прежде чем отсылать её в типографию.
Syn:2) останавливать; препятствовать; ограничивать, сдерживать, обуздывать, регулироватьHe hastily checked the impulse. — Он быстро подавил этот порыв.
Mr. Baldwin checked the enthusiasm of his visitors. — Мистер Болдуин умерил энтузиазм своих гостей.
The multiplication of animals is checked only by want of food, and by the hostility of races. — Размножение животных сдерживается только потребностью в пище и степенью агрессивности видов.
Syn:3) отмечать галочкой, птичкойThe teacher checked the children's names off as they entered. — Учитель отмечал имена детей, когда они входили в класс.
4) соответствовать, совпадатьThe description checks with the photograph. — Описание соответствует фотографии.
5) преим. амер.; = check in сдавать (в камеру хранения, в багаж)They walked out into the club and checked their hats. — Они вошли в клуб и сдали в гардероб свои шляпы.
You can check your suitcases in at the desk. — Вы можете сдать свои чемоданы на стойке.
6) воен. делать выговорSyn:8) амер. размечать на квадраты ( землю для дальнейшего засевания)9) наносить узор, рисунок в виде клеток11) амер. выписывать чек•- check in
- check off
- check on
- check out
- check over
- check up 2. сущ.1) контроль, проверка- loyalty checkto conduct / make / run a check of / on smth. — осуществлять контроль, проводить проверку чего-л.
Syn:2) обследование, исследованиеbackground check — расследование истории вопроса, проблемы
Syn:3) критерий ( оценки и проверки)Syn:4) контрольный штемпель; отметка, галочка ( знак проверки)5) ярлык; багажная квитанцияbaggage check — амер. квитанция на получение багажа
6) номерок ( в гардеробе)7) преим. амер. счёт в ресторане8) контрамарка; корешок (билета)9) амер.; карт. фишка, марка10) амер.; = cheque11) шахм. шахThe king is in check. — Королю объявлен шах.
12) задержка; пауза, перерыв; внезапная остановкаSyn:13) преим. воен. отпор, отражение нападенияSyn:repulse 1.14) ограничение, сдерживание; контрольto hold / keep in check — держать под контролем, сдерживать
The police were trying to hold the crowd in check. — Полицейские пытались удержать толпу.
His task was to keep Jimmy in check. — Его задачей было держать Джима под контролем.
We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check. — Мы должны найти способы сокращения расходов.
Syn:dog's-tooth check брит. / houndstooth check амер. — мелкая ломаная клетка
16) с.-х. делянка17) трещина, щель ( в дереве)Syn:18) амер.; = check-rein мартингал ( в верховой езде)••3. прил.to cash / hand / pass in one's checks — уст. умереть
1) контрольный; испытательный2) клетчатый -
11 standard
standard ['stændəd]1 noun∎ to have high/low standards (of person) être exigeant/ne pas être exigeant; (of school) exiger un bon niveau/ne pas exiger un bon niveau;∎ he sets high standards for himself il est très exigeant avec lui-même;∎ a high standard of playing/academic achievement un niveau de jeu/de réussite scolaire élevé;∎ your work isn't up to standard or is below standard votre travail laisse à désirer;∎ to be up to/below standard être du/en dessous du niveau requis;∎ most of the goods are or come up to standard la plupart des marchandises sont de qualité satisfaisante;∎ she's an Olympic standard swimmer c'est une nageuse de niveau olympique;∎ it's a difficult task by any standard or by anybody's standards c'est indiscutablement une tâche difficile;∎ we apply the same standards to all candidates nous jugeons tous les candidats selon les mêmes critères;∎ their only standard of success is money leur unique critère de réussite, c'est l'argent;∎ we don't have the same aesthetic standards nous n'avons pas les mêmes valeurs esthétiques;∎ standard of living niveau m de vie(b) (official specification, norm) norme f;∎ to set quality standards for a product fixer des normes de qualité pour un produit;∎ to comply with or to meet government standards être conforme aux normes établies par le gouvernement;∎ their salaries are low by European standards leurs salaires sont bas par rapport aux salaires européens;∎ high safety standards des règles de sécurité très strictes;∎ standards and practices normes et usages(c) (moral principle) principe m;∎ I won't do it! I have my standards! je ne le ferai pas! j'ai des principes!;∎ to have high moral standards avoir de grands principes moraux∎ a jazz standard un classique du jazz, un standard∎ I can't drive a standard je ne sais conduire que les voitures à boîte de vitesse automatique∎ figurative under the standard of Liberty sous l'étendard de la liberté∎ they come in three standard sizes ils existent en trois tailles standard;∎ catalytic converters are now standard features les pots catalytiques sont désormais la norme;∎ headrests are standard or are fitted as standard les appuis-têtes sont montés en série;∎ the standard return fare is $500 l'aller-retour au tarif normal coûte 500 dollars;∎ what's the standard tip? que laisse-t-on normalement comme pourboire?;∎ there's a standard procedure for reporting accidents il y a une procédure bien établie pour signaler les accidents;∎ any standard detergent will do n'importe quel détergent usuel fera l'affaire;∎ it was just a standard hotel room c'était une chambre d'hôtel ordinaire;∎ the cooking is fairly standard la cuisine n'a rien de sensationnel;∎ she has a standard speech for such occasions elle a un discours tout prêt pour ce genre d'occasions;∎ one of his standard jokes une de ses plaisanteries habituelles(b) (measure → metre, kilogramme etc) étalon (inv)(c) (text, work) classique, de base;∎ the standard works in English poetry les ouvrages classiques de la poésie anglaise;∎ it's the standard work on the Reformation c'est l'ouvrage de base sur la Réforme►► standard bearer (of cause) porte-drapeau m; (of political party) chef m de file; (of flag) porte-étendard m;standards catalogue catalogue m de normes;standards committee organisme m de normalisation;standards conversion (in broadcasting) transcodage m;standards converter (in broadcasting) transcodeur m;standard deviation (in statistics) écart-type m;standard document document m type;standard English l'anglais m standard;standard error (in statistics) écart-type m;Railways standard gauge voie f normale, écartement m normal;Scottish School Standard grade = premier examen de fin de scolarité en Écosse, équivalent du GCSE anglais;British standard lamp lampadaire m (de salon);standard operating procedure = marche à suivre normale;standard practice pratique f courante;standard rate (of tax) taux m standard;Botany standard rose rose f tige;Marketing standard sample échantillon m modèle;standard time heure f légale
См. также в других словарях:
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