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  • 101 cresco

    crēsco, crēvī, crētum, ere (Inchoat. zu creo), anfangen hervorzukommen, nach u. nach hervorkommen, wachsen, I) von noch nicht Vorhandenem: 1) im engern Sinne, v. eig. Wachstum in der Natur, wachsen, hervorwachsen = entstehen, crescentes segetes, Ov.: qui postea creverunt, die Nachkommen, Varro. – hic et acanthus et rosa crescit, Verg.: in exitu paludis saxum crescit, Plin.: crescit barba pilique per omnia membra, Lucr. – m. Dat. wem? tibi, mors, crescit omne, Sen. poët. – mit ex od. de u. Abl., quaecumque e terra corpora crescunt, Lucr.: quos (liberos) utriusque figurae esse vides, corpore de patrio et materno sanguine crescunt, Lucr. – m. inter u. Akk., avenam lolium crescere inter triticum, Enn. fr. var. 31. – bei Dichtern Partiz. crētus, a, um, entsprungen, entsprossen, entstanden, m. ab od. (selten) de u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl., cretus Troiano a sanguine, Verg.: cretus ab origine eadem, Ov.: leo Chimaerea cretus de gente, Auct. carm. de laud. Herc.: tali de sidere cretus, Manil.: cretus Semiramio sanguine, Ov.: cretus Amyntore, Ov.
    2) im weitern Sinne, a) v. mater. Subjj., entstehen, haec villa inter manus meas crevit, Sen. ep. 12, 1. – b) v. Zuständen, erwachsen, ingens hic terris crescit labor, Sil. 3, 75.
    II) von schon Vorhandenem, wachsen = an
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    Wachstum zunehmen (Ggstz. decrescere, minui), 1) im engern Sinne, v. eig. Wachstume in der Natur, a) übh.: crescere posse imperfectae rei signum est, Sen.: crescere non possint fruges, arbusta, animantes, Lucr.: quibus articuli in pueritia excĭderunt neque repositi sunt, minus quam ceteri crescunt, Cels. – m. Advv. wie? cr. male (v. Getreide), Ov.: cr. moderatim, paulatim, Lucr.: cr. celerrime, Plin.: cr. tarde (Ggstz. cito occĭdere), Plin., tardius, Veget. mul.: quid? tu ignoras arbores magnas diu crescere, unā horā exstirpari? Curt. – m. in u. Abl., poet. m. bl. Abl. wo? in lecticis crescunt (infantes), Quint.: pili viris crescunt maxume in capillo, mox in barba, Plin.: cr. matris in alvo, Ov.: ut pennas clivo (an einem Hügel) crevisse putes, Ov. – m. in u. Abl. wann? pili crescunt et in quibusdam morbis, Plin. – m. cum u. Abl., ostreis conchyliisque omnibus contingere, ut cum luna pariter crescant pariterque decrescant, Cic.: vis animi pariter crescit cum corpore toto, Lucr. – m. Abl. womit? woran? pulchro corpore creti, Lucr.: cr. corpore (v. Pers.), Petron. – m. Abl. wodurch? crassā magnum farragine corpus crescere iam domitis (equis) sinito, Verg. – m. Advv. od. Praepp. wohin? sursum nitidae fruges arbustaeque crescunt, Lucr.: homo crescit in longitudinem usque ad ter septenos annos, tum deinde ad plenitudinem, Plin.: ut (olea) spatium in latitudinem crescendi habeat, Col.: iecur fartilibus in immen-
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    sam amplitudinem crescit, Plin.: postquam super ora caputque crevit onus, Ov. – m. in u. Akk. worein? wozu? = in etw. hineinwachsen, zu etw. verwachsen, anwachsen, zu etw. werden, cr. in caput potius quam in semen (v. der Zwiebel), Pallad.: cr. in ventrem (v. der Gurke), Verg.: similis lunae macula crescens in orbes, Plin.: u. bei Verwandlungen, in caput crescit, Ov.: coeperunt curvari manus et aduncos crescere in ungues, Ov.: in frondem crines, in ramos brachia crescunt, Ov. – b) insbes.: α) v. Knaben, zum Jüngling heranwachsen, aufwachsen, groß werden (bei Cic. adolescere), hortatus est, ut cresceret, Suet. – m. in u. Abl. wo? in cuius domo creverat, Suet. – m. Dat. für wen? wem zum Heile? toti salutifer orbi cresce puer, Ov.: ut crescerent de tuo qui crescerent tibi, Plin. pan.: u. (m. dopp. Nom.) etiam tibi discipulus (als Sch.) crescit cicaro meus, Petron. – m. sub u. Abl. unter wessen Leitung? crevisti sub noverca, Sen.: exactā pueritiā per quinquennium sub Aristotele crevit (v. Alexander dem Gr.), Iustin. – m. ad od. in u. Akk. wozu? lacte fero crescens ad fulmina vimque tonandi (v. jungen Jupiter), Manil. 1, 368: cito crescit in iuvenem, Hieron. epist. 66, 10. – β) v. jungen Tieren, aufwachsen, ille (canis) tibi pecudum multo cum sanguine crescet, Gratt. cyn. 168.
    2) im weitern Sinne, der Größe, der Höhe, dem Umfang, der Menge, Zahl, Stärke, dem Grade nach
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    wachsen, steigen, aufsteigen, zunehmen, sich vermehren, sich vergrößern, sich steigern (Ggstz. decrescere, minui u. dgl.), a) der Größe, Höhe, dem Umfang nach, oft m. Abl. wodurch? od. m. in u. Akk. bis wohin? u. m. ab u. Abl. von wo? v. Boden, v. Bergen usw., surgit humus; crescunt loca (seine Flächen) decrescentibus undis, Ov.: hieme creverant Alpes, hoch lag in den A. der Schnee, Flor.: crescere altitudo petrae videbatur, Curt.: tum partes in omnes auctus crescit in immensum (Atlas), Ov.: petra non modicis ac mollibus clivis in sublime fastigium crescit, sed in metae maxime modum erecta est, Curt. – v. Bauten, cognata moenia laetor crescere, Ov.: iam aliquantum altitudinis opus creverat, Curt.: iam a fundo maris in altitudinem modicam opus creverat, Curt.: Caesaris naves a binis remigum in senos nec amplius ordines creverant, Flor. – v. ganzen Städten, die an Umfang u. Einwohnerzahl zunehmen, vix crediderim tam mature tantam urbem crevisse, floruisse, concĭdisse, resurrexisse, Vell.: Roma interim crescit Albae ruinis; duplicatur civium numerus, Caelius additur urbi mons, Liv.: in aeternum urbe conditā, in immensum crescente, Liv. – v. Örtlichkeiten, die, wenn man sich ihnen nähert, immer größer werden, admoto crescebant culmina gressu, Sil. 15, 216. – v. Quellen, Gewässern, steigen, schwellen, anschwellen, fons ter in die statis auctibus ac deminutionibus crescit de-
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    crescitque, Plin. ep.: fontes calidi, qui pariter cum aestu maris crescunt minuunturque, Plin.: cum Albanus lacus praeter modum crevisset, Cic.: cava flumina crescunt cum sonitu, Verg.: aestate incipit crescere (Ggstz. minuitur, v. einem Flusse), Sen.: Liger ex nivibus creverat, Caes.: forsitan Aethiopum penitus de montibus altis crescat (v. Nil), Lucr. – v. der Flut, steigen, ad mensuram enim crescit iterumque decrescit (fällt), Sen. – v. Feuer, im Bilde, sed memoriā rerum gestarum eam flammam egregiis viris in pectore crescere, nec prius sedari, quam etc., Sall.: crescente deinde et amoris in Cleopatram incendio et vitiorum magnitudine, Vell. – v. Monde, zunehmen (Ggstz. decrescere, minui, senescere), cum luna triduum recessit a sole crescit et plus illuminatur, Vitr.: lunae luminum varietas tum crescentis tum senescentis, Cic.: crescens minuensque sidus, Plin.: luna crescens (Ggstz. senescens), Varro u. Cic.: crescente lunā, Ggstz. decrescente lunā, Varro, Ggstz. senescente lunā, Varro, Ggstz. minuente lunā, Pallad., Ggstz. deficiente lunā, Gell.: lunā vel iam plenā vel adhuc crescente, Macr.: nunc de crescenti lumine lunae deminutioneque dicam, Varr. – v. Tage, zunehmen (Ggstz. decrescere), crescere dies licet et tabescere noctes, Lucr.: umbra, ut dies crevit decrevitve, modo brevior modo longior hāc vel illā cadit, Plin. ep. – v. den Jahren, crescentibus annis, Ov. u. Mart. – v. Speisen, die
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    im Munde quellen, schwellen, non in ore crevit cibus, non haesit faucibus, Sen.: crescit et invito in ore cibus, Ov. – v. Geschwülsten, tumor omni frigore minuitur; non solum sub omni calore, sed etiam retento spiritu crescit, Cels. – u. v. Gliedern, laetum opere corpus et crescentia laboribus membra, vor Kraft schwellenden, strotzenden, Plin. pan.: creverunt artus (beim Foltern), Sil.: u. so (v. Gefolterten) crescit et suspensus ipse vinculis latentibus, Prud. – v. Holz, quellen, contignationes umore crescentes aut siccitate decrescentes (schwindend), Vitr. – v. Hülsenfrüchten, quellen, coquendo cr., Plin. – v. Schriften, liber crevit, Plin. ep.: quoniam satis huius voluminis magnitudo crevit, Cornif. rhet. – v. Versen, iambi a brevibus in longas (syllabas) nituntur et crescunt, Quint.
    b) der Zahl, Menge, Summe nach wachsen, steigen, zunehmen, immer größer werden, sich mehren, sich häufen (Ggstz. minui), crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus, Cic.: turba infantium augetur cotidie et crescit, Plin. ep.: crescens in dies multitudo hostium, Liv.: crescebat in dies Sullae exercitus, Vell.: ex quo intellectum est non mihi absenti crevisse amicos, Cic.: cr. malo od. per damnum (v. der Hydra, der für einen abgeschlagenen Kopf immer zwei andere wuchsen), Ov. – plagae (Schläge) crescunt, Ter.: crescit mihi materies, der Stoff (zum Schreiben) wächst mir unter den Händen, Cic. – crescentibus
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    iam provinciis (Geschäfte), Liv. – rapi crescentibus annis, in der Blüte der Jahre, Mart.: crescentes abstulit annos, poet. = raffte sie (die Gattin) in der Blüte der Jahre dahin, Ov. – aber capi (gefesselt werden) primis et adhuc crescentibus annis (von immer mehr aufblühender Jugend), Ov. – crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam, Hor.: minori dicere, per quae crescere res (Vermögen) posset, minui damnosa libido, Hor.: opes (Reichtum) genti ex vectigalibus opobalsami crevere, Iustin.: eorum aes alienum multiplicandis usuris crescere, Nep.: crescentibus multiplicari usuris (v. einem ausgeliehenen Kapital), Ambros.: reliqua (die Rückstände der Zinsen) creverunt, Plin. ep.: crescit pretium alcis rei, Plin.: his tamen omnibus annona (Getreidepreis) crevit, Caes.
    c) der intensiven Stärke, dem Grade nach wachsen, steigen, sich steigern, zunehmen, v. Tone der Stimme od. Rede, in foro sic illius vox crescebat, tamquam tuba, Petron.: crescit oratio minus aperte, Quint.: maxime in hac parte crescere debet oratio, Quint. – v. Hitze, Wind, Sturm usw., crescente aestu, Curt.: crescente vento, Catull. – proximus dies non sine minis crescentis mali praeteriit, Curt. – v. Krankheit, Schmerz, advenientes crescentesque morbi, Cic.: crescentes morbi (Ggstz. remissiones), Cels.: si febris non decrescit, sed crescere desiit, wenn das F. nicht aufhört, sondern nur zu steigen nachläßt, Cels.: si
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    etiam vehementius dolor crevit, Cels.: crescunt ignisque dolorque languescuntque iterum, Ov.: fruendis voluptatibus crescit carendi dolor, Plin. ep. – v. andern phys. od. äußern Zuständen, crescit mobilitas eundo, Lucr.: crescente certamine, Liv.: crescente certamine et clamore, Liv.: inter epulas ebrietate crescente, Iustin.: fama e minimo sua per mendacia crescit, Ov.: simul crescit inopia omnium (an allem), Liv.: non crescet, sed dividetur labor, Quint.: unde crevit nobis labor, Plin.: cuius originem moris a mitiore crevisse principio, quam etc., Liv.: cum periculum cresceret, Plin. ep. – v. geistigen Zuständen, quod ex his studiis quoque crescit oratio et facultas, durch diese Studien auch die Befähigung zur rednerischen Darstellung (das Rednertalent) gefördert wird, Cic.: cum robore dicendi crescet etiam eruditio, Quint.: rerum cognitio cotidie crescit, Quint.: nihil crescit (kommt weiter) solā imitatione, Quint. – v. gemütlichen Zuständen, ideoque crescit animus laude et impetu augetur, Quint.: u. so oft crescit animus alcis od. crescit animus alci (s. Krebs-Schmalz Antib. 7 S. 375), zB. crevit ex eo hostium animus, Liv.: morte Africani crevere inimicorum animi, Liv.: itaque et Romanis crevit animus, Liv.: plebi creverant animi, Liv.: hostibus quoque crevere animi, Iustin.: hāc virium accessione animus crevit praetori, ut Cassandream oppugnaret, Liv.: hinc animus crevit obsessis, Curt. – ad
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    extremam aetatem eorum amicitia crevit, Nep.: atrocitas crescit ex his, Quint.: crescit ardor animorum, Curt.: Tuscis crevit audacia, Liv.: multo successu Fabiis audaciam crescere, Liv.: crescit audacia experimento, Plin. ep. – crevit postea caritas ipsa mutuae vetustate amicitiae, Plin. ep.: primo pecuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit, Sall. – ne desperatio suis cresceret, Iustin. – exspectatio muneris et rumore nonnullo et studiis sermonibusque competitorum creverat, Cic. – crescente formidine, Plin. ep.: fuga atque formido crescit, Sall.: in dies crescit foeditas (Niederträchtigkeit) utrāque linguā notata, Plin. ep. – crescit invidia, Quint. u. Suet. – laetitia ipsa cum ingressu tuo crevit ac prope in singulos gradus adaucta est, Plin. pan.: ubi paulatim licentia crevit, Sall. – cotidie metus crescit, Quint.: sic urbium captarum crescit miseratio, Quint. – crescit simul et neglegentia cum audacia hosti, Liv. – crescebat in eos odium, Cic.: inter naturaliter dissimillimos ac diversa volentes crescebat odium, Vell. – inter haec simul spes simul cura in dies crescebat, Liv. – unde illis terror, inde Romanis animus crevit, Liv.: vitium in dies crescit, Cic.: crescentibus in dies vitiis (Agrippae), Vell.: vitia, quae nobiscum creverunt, mit uns groß geworden sind, Sen. – v. polit. Zuständen, causa belli coepit a foedere Philippi, postea crevit implorantibus Athenis auxilium contra regis iniurias, Flor.: socordiā Darei cre-
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    visse hostium famam, Curt.: crescente in dies et classe et famā Pompeii, Vell. – Camillo gloria crevit in Faliscis, Liv.: facti mei gratia periculo crevit, Plin. ep. – tantum opes (Albae Longae) creverant, ut etc., Liv.: cum hostium opes animique crevissent, Cic.: cum Atheniensium male gestis in Sicilia rebus opes senescere, contra Lacedaemoniorum crescere videret, Nep. – plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit, Sall.: cuius rei praemium sit in civitate, eam maximis semper auctibus crescere, Liv. – statim et seditio crevit, ubi caput et consilium habere coepit, Iustin.: crescit favore turbida seditio, Ov. – Veiis (zu V.) non tantum animi in dies, sed etiam vires crescebant, Liv.
    d) dem Vermögen nach wachsen, zunehmen, emporkommen, reich werden, crescam patrimonio, non corpore, Petron. – m. Ang. von wo aus? durch Praepp., ut rei publicae, ex qua crevissent, tempus accommodarent, Liv.: ex parvo crevit, Petron.: ab asse crevit, Petron.: de nihilo crevit, Petron.
    e) dem Ruhme, dem Ansehen, der Macht nach wachsen, sich entwickeln, sich heben, steigen, sich emporschwingen, emporkommen, groß werden (Ggstz. minui), α) v. Staaten (Völkern) u. Königen, crescens regnum, Iustin.: sic fortis Etruria crevit, Verg.: hinc iam coepit Romana res crescere, Eutr.: sed civitas, incredibile memoratu est, quantum creve-
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    rit, Sall.: si nostram rem publicum vobis et nascentem (in seinem Entstehen) et crescentem (in seinem Wachstume) et adultam (in seiner entwickelten Blüte) et iam firmam et robustam (in seiner festbegründeten Kraft) ostendero, Cic.: atqui non tantum interest nostrā Aetolorum opes ac vires minui, quantum non supra modum Philippum crescere, Liv. – m. Abl. wodurch? ubi labore atque iustitiā res publica crevit, Sall.: Rhodiorum civitas, quae populi Romani opibus creverat, Sall. – concordiā parvae res crescunt, discordiā maximae dilabuntur, Sall. – m. per u. Akk. auf welchem Wege? non pati cuiusquam regnum per scelus crescere, Sall. – m. Advv. od. Praepp. von wo? u. bis zu? o quam de tenui Romanus origine crevit, Ov.: eo magnitudinis crescere, ut etc. (v. röm. Volke), Flor.: quia Athenienses non, ut ceterae gentes, a sordidis initiis ad summa crevere, Iustin.: ceterum Saguntini in tantas brevi creverant opes seu maritimis seu terrestribus fructibus seu multitudinis incremento seu disciplinae sanctitate, ut etc., Liv. – β) v. einzelnen Pers.: date crescendi copiam, laßt wachsen u. gedeihen (= an Ansehen gewinnen), Ter.: postquam hominem adulescentem magis magisque crescere intellegit, Sall.: crescendi in curia sibi occasionem datam ratus, Liv. – m. Abl. wodurch? woran? cr. malo rei publicae, Sall.: cr. optivo cognomine, Hor.: cum de se ingentia pollicendo tum regis criminibus
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    omnibus locis cr., Liv.: non minus dignitate, quam gratiā fortunāque cr., steigen an Ansehen usw., sein A. usw. steigen sehen, Nep.: quoad vixit virtutum laude crevit, sah er den Ruhm seiner Verdienste steigen, Nep. – m. per u. Akk. auf welchem Wege? cr. per summam gloriam, auf die rühmlichste Weise, Liv. – m. per u. Akk. der Pers. durch wen? frater per se (durch ihn) crevisset, Caes. – m. Ang. bei wem? durch apud u. Akk., si quibus tuorum meis criminibus apud te crescere libet, Liv. – m. ex u. de u. Abl. woher? infolge wessen? auf wessen Kosten? qua ex re creverat cum famā tum opibus, Nep.: timentes, ne crescendi ex se inimico collegae potestas fieret, Liv.: crescendi ex iis ratus esse occasionem, Liv.: nam si mihi liberet accusare, accusarem alios potius, ex quibus possem crescere, Cic.: oblatam sibi facultatem putavit, ut ex invidia senatoria posset crescere, quod (weil) etc., Cic.: denique, si videor hic... de uno isto voluisse crescere, isto absoluto de multis mihi crescere licebit, Cic. f) an Mut wachsen, Mut bekommen, sich gehoben-, sich groß fühlen, cresco et exsulto et discussā senectute recalesco, quotiens etc., Sen. ep. 34, 1: ex (infolge) nostro maerore crescit Charaxus, Ps. Ov. her. 15, 117. – ⇒ Synkop. Perf.-Formen cresti, Laev. erotop. fr. 6 ( bei Charis. 288, 10) u. cresse, Lucr. 3, 681.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > cresco

  • 102 iubeo

    iubeo, iussī, iussum, ēre (zu jeudh, schütteln, rütteln, altindisch yōdháyati, setzt in Bewegung), den Wunsch oder Willen zu erkennen geben, daß etwas geschehen möge, wünschen, wollen = jmd. etw. heißen, tun od. sein lassen, jmdm. befehlen (Ggstz. vetare = nicht wollen, nicht geschehen lassen, verbieten usw.), im Passiv iubeor = es wird mir etwas geheißen, -befohlen, ich soll (Ggstz. vetor), I) im allg., konstr.: a) mit Acc. u. Infin. (u. zwar mit Infin. Act., wenn das tätige Objekt hervorgehoben, mit Infin. Pass., wenn der geheißene Gegenstand mehr beachtet wird, wo dann der tätige Gegenstand unerwähnt bleibt), quis te istaec iussit loqui, Ter.: Caesar te sine cura esse iussit, läßt dir sagen, ohne Sorge zu sein, Cic.: abire Cophen iubet, heißt den K. seiner Wege gehen, Curt.: iussi valere eum, hieß ihn wohlleben = nahm Abschied von ihm, Cic.: Dionysium iube salvere, sage dem D. meinen Gruß, grüße den D. von mir, Cic.: u. ellipt. (in der Umgangssprache) iubeo Chremetem (sc. salvere), ich sage dem Chremes meinen Gruß = ich grüße dich, Chremes, Ter.: duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit, Caes. – iuben an non iubes astitui aulas? Plaut.: Marii sitas reliquias apud Anienem dissipari iussit, Cic.: pontem iubet rescindi, Caes.: filium necari iussit, Sall. – im Passiv, Diogenes ab Alexandro rege iussus
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    optare, Varro: dare vela iubemur (man heißt uns), Ov.: consules iubentur scribere, Liv.: iussus a consule edicere, Sall.: u. mit dem geheißenen Gegenstande als Subjekt, locus lautiaque legatis praeberi iussa, Liv. 28, 39, 19. Vgl. unten no. II, A aus Cic. de nat. deor. 3, 78. – b) mit bl. Infin., α) in der klass. Prosa, wenn sich der Acc. dazu leicht aus dem Zusammenhang ergänzen oder sich ein allgemeines tätiges Objekt (wie das deutsche man) annehmen läßt, namentl. in militär. Befehlen (s. Kraner Caes. b. c. 1, 61, 4. Fabri Liv. 22, 51, 7), illud Hesiodium eādem mensurā reddere iubet, quā acceperis (ergänze te vor reddere), Cic.: pronuntiare iusserunt (erg. praecones), Caes.: receptui canere iubet (erg. tubicines), signum observare iubet (sc. milites), Caes. – mit fehlendem tätigem Objekt, aber gesetztem Attribut, ire fortes, ire felices iubent, man heißt sie mutig, glücklich ziehen, Liv. – β) bei Dichtern u. in nachaug. Prosa übh. mit Infin. (s. Jahn Verg. ecl. 6, 85), iube oculos elidere, Plaut.: flores amoenae ferre iube rosae, Hor.: aperire deinde armentarium iussit, Tac.: ire praecipites et occupare pericula iubet, Tac. – Infin. Act. u. Acc. et Infin. Pass. wechselnd, agnas caedere deinde iubet solvique ex ordine funem, Verg. – m. Dat. pers. u. Infin., iussit centurioni custodire eum, Vulg. act. apost. 24, 23 (aber die Stellen Cic. ad Att. 9, 13, 2. Curt. 5, 6 [20], 8; 10, 8 [25], 4 sind jetzt geändert u.
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    Liv. 42, 43, 6 gehört quis [= quibus] zu responso dato). – c) mit folg. ut mit Konj. (bes. in der Umgangssprache, s. Brix Plaut. Mem. 955), Telebois iubet sententiam ut dicant suam, Plaut.: ut puellas curent, conforment, iube, Afran. fr.: hic tibi in mentem non venit iubere, ut haec quoque referret, Cic.: tu deinde iubeto, ut certet Amyntas, Verg.: sive iubebat, ut facerem quid, sive vetabat, Hor. – m. Acc. des tätigen Objekts, aegrum iubet, uti sit animo bono, Apul. flor. 23: im Passiv m. Nom. des tätigen Objekts, quo (praecepto) iubemur ut quoties possumus de omnibus legis verbis controversiam faciamus, Sen. contr. 1, 2, 15. – nachaug. mit Dat. des tätigen Objekts, quibus iusserat, ut resisterent, Tac. – ut m. Konj. abwechselnd m. Acc. u. Infin., od. m. bl. Infin., hoc tibi erus me iussit ferre... atque ut mecum mitteres Phoenicium, Plaut.: alter consul cum Boiis iussus bellum gerere; alterum (consulem) ut mitteret Romam, Liv. – d) mit bl. Coniunctiv: (bes. in der Umgangssprache, s. Brix Plaut. Men. 955. Lorenz Plaut. most. 918. Heräus Tac. hist. 1, 46, 4. Dräger Hist. Synt.2 2, 287 f.), iube maneat, Ter.: Ucubim iussit incenderent, Auct. b. Hisp.: bonum haberet animum iubebant, Tac. – wechselnd mit bl. Acc. u. Infin., legati Perseum regem vel cum tribus venire iubebant, vel obsides daret, Liv.: in conspectu castrorum constitui signa iubet; depositis impedimentis sarcinisque expediti certarent, Tac. –
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    mit Acc. des tätigen Objekts u. folg. Coniunctiv, iube famulos apparent, Plaut.: erus me iussit Pamphilum hodie observarem, Ter. – nachaug. mit Dat. des tätigen Objekts, ubi Britannico iussit, exsurgeret, Tac. – e) mit ne u. Konj., quod ne fieret consules amicique Pompei iusserunt, Hirt. b. G. 8, 52, 5 N. u. D. (Madvig evicerunt): qui iubet, ne fallas mercennarium, Augustin. serm. 38, 4: nam si verbo aliquando iussisti, ne actori aliquid darent, Augustin. epist. 247, 3. – obtestor, iubeas, ne citus impetus arsurum mediis inferat ignibus, Prud. c. Symm. 1. praef. 88. – u. m. Dat. des tät. Objekts, Hercules Potitio ac Pinario sacrorum custodibus iussit, ne mulierem interesse permitterent, Macr. sat. 1, 12. § 28. – f) mit bl. Acc.: α) mit Acc. der Sache = etwas anbefehlen, verordnen, auferlegen, quid iubeatve vetetve, Ov.: iussā divisione, Vell.: fratris necem, Tac.: prandia, Spart.: alci tributum, Tac.: fecisse, quod iusseram, Ter. – Partic. Pass., iussa poena, Hor.: iussa mors, Tac.: iussae lacrimae, Mart. – β) mit Acc. der Pers.: iussisses Eurysthea, Mart.: stellae sponte suā iussaene vagentur et errent, Hor. – γ) mit allg. Acc. der Sache u. Acc. der Pers.: litterae, non quae te aliquid iuberent, Cic. – im Passiv, opto, ut ea iubear, quae etc., Plaut.: quod iussi sunt, faciunt, Caes. – g) im Zshg. absolut: Pa. Iubesne? Ch. Iubeam? cogo atque impero, Ter. eun. 389: ut iusti, Plaut. Men. 1146: ita ut tu iusti, Ter. eun. 831:
    ————
    defessa iubendo est saeva Iovis coniunx, Ov. met. 9, 198 sq.
    II) prägn.: A) als t. t. der Ärzte = verordnen (wie imperare), quod iussi ei dari bibere et quantum imperavi, date, Ter. Andr. 484: medici mihi iubent anatinam parari, Petron. 56, 3: medicus dolori adhiberi iussit quod in tempore congruere videbatur, Augustin. epist. 138, 3: videlicet illi aetati iam non hoc se fuisse iussurum, ibid.: ideo male acceptus es (es ist dir übel bekommen), quia ego non iussi, ibid.: im Passiv m. Nom. u. Infin., aegrotus, qui iussus sit vinum sumere, dem Wein zu trinken verordnet worden ist, Cic. de nat. deor. 3, 78. – B) als publiz. t. t.: a) v. Senate u. Volke = verordnen, beschließen, genehmigen, α) gew. m. folg. ut u. Konj.: iubere senatum, ut classem, quam Gadibus haberet, in Italiam traiceret, Liv.: senatus decrevit populusque iussit, ut etc.: Cic.: sciscerent iuberentque, ut senatus decerneret etc., Liv. – u. die Formel: velitis iubeatis, uti etc., Gell. – β) m. folg. Acc. u. Infin.: senatus dictatorem dici iussit, Liv. – u. die Formel: vellent, iuberent, Philippo regi bellum indici, Liv. – γ) mit Acc.: legem, Cic. u. Liv.: societatem, Liv.: foedus, Cic.: alci (gegen jmd.) bellum, Liv.: regem, einen K. erküren, Liv. – m. dopp. Acc., alci provinciam Numidiam, N. als Pr. zuerkennen, Sall.: alqm imperatorem, jmd. zum Befehlshaber erklären, Sall.: u. so alqm regem, Liv. – poet., voluc-
    ————
    res regna iubentes = portendentes, Ov. – δ) mit de u. Abl.: populus iussit de bello, Liv.: de omnibus his populum iussisse, Liv.: de pace ›uti rogas‹ omnes tribus iusserunt, Liv. – b) übtr., v. Gesetz = gebieten, verordnen, absol., lex iubet aut vetat, Cic.: lex omnis aut iubet aut vetat, Quint.: leges rei alicuius medendae aut temporis causā iussae, Gell. – ⇒ Synkop. Präs. iuben = iubesne, Plaut. mil. 315. – synk. Perf. iusti, Plaut. Men. 1146. Ter. eun. 831. Mart. Cap. 2. § 125: Infin. iusse, Ter. heaut. 1001. – archaist. Konj. Perf. iussim, Plaut. Men. 185: iussis, Plaut. capt. 343 Fl. (Brix [340] iusseris): iussit, Rogat. vet. bei Fest. 246 (b), 10. Cic. de legg. 2, 21. – archaist. Fut. iussitur, Cato r. r. 14, 1: archaist. Fut. exakt. iusso, Plaut. aul. 442 G. Verg. Aen. 11, 467. Sil. 12, 175; vgl. Sen. ep. 58, 4. – vulg. Form iuveo, Corp. inscr. Lat. 14, 3323: archaist. ioubeo, zB. ioubeatis, SC. de Bacch. im Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196, 27. Vgl. Georges Lexik. der lat. Wortf. S. 368.

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  • 103 venio

    venio, vēnī, ventum, venīre (βαίνω = *βανjω, altind. gámati, geht, gotisch qiman, ahd. quëman), kommen (Ggstz. abire, discedere, manere), I) eig.: A) im allg.: a) v. leb. Subjj.: α) übh.: istinc, Cic.: huc, Cic.: istuc, Cic.: foras, Plaut.: redeant, unde venerint, Liv.: qui unā venerant, Cic.: ab domo (Heimat), Liv.: ad alqm, Cic.: ad urbem, Cic.: in Cariam ex insula, Plaut.: in astu, Ter. u. Nep.: in Tusculanum, Cic.: in conspectum, Caes. u. Nep.: in conspectum alcis, Hirt. b.G.: sub aspectum, Cic.: sub oculos, Sen. u. Quint.: sub ora viri caelo, von Tauben, Verg. – m. bl. Acc. loc., domum ad alqm, Cic.: domum alcis saepe salutandi causā, Mat. in Cic. ep.: sexto die Delum Athenis, Cic.: poet. tumulum, Verg.: fines Ausonios, Verg.: Scythiam, Verg. – m. Ang. mit wem? cum equitatu, Caes.: ceteros cum custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire iubet, läßt er unter Bedeckung in den T. der C. bringen, Sall. – m. Ang. wem? novus exercitus domo accitus Etruscis venit, Liv. 9, 33, 2 (vgl. unten no. b). – m. Angabe des Zweckes, huc ad ludos, Plaut.: ad alqm ad cenam, Plaut.: v. auxilio (Dat.), subsidio (Dat.), Caes. u.a.: ad causam dicendam, Liv.: ad eum oratum, ut etc., Caes.: eam veni quaesitum, Plaut.: socios ad senatum questum venisse m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Metell. Numid. fr.: ad istum emptum venerunt illum locum senatorium, Cic.: m. Infin., aurum petere, Plaut.: speculari, Liv.: Libycos populare penates, Verg. – impers., dum ad flumen Varum veniatur, Caes.: ad quos ventum erat, Caes.: ventum in insulam est, Cic.: Lilybaeum venitur, Cic.: venitur ad tempus, Vell.: ubi eo ventum est, Caes. – β) in feindlicher Absicht kommen, anrücken, veniens hostis,Verg.: strictam aciem venientibus offert, Verg. – impers., veniri ad se existimantes, Caes. – b) v. Lebl.: nostra navis huc ex portu Persico venit, Plaut.: venit in os salsi umor saporis, Lucr.: sub aspectum, Cic., in conspectum, Cels., sub oculos, Quint.: frumentum Tiberi venit, Liv.: a te litterae non venerunt, Cael. in Cic. ep.: ventus a mediterraneis regionibus veniens, Cels.: de ipso caelo subito venturum oraculum, Apul.: Rhodanus fluvius ex Alpibus veniens per Lemannum lacum meat, Mart. Cap. 6. § 635: venientia carra, die auf ihn zulaufenden, Treb. Poll. trig. tyr. 8, 5: eminus veniens telum, Donat. Ter. Andr. 1, 3, 3: unda ex adverso veniens, ibid. – m. Dat. wem? dominae mihi venit epistula nostrae, Prop.: dum tibi litterae meae veniant, zukommt, zugestellt wird, Cic.: priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, soll erschienen sein, Liv.

    B) insbes.: 1) kommen = zurückkehren, Romam, Liv.: cum venies, Ov. – 2) (poet.) kommen = hervorkommen, a) übh.: veniens sol, Hor.: venientes lacrimae, Verg. – b) kommen, hervorkommen = wachsen, veniunt felicius uvae, Verg.: ipsae (arbores) veniunt sponte suā, Verg.: ut hederae veniant suā sponte melius, Prop.

    II) übtr.: A) im allg.: a) v. leb. Subjj.: α) übh.: ut videndum sit, quem ad modum velis venire ad extremum (orationis), Cic.: ut ad id aliquando, quod cupiebat, veniret, Cic.: venimus ad summum fortunae, Hor. – β) in feindl. Absicht auftreten, contra alienum pro familiari et necessario, Cic.: contra summam amici existimationem, Cic.: contra iniuriam, Cic.: contra rem alcis, Cic. – b) v. Lebl.: α) übh.: alqd venit in buccam, kommt einem in den Mund, fällt ein, Cic.: v. in mentem, Cic.: v. in animum, Fronto, sub sensum, Varro LL.: oratorum laus ita ducta ab humili venit ad summum, ut iam senescat brevique tempore ad nihilum ventura videatur, Cic. – veniens in corpore virtus, erscheinende, Verg. – β) v. der Zeit, kommen = erscheinen, herannahen, sich nähern, ubi ea dies, quam constituerat, venit, Caes.: venisse tempus victoriae, Caes.: cum tristes misero kalendae venere, Hor.: veniet eorum laudi suum tempus, Quint. – motus temporum venientis (künftigen) anni, Cic.: non sumus omnino sine cura venientis anni (wegen des k.J.), Cic.: ea pars rei publicae vicit, nec in praesens modo, sed in venientem etiam annum M. Fabium et L. Valerium consules dedit, Liv. – veniens aetas, die kommende Zeit (= die Nachkommenschaft), Ov. fast. 6, 639. – ventura (künftigen) bella, Verg.: u. so venturorum nepotum proles, Ov. – Partiz. subst., ventūra, ōrum, n., die Zukunft, Lucan. 6, 591. – γ) als mediz. t.t. von phys. Zuständen, Übeln, kommen, eintreten, sich einstellen, si sudor non venit, Cels.: plenus somnus venit, Cels.: si subito venerit febris, Cels.: ubi remissio venit, Cels.: donec sanitas venit, Cels.: venit malum, morbus, Cels.

    B) insbes.: 1) v. in alqd, in eine Lage od. einen Zustand kommen, geraten, gelangen, von Pers.u. Lebl., in calamitatem, Cic.: in consuetudinem, Cic.: in consuetudinem proverbii, in proverbium, zum Sprichworte werden, Liv.: in morem, zur Sitte, zur Gewohnheit werden, Liv. u. Ov.: in contentionem, Cic.: in discrimen, Cic.: in dubium, Cic.: in odium, Cic.: in invidiam, Nep.: in partem alcis rei, an etwas teilhaben, Cic.: in sermonem, ins Gerede kommen, Cic.: aber veni in eum sermonem, ut dicerem, geriet ich darauf, Cic.: in eam opinionem, Cael. in Cic. ep.: in nonnullam spem, Cic.: alci in amicitiam, Caes.: in contemptionem, Caes.: summum in cruciatum, dem qualvollsten Lose anheimfallen, Caes.: in fidem ac potestatem alcis, Caes.: in periculum, Caes.: in cognitionem alcis, Quint.: in controversiam, Cels. u. Quint. – eo iam dementiae venimus, ut etc., Sen.: eo discordiae ventum (est), ut etc., Tac.: huc arrogantiae venerat, ut etc., Tac.: neque huc puto malignitatis ventum, ut etc., Val. Max. – cum speramus eo rem venturam, ut etc., Hor. ep. 2, 1, 126: saepe in eum locum (bis auf den Punkt) ventum est, ut etc., Caes. b.G. 6, 43, 4. – 2) in der Rede, in der Darstellung zu etwas kommen, gelangen, übergehen, ut iam a fabulis ad facta veniamus, Cic.: ab his ad maxillam venturus, Cels.: venio ad recentiores litteras, Cic.: ad Arcesilam Carneademque veniamus, Cic. – impers., ad ea veniendum est, quae, Cels. – 3) woher kommen, a) = abstammen, v. Pers., Bebrycia de gente, Verg. Aen. 5, 373. – b) = entstehen, α) v. Zuständen, maius commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei publicae venturum, Sall.: prava ex falsis opinionibus veniunt, Quint.: vitium peius, quod ex inopia, quam quod ex copia venit, Quint. – β) von der Zeit, anni venientes, die erst ankommenden, aufsteigenden, zunehmenden Jahre des Alters (bis ins 45. Jahr), Ggstz. recedentes, Hor. de art. poët. 175. – 4) kommen = eintreten, sich ereignen, sich zutragen, haec ubi veniunt, Cic.: si quando similis fortuna venisset, Liv.: quod longe aliter venit, Liv.: mors quidem omnium par est; per quae venit, diversa sunt, Sen.: si quid in Samnio adversi venisset, Liv.; vgl. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 14, 43. – 5) jmdm. kommen, zukommen, an jmd. gelangen, jmdm. zufallen, zuteil werden, isti morbus interdum venit, Plaut.: hereditates mihi negasti venire, Cic.: illi et gloriam et regnum venturum, Sall.: utrumque bellum Plautio sorte venit, Liv. (s. Weißenb. Liv. 29, 20, 4; aber Iustin. 13, 4, 10 Jeep sorte evenit): ultro illi et gloriam et regnum venturum, Cic.: umbra loco deerat... umbra venit loco, Ov. – v. Übeln = jmd. treffen, betreffen, selten m. ad od. in u. Akk., ad quem autem dolor veniat, ad eundem etiam interitum venire, Cic.: ne qua in rem publicam clades veniat, Liv. – gew. m. Dat., quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant, Sall.: scis mihi multa venire mala, Prop.: venit arboribus lues, Verg. – 6) = provenire, vonstatten gehen, Erfolg haben, id quo promptius veniret, Tac. ann. 12, 32 extr. – / Archaist. Fut. venibo, Pompon. com. fr. 65: venibunt, Commodian. apol. 900. – Synkop. Imperf. venibat, Ter. Phorm. 652. – Synkop. Genet. Plur. Partiz. Präs. venientum, Verg. georg. 4, 167; Aen. 1, 434 u. 6, 755.

    lateinisch-deutsches > venio

  • 104 venio

    venio, vēnī, ventum, venīre (βαίνω = *βανjω, altind. gámati, geht, gotisch qiman, ahd. quëman), kommen (Ggstz. abire, discedere, manere), I) eig.: A) im allg.: a) v. leb. Subjj.: α) übh.: istinc, Cic.: huc, Cic.: istuc, Cic.: foras, Plaut.: redeant, unde venerint, Liv.: qui unā venerant, Cic.: ab domo (Heimat), Liv.: ad alqm, Cic.: ad urbem, Cic.: in Cariam ex insula, Plaut.: in astu, Ter. u. Nep.: in Tusculanum, Cic.: in conspectum, Caes. u. Nep.: in conspectum alcis, Hirt. b.G.: sub aspectum, Cic.: sub oculos, Sen. u. Quint.: sub ora viri caelo, von Tauben, Verg. – m. bl. Acc. loc., domum ad alqm, Cic.: domum alcis saepe salutandi causā, Mat. in Cic. ep.: sexto die Delum Athenis, Cic.: poet. tumulum, Verg.: fines Ausonios, Verg.: Scythiam, Verg. – m. Ang. mit wem? cum equitatu, Caes.: ceteros cum custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire iubet, läßt er unter Bedeckung in den T. der C. bringen, Sall. – m. Ang. wem? novus exercitus domo accitus Etruscis venit, Liv. 9, 33, 2 (vgl. unten no. b). – m. Angabe des Zweckes, huc ad ludos, Plaut.: ad alqm ad cenam, Plaut.: v. auxilio (Dat.), subsidio (Dat.), Caes. u.a.: ad causam dicendam, Liv.: ad eum oratum, ut etc., Caes.: eam veni quaesitum, Plaut.: socios ad senatum questum venisse m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Metell. Numid. fr.: ad istum emptum venerunt illum locum senatorium, Cic.: m. Infin.,
    ————
    aurum petere, Plaut.: speculari, Liv.: Libycos populare penates, Verg. – impers., dum ad flumen Varum veniatur, Caes.: ad quos ventum erat, Caes.: ventum in insulam est, Cic.: Lilybaeum venitur, Cic.: venitur ad tempus, Vell.: ubi eo ventum est, Caes. – β) in feindlicher Absicht kommen, anrücken, veniens hostis,Verg.: strictam aciem venientibus offert, Verg. – impers., veniri ad se existimantes, Caes. – b) v. Lebl.: nostra navis huc ex portu Persico venit, Plaut.: venit in os salsi umor saporis, Lucr.: sub aspectum, Cic., in conspectum, Cels., sub oculos, Quint.: frumentum Tiberi venit, Liv.: a te litterae non venerunt, Cael. in Cic. ep.: ventus a mediterraneis regionibus veniens, Cels.: de ipso caelo subito venturum oraculum, Apul.: Rhodanus fluvius ex Alpibus veniens per Lemannum lacum meat, Mart. Cap. 6. § 635: venientia carra, die auf ihn zulaufenden, Treb. Poll. trig. tyr. 8, 5: eminus veniens telum, Donat. Ter. Andr. 1, 3, 3: unda ex adverso veniens, ibid. – m. Dat. wem? dominae mihi venit epistula nostrae, Prop.: dum tibi litterae meae veniant, zukommt, zugestellt wird, Cic.: priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, soll erschienen sein, Liv.
    B) insbes.: 1) kommen = zurückkehren, Romam, Liv.: cum venies, Ov. – 2) (poet.) kommen = hervorkommen, a) übh.: veniens sol, Hor.: venientes lacrimae, Verg. – b) kommen, hervorkommen = wachsen, veniunt felicius uvae, Verg.: ipsae (arbores) ve-
    ————
    niunt sponte suā, Verg.: ut hederae veniant suā sponte melius, Prop.
    II) übtr.: A) im allg.: a) v. leb. Subjj.: α) übh.: ut videndum sit, quem ad modum velis venire ad extremum (orationis), Cic.: ut ad id aliquando, quod cupiebat, veniret, Cic.: venimus ad summum fortunae, Hor. – β) in feindl. Absicht auftreten, contra alienum pro familiari et necessario, Cic.: contra summam amici existimationem, Cic.: contra iniuriam, Cic.: contra rem alcis, Cic. – b) v. Lebl.: α) übh.: alqd venit in buccam, kommt einem in den Mund, fällt ein, Cic.: v. in mentem, Cic.: v. in animum, Fronto, sub sensum, Varro LL.: oratorum laus ita ducta ab humili venit ad summum, ut iam senescat brevique tempore ad nihilum ventura videatur, Cic. – veniens in corpore virtus, erscheinende, Verg. – β) v. der Zeit, kommen = erscheinen, herannahen, sich nähern, ubi ea dies, quam constituerat, venit, Caes.: venisse tempus victoriae, Caes.: cum tristes misero kalendae venere, Hor.: veniet eorum laudi suum tempus, Quint. – motus temporum venientis (künftigen) anni, Cic.: non sumus omnino sine cura venientis anni (wegen des k.J.), Cic.: ea pars rei publicae vicit, nec in praesens modo, sed in venientem etiam annum M. Fabium et L. Valerium consules dedit, Liv. – veniens aetas, die kommende Zeit (= die Nachkommenschaft), Ov. fast. 6, 639. – ventura (künftigen) bella, Verg.: u. so ven-
    ————
    turorum nepotum proles, Ov. – Partiz. subst., ventūra, ōrum, n., die Zukunft, Lucan. 6, 591. – γ) als mediz. t.t. von phys. Zuständen, Übeln, kommen, eintreten, sich einstellen, si sudor non venit, Cels.: plenus somnus venit, Cels.: si subito venerit febris, Cels.: ubi remissio venit, Cels.: donec sanitas venit, Cels.: venit malum, morbus, Cels.
    B) insbes.: 1) v. in alqd, in eine Lage od. einen Zustand kommen, geraten, gelangen, von Pers.u. Lebl., in calamitatem, Cic.: in consuetudinem, Cic.: in consuetudinem proverbii, in proverbium, zum Sprichworte werden, Liv.: in morem, zur Sitte, zur Gewohnheit werden, Liv. u. Ov.: in contentionem, Cic.: in discrimen, Cic.: in dubium, Cic.: in odium, Cic.: in invidiam, Nep.: in partem alcis rei, an etwas teilhaben, Cic.: in sermonem, ins Gerede kommen, Cic.: aber veni in eum sermonem, ut dicerem, geriet ich darauf, Cic.: in eam opinionem, Cael. in Cic. ep.: in nonnullam spem, Cic.: alci in amicitiam, Caes.: in contemptionem, Caes.: summum in cruciatum, dem qualvollsten Lose anheimfallen, Caes.: in fidem ac potestatem alcis, Caes.: in periculum, Caes.: in cognitionem alcis, Quint.: in controversiam, Cels. u. Quint. – eo iam dementiae venimus, ut etc., Sen.: eo discordiae ventum (est), ut etc., Tac.: huc arrogantiae venerat, ut etc., Tac.: neque huc puto malignitatis ventum, ut etc., Val. Max. – cum speramus eo rem
    ————
    venturam, ut etc., Hor. ep. 2, 1, 126: saepe in eum locum (bis auf den Punkt) ventum est, ut etc., Caes. b.G. 6, 43, 4. – 2) in der Rede, in der Darstellung zu etwas kommen, gelangen, übergehen, ut iam a fabulis ad facta veniamus, Cic.: ab his ad maxillam venturus, Cels.: venio ad recentiores litteras, Cic.: ad Arcesilam Carneademque veniamus, Cic. – impers., ad ea veniendum est, quae, Cels. – 3) woher kommen, a) = abstammen, v. Pers., Bebrycia de gente, Verg. Aen. 5, 373. – b) = entstehen, α) v. Zuständen, maius commodum ex otio meo quam ex aliorum negotiis rei publicae venturum, Sall.: prava ex falsis opinionibus veniunt, Quint.: vitium peius, quod ex inopia, quam quod ex copia venit, Quint. – β) von der Zeit, anni venientes, die erst ankommenden, aufsteigenden, zunehmenden Jahre des Alters (bis ins 45. Jahr), Ggstz. recedentes, Hor. de art. poët. 175. – 4) kommen = eintreten, sich ereignen, sich zutragen, haec ubi veniunt, Cic.: si quando similis fortuna venisset, Liv.: quod longe aliter venit, Liv.: mors quidem omnium par est; per quae venit, diversa sunt, Sen.: si quid in Samnio adversi venisset, Liv.; vgl. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 14, 43. – 5) jmdm. kommen, zukommen, an jmd. gelangen, jmdm. zufallen, zuteil werden, isti morbus interdum venit, Plaut.: hereditates mihi negasti venire, Cic.: illi et gloriam et regnum venturum, Sall.: utrumque bellum Plautio sorte venit, Liv.
    ————
    (s. Weißenb. Liv. 29, 20, 4; aber Iustin. 13, 4, 10 Jeep sorte evenit): ultro illi et gloriam et regnum venturum, Cic.: umbra loco deerat... umbra venit loco, Ov. – v. Übeln = jmd. treffen, betreffen, selten m. ad od. in u. Akk., ad quem autem dolor veniat, ad eundem etiam interitum venire, Cic.: ne qua in rem publicam clades veniat, Liv. – gew. m. Dat., quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant, Sall.: scis mihi multa venire mala, Prop.: venit arboribus lues, Verg. – 6) = provenire, vonstatten gehen, Erfolg haben, id quo promptius veniret, Tac. ann. 12, 32 extr. – ⇒ Archaist. Fut. venibo, Pompon. com. fr. 65: venibunt, Commodian. apol. 900. – Synkop. Imperf. venibat, Ter. Phorm. 652. – Synkop. Genet. Plur. Partiz. Präs. venientum, Verg. georg. 4, 167; Aen. 1, 434 u. 6, 755.

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  • 105 ἐν

    ἐν, p. ἐνί, Il. 13, 608 u. öfter, Soph. Tr. 6 (s. unten), u. εἰν, Od. 1, 162 u. öfter, Soph. Ant. 1226, wo man an das ep. εἰν Ἀΐδαο δόμοισιν erinnert wird; auch εἰνί, Il. 8, 199 Od. 9, 417; Eur. Heracl. 893. Sein od. Verweilen in, an, auf Etwas. – 1) vom Orte u. zwar – a) am gewöhnlichsten innerhalb eines Raumes, in, ἐν νήσῳ, ἐν δώμασιν u. ä., Hom. u. Folgde überall; τίς. ἔνδον ἐν δόμοις Aesch. Ch. 643; ἐν οἴκοις ἢ 'ν ἀγροῖς Soph. O. R. 112; ἐν ξένᾳ, in der Fremde, Phil. 135. – Wie bei εἰς wird οἶκος oft ausgelassen. ἐν Ἅιδου, von Hom. an überall, πολλὰ δ' ἐν ἀφνειοῠ πατρὸς κειμήλια κεῖται Il. 6, 47; ἐνὶ Κίρκης ἔρχαται Od. 10, 282; vgl. 7, 132; ἐν ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβεστάτου τραφείς Eur. I. A. 926; ἐν παιδοτρίβου καϑίζειν Ar. Nub. 972; ἐν Πυϑίου Thuc. 6, 54, wie Plat. Gorg. 472 a; ἐν Ἀρίφρονος ἐπαίδευε, ἐν κιϑαριστοῠ, ἐν διδασκάλων, Prot. 320 a Theaet. 206 a Alcib. I, 110 a; τὸ χωρίον τὸ ἐν γειτόνων Dem. 53, 10, woran sich auch ἐν αὑτοῦ reiht, Ar. Vesp. 642; Plat. Charm. 155 d, s. unten 6. – b) auf, ἐν ἵπποις, ἐν ϑρόνοις, Hom., Aesch. Ch. 969; ἐν σάκει, Spt. oft; ἐν ϑαλλοῖς συγκατῄϑομεν Soph. Ant. 1186; ἐν στιβάσι κείμενοι Xen. An. 5, 9, 4; ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἐν τῇ ϑαλάττῃ ἄρχειν, 6, 4, 13; ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ, auf dem rechten Flügel, 1, 8, 5; ἐν τοῖν ὀβολοῖν ϑεωρεῖν, auf dem Zwei-Obolenplatz, Dem. 18, 28; ἐν τοῖς στεφανώμασιν, auf dem Kranzmarkt, Ar. Eccl. 303 u. Phereer. Ath. XV, 658 b, wie ἐν τῷ μύρῳ, in dem Salbenladen, Ar. Eq. 1371 u. Polyzel. Schol. Ar. Plut. 550; ἐν τοῖς ἰχϑύσιν, auf dem Fischmarkt, Antiphan. Ath. VII, 287 e. – c) das Daransein, die unmittelbare Nähe ausdrückend; ἐν οὐρανῷ, am Himmel, Il. 8, 555; ἐν ποταμῷ, am Flusse, 18, 521 Od. 5, 466; ἐν τόξῳ, ἐν ξίφει, ἐν ῥυμῷ, ἐν χρῷ, s. χρώς; ἐν πέτροισι πέτρον ἐκτρίβων, daran reibend, Soph. Phil. 295; χεῖρας αἱμάξαι ἔν τινι Ai. 448; τἂν ποσίν, das vor den Füßen, das Gegenwärtige, Ant. 1309, vgl. τὰ ἐν μυχοῖς 1279. Aber ἐν τοῖς δένδροις ἑστάναι = zwischen den Bäumen, Xen. An. 4, 7, 9; u. ἀνάπαυλαι ἐν τοῖς δένδρεσίν εἰσιν σκιαραί = unter, Plat. Legg. I, 625 b; ἐν τῷ λιμένι Xen. An. 6, 2, 1; oft ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ, am Pontus. Bes. seit Her. ἐν Κύπρῳ ναυμαχεῖν, 5, 115, von Schlachten, die bei einem Orte, im Gebiete desselben geliefert werden, Thuc. u. Folgende; so ἐν Κορωνείᾳ κινδυνεύειν Xen. An. 5, 3, 6; ἡ ἐν Τροίᾳ μονή, vor Troja, Plat. Crat. 395 a; u. sehr gew. οἱ ἐν Μαραϑῶνι, die Kämpfer bei Mar. oder die dort Gebliebenen, Thuc. 2, 34; Selten so von Personen, παρέσται ἐν πόσει, Eur. El. 641; προξένων ἔν τῳ κατέσχες Ion 365, vgl. Heracl. 757. – d) auch bei Verbis, die eine Bewegung ausdrücken, um die Erreichung des Zieles u. das Verweilen daselbst anzudeuten. Schon Hom. oft ἐν κονίῃσι πέσε, ἐν χερσὶ πεσεῖν u. ä., ἐν χείρεσσι λάβ' αἰγίδα Il. 15, 229, ἐν Τρωσὶν ὄρουσαν 16, 258, λέων ἐν βουσὶ ϑορών 5, 261, ἐν ἀμφιφορεῦσιν ἄφυσσον Od. 2, 349, ἐν τεύχεσι δύνειν Il. 23, 131, ἂν δ' ἔβαν ἐν δίφροισι 132; κάββαλ' ἐνὶ πόντῳ Hes. Th. 189; τοιαῦτ' ἀκούων ἐν φρεσὶν γράφου Aesch. Ch. 443, wie ἐνὶ φρεσὶν βάλλω, Hom.; ἐλπίδας κατῴκισα ἐν αὐτοῖς, habe ich in ihnen erweckt, Aesch. Prom. 250; ἵζει μάντιν ἐν ϑρόνοις Eum. 18. Bes. bei τίϑημι, πίπτω u. ä., ἐνμέσῳ τίϑημι, ἐν δώμασι πιτνών, Aesch. Ch. 36. 143; ἐν πέδῳ βαλῶ Ag. 1145; ἐν τάφῳ ϑεῖναι Soph. Ant. 499; ἐν ποίμναις πιτνών, ἐν βουσὶ πεσών, Ai. 184. 367; ἐν μέσῳ σκάφει ϑέντες Trach. 800; ἐν δ' ἐμῷ κάρᾳ ϑεὸς ἔπαισεν Ant. 1258; auch in Prosa, ἐμπίπτειν ἐν Thuc. 7, 87; ἐν ἀπορίᾳ ἐνε-πεπτώκεισαν Plat. Euthyd. 292 e; ἐν τῇ γῇ καταπεφευγέναι Thuc. 4, 14; ᾤχοντο δ' ἐν τοῖς ὀχυροῖς καὶ τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἐν τούτοις ἀνακεκομισμένοι ἦσαν Xen. An. 4, 7, 17; in welchen Beispielen das perf. zu beachten; ἐν μέσοις ἀναμεμιγμένοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν 4, 8, 8; ὡς ἐν ἐχυρωτάτῳ ποιεῖσϑαι, an den sichersten Ort bringen, Cyr. 1, 6, 26. Auffallender ἐν Ἀμβρακίᾳ ἀπῄεσαν, ἀποστελοῠντες ἐν Σικελίᾳ, Thuc. 4, 42. 7, 17, wie ἡ ἐν τῷ Πειραιῷ τῶν νεῶν καταφυγή 8, 11; ὁ ἐν Σικελίᾳ πλοῦς Lys. 19, 43; ῥιπτοῠντες σφᾶς ἐν τῇ ϑαλάττῃ Arr. An. 1, 19, 3; Sp., häufig geradezu für εἰς, wie διαβάντες ἐν Σάμῳ Paus. 7, 4, 3. – Bei den Doriern steht ἐν für εἰς, dah. c. acc. bei Pind. P. 2, 11. 86. 5, 38 N. 7, 31. – 2) auf Menschen übertr., – a) unter; ἐν πρώτοις μάχεσϑαι Il. 9, 709; ἐν προμάχοισι φανείς 3, 31; κλέος ἐσϑλὸν ἐνὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρέσϑαι 17, 16; οἴη ἐν ἀϑανάτοις 1, 398; νεῖκος ἐν ἀϑανάτοισιν ὄρωρεν 24, 107; ἐν δὲ τῇσι (βουσὶ) νομεύς 15, 632; ἄρχειν, ἀνάσσειν ἐν πολλοῖς, unter vielen, 13, 689 Od. 19, 110; φῦλον ἐν ἀνϑρώποισι ματαιότατον Pind. P. 3, 21. So oft Tragg.; ἄτιμος ἐν ϑεοῖς Aesch. Eum. 691 (vgl. Soph. O. R. 215 Xen. An. 7, 7, 501; τὰ ἐν βροτοῖς πήματα Prom. 440; ἐν πρώτοις ἕπει Soph. El. 28; Prosa, ὄνομα μέγιστον ἐν πᾶσιν ἀνϑρώποις ἔχειν Thuc. 2, 64; ἐν ϑεοῖς καὶ ἀνϑρώποις Plat. Legg. IX, 879 b; ἐν πᾶσιν εὐδόκιμοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, bei, I, 631 c; vgl. Prot. 337 b 343 c; μνήμην παρέχειν ἔν τισι Xen. An. 6, 3, 24; bes. λέγειν, νομίζειν, καταριϑμεῖν, λέγεσϑαι ἐν, dazu, darunter rechnen, Aesch. Prom. 975 Eur. Herc. Fur. 175 Plat. Polit. 266 a Xen. An. 1, 6, 1 Hem. 2, 2, 1; – οἱ ἐν γένει, die Verwandten, Soph. O. R. 1430. – Auch von Dingen, ἐν ἐλπίσι τρέφω Soph. Ant. 888. – b) bei λέγειν u. ä. geht es in die Bedeutung vor, in Gegenwart über; ἐν ὑμῖν ἐρέω Il. 9, 528; ἐν πᾶσι, in Gegenwart aller, Od. 2, 194. 16, 378; ἐν τῷ δήμῳ Plat. Rep. VIII, 565 b; ἐν μάρτυσι Conv. 175 e; nach λέγειν ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ, Antiph. 6, 24, auch ἐν τοῖς δικασταῖς, ibd. 23; Is. 2, 4; Dem. 8, 1. 27; κατηγορεῖν Plat. Legg. X, 886 e; sehr gew. ἐν εἰδόσι μακρηγορεῖν u. ä., Thuc. 2, 26, wohin auch ἐν νομοϑέταις ϑέσϑαι, λύειν νόμον gerechnet werden kann, Dem. 3, 10. 2433, wie ἐν ὑμῖν (vor, bei euch, den Richtern) πειράσομαι τῶν δικαίων τυχεῖν 40, 3. – Aehnl. δεῖξαι ἐν Ἀργείοις μέσοις Soph. Phil. 626, vgl. 1053; εἰ τάδ' έστὶν ἐν ϑεοῖς καλά, wenn das vor den Göttern recht ist, Ant. 916. – c) bes. zu bemerken ist ἐν τοῖς beim superlat., wobei man von Stellen ausgeht, wie πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἄλλα οἱ λόγοι ὑμῶν καλὰ ἔχουσιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς καὶ τοῦτο μεγαλοπρεπέστερον, Plat. Euthyd. 303 c, wo es deutlich unter diesem Guten ist; ὃ δὴ δοκεῖ ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις μέγιστον εἶναι Crat. 427 e; τοῦτό μοι ἐν τοῖσι ϑειότατον φαίνεται γίγνεσϑαι Her. 7, 137; häufig Thuc., z. B. ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες, ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο, 3, 17. 82; Plat. ἣν ἀγγελίαν ἐγώ, ὥς μοι δοκῶ, ἐν τοῖς βαρύτατα ἂν ἐνέγκοιμι Crit. 43 c; am häufigsten ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα, z. B. Thuc. 8, 90 Plat. Theaet. 186 a. Aehnl. ἐν πᾶσι, vor Allen. – 3) an 1 c) schließt sich die Bdtg des Umgebenseins von Etwas, οὐρανὸς ἐν αἰϑέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι, der Him-mel in Lichthelle u. Wolkenumhüllung, Il. 15, 19. Bes. – a) von Kleidern, Waffen u. dgl.; ἐν ῥινῷ λέοντος στάς Pind. I. 6, 53; χαλκέοισι δ' ἐν ἔντεσι Ol. 4, 22; ἐν πεπλώματι Soph. Tr. 610; ἐν τρισὶ μορφαῖσιν ibd. 10; κἂν τοῖςδε κόσμοις καταγελωμένη Aesch. Ag. 1244; ὑφαντοῖς ἐν πέπλοις κείμενος 1562; ἐν ῥακίοις περιειλόμενος Ar. Ran. 1093; ἐν ἐσϑῆσι Her. 2, 159; ὀξυπρώροισι βρέμων ἐν αἰχμαῖς Aesch. Prom. 422; in Prosa oft; ἐν ὅπλοις εἶναι Her. 1, 13; Thuc-6, 74; ἐξέτασιν ἐν ὅπλοις ποιεῖσϑαι, γενέσϑαι, Xen. Cyr. 2, 4, 1 An. 5, 3, 3; Mem. 3, 9, 2. Vgl. ἐν κανοῖς, mit Körben, Dem. 59, 78; u. bei Luc. ἐν πώγωνι, ἐν γενείῳ βαϑεῖ, Salt. 5; auch ἐν μαλακοῖς ἠμφιεσμένον, Hatth. 11, 8, womit ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὑτοῠ zu vgl., 6, 29; ἐν ἐξωμίσι φαύλαις Ael. V. H. 9, 34. – Aehnl. ἐν μεγάλοις φορτίοις βαδίζειν, unter schweren Lasten, Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 14; δένδρα ἐν καρποῖς, mit Früchten, Long. past. 1, 11. – b) von Banden u. Fesseln; ἐν δεσμῷ δῆσαι Il. 5, 386; Od. 12, 54; ἐν ἐλλεδανοῖσι δέεσϑαι Il. 18, 553; ἔζευξα πρῶτος ἐν ζυγοῖσι κνώδαλα Aesch. Prom. 460; ἄνδρα πεδήσασα ἐν πέπλῳ Eum. 604; ἐν βρόχῳ ϑανεῖν Ch. 550; ἐν ξύλῳ δήσας Ar. Equ. 393. 702; ἐν πέδαις δεδέσϑαι Xen. An. 4, 3, 8. – c) Aehnlich ist, wo es zum Theil mit dem instrumentalen dat. zusammenfällt, ἐν χεροῖν λαβεῖν, κατέχειν, Soph. O. R. 912 O. C. 1696; οὐ κόμπον ἐν χεροῖν ἔχων Aesch. Spt. 455; woran sich reihen ἐν παλάμῃσι κατέκταϑεν ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ Il. 5, 558, vgl. 7, 105 (aber ϑανέειν ἐν χερσὶν ἐμῇσι, 22, 426, ist = in meinen Armen); ἀγαναῖσιν ἐν χερσὶν ἐδάμασσε πώλους Pind. P. 2, 8; ἐν ξέναισι χερσὶ κηδευϑείς, ἐν φίλαισι χερσὶν ἐκόσμησα, Soph. El. 1128. 1130; so bei Thuc. oft, γενομένης δ' ἐν χερσὶ τῆς μάχης, als es zum Gefecht kam, 6, 70, wo der Schol. bemerkt: nachdem die Schleuderer aufhörten; ἦν ἡ μάχη κρατερὰ καὶ ἐν χερσὶ πᾶσα 4, 43; so ἐν χερσὶν εἶναι, γίγνεσϑαι, 3, 108. 7, 5; ἀποκτείνειν 3, 66 u. ä., s. χείρ; – ἐν ὠσὶ νωμᾶν καὶ φρεσὶν πυρὸς δίχα χρηστηρίους ὄρνιϑας Aesch. Spt. 25; ἐν τοῖσιν ὠσὶ δάκνει Soph. Ant. 317; ἐν ὄμμασιν ὁρᾶν 760, nie Il. 3, 306 Od. 10, 385; ἐν ὄμμασιν φαίνεται Aesch. Pers. 596; Ag. 863; ἐν ὀφϑαλμοῖς ἔχειν, vor Augen, Xen. An. 4, 5, 29; ἔργον ἐν κύβοις Ἄρης κρινεῖ, vermittelst der Würfel, Aesch. Spt. 396; ἐν κώπαισι πλεῖν, Ggstz zur Segelfahrt, Men. bei Stob. fl. 59, 9; ἐν ἐπιστολαῖς ἴστε Thuc. 7, 11; ἐν ποτηρίοις πίνειν Xen. An. 5, 9, 4; vgl. Luc. merc. cond. 26 D. D. 6, 2; ἡ ἐν αὐλοῖς μουσική Ephipp. Ath. XIV, 617 f; ἐν μέτρῳ μετρεῖν, ἐν κρίματι κρίνειν, Hatth. 7, 1; ἐν τοῖς ποσὶν καταπατεῖν ib. 6, u. ä. oft im N. T. u. bei a. Sp.; – ἐν στρατιᾷ καταστρέψασϑαι Xen. Cyr. 8, 6, 20; ἐν λόγοις κοσμεῖν Dem. 20, 141, wie πείϑειν Soph. Phil. 1393; Plat. Legg. II, 660 a; ἐν ὄψει διαγιγνώσκειν, ἐν ἀκοῇ, Theaet. 206 a; pleonastisch scheint ἐν τιμῇ σέβειν Aesch. Pers. 162; ἐν μιᾷ πληγῇ κατέφϑαρται ὄλβος, mit einem Schlage, 247; ἐν λόγῳ πεύϑομαι Ch. 668; ἐν ϑανάτῳ ἀπόλλυσϑαι Plat. Phaed. 95 d; στάζειν ἐν αἵματι Eur. Bacch. 1163; sp. D., wie ἐν ὄμμασιν αὐδᾷ Hel. 13 (XII, 63). So sagen Gramm. ψάλια ἐν τῷ α Ἀττικοί, διὰ τοῦ ε Ἕλληνες, Moeris p. 214, 6, mit einem Buchstaben schreiben. – 4) Von der Zeit, in, in nerhalb; ἐν ἡμέρῃ, in einem Tage, Her. 1, 126; ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ Aesch. Ag. 537; oft in Prosa, wie Plat. Phaed. 58 b; ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις Xen. An. 4, 8, 8; Mem. 3, 13, 5; ἐν εἰρήνῃ, ἐν σπονδαῖς, während des Waffenstillstandes, Thuc. 2, 5. 3, 13; ἐν τῇ μονῇ Xen. An. 5, 1, 5, u. Aehnliches öfter, bes. ἐν καιρῷ. Dah. ἐν τούτῳ, ἐν ᾧ, unterdeß, während welcher Zeit, von Her. 6, 89 Thuc. 7, 29 an häufig; ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ, in derselben Zeit. – 5) Von jedem Zustande, in dem man sich befindet, sowohl äußerlich als innerlich, wie ἐν πολέμῳ, ἐν ἀγῶνι, ἐν ἔργῳ; χαίρετ' ἐν κακοῖς ὅμως Aesch. Pers. 826, der auch ὑβρίζειν διδαχϑεὶς ἐν κακοῖς so vrbdt, Ag. 1594; Eum. 266. Aehnl. ἐν ἀφϑόνοις βιοτεύειν, στρατοπεδεύειν, Xen. An. 3, 2, 25 Cyr. 5, 4, 40; vollständiger ἐν ἀφϑόνοις τοῖς ἐπιτηδείοις διαχειμάσαι An. 7, 6, 31, bei; vgl. τρέφεται ϑαλίῃ ἐνὶ πολλῇ Il. 9, 143; ἐν βολίτοις τρέφειν Ar. Ach. 990; ξενύδρια ἐν προσφάτοις ἰχϑυδίοις τεϑραμμένα Men. Ath. IV, 132 e, vgl. ζήσεται ἐν παντὶ ῥήματι Matth. 4, 4; Uebertr., ἐν φιλότητι, ἐν πένϑεϊ, ἐν δοιῇ Il. 7, 302. 9, 230. 22, 483; oft bei Attikern. ἐν φόβῳ, ὀργῇ εἶναι u. ä.; ἐν ἡδονῇ ἐστίν οἱ, mit folgdm acc. c. inf., es ist ihm ein Vergnügen, Her. 7, 15; ἐν αἰτίᾳ εἶναι, ἔχειν, s. αἰτία; οὐκ ἐν αἰσχύνῃ τὰ σά Eur. Phoen. 1282, deine Lage ist nicht so, daß du dich schämen darfst; οὐκ ἐν σιωπῇ τἀμά Ion 1397; ἐν αἰσχύναις ἔχειν, sich schämen, Suppl. 164. – Dah. auch = beschäftigt sein mit Etwas, ὢν ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ Plat. Men. 91 e, vgl. Phaed. 84 a; οἱ ἐν ποιήσει γενόμενοι, die Dichter, Her. 2, 82; οἱ ἐν πράγμασιν Thuc. 3, 28; öfter οἱ ἐν τέλει, Magistrate; ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ εἶναι, Plat. Phaed. 59 a; ὁ Κῠρος ἐν τούτοις ἦν Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 1; ἐν λόγοις, ἐν σίτῳ, 4, 3, 23. 5, 2, 17. Dah. οἱ ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ, ἐν νόσῳ, Umschreibung für die Philosophen, die Kranken, bes. Sp. – Ganz adverbialisch sind Verbindungen wie ἐν τῷ ἐμφανεῖ, ἐν τῷ φανερῷ, = φανερῶς, Thuc. 2, 21 Xen. An. 1, 3, 21. 2, 5, 25; ἐν δίκῃ Soph. Tr. 1058; ἐν τάχει oft = ταχέως; – ἐν σμικρῷ ποιεῖσϑαι Soph. Phil. 496; ἐν παρέργῳ ϑέσϑαι 471, vgl. 863; so Her. ἐν ὁμοίῳ ἔχειν, ποιεῖσϑαι, wie ἐν ἴσῳ, oft, z. B. 8, 109, wie ἐν ἐλαφρῷ, 5, 154; vgl. ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ ποιεῖσϑαι; – ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ Eur. Hec. 980 Hipp. 785; ἐν εὐμαρεῖ ἐστι, = εὐμαρές, I. A. 974; ἐν ἀσφαλεστέρῳ ἦν Xen. Hell. 7, 5, 8; seltener im plur., ἐν ἀργοῖς, = ἀργῶς, Soph. O. R. 287. Vgl. noch ἐν ἅρμασιν ἔχειν, ἐν οὐσίᾳ κτᾶσϑαι, Plat. Legg. X, 899 a XI, 913 b. – Wie einzelne dieser Beispiele schon »einem Zustande gemäß« bedeuten, so ist auch γλῶσσαν ἐν τύχᾳ νέμων, γαῖαν ἐν αἴσᾳ διατέμνων, Aesch. Ag. 671. 892 zu nehmen, womit οὕτως ἀπαλλάσσουσιν ἐν ϑεῶν κρίσει 1262 zu vgl.; κακὸν τὸ λῆμα, κοὐκ ἐν ἀνδράσιν, ziemt sich nicht für Männer, Eur. Alc. 735; ἐν μοίρᾳ Plat. Legg. VI, 775 e; ἐν μέτρῳ Thuc. 6, 1; ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ, ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις, ᾧ 1, 77. 7, 67; ἐν τούτῳ, dem gemäß, 1, 37; ἐν ᾡ, in wiefern, 6, 55, wohin auch ἐν ῥυϑμῷ ᾔεσαν Xen. An. 5, 9, 11 gerechnet werden kann. Eben so τὰ ἐν τοῖς νόμοις δίκαια Isocr. 20, 20, das in den Gesetzen Begründete; αἱ ἐν τοῖς νόμοις ζημίαι, gesetzmäßige, Dem. 20, 154; Lycurg. 1. Dah. ἐν τοῖς νόμοις βασιλεύειν, τὰς κρίσεις ποιεῖσϑαι, nach den Gesetzen, Plat. Criti. 131 b Isocr. 4, 40. Daran schließt sich – 6) Bezeichnung der Abhängigkeit von Etwas, es steht bei Einem; νίκης πείρατ' ἔχονται ἐν ϑεοῖς, der Sieg liegt in den Händen der Götter (eigtl. der Faden haftet an den G.), Il. 7, 105; δύναμις γὰρ ἐν ὑμῖν Od. 10, 69; vgl. auch das sinnliche ϑεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται u. ἐν γὰρ χερσὶ τέλος πολέμου, ἐπέων δ' ἐνὶ βουλῇ Il. 16, 630; ἐν ϑεῷ γε μὰν τέλος Pind. Ol. 13, 104; vgl. μόνον γὰρ κέρδος ἐν τεϑνηκόσιν Aesch. Spt. 666; τὰ κέδν' ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστί μοι βουλεύματα Pers. 168; ἐν σοὶ γάρ ἐσμεν Soph. O. R. 313, wie ἐν ὑμῖν ὡς ϑεῷ κείμεϑα, hangen von euch ab, O. C. 247; u. ähnl. ἐν σοὶ πᾶσ' ἔγωγε σώζομαι, meine Rettung beruht auf dir, Ai. 515, vgl. Tr. 618; ἐν τῷ ἕκαστον δικαίως ἄρχειν ἡ πολιτεία σώζεται Lys. 26, 9; ὁπόταν ἐν χρήμασιν ᾖ σωϑῆναι τῇ πόλει 27, 3; ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τὰ πράγματα ἐγένετο, die Macht beruhte auf den Schiffen, Thuc. 1, 74; ἐν σοὶ νῠν ἐστι καταδουλῶσαι Ἀϑήνας Her. 6, 109; mit folgdm acc. c. inf., Andoc. 1, 39; τὰ λοιπὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἡμῖν ἐστιν, ὅσον ἐστὶν ἐν ὑμῖν, Dem. 4, 50. 23, 4; ἐν τῷ ϑεῷ τὸ τούτου τέλος ἦν, οὐκ ἐν ἐμοί, das Gelingen stand in Gottes Hand, 18, 193; ähnl. ἐν τοῖς νόμοις ἐξέσται 20, 158; εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη Plat. Prot. 310 d 313 a, wie auch Xen. An. 6, 2, 22 zu nehmen, ob Etwas daran läge; Thuc. vrbdt sogar μὴ ἐν ὑμῖν κωλυϑῇ, an euch, sofern es bei euch steht, 2, 64, wie Dem. 10, 73 δόξα, ἣν αἰσχρόν ἐστιν ἐν σοὶ καταλῠσαι. Auch ἐν τῷ γὰρ φρονεῖν ἥδιστος βίος Soph. Ai. 440 ist ähnlich, wie ἐλπίς, πίστις ἐν τοῖς δρωμένοις, Soph. Tr. 585. 722; – ἐν ἑαυτῷ γίγνεσϑαι, zu sich kommen; ἐν ἑαυτῷ εἶναι, bei sich sein, bei Sinnen sein, oft bei Attikern. – 7) Bezeichnung dessen, wobei oder woran sich eine Thätigkeit zeigt; ἐν τοῖς σοῖς πόνοις χλίουσι μέγα Aesch. Ch. 135; ἐν κακοῖς γελᾶν, ἐν πράγματι φωνεῖν, 220 Eum. 268; ἁμαρτάνειν ἐν λόγοις Soph. Ai. 1075; ἐν ὑμῖν ἐψεύσϑημεν Her. 9, 48; ἐπιδείκνυσϑαι ἔν τινι Plat. Men. 82 a; πεῖραν λαβεῖν ἔν τινι Xen. An. 5, 8, 15, wie πειρᾶσϑαι Plat. Phileb. 21 a; σκέπτεσϑαι ἔν τινι, δηλοῦν, Soph. 239 b Thuc. 1, 10. Spätere sogar ἐν τῇ πίστει ὠνείδισε, Arr. An. 3, 30, 2. Vgl. εἰς. – Auch bei adj., ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμων Il. 23, 671; χρηστὸς ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις Soph. Ant. 657; ὑβριστής, ϑρασύς, ἐν ὅρκῳ μέγας, 1071 1294 O. R. 651; κρείσσων ἐν κυναγίαις Eur. Bacch. 339; ἐν γυναιξὶν ἄλκιμος Or. 754; φϑονερός Her. 7, 46; ἡ ἐν ὅπλοις μάϑησις, das Studium der Fechtkunst, Plat. Lach. 190 d; ἄριστοι ἐν τοῖς πολεμίοις Thuc. 4, 80; vgl. διαφέρειν ἔν τινι, in einer Sache, Isocr. 8, 122; so noch Sp., wie D. Sic. 14, 37 ἐν εὐγενείᾳ καὶ πλούτῳ πρῶτος. – Aber ἐν σφετέρῳ καλῷ τὸν πόλεμον ἀναβάλλεσϑαι, Thuc. 5, 46, ist = zu eurem Besten. – Bei Sp., wie Pol. Exc. Leg. 82, bezeichnet es das Prädicat: λαβεῖν ἐν φερνῇ, als Mitgift empfangen.

    Adverbial, ohne Casus, steht es oft von Hom. an, wo man es häufig ohne Noth als Tmesis betrachtet. Am gewöhnlichsten ist ἐν δέ, darunter, dabei, z. B. ἐν δ' ἄλοχοι ἐπιστενάχουσι Soph. O. R. 183, vgl. Tr. 205 (Herm. schreibt ἔν, wie auch Mein. in dem von Stob. fl. 8, 10 dem Philem., von Suid. dem Men. zugeschriebenen Sprichwort, Diogen. 5, 89, κακὴ μὲν ὄψις, ἐν δὲ δειλαῖαι φρένες); u. so in Prosa von Her. 1, 185. 9, 32 an häufig. Bei Hom. Od. 5, 260, ἐν δ' ὑπέρας τε κάλους τε πόδας τ' ἐνέδησεν ἐν αὐτῇ, steht noch ἐν dabei: überdies band er am Schiffe an, wovon Her. 2, 176 ἐν δὲ καὶ ἐν Μέμφι, überdies auch in Memphis, verschieden ist.

    Seinem Casus wird es zuweilen nachgesetzt, bes. bei Ep., z. B. Il. 18, 218 Od. 12, 103 Ap. Rh. 4, 546, was bes. bei der Form ἐνί der Fall ist, die dann ἔνι geschrieben wird, Il. 7, 221 Od. 5, 57.

    In der Zusammensetzung herrscht – a) bei Verbis die örtliche Bedeutung vor, daran, darauf, darüber; auch mit Verbis der Bewegung wird ἐν zusammengesetzt. – b) in adj. drückt es das Versehensein mit Etwas aus, ἔναιμος, ἔνϑηρος, oder die Annäherung an den Begriff des Adjectivs. ἔμπικρος, etwas bitter, wie ἔλλευκος, ἔνσιμος, seltener das Angemessensein, wie in ἔνδικος.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ἐν

  • 106 have

    1. transitive verb,
    pres. he has, p.t. & p.p. had
    1) (possess) haben

    I have it! — ich hab's[!]

    and what have you — (coll.) und so weiter

    2) (obtain) bekommen

    let's not have any... — lass uns... vermeiden

    come on, let's have it! — (coll.) rück schon raus damit! (ugs.)

    3) (take) nehmen
    4) (keep) behalten; haben
    5) (eat, drink, etc.)

    have breakfast/dinner/lunch — frühstücken/zu Abend/zu Mittag essen

    6) (experience) haben [Spaß, Vergnügen]
    7) (suffer) haben [Krankheit, Schmerz, Enttäuschung, Abenteuer]; (show) haben [Güte, Freundlichkeit, Frechheit]
    8) (engage in)
    9) (accept)
    10) (give birth to) bekommen
    11) (coll.): (swindle)

    I was had — ich bin [he]reingelegt worden (ugs.)

    ever been had! — da bist du ganz schön reingefallen (ugs.)

    12) (know)

    I have it on good authority that... — ich weiß es aus zuverlässiger Quelle, dass...

    13) (as guest)
    14) (summon)

    he had me into his office — er hat mich in sein Büro beordert

    15) (in coll. phrases)

    you've had it now — (coll.) jetzt ist es aus (ugs.)

    this car/dress has had it — (coll.) dieser Wagen/dieses Kleid hat ausgedient

    2. auxiliary verb,

    I have/I had read — ich habe/hatte gelesen

    I have/I had gone — ich bin/war gegangen

    having seen him — (because) weil ich ihn gesehen habe/hatte; (after) wenn ich ihn gesehen habe/nachdem ich ihn gesehen hatte

    if I had known... — wenn ich gewusst hätte...

    2) (cause to be)

    have something made/repaired — etwas machen/reparieren lassen

    have the painters in — die Maler haben

    have a tooth extracted — sich (Dat.) einen Zahn ziehen lassen

    3)

    she had her purse stolen — man hat ihr das Portemonnaie gestohlen

    4) (expr. obligation)

    I only have to do the washing-up — ich muss nur noch den Abwasch machen

    I have only to see him to feel annoyed — ich brauche ihn nur zu sehen, und ich ärgere mich

    3. noun
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/33887/have_off">have off
    - have on
    - have out
    * * *
    (to have or keep (something) in case or until it is needed: If you go to America please keep some money in reserve for your fare home.) in Reserve halten
    * * *
    [hæv, həv]
    <has, had, had>
    1. (forming past tenses)
    he has never been to Scotland before er war noch nie zuvor in Schottland
    we had been swimming wir waren schwimmen gewesen
    I've heard that story before ich habe diese Geschichte schon einmal gehört
    I wish I'd bought it ich wünschte, ich hätte es gekauft
    \have we been invited? — yes we \have sind wir eingeladen worden? — ja, sind wir
    I've passed my test — \have you? congratulations! ich habe den Test bestanden — oh, wirklich? herzlichen Glückwunsch!
    they still hadn't had any news sie hatten immer noch keine Neuigkeiten
    she had her car stolen last week man hat ihr letzte Woche das Auto gestohlen
    he had a window smashed es wurde ihm eine Scheibe eingeschlagen
    3. (render)
    ▪ to \have sth done etw tun lassen
    to \have one's hair cut/done/dyed sich dat die Haare schneiden/machen/färben lassen
    4. (must)
    ▪ to \have [or \have got] to do sth etw tun müssen
    what time \have we got to be there? wann müssen wir dort sein?
    do I \have to? muss ich [das] wirklich?
    5. ( form: if)
    had I/she/he etc. done sth,... hätte ich/sie/er etc. etw getan,..., wenn ich/sie/er etc. etw getan hätte,...
    if only I'd known this wenn ich das nur gewusst hätte
    <has, had, had>
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben
    he's got green eyes er hat grüne Augen; (own) etw haben [o besitzen]
    I don't have [or haven't got] a car ich habe [o besitze] kein Auto
    do you have a current driving licence? haben Sie einen gültigen Führerschein?
    she has a degree in physics sie hat einen Hochschulabschluss in Physik
    to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] the time (know the time) die Uhrzeit haben, wissen, wie spät [o wie viel Uhr] es ist; (have enough time) Zeit haben
    \have you got the time? kannst du mir die Uhrzeit sagen?
    will you \have time to finish the report today? reicht es Ihnen, den Bericht heute noch zu Ende zu schreiben?
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth illness, symptom etw haben
    to \have cancer/polio Krebs/Polio haben, an Krebs/Polio erkrankt sein
    to \have a cold erkältet sein, eine Erkältung haben
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben
    at least she had the good sense to turn the gas off zumindest war sie so schlau, das Gas abzudrehen
    he had the gall to tell me that I was fat! hat er doch die Frechheit besessen, mir zu sagen, ich sei dick!
    to \have the decency to do sth die Anständigkeit besitzen, etw zu tun
    to \have the honesty to do sth so ehrlich sein, etw zu tun
    to \have patience/sympathy Geduld/Mitgefühl haben
    I \haven't any sympathy for this troublemaker ich empfinde keinerlei Mitleid mit diesem Unruhestifter
    to \have a bath/shower ein Bad/eine Dusche nehmen, baden/duschen
    to \have a nap [or ( fam) snooze] ein Schläfchen [o fam Nickerchen] machen
    to \have a party eine Party machen
    to \have a swim schwimmen
    to \have a talk with sb mit jdm sprechen; (argue) sich akk mit jdm aussprechen
    to \have a try es versuchen
    I'd like to \have a try ich würde es gern einmal probieren
    to \have a walk spazieren gehen, einen Spaziergang machen
    5. (consume)
    ▪ to \have sth etw zu sich dat nehmen
    I'll \have the trout, please ich hätte gern die Forelle
    I haven't had shrimps in ages! ich habe schon ewig keine Shrimps mehr gegessen!
    \have a cigarette/some more coffee nimm doch eine Zigarette/noch etwas Kaffee
    we're having sausages for lunch today zum Mittagessen gibt es heute Würstchen
    to \have a cigarette eine Zigarette rauchen
    to \have lunch/dinner zu Mittag/Abend essen
    we're having a wonderful time in Venice wir verbringen eine wundervolle Zeit in Venedig
    we didn't \have any difficulty finding the house wir hatten keinerlei Schwierigkeiten, das Haus zu finden
    we'll soon \have rain es wird bald regnen
    let's not \have any trouble now! bloß kein Ärger jetzt!
    to \have fun/luck Spaß/Glück haben
    \have a nice day/evening! viel Spaß!; (to customers) einen schönen Tag noch!
    7. (receive)
    I've just had a letter from John ich habe gerade erst einen Brief von John erhalten
    okay, let's \have it! okay, her [o rüber] damit! fam
    to let sb \have sth back jdm etw zurückgeben
    to \have news of sb Neuigkeiten von jdm erfahren
    my mother's having the children to stay die Kinder bleiben bei meiner Mutter
    we had his hamster for weeks wir haben wochenlang für seinen Hamster gesorgt
    they've got Ian's father staying with them Ians Vater ist bei ihnen zu Besuch
    thanks for having us danke für Ihre Gastfreundschaft
    to \have sb back (resume relationship) jdn wieder [bei sich dat] aufnehmen
    they solved their problems, and she had him back sie haben ihre Probleme gelöst und sie ist wieder mit ihm zusammen
    to \have sb to visit jdn zu [o auf] Besuch haben
    to \have visitors Besuch haben
    9. (feature)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben
    the new model has xenon headlights das neue Modell ist mit Xenon-Scheinwerfern ausgestattet
    10. (exhibit)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben [o aufweisen]
    this wine has a soft, fruity flavour dieser Wein schmeckt weich und fruchtig
    11. (comprise)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben
    a week has 7 days eine Wochen hat [o geh zählt] 7 Tage
    12. (have learned)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth etw haben
    to \have [a little] French/German Grundkenntnisse in Französisch/Deutsch haben
    13. (think)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth idea, plan, reason, suggestion etw haben
    \have you reason to think he'll refuse? ( form) haben Sie Grund zur Annahme, dass er ablehnen wird?
    14. (be obliged)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth to do etw tun müssen
    you simply \have to see this film! diesen Film musst du dir unbedingt anschauen!
    to \have a child ein Kind bekommen
    my mother was 18 when she had me meine Mutter war 18, als ich geboren wurde
    to be having a baby (be pregnant) ein Baby bekommen, schwanger sein
    to have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] the radio/TV on das Radio/den Fernseher anhaben fam
    to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sth ready (finish) etw fertig haben; (to hand) etw bereit haben
    17. (induce)
    ▪ to \have sb do sth jdn [dazu] veranlassen, etw zu tun
    ▪ to \have sb/sth doing sth jdn/etw dazu bringen, etw zu tun
    the film soon had us crying der Film brachte uns schnell zum Weinen
    Guy'll \have it working in no time Guy wird es im Handumdrehen zum Laufen bringen
    18. (request)
    ▪ to \have sb do sth jdn [darum] bitten, etw zu tun
    I'll \have the secretary run you off a copy for you ich werde von der Sekretärin eine Kopie für Sie anfertigen lassen
    19. (find)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sb/sth jdn/etw [gefunden] haben
    20. (place)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwo haben
    she had her back to me sie lag/saß/stand mit dem Rücken zu mir
    21. (hold)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sb/sth by sth:
    she had the dog by the ears sie hielt den Hund fest an den Ohren
    to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sb by the throat jdn bei [o an] der Kehle [o Gurgel] gepackt haben
    22. (fam!: have sex with)
    ▪ to \have sb mit jdm Sex haben
    how many men have you had? wie viele Männer hast du gehabt?
    23. ( fam: deceive)
    £80 for a CD? you've been had! 80 Pfund für eine CD? dich hat man ganz schön übern Tisch gezogen! fam
    24. ( fam: confound)
    ▪ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS \have got] sb jdn in Verlegenheit bringen
    the GNP of Greece? you \have me there das BSP von Griechenland? da hab ich nicht den leisesten Schimmer fam
    25. esp AM ( fam: indulge)
    ▪ to \have oneself sth sich dat etw gönnen [o genehmen]
    I think I'm going to have myself an ice cream Ich glaub', ich gönne mir ein Eis
    don't worry about it anymore — just go and have yourself a nice little holiday mach dir mal keine Gedanken mehr darüber — genieße erstmal deinen Urlaub
    26.
    ▶ to not \have any [of it] ( fam) nichts von etw dat wissen wollen
    ▶ to not \have sb/sth doing sth nicht erlauben [o zulassen], dass jd/etw etw tut
    ▶ to \have done with sth mit etw dat fertig sein
    ▶ to \have [got] it (find answer)
    we \have it! wir haben es!
    ▶ to \have it that... (claim)
    rumour has it that... es geht das Gerücht [um], dass...
    ▶ to have had it ( fam: be broken) hinüber sein fam, ausgedient haben; (be tired) fix und fertig sein fam; (be in serious trouble) dran fam [o sl geliefert] sein
    if she finds out, you've had it! wenn sie es herausfindet, bist du dran [o ist der Ofen aus]! fam
    ▶ to have had it with sb/sth ( fam) von jdm/etw die Nase [gestrichen] voll haben fam, jdn/etw satthaben
    I've had it with his childish behaviour! sein kindisches Benehmen steht mir bis hier oben!
    ▶ there's none to be had of sth etw ist nicht zu bekommen [o fam aufzutreiben]
    there's no real Italian cheese to be had round here man bekommt hier nirgendwo echten italienischen Käse
    ▶ to not \have sth (not allow) etw nicht zulassen, [jdm] etw nicht abnehmen wollen
    I won't \have it! kommt nicht infrage [o fam in die Tüte]!
    I'm not having any squabbling in this house ich toleriere in diesem Haus keine Zankerei
    I'm not having your behaviour spoil my party ich werde mir meine Feier durch dein Benehmen nicht verderben lassen
    I wont have you insult my wife ich lasse es nicht zu, dass Sie meine Frau beleidigen
    ▶ to \have [or esp BRIT, AUS\have got] nothing on sb ( fam: be less able) gegen jdn nicht ankommen, mit jdm nicht mithalten können; (lack evidence) nichts gegen jdn in der Hand haben, keine Handhabe gegen jdn haben
    he's a good player, but he's got nothing on his brother er spielt gut, aber seinem Bruder kann er noch lange nicht das Wasser reichen
    ▶ and what \have you ( fam) und wer weiß was noch fam
    III. NOUN
    ( fam)
    ▪ the \haves pl die gut Betuchten fam, die Reichen
    the \haves and the \have-nots die Besitzenden und die Besitzlosen
    * * *
    [hv] pret, ptp had, 3rd pers sing present has When have is part of a set combination, eg have a look, have a dream, have a good time, look up the noun.
    1. AUXILIARY VERB
    1) habenThe verb haben is the auxiliary used with most verbs to form past tenses in German. For important exceptions see (b).

    to have seen/heard/eaten — gesehen/gehört/gegessen haben

    I have/had seen — ich habe/hatte gesehen

    I have not/had not or I haven't/I hadn't seen him — ich habe/hatte ihn nicht gesehen

    had I seen him, if I had seen him — hätte ich ihn gesehen, wenn ich ihn gesehen hätte

    having said that he left — nachdem or als er das gesagt hatte, ging er Note the tenses used in the following:

    I have lived or have been living here for 10 years/since January — ich wohne or lebe schon 10 Jahre/seit Januar hier

    2) seinThe verb sein is used with verbs of motion, eg. gehen, fahren, or verbs implying development, eg. wachsen, and to form past tenses.

    to have gone/run — gegangen/gelaufen sein

    3)

    in tag questions etc you've seen her, haven't you? — du hast sie gesehen, oder nicht?

    you haven't seen her, have you? — du hast sie nicht gesehen, oder?

    you haven't seen her – yes, I have — du hast sie nicht gesehen – doch or wohl (inf)

    you've made a mistake – no, I haven't — du hast einen Fehler gemacht – nein(, hab ich nicht)

    you've dropped your book – so I have — dir ist dein Buch hingefallen – stimmt or tatsächlich

    have you been there? if you have/haven't... — sind Sie schon mal da gewesen? wenn ja/nein or nicht,...

    I have seen a ghost – have you? — ich habe ein Gespenst gesehen – wahrhaftig or tatsächlich?

    I've lost it – you haven't! (disbelieving) — ich habe es verloren – nein!

    2. MODAL AUXILIARY VERB
    __diams; to have to do sth (= to be obliged) etw tun müssen

    I have (got esp Brit) to do it — ich muss es tun or machen

    I don't have to do it — ich muss es nicht tun, ich brauche es nicht zu tun

    you didn't have to tell her — das mussten Sie ihr nicht unbedingt sagen, das hätten Sie ihr nicht unbedingt sagen müssen or brauchen

    he doesn't have to work — er braucht nicht zu arbeiten, er muss nicht arbeiten

    3. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) = possess haben

    have you (got esp Brit) or do you have a car? — hast du ein Auto?

    to have something/nothing to do — etwas/nichts zu tun haben

    I have (got esp Brit) work/a translation to do — ich habe zu arbeiten/eine Übersetzung zu erledigen

    I must have more time —

    she has (got esp Brit) blue eyes — sie hat blaue Augen

    what time do you have? (US) — wie viel Uhr hast du? (inf), wie spät hast du es?

    2) = receive, obtain, get haben

    I have it on good authority that... — ich habe aus zuverlässiger Quelle gehört or erfahren, dass...

    I must have something to eat — ich brauche etwas zu essen, ich muss dringend etwas zu essen haben

    there are no newspapers to be had —

    please let me have your address I'll let you have it for £50 — geben Sie mir bitte Ihre Adresse ich gebe es dir für £ 50

    3)

    = eat, drink, take to have breakfast — frühstücken

    to have lunch/dinner — zu Mittag/Abend essen

    will you have a drink/cigarette? — möchten Sie etwas zu trinken/eine Zigarette?

    what will you have? – I'll have the steak — was möchten or hätten Sie gern(e)? – ich hätte or möchte gern das Steak

    he had a cigarette/drink/steak —

    have another one — nimm noch eine/einen/eines; (drink) trink noch einen; (cigarette) rauch noch eine

    4) = catch, hold (gepackt) haben

    me by the throat/the hair — er hatte or hielt mich am Hals/bei den Haaren gepackt

    him where I want him —

    5)

    = suffer from he has diabetes — er ist zuckerkrank, er hat Zucker (inf)

    6)

    = experience to have a pleasant evening — einen netten Abend verbringen

    to have a good time — Spaß haben, sich amüsieren

    7) = hold, organize party geben, machen; meeting abhalten
    8)

    = go for to have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen

    9)

    = give birth to to have a child or baby —

    she is having a baby in April she had twins — sie bekommt or kriegt (inf) im April ein Kind sie hat Zwillinge bekommen or geboren or gekriegt (inf)

    10)

    = cause to be I had him in such a state that... — er war in einer solchen Verfassung, dass...

    he had the police baffled —

    11)

    = maintain, insist as he has it, Paul is guilty — er besteht darauf, dass Paul schuldig ist

    as he had it, Paul isn't guilty — er wollte nichts davon hören, dass Paul schuldig ist

    has it —

    as the Bible/Shakespeare has it — wie es in der Bibel/bei Shakespeare steht

    12)

    = refuse to allow in negative sentences I won't have this nonsense — dieser Unsinn kommt (mir) nicht infrage or in Frage!

    I won't have this sort of rudeness! —

    I won't have him insulted —

    I won't have him insult his mother — ich lasse es nicht zu, dass er seine Mutter beleidigt

    13) = wish mögen

    which one will you have? —

    as fate would have it,... — wie es das Schicksal so wollte,...

    what would you have me do? — was wollen Sie, dass ich mache?

    14) set structures __diams; to have sth done = request, order etw tun lassen

    to have one's hair cut — sich (dat) die Haare schneiden lassen

    to have a suit made — sich (dat) einen Anzug machen lassen

    have it mended — geben Sie es in Reparatur, lassen Sie es reparieren

    he had his arm broken — er hat/hatte einen gebrochenen Arm

    I'll have you know... — Sie müssen nämlich wissen...

    I had my friends turn against me — ich musste es erleben, wie or dass sich meine Freunde gegen mich wandten

    she soon had them all reading and writing — dank ihres Engagements konnten alle schon bald lesen und schreiben __diams; to have had it

    if I miss the last bus, I've had it — wenn ich den letzten Bus verpasse, bin ich geliefert (inf) or ist der Ofen aus (inf) __diams; let him have it! (inf) gibs ihm! (inf) __diams; have it your own way machen Sie es or halten Sie es, wie Sie wollen __diams; to be had ( inf

    * * *
    have [hæv; unbetont həv, əv]
    A s
    1. the haves and the have-nots die Begüterten und die Habenichtse, die Reichen und die Armen
    2. Br umg Trick m
    B v/t prät und pperf had [hæd], 2. sg präs obs hast [hæst], 3. sg präs has [hæz], obs hath [hæθ], 2. sg prät obs hadst [hædst]
    1. allg haben, besitzen:
    he has a house (a friend, a good memory);
    we can’t have everything man kann nicht alles haben;
    you have my word for it ich gebe Ihnen mein Wort darauf;
    I had the whole road to myself ich hatte die ganze Straße für mich allein;
    I wouldn’t have it if you gave it to me das nähme ich nicht (mal) geschenkt; → get B 10 a
    2. haben, erleben:
    we had a fine time wir hatten viel Spaß, wir hatten es schön
    3. a) ein Kind bekommen
    b) ZOOL Junge werfen
    4. behalten:
    can I have it?; → honor B 2
    5. Gefühle, einen Verdacht etc haben, hegen
    6. Nachrichten etc erhalten, bekommen ( beide:
    from von):
    (not) to be had (nicht) zu haben, (nicht) erhältlich
    7. (erfahren) haben:
    I have it from reliable sources ich habe es aus verlässlicher Quelle (erfahren);
    I have it from my friend ich habe oder weiß es von meinem Freund
    8. Speisen etc zu sich nehmen, einnehmen, essen oder trinken etc:
    I had a glass of sherry ich trank ein Glas Sherry;
    have another sandwich nehmen Sie noch ein Sandwich!;
    what will you have? was nehmen Sie?;
    have a cigar eine Zigarre rauchen; → breakfast A, dinner 1, etc
    9. haben, ausführen, (mit)machen:
    have a discussion eine Diskussion haben oder abhalten; → look A 1, try A 1, walk A 3, wash A 1
    10. können, beherrschen:
    she has no French sie kann nicht oder kein Französisch;
    have sth by heart etwas auswendig können
    11. (be)sagen, behaupten:
    he will have it that … er behauptet steif und fest, dass …;
    astrology has it that Taureons are … der Astrologie zufolge sind Stiere …; → rumor A 1
    12. sagen, ausdrücken:
    as Byron has it wie Byron sagt
    13. umg erwischt haben:
    he had me there da hatte er mich (an meiner schwachen Stelle) erwischt, da war ich überfragt
    14. Br umg jemanden reinlegen:
    you have been had man hat dich reingelegt oder übers Ohr gehauen
    15. haben, dulden:
    I will not ( oder won’t) have it ich dulde es nicht, ich will es nicht (haben);
    I won’t have it mentioned ich will nicht, dass es erwähnt wird;
    he wasn’t having any umg er ließ sich auf nichts ein;
    thank you for having us bes Br vielen Dank für die schöne Zeit bei Ihnen; → none Bes Redew
    16. haben, erleiden:
    they had broken bones sie erlitten Knochenbrüche;
    he had a shock er bekam einen Schock
    17. (vor inf) müssen:
    he will have to do it er wird es tun müssen;
    we have to obey wir haben zu oder müssen gehorchen;
    it has to be done es muss getan werden; → get B 10 b
    18. (mit Objekt und pperf) lassen:
    I had a suit made ich ließ mir einen Anzug machen;
    they had him shot sie ließen ihn erschießen
    19. mit Objekt und pperf zum Ausdruck des Passivs:
    he had a son born to him ihm wurde ein Sohn geboren;
    I’ve had some money stolen mir ist Geld gestohlen worden
    20. (mit Objekt und inf) (veran)lassen:
    have them come here at once lass sie sofort hierherkommen;
    I had him sit down ich ließ ihn Platz nehmen
    21. (mit Objekt und inf) es erleben, dass:
    I had all my friends turn against me ich erlebte es oder ich musste es erleben, dass sich alle meine Freunde gegen mich wandten
    22. ( nach will oder would mit akk und inf):
    I would have you to know it ich möchte, dass Sie es wissen
    23. würde, täte ( mit as well, rather, better, best etc):
    I had rather go than stay ich möchte lieber gehen als bleiben;
    you had best go du tätest am besten daran, zu gehen;
    he better had das wäre das Beste(, was er tun könnte)
    C v/i
    1. obs eilen:
    have after sb jemandem nacheilen
    2. have at obs zu Leibe rücken (dat), sich hermachen über (akk)
    3. they had until July 3 sie hatten bis zum 3. Juli Zeit
    4. I have to ich muss;
    do you have to? muss das sein?
    D v/aux
    1. haben:
    I have seen ich habe gesehen
    2. sein:
    I have been ich bin gewesen Besondere Redewendungen: have and hold JUR US innehaben, besitzen;
    I have it! ich habs! (ich habe die Lösung gefunden);
    a) er ist reingefallen,
    b) er hat sein Fett (seine Strafe) weg,
    c) er ist erledigt (auch tot) my car has had it umg mein Wagen ist im Eimer;
    let sb have it es jemandem (tüchtig) geben oder besorgen, jemanden fertigmachen umg;
    I didn’t know he had it in him ich wusste gar nicht, dass er dazu fähig ist oder dass er das Zeug dazu hat;
    I have nothing against him personally ich habe nichts gegen ihn persönlich;
    a) jemandem in keiner Weise überlegen sein,
    b) nichts gegen jemanden in der Hand haben, jemandem nichts anhaben können have it (all) over sb umg jemandem (haushoch) überlegen sein;
    he has it over me that … umg er ist mir insofern voraus, als …;
    have what it takes das Zeug dazu haben; → do1 B 9
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    pres. he has, p.t. & p.p. had
    1) (possess) haben

    I have it! — ich hab's[!]

    and what have you — (coll.) und so weiter

    2) (obtain) bekommen

    let's not have any... — lass uns... vermeiden

    come on, let's have it! — (coll.) rück schon raus damit! (ugs.)

    3) (take) nehmen
    4) (keep) behalten; haben
    5) (eat, drink, etc.)

    have breakfast/dinner/lunch — frühstücken/zu Abend/zu Mittag essen

    6) (experience) haben [Spaß, Vergnügen]
    7) (suffer) haben [Krankheit, Schmerz, Enttäuschung, Abenteuer]; (show) haben [Güte, Freundlichkeit, Frechheit]
    10) (give birth to) bekommen
    11) (coll.): (swindle)

    I was had — ich bin [he]reingelegt worden (ugs.)

    12) (know)

    I have it on good authority that... — ich weiß es aus zuverlässiger Quelle, dass...

    15) (in coll. phrases)

    you've had it now — (coll.) jetzt ist es aus (ugs.)

    this car/dress has had it — (coll.) dieser Wagen/dieses Kleid hat ausgedient

    2. auxiliary verb,

    I have/I had read — ich habe/hatte gelesen

    I have/I had gone — ich bin/war gegangen

    having seen him — (because) weil ich ihn gesehen habe/hatte; (after) wenn ich ihn gesehen habe/nachdem ich ihn gesehen hatte

    if I had known... — wenn ich gewusst hätte...

    have something made/repaired — etwas machen/reparieren lassen

    have a tooth extracted — sich (Dat.) einen Zahn ziehen lassen

    3)
    4) (expr. obligation)

    I have only to see him to feel annoyed — ich brauche ihn nur zu sehen, und ich ärgere mich

    3. noun
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (a) temperature expr.
    fiebern v. (take) pity on someone expr.
    mit jemandem Mitleid haben ausdr. (to possess) v.
    besitzen v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: had)
    = bekommen v.
    haben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hatte, gehabt)

    English-german dictionary > have

  • 107 Cum

    1.
    cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
    I.
    In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

    qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

    id. ib. prol. 125:

    cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

    Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

    semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

    id. Mil. 21, 55:

    quibuscum essem libenter,

    id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

    cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

    id. Sull. 3, 7:

    si cenas hodie mecum,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

    vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

    errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

    qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
    b.
    In an expression of displeasure:

    in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
    B.
    In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

    egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

    cum primo luci,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

    cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

    cum primā luce,

    id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

    cum primo lumine solis,

    Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

    pariter cum ortu solis,

    Sall. J. 106, 5:

    pariter cum occasu solis,

    id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

    cum sole reliquit,

    Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

    mane cum luci simul,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

    simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

    id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

    et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
    C.
    In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

    cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

    id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

    cum magno provinciae periculo,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

    cum summo probro,

    Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

    cum summā tuā dignitate,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

    cum bonā alite,

    Cat. 61, 19:

    ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

    multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

    amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

    hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

    orare cum lacrimis coepere,

    Liv. 5, 30, 5:

    si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

    cum curā,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

    cum summo studio,

    Sall. C. 51, 38:

    cum quanto studio periculoque,

    Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

    cum multā venustate et omni sale,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

    summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

    maximo cum clamore involant,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

    cum clamore,

    Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

    cum clamore ac tumultu,

    id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

    Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

    id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

    illud cum pace agemus,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

    cum bonā pace,

    Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

    cum bonā gratiā,

    Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

    cum bonā veniā,

    Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

    cum veniā,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

    cum virtute vivere,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

    cum judicio,

    Quint. 10, 1, 8:

    cum firmā memoriā,

    id. 5, 10, 54:

    legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

    Suet. Calig. 16:

    spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

    Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
    b.
    Attributively, with subst.:

    et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

    Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

    id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
    2.
    Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
    (α).
    Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

    cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

    id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

    sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

    Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
    (β).
    With ut:

    Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

    Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

    Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
    (γ).
    With ne:

    obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

    Col. 5, 1, 4:

    cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

    Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

    id. 2, 17.—
    3.
    Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

    cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

    agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

    Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

    cum superis,

    Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
    4.
    Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

    ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

    ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

    cum octavo, cum decimo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

    cum centesimo,

    Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

    cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

    id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
    D.
    With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

    cum linguā lingere,

    Cat. 98, 3:

    cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

    Verg. A. 9, 816:

    cum vino et oleo ungere,

    Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

    terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Completing the meaning of verbs.
    1.
    With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

    ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

    Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

    (haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

    id. 1, 9, 16:

    interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

    id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

    quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

    id. Clu. 31, 86:

    hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

    id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

    foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

    id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

    capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

    Liv. 1, 52, 4:

    cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

    id. 3, 58, 4:

    stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

    id. 8, 34, 1:

    conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

    Curt. 7, 1, 6:

    Autronium secum facere,

    Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
    2.
    Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

    cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

    quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

    id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

    nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

    id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

    cum civibus vivere,

    id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

    cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

    id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

    cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

    Liv. 1, 45, 2:

    partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

    Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

    cum Baebio communicare,

    id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

    of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

    Liv. 1, 58, 4:

    duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

    id. 2, 10, 5.—
    3.
    Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

    cum aliquo agere,

    to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

    cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

    Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

    si par est agere cum civibus,

    Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

    si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

    tecum enim mihi res est,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

    uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

    Liv. 2, 12, 11:

    pacem cum Sabinis facere,

    Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
    4.
    Of deliberation and discussion:

    haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

    tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

    Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
    5.
    Of strife, difference, etc.:

    quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

    cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

    Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

    neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

    cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

    cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

    id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

    manu cum hoste confligere,

    id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

    utilia cum honestis pugnare,

    id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

    cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

    id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

    cum Auruncis bellum inire,

    id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

    cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

    id. 2, 40, 14:

    inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

    cum Scipione dissentire,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

    cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

    Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
    6.
    Of comparison:

    nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

    hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

    conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

    id. Clu. 34, 94:

    (orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
    B.
    Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

    hominem sine re, sine fide,

    Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

    a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

    cadus cum vino,

    id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

    olla cum aquā,

    Cato, R. R. 156:

    arcula cum ornamentis,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

    fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

    onerariae naves cum commeatu,

    Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

    cum servili schemā,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

    so of clothing,

    id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

    ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

    so of weapons,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

    inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

    vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

    holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

    simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

    109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

    Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

    cum quinque pedibus natus,

    id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

    Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

    Liv. 9, 44, 14:

    te Romam venisse cum febri,

    Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

    ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

    cum imperio aut magistratu,

    Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
    C.
    With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

    v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

    quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

    Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

    Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
    D.
    In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
    ► a.
    Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

    quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

    Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

    his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

    adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

    id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
    b.
    Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

    cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
    III.
    In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
    B.
    It designates,
    1.
    A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
    2.
    The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
    2.
    Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
    I.
    Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
    A.
    In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
    1.
    The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

    Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

    facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

    cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

    Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

    cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

    id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

    quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

    ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

    haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

    qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

    (dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

    Verg. G. 3, 457:

    nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

    Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
    b.
    With logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

    gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

    id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

    cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

    cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

    (hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

    Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

    quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
    (γ).
    With two logical perff. (rare):

    cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

    quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

    etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

    Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

    Cic. Att. 1, 7:

    nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

    Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

    cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

    Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

    cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

    Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

    qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

    Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

    cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
    (δ).
    With two fut. perff.:

    cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
    e.
    In partic.
    (α).
    In definitions with pres, indic.:

    humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

    Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

    purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
    (β).
    Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

    in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

    qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

    id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

    etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

    Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

    cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
    (γ).
    Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

    sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

    Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
    2.
    With subj. referring to indefinite time.
    a.
    With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
    (α).
    With pres. subj.:

    acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

    Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

    quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

    Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

    difficile est tacere cum doleas,

    Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

    etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

    id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
    (β).
    With perf. subj.:

    difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

    Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

    quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

    id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
    b.
    In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
    c.
    In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

    saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
    d.
    When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
    e.
    If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

    caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

    Cato, R. R. 28:

    quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
    3.
    Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

    formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

    Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

    quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

    si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

    potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

    equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

    Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

    quod cum ita est,

    if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

    quodsi ita est,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

    often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

    nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

    quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
    (β).
    With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

    Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

    Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

    sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

    id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
    b.
    Cum with logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

    after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

    at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

    Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    quom videbis tum scies,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

    sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

    cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

    mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
    (δ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
    (ε).
    In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

    cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

    quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

    cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

    oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
    4.
    With subj. in definite time.
    a.
    Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
    b.
    Sometimes by attraction:

    curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

    non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

    Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
    c.
    In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
    B.
    In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
    1.
    With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

    portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

    Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

    quom testamento patris partisset bona,

    Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

    quom venisset,

    Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

    audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

    haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

    id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

    cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

    id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

    Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

    id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

    eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

    Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

    Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
    2.
    With pluperf. indic.
    a.
    Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

    idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

    Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
    b.
    If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
    c.
    If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

    nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

    cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

    id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
    3.
    If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
    a.
    With pluperf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

    cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

    (Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

    cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

    Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

    Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

    Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
    b.
    With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

    cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

    cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

    Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
    4.
    In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
    (α).
    When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

    Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

    Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
    (β).
    Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

    (Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

    cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

    id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
    (γ).
    When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

    qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
    5.
    For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
    C.
    In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

    quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

    where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

    Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

    cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

    cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

    id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

    also,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
    1.
    Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
    a.
    The clause expressing a momentary action:

    posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

    id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

    non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

    in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

    Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

    per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

    id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

    cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

    id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

    tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

    Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

    6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

    Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

    9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

    accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

    Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

    jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

    Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

    ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

    effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

    tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

    Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
    b.
    If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

    in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

    ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

    nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

    non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

    Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
    c.
    With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:

    ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
    d.
    With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:

    ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:

    me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,

    Cic. Brut. 89, 303:

    itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

    haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

    cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,

    Liv. 42, 5, 8:

    Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,

    Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
    2.
    With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
    a.
    The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:

    set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

    haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,

    Cic. Brut. 43, 161:

    eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:

    cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:

    cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,

    Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;

    45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:

    beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?

    Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:

    bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,

    Dig. 28, 18, § 1:

    pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,

    Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
    b.
    The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):

    cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
    3.
    The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
    a.
    Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
    (α).
    Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:

    eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:

    alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):

    qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,

    Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

    qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:

    res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:

    Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,

    id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):

    Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,

    id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:

    non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,

    id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:

    etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):

    cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,

    Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:

    hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,

    Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):

    desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:

    sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

    illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?

    id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:

    num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,

    fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,

    id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:

    cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,

    id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,

    equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,

    id. Brut. 8, 293:

    cum censebam,

    id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:

    cum dicebam,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:

    cum ponebas,

    id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:

    res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,

    id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;

    sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:

    cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,

    id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:

    tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
    (β).
    The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:

    antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,

    id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:

    Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:

    Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:

    cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:

    cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,

    Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
    (γ).
    If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:

    tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:

    cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,

    Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

    Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,

    Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:

    ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),

    Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,

    according to class. usage,

    Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;

    contrary to class. usage,

    Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
    (δ).
    In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:

    nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:

    ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:

    nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?

    id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):

    similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),

    id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:

    nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,

    id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:

    casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,

    Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:

    Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,

    Liv. 29, 31, 1:

    cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,

    id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:

    cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,

    id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):

    cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,

    id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:

    cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,

    id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:

    tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):

    cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,

    Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
    b.
    If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
    (α).
    In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:

    res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:

    quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:

    o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;

    44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),

    Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):

    cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,

    Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:

    cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,

    id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:

    cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,

    id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
    (β).
    With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

    magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,

    Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

    armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,

    Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):

    cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

    an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),

    id. Sull. 17, 49:

    tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:

    quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),

    Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

    sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,

    Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:

    quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:

    consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,

    Cic. Sest. 28, 61:

    haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:

    Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

    itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,

    Liv. 1, 13, 6:

    Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,

    id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):

    cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;

    so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),

    id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:

    Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),

    Liv. 42, 40, 8:

    Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,

    Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:

    Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:

    proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):

    ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

    cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

    cum lux appropinquaret,

    id. Tull. 9, 21:

    cum dies instaret,

    id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:

    cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,

    Liv. 28, 10, 1:

    cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,

    id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:

    cum ea dies venit,

    Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:

    cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:

    L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,

    id. Brut. 68, 241:

    cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,

    Liv. 40, 42, 10:

    cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,

    id. 8, 33, 4:

    haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,

    id. 1, 50, 7;

    so with cum maxime,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):

    Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),

    Cic. Sest. 63, 132:

    Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),

    Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

    impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:

    cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

    cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,

    Liv. 6, 1, 6:

    cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,

    id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
    (γ).
    In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:

    illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,

    Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:

    cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,

    Liv. 4, 3, 1:

    cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,

    id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:

    cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,

    id. Quint. 16, 53):

    ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:

    cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:

    sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,

    Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:

    cum secum reputavit,

    Tac. A. 15, 54.
    D.
    In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
    1.
    The predicate in present:

    amice facis Quom me laudas,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:

    bene facitis cum venitis,

    Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:

    quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With fut. (rare):

    cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
    3.
    With fut. perf. (rare):

    quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
    4.
    With perf.:

    fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:

    loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
    5.
    With histor. pres.:

    Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,

    Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
    6.
    With imperf.:

    cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
    7.
    Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;

    very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,

    Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
    8.
    With pluperf. (very rare):

    exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
    * 9.
    Pluperf. and imperf.:

    quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,

    Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
    10.
    Imperf. subj. (post-class.):

    tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
    11.
    Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:

    illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,

    which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
    E.
    In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
    1.
    Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
    a.
    The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

    jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
    (β).
    With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

    erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,

    Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
    (γ).
    With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:

    fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:

    fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,

    id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):

    fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),

    Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
    (δ).
    With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:

    quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 1:

    ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,

    Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
    b.
    Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.:

    incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,

    Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:

    longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,

    id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
    (β).
    With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:

    atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,

    Cic. Lig. 7, 20:

    memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,

    id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:

    illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),

    Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;

    Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),

    Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

    patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
    (γ).
    With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:

    accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:

    numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?

    id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:

    haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),

    Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:

    eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,

    while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
    c.
    Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:

    Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:

    omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,

    id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):

    posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
    2.
    The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
    a.
    With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
    (α).
    With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,

    that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:

    anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
    (β).
    With ordinals:

    vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,

    Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
    (γ).
    With diu:

    jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
    b.
    Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:

    quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,

    Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
    c.
    With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:

    permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,

    Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
    d.
    With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:

    dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:

    unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
    3.
    The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
    a.
    With cardinals.
    (α).
    Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,

    Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
    (β).
    With nom.:

    nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,

    Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
    b.
    With diu or dudum:

    nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
    c.
    Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:

    omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
    4.
    In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
    a.
    Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,

    Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:

    dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,

    Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
    b.
    Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:

    non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:

    jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,

    Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:

    vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
    (δ).
    Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
    (ε).
    Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
    (ζ).
    Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
    (η).
    Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
    (θ).
    Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
    (κ).
    With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):

    quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,

    Cic. Brut. 36, 138:

    jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,

    Verg. G. 3, 422.—
    5.
    In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
    a.
    When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
    (α).
    With perf. indic.:

    Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,

    Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
    (β).
    With imperf. indic.:

    num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?

    Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
    (γ).
    Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):

    nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,

    Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
    (δ).
    Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
    (ε).
    So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:

    sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
    b.
    Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
    (α).
    With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:

    fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,

    cum nihilo magis,

    Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
    (β).
    With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
    6.
    Cum interea (interim).
    a.
    Adverbial (rare).
    (α).
    Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
    (β).
    Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:

    simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:

    cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,

    Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
    b.
    Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
    (α).
    To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:

    anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
    (β).
    To the inverted clauses (4.):

    tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,

    Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
    (γ).
    To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:

    post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,

    Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
    F.
    In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
    1.
    After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
    a.
    Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
    (α).
    With indic.:

    nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:

    conspectum est cum obiit,

    Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
    (β).
    With subj.:

    is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,

    Cic. Sest. 59, 126:

    vidi... Cum tu terga dares,

    Ov. M. 13, 224.—
    b.
    After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:

    L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    c.
    After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):

    memini quom... haud audebat,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

    memini cum mihi desipere videbare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:

    memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    2.
    After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
    a.
    Verbs of thanking:

    habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:

    tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
    b.
    Of congratulation:

    quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
    c.
    Of rejoicing and grieving:

    quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,

    Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:

    cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
    d.
    Dependent on optative sentences:

    di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,

    Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
    G.
    Elliptical usages (without predicate).
    1.
    Cum maxime.
    a.
    With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:

    etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?

    Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
    b.
    By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:

    nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:

    quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,

    Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,

    Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
    2.
    Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):

    foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,

    at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:

    cum tardissime,

    id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:

    cum longissime,

    Suet. Tib. 38.
    H.
    For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
    II.
    Causal, since, because, as.
    A.
    Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
    1.
    With pres. indic.:

    hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,

    because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:

    edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,

    since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
    2.
    With perf. indic.:

    praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
    3.
    With subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
    b.
    Independent of such construction:

    jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;

    Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,

    id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.

    Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,

    Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

    cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,

    id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:

    quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,

    id. Clu. 44, 123:

    quod cum ita sit, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.:

    cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.
    a.
    Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:

    vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,

    Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:

    cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
    b.
    Denoting cause without time:

    cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 70:

    quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
    C.
    With adverbs of emphasis.
    1.
    Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:

    quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?

    Cic. Arch. 5, 10:

    cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,

    id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:

    cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
    2.
    Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:

    nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,

    Cic. Lael. 8, 28:

    numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,

    id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:

    omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,

    Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
    3.
    Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:

    me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,

    Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
    III.
    Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., chiefly,
    1.
    With indic.:

    hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
    2.
    Subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal predicate:

    tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?

    Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
    b.
    Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):

    eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:

    et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?

    Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:

    indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.:

    ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,

    Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:

    hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,

    id. Clu. 48, 135:

    eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
    IV.
    Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., mostly with indic.
    1.
    Indic.:

    qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
    2.
    With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    Pres. subj.:

    testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,

    Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

    nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,

    Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
    2.
    Imperf. subj.:

    ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

    non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,

    quae cum ita essent... tamen,

    although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
    3.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:

    patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,

    id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
    V.
    In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
    1.
    With imperf. subj.:

    quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?

    Cic. Brut. 55, 194:

    etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?

    id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
    2.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:

    mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,

    id. Balb. 6, 16.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cum

  • 108 cum

    1.
    cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
    I.
    In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

    qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

    id. ib. prol. 125:

    cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

    Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

    semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

    id. Mil. 21, 55:

    quibuscum essem libenter,

    id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

    cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

    id. Sull. 3, 7:

    si cenas hodie mecum,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

    vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

    errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

    qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
    b.
    In an expression of displeasure:

    in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
    B.
    In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

    egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

    cum primo luci,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

    cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

    cum primā luce,

    id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

    cum primo lumine solis,

    Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

    pariter cum ortu solis,

    Sall. J. 106, 5:

    pariter cum occasu solis,

    id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

    cum sole reliquit,

    Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

    mane cum luci simul,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

    simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

    id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

    et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
    C.
    In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

    cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

    id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

    cum magno provinciae periculo,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

    cum summo probro,

    Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

    cum summā tuā dignitate,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

    cum bonā alite,

    Cat. 61, 19:

    ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

    multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

    amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

    hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

    orare cum lacrimis coepere,

    Liv. 5, 30, 5:

    si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

    cum curā,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

    cum summo studio,

    Sall. C. 51, 38:

    cum quanto studio periculoque,

    Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

    cum multā venustate et omni sale,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

    summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

    maximo cum clamore involant,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

    cum clamore,

    Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

    cum clamore ac tumultu,

    id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

    Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

    id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

    illud cum pace agemus,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

    cum bonā pace,

    Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

    cum bonā gratiā,

    Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

    cum bonā veniā,

    Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

    cum veniā,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

    cum virtute vivere,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

    cum judicio,

    Quint. 10, 1, 8:

    cum firmā memoriā,

    id. 5, 10, 54:

    legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

    Suet. Calig. 16:

    spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

    Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
    b.
    Attributively, with subst.:

    et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

    Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

    id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
    2.
    Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
    (α).
    Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

    cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

    id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

    sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

    Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
    (β).
    With ut:

    Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

    Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

    Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
    (γ).
    With ne:

    obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

    Col. 5, 1, 4:

    cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

    Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

    id. 2, 17.—
    3.
    Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

    cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

    agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

    Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

    cum superis,

    Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
    4.
    Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

    ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

    ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

    cum octavo, cum decimo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

    cum centesimo,

    Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

    cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

    id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
    D.
    With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

    cum linguā lingere,

    Cat. 98, 3:

    cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

    Verg. A. 9, 816:

    cum vino et oleo ungere,

    Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

    terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Completing the meaning of verbs.
    1.
    With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

    ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

    Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

    (haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

    id. 1, 9, 16:

    interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

    id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

    quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

    id. Clu. 31, 86:

    hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

    id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

    foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

    id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

    capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

    Liv. 1, 52, 4:

    cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

    id. 3, 58, 4:

    stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

    id. 8, 34, 1:

    conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

    Curt. 7, 1, 6:

    Autronium secum facere,

    Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
    2.
    Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

    cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

    quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

    id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

    nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

    id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

    cum civibus vivere,

    id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

    cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

    id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

    cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

    Liv. 1, 45, 2:

    partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

    Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

    cum Baebio communicare,

    id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

    of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

    Liv. 1, 58, 4:

    duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

    id. 2, 10, 5.—
    3.
    Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

    cum aliquo agere,

    to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

    cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

    Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

    si par est agere cum civibus,

    Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

    si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

    tecum enim mihi res est,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

    uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

    Liv. 2, 12, 11:

    pacem cum Sabinis facere,

    Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
    4.
    Of deliberation and discussion:

    haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

    tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

    Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
    5.
    Of strife, difference, etc.:

    quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

    cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

    Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

    neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

    cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

    cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

    id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

    manu cum hoste confligere,

    id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

    utilia cum honestis pugnare,

    id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

    cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

    id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

    cum Auruncis bellum inire,

    id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

    cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

    id. 2, 40, 14:

    inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

    cum Scipione dissentire,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

    cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

    Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
    6.
    Of comparison:

    nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

    hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

    conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

    id. Clu. 34, 94:

    (orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
    B.
    Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

    hominem sine re, sine fide,

    Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

    a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

    cadus cum vino,

    id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

    olla cum aquā,

    Cato, R. R. 156:

    arcula cum ornamentis,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

    fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

    onerariae naves cum commeatu,

    Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

    cum servili schemā,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

    so of clothing,

    id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

    ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

    so of weapons,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

    inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

    vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

    holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

    simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

    109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

    Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

    cum quinque pedibus natus,

    id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

    Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

    Liv. 9, 44, 14:

    te Romam venisse cum febri,

    Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

    ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

    cum imperio aut magistratu,

    Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
    C.
    With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

    v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

    quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

    Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

    Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
    D.
    In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
    ► a.
    Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

    quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

    Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

    his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

    adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

    id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
    b.
    Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

    cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
    III.
    In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
    B.
    It designates,
    1.
    A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
    2.
    The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
    2.
    Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
    I.
    Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
    A.
    In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
    1.
    The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

    Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

    facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

    cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

    Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

    cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

    id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

    quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

    ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

    haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

    qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

    (dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

    Verg. G. 3, 457:

    nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

    Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
    b.
    With logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

    gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

    id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

    cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

    cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

    (hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

    Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

    quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
    (γ).
    With two logical perff. (rare):

    cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

    quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

    etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

    Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

    Cic. Att. 1, 7:

    nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

    Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

    cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

    Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

    cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

    Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

    qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

    Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

    cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
    (δ).
    With two fut. perff.:

    cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
    e.
    In partic.
    (α).
    In definitions with pres, indic.:

    humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

    Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

    purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
    (β).
    Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

    in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

    qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

    id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

    etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

    Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

    cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
    (γ).
    Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

    sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

    Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
    2.
    With subj. referring to indefinite time.
    a.
    With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
    (α).
    With pres. subj.:

    acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

    Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

    quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

    Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

    difficile est tacere cum doleas,

    Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

    etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

    id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
    (β).
    With perf. subj.:

    difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

    Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

    quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

    id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
    b.
    In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
    c.
    In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

    saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
    d.
    When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
    e.
    If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

    caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

    Cato, R. R. 28:

    quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
    3.
    Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

    formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

    Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

    quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

    si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

    potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

    equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

    Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

    quod cum ita est,

    if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

    quodsi ita est,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

    often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

    nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

    quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
    (β).
    With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

    Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

    Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

    sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

    id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
    b.
    Cum with logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

    after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

    at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

    Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    quom videbis tum scies,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

    sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

    cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

    mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
    (δ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
    (ε).
    In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

    cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

    quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

    cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

    oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
    4.
    With subj. in definite time.
    a.
    Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
    b.
    Sometimes by attraction:

    curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

    non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

    Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
    c.
    In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
    B.
    In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
    1.
    With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

    portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

    Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

    quom testamento patris partisset bona,

    Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

    quom venisset,

    Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

    audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

    haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

    id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

    cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

    id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

    Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

    id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

    eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

    Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

    Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
    2.
    With pluperf. indic.
    a.
    Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

    idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

    Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
    b.
    If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
    c.
    If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

    nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

    cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

    id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
    3.
    If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
    a.
    With pluperf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

    cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

    (Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

    cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

    Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

    Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

    Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
    b.
    With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

    cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

    cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

    Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
    4.
    In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
    (α).
    When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

    Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

    Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
    (β).
    Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

    (Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

    cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

    id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
    (γ).
    When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

    qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
    5.
    For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
    C.
    In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

    quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

    where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

    Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

    cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

    cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

    id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

    also,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
    1.
    Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
    a.
    The clause expressing a momentary action:

    posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

    id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

    non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

    in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

    Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

    per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

    id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

    cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

    id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

    tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

    Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

    6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

    Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

    9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

    accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

    Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

    jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

    Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

    ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

    effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

    tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

    Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
    b.
    If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

    in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

    ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

    nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

    non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

    Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
    c.
    With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:

    ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
    d.
    With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:

    ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:

    me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,

    Cic. Brut. 89, 303:

    itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

    haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

    cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,

    Liv. 42, 5, 8:

    Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,

    Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
    2.
    With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
    a.
    The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:

    set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

    haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,

    Cic. Brut. 43, 161:

    eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:

    cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:

    cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,

    Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;

    45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:

    beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?

    Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:

    bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,

    Dig. 28, 18, § 1:

    pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,

    Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
    b.
    The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):

    cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
    3.
    The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
    a.
    Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
    (α).
    Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:

    eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:

    alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):

    qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,

    Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

    qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:

    res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:

    Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,

    id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):

    Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,

    id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:

    non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,

    id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:

    etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):

    cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,

    Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:

    hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,

    Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):

    desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:

    sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

    illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?

    id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:

    num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,

    fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,

    id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:

    cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,

    id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,

    equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,

    id. Brut. 8, 293:

    cum censebam,

    id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:

    cum dicebam,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:

    cum ponebas,

    id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:

    res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,

    id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;

    sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:

    cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,

    id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:

    tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
    (β).
    The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:

    antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,

    id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:

    Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:

    Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:

    cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:

    cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,

    Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
    (γ).
    If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:

    tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:

    cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,

    Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

    Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,

    Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:

    ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),

    Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,

    according to class. usage,

    Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;

    contrary to class. usage,

    Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
    (δ).
    In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:

    nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:

    ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:

    nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?

    id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):

    similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),

    id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:

    nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,

    id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:

    casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,

    Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:

    Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,

    Liv. 29, 31, 1:

    cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,

    id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:

    cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,

    id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):

    cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,

    id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:

    cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,

    id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:

    tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):

    cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,

    Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
    b.
    If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
    (α).
    In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:

    res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:

    quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:

    o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;

    44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),

    Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):

    cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,

    Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:

    cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,

    id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:

    cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,

    id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
    (β).
    With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

    magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,

    Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

    armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,

    Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):

    cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

    an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),

    id. Sull. 17, 49:

    tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:

    quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),

    Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

    sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,

    Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:

    quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:

    consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,

    Cic. Sest. 28, 61:

    haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:

    Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

    itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,

    Liv. 1, 13, 6:

    Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,

    id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):

    cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;

    so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),

    id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:

    Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),

    Liv. 42, 40, 8:

    Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,

    Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:

    Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:

    proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):

    ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

    cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

    cum lux appropinquaret,

    id. Tull. 9, 21:

    cum dies instaret,

    id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:

    cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,

    Liv. 28, 10, 1:

    cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,

    id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:

    cum ea dies venit,

    Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:

    cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:

    L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,

    id. Brut. 68, 241:

    cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,

    Liv. 40, 42, 10:

    cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,

    id. 8, 33, 4:

    haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,

    id. 1, 50, 7;

    so with cum maxime,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):

    Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),

    Cic. Sest. 63, 132:

    Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),

    Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

    impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:

    cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

    cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,

    Liv. 6, 1, 6:

    cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,

    id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
    (γ).
    In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:

    illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,

    Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:

    cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,

    Liv. 4, 3, 1:

    cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,

    id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:

    cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,

    id. Quint. 16, 53):

    ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:

    cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:

    sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,

    Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:

    cum secum reputavit,

    Tac. A. 15, 54.
    D.
    In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
    1.
    The predicate in present:

    amice facis Quom me laudas,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:

    bene facitis cum venitis,

    Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:

    quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With fut. (rare):

    cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
    3.
    With fut. perf. (rare):

    quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
    4.
    With perf.:

    fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:

    loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
    5.
    With histor. pres.:

    Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,

    Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
    6.
    With imperf.:

    cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
    7.
    Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;

    very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,

    Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
    8.
    With pluperf. (very rare):

    exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
    * 9.
    Pluperf. and imperf.:

    quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,

    Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
    10.
    Imperf. subj. (post-class.):

    tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
    11.
    Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:

    illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,

    which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
    E.
    In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
    1.
    Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
    a.
    The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

    jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
    (β).
    With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

    erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,

    Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
    (γ).
    With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:

    fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:

    fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,

    id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):

    fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),

    Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
    (δ).
    With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:

    quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 1:

    ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,

    Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
    b.
    Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.:

    incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,

    Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:

    longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,

    id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
    (β).
    With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:

    atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,

    Cic. Lig. 7, 20:

    memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,

    id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:

    illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),

    Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;

    Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),

    Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

    patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
    (γ).
    With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:

    accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:

    numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?

    id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:

    haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),

    Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:

    eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,

    while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
    c.
    Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:

    Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:

    omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,

    id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):

    posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
    2.
    The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
    a.
    With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
    (α).
    With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,

    that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:

    anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
    (β).
    With ordinals:

    vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,

    Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
    (γ).
    With diu:

    jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
    b.
    Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:

    quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,

    Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
    c.
    With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:

    permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,

    Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
    d.
    With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:

    dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:

    unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
    3.
    The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
    a.
    With cardinals.
    (α).
    Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,

    Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
    (β).
    With nom.:

    nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,

    Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
    b.
    With diu or dudum:

    nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
    c.
    Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:

    omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
    4.
    In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
    a.
    Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,

    Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:

    dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,

    Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
    b.
    Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:

    non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:

    jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,

    Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:

    vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
    (δ).
    Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
    (ε).
    Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
    (ζ).
    Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
    (η).
    Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
    (θ).
    Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
    (κ).
    With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):

    quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,

    Cic. Brut. 36, 138:

    jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,

    Verg. G. 3, 422.—
    5.
    In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
    a.
    When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
    (α).
    With perf. indic.:

    Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,

    Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
    (β).
    With imperf. indic.:

    num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?

    Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
    (γ).
    Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):

    nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,

    Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
    (δ).
    Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
    (ε).
    So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:

    sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
    b.
    Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
    (α).
    With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:

    fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,

    cum nihilo magis,

    Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
    (β).
    With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
    6.
    Cum interea (interim).
    a.
    Adverbial (rare).
    (α).
    Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
    (β).
    Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:

    simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:

    cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,

    Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
    b.
    Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
    (α).
    To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:

    anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
    (β).
    To the inverted clauses (4.):

    tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,

    Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
    (γ).
    To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:

    post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,

    Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
    F.
    In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
    1.
    After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
    a.
    Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
    (α).
    With indic.:

    nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:

    conspectum est cum obiit,

    Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
    (β).
    With subj.:

    is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,

    Cic. Sest. 59, 126:

    vidi... Cum tu terga dares,

    Ov. M. 13, 224.—
    b.
    After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:

    L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    c.
    After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):

    memini quom... haud audebat,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

    memini cum mihi desipere videbare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:

    memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    2.
    After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
    a.
    Verbs of thanking:

    habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:

    tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
    b.
    Of congratulation:

    quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
    c.
    Of rejoicing and grieving:

    quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,

    Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:

    cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
    d.
    Dependent on optative sentences:

    di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,

    Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
    G.
    Elliptical usages (without predicate).
    1.
    Cum maxime.
    a.
    With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:

    etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?

    Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
    b.
    By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:

    nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:

    quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,

    Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,

    Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
    2.
    Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):

    foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,

    at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:

    cum tardissime,

    id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:

    cum longissime,

    Suet. Tib. 38.
    H.
    For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
    II.
    Causal, since, because, as.
    A.
    Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
    1.
    With pres. indic.:

    hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,

    because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:

    edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,

    since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
    2.
    With perf. indic.:

    praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
    3.
    With subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
    b.
    Independent of such construction:

    jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;

    Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,

    id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.

    Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,

    Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

    cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,

    id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:

    quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,

    id. Clu. 44, 123:

    quod cum ita sit, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.:

    cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.
    a.
    Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:

    vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,

    Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:

    cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
    b.
    Denoting cause without time:

    cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 70:

    quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
    C.
    With adverbs of emphasis.
    1.
    Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:

    quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?

    Cic. Arch. 5, 10:

    cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,

    id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:

    cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
    2.
    Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:

    nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,

    Cic. Lael. 8, 28:

    numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,

    id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:

    omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,

    Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
    3.
    Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:

    me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,

    Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
    III.
    Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., chiefly,
    1.
    With indic.:

    hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
    2.
    Subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal predicate:

    tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?

    Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
    b.
    Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):

    eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:

    et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?

    Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:

    indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.:

    ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,

    Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:

    hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,

    id. Clu. 48, 135:

    eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
    IV.
    Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., mostly with indic.
    1.
    Indic.:

    qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
    2.
    With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    Pres. subj.:

    testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,

    Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

    nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,

    Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
    2.
    Imperf. subj.:

    ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

    non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,

    quae cum ita essent... tamen,

    although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
    3.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:

    patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,

    id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
    V.
    In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
    1.
    With imperf. subj.:

    quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?

    Cic. Brut. 55, 194:

    etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?

    id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
    2.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:

    mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,

    id. Balb. 6, 16.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > cum

  • 109 Cum2

    1.
    cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
    I.
    In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:

    qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,

    id. ib. prol. 125:

    cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,

    Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:

    semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,

    id. Mil. 21, 55:

    quibuscum essem libenter,

    id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:

    cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,

    id. Sull. 3, 7:

    si cenas hodie mecum,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:

    vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

    errare malo cum Platone, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:

    qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
    b.
    In an expression of displeasure:

    in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
    B.
    In a designation of time with which some action concurs:

    egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,

    cum primo luci,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:

    cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:

    cum primā luce,

    id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:

    cum primo lumine solis,

    Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:

    pariter cum ortu solis,

    Sall. J. 106, 5:

    pariter cum occasu solis,

    id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:

    cum sole reliquit,

    Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:

    mane cum luci simul,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:

    simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,

    id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

    et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
    C.
    In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:

    cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,

    id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:

    cum magno provinciae periculo,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

    cum summo probro,

    Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:

    cum summā tuā dignitate,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

    cum bonā alite,

    Cat. 61, 19:

    ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

    multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,

    amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:

    hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:

    orare cum lacrimis coepere,

    Liv. 5, 30, 5:

    si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,

    cum curā,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:

    cum summo studio,

    Sall. C. 51, 38:

    cum quanto studio periculoque,

    Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:

    cum multā venustate et omni sale,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:

    summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:

    maximo cum clamore involant,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:

    cum clamore,

    Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:

    cum clamore ac tumultu,

    id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:

    Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,

    id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:

    illud cum pace agemus,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:

    cum bonā pace,

    Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:

    cum bonā gratiā,

    Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

    cum bonā veniā,

    Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:

    cum veniā,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:

    cum virtute vivere,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

    cum judicio,

    Quint. 10, 1, 8:

    cum firmā memoriā,

    id. 5, 10, 54:

    legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,

    Suet. Calig. 16:

    spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,

    Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
    b.
    Attributively, with subst.:

    et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,

    Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,

    id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
    2.
    Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
    (α).
    Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,

    cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,

    id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:

    sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,

    Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
    (β).
    With ut:

    Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,

    Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,

    Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
    (γ).
    With ne:

    obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,

    Col. 5, 1, 4:

    cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,

    Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:

    cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,

    id. 2, 17.—
    3.
    Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:

    cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:

    agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,

    Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,

    cum superis,

    Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
    4.
    Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:

    ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,

    ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,

    cum octavo, cum decimo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:

    cum centesimo,

    Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:

    cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,

    id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
    D.
    With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:

    cum linguā lingere,

    Cat. 98, 3:

    cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),

    Verg. A. 9, 816:

    cum vino et oleo ungere,

    Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:

    terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Completing the meaning of verbs.
    1.
    With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:

    ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,

    Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:

    (haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,

    id. 1, 9, 16:

    interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,

    id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:

    quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?

    id. Clu. 31, 86:

    hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,

    id. Off. 3, 3, 13:

    foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

    id. ib. 3, 31, 111:

    capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,

    Liv. 1, 52, 4:

    cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

    id. 3, 58, 4:

    stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,

    id. 8, 34, 1:

    conjurasse cum Pausaniā,

    Curt. 7, 1, 6:

    Autronium secum facere,

    Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
    2.
    Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:

    cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:

    quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,

    id. Off. 1, 15, 46:

    nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,

    id. ib. 1, 17, 51:

    cum civibus vivere,

    id. ib. 1, 34, 124:

    cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,

    id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:

    cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,

    Liv. 1, 45, 2:

    partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,

    Cic. Clu. 7, 21:

    cum Baebio communicare,

    id. ib. 16, 47; cf.

    of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,

    Liv. 1, 58, 4:

    duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,

    id. 2, 10, 5.—
    3.
    Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:

    cum aliquo agere,

    to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:

    cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,

    Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:

    si par est agere cum civibus,

    Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:

    si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:

    tecum enim mihi res est,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:

    uni tibi et cum singulis res est,

    Liv. 2, 12, 11:

    pacem cum Sabinis facere,

    Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
    4.
    Of deliberation and discussion:

    haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:

    tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,

    Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
    5.
    Of strife, difference, etc.:

    quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

    cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!

    Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:

    neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

    cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 11:

    cum stomacheretur cum Metello,

    id. Or. 2, 66, 267:

    manu cum hoste confligere,

    id. Off. 1, 23, 81:

    utilia cum honestis pugnare,

    id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:

    cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,

    id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:

    cum Auruncis bellum inire,

    id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:

    cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,

    id. 2, 40, 14:

    inimicitias cum Africano gerere,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:

    cum Scipione dissentire,

    Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:

    cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,

    Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
    6.
    Of comparison:

    nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:

    hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:

    conferam Sullamne cum Junio,

    id. Clu. 34, 94:

    (orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
    B.
    Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:

    hominem sine re, sine fide,

    Cic. Cael. 32, 78):

    a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 149:

    cadus cum vino,

    id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:

    olla cum aquā,

    Cato, R. R. 156:

    arcula cum ornamentis,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:

    fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:

    onerariae naves cum commeatu,

    Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:

    cum servili schemā,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 117;

    so of clothing,

    id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:

    ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;

    so of weapons,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:

    inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,

    id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:

    vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,

    holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:

    simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §

    109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,

    Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:

    cum quinque pedibus natus,

    id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.

    Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,

    Liv. 9, 44, 14:

    te Romam venisse cum febri,

    Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:

    ex eis qui cum imperio sint,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:

    cum imperio aut magistratu,

    Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
    C.
    With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;

    v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

    quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:

    Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,

    Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
    D.
    In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
    ► a.
    Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:

    quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),

    Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:

    his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:

    adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,

    id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
    b.
    Before et... et, connecting two substt.:

    cum et diurno et nocturno metu,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
    III.
    In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
    B.
    It designates,
    1.
    A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
    2.
    The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
    2.
    Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
    I.
    Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
    A.
    In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
    1.
    The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,

    Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:

    facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,

    Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:

    cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,

    Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:

    cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,

    id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:

    quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. (rare):

    ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):

    haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:

    qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:

    (dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),

    Verg. G. 3, 457:

    nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,

    Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
    b.
    With logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:

    gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,

    id. Div. 2, 70, 145:

    cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:

    cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:

    (hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,

    Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:

    quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
    (γ).
    With two logical perff. (rare):

    cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:

    quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,

    Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:

    etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,

    Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in pres.:

    quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,

    Cic. Att. 1, 7:

    nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,

    Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. indic.:

    cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,

    Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:

    cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?

    Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:

    qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,

    Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in fut. imper.:

    cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
    (δ).
    With two fut. perff.:

    cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
    e.
    In partic.
    (α).
    In definitions with pres, indic.:

    humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,

    Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:

    purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
    (β).
    Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

    in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:

    qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,

    id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:

    etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,

    Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:

    cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
    (γ).
    Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:

    sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,

    Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
    2.
    With subj. referring to indefinite time.
    a.
    With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
    (α).
    With pres. subj.:

    acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,

    Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:

    quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,

    Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:

    difficile est tacere cum doleas,

    Cic. Sull. 10, 31:

    etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,

    id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
    (β).
    With perf. subj.:

    difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,

    Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:

    quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,

    id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
    b.
    In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
    c.
    In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):

    saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
    d.
    When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
    e.
    If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:

    caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,

    Cato, R. R. 28:

    quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
    3.
    Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:

    formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,

    Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:

    quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:

    si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
    a.
    Cum with pres. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:

    potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:

    equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,

    Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:

    quod cum ita est,

    if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:

    quodsi ita est,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,

    often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,

    Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:

    nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:

    quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,

    Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
    (β).
    With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):

    Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,

    Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:

    sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?

    id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
    b.
    Cum with logical perf. indic.
    (α).
    Principal predicate in pres.:

    ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,

    after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):

    at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),

    Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
    c.
    With fut.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    quom videbis tum scies,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:

    sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in fut. perf.:

    cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in imper. fut.:

    mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
    (δ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
    (ε).
    In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
    d.
    With fut. perf.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in fut.:

    mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:

    cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):

    quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:

    cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
    (γ).
    With principal predicate in subj. (potential):

    quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:

    oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
    4.
    With subj. in definite time.
    a.
    Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
    b.
    Sometimes by attraction:

    curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:

    non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?

    Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
    c.
    In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
    B.
    In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
    1.
    With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

    portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,

    Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:

    quom testamento patris partisset bona,

    Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:

    quom venisset,

    Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):

    audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:

    haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,

    id. ib. 1, 35, 160:

    cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,

    id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:

    Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,

    id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

    eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 18:

    Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,

    Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
    2.
    With pluperf. indic.
    a.
    Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:

    idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:

    Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,

    Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
    b.
    If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
    c.
    If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:

    nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

    cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,

    id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
    3.
    If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
    a.
    With pluperf. indic.
    (α).
    With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:

    cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:

    (Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:

    cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,

    Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
    (β).
    With principal predicate in perf. indic.:

    Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,

    Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
    b.
    With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:

    cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

    cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,

    Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
    4.
    In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
    (α).
    When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):

    Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),

    Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
    (β).
    Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:

    (Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:

    cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,

    id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
    (γ).
    When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:

    qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
    5.
    For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
    C.
    In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:

    quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;

    where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,

    Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:

    cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:

    cum te Puteolis prosequerer,

    id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;

    also,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
    1.
    Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
    a.
    The clause expressing a momentary action:

    posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,

    id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:

    non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:

    in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,

    Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:

    per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,

    id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:

    cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,

    id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:

    tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,

    Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;

    6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,

    Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;

    9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:

    accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,

    Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:

    jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:

    Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:

    ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:

    effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:

    tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,

    Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
    b.
    If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):

    in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:

    ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:

    nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:

    non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,

    Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
    c.
    With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:

    ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
    d.
    With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:

    ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:

    me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,

    Cic. Brut. 89, 303:

    itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:

    haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

    cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,

    Liv. 42, 5, 8:

    Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,

    Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
    2.
    With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
    a.
    The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:

    set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:

    haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,

    Cic. Brut. 43, 161:

    eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:

    cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:

    cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,

    Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;

    45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:

    beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?

    Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:

    bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,

    Dig. 28, 18, § 1:

    pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,

    Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
    b.
    The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):

    cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
    3.
    The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
    a.
    Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
    (α).
    Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:

    eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:

    alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):

    qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,

    Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

    qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:

    res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,

    id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:

    Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,

    id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):

    Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,

    id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:

    non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,

    id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:

    etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):

    cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,

    Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:

    hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,

    Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):

    desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:

    sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

    illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?

    id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:

    num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,

    fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,

    id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:

    cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,

    id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,

    equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,

    id. Brut. 8, 293:

    cum censebam,

    id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:

    cum dicebam,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:

    cum ponebas,

    id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:

    res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,

    id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;

    sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:

    cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,

    id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:

    tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
    (β).
    The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:

    antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:

    sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,

    id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:

    Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:

    Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:

    cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:

    cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,

    Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
    (γ).
    If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:

    tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:

    cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,

    Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

    Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,

    Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:

    ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),

    Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,

    according to class. usage,

    Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;

    contrary to class. usage,

    Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
    (δ).
    In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:

    nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:

    ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:

    nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?

    id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):

    similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),

    id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:

    nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,

    id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:

    casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,

    Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:

    Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,

    Liv. 29, 31, 1:

    cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,

    id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:

    cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,

    id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):

    cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,

    id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:

    cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,

    id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:

    tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):

    cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,

    Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
    b.
    If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
    (α).
    In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:

    res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:

    quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:

    o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;

    44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),

    Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):

    cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,

    Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:

    cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,

    id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:

    cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,

    id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
    (β).
    With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):

    magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,

    Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

    armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,

    Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):

    cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:

    an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),

    id. Sull. 17, 49:

    tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:

    quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),

    Nep. Cim. 3, 1:

    sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,

    Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:

    quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:

    consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,

    Cic. Sest. 28, 61:

    haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:

    Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

    itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,

    Liv. 1, 13, 6:

    Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,

    id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):

    cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;

    so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),

    id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:

    Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),

    Liv. 42, 40, 8:

    Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,

    Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:

    Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:

    proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):

    ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

    cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:

    cum lux appropinquaret,

    id. Tull. 9, 21:

    cum dies instaret,

    id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:

    cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,

    Liv. 28, 10, 1:

    cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,

    id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:

    cum ea dies venit,

    Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:

    cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:

    L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,

    id. Brut. 68, 241:

    cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,

    Liv. 40, 42, 10:

    cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,

    id. 8, 33, 4:

    haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,

    id. 1, 50, 7;

    so with cum maxime,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):

    Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),

    Cic. Sest. 63, 132:

    Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),

    Nep. Reg. 3, 2:

    impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:

    cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

    cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,

    Liv. 6, 1, 6:

    cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,

    id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
    (γ).
    In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:

    illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,

    Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:

    cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,

    Liv. 4, 3, 1:

    cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,

    id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:

    cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,

    id. Quint. 16, 53):

    ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:

    cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:

    sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,

    Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:

    cum secum reputavit,

    Tac. A. 15, 54.
    D.
    In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
    1.
    The predicate in present:

    amice facis Quom me laudas,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:

    bene facitis cum venitis,

    Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:

    quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With fut. (rare):

    cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
    3.
    With fut. perf. (rare):

    quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
    4.
    With perf.:

    fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:

    loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
    5.
    With histor. pres.:

    Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,

    Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
    6.
    With imperf.:

    cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
    7.
    Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;

    very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,

    Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
    8.
    With pluperf. (very rare):

    exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
    * 9.
    Pluperf. and imperf.:

    quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,

    Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
    10.
    Imperf. subj. (post-class.):

    tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
    11.
    Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:

    illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,

    which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
    E.
    In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
    1.
    Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
    a.
    The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

    jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
    (β).
    With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:

    erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,

    Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
    (γ).
    With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:

    fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:

    fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,

    id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):

    fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),

    Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
    (δ).
    With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:

    quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 1:

    ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,

    Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
    b.
    Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
    (α).
    With pres. or fut. indic.:

    incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,

    Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:

    longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,

    id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
    (β).
    With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:

    atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,

    Cic. Lig. 7, 20:

    memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,

    id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:

    illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),

    Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;

    Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),

    Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

    patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
    (γ).
    With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:

    accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:

    numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?

    id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:

    haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),

    Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:

    eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,

    while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
    c.
    Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:

    Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:

    omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,

    id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):

    posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
    2.
    The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
    a.
    With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
    (α).
    With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,

    that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:

    anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
    (β).
    With ordinals:

    vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,

    Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
    (γ).
    With diu:

    jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
    b.
    Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:

    quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,

    Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
    c.
    With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:

    permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,

    Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
    d.
    With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:

    dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:

    unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
    3.
    The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
    a.
    With cardinals.
    (α).
    Time in acc. (ante-class.):

    annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,

    Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
    (β).
    With nom.:

    nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,

    Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
    b.
    With diu or dudum:

    nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
    c.
    Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:

    omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
    4.
    In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
    a.
    Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,

    Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:

    dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,

    Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
    b.
    Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
    (α).
    Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:

    non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:

    jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
    (β).
    Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:

    jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,

    Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:

    vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
    (γ).
    Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
    (δ).
    Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
    (ε).
    Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
    (ζ).
    Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
    (η).
    Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
    (θ).
    Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
    (κ).
    With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):

    quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,

    Cic. Brut. 36, 138:

    jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,

    Verg. G. 3, 422.—
    5.
    In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
    a.
    When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
    (α).
    With perf. indic.:

    Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,

    Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
    (β).
    With imperf. indic.:

    num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?

    Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
    (γ).
    Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):

    nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,

    Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
    (δ).
    Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
    (ε).
    So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:

    sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,

    Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
    b.
    Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
    (α).
    With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:

    fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,

    cum nihilo magis,

    Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
    (β).
    With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
    6.
    Cum interea (interim).
    a.
    Adverbial (rare).
    (α).
    Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
    (β).
    Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:

    simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:

    cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,

    Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
    b.
    Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
    (α).
    To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:

    anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,

    Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
    (β).
    To the inverted clauses (4.):

    tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,

    Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
    (γ).
    To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:

    post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,

    Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
    F.
    In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
    1.
    After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
    a.
    Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
    (α).
    With indic.:

    nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:

    conspectum est cum obiit,

    Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
    (β).
    With subj.:

    is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,

    Cic. Sest. 59, 126:

    vidi... Cum tu terga dares,

    Ov. M. 13, 224.—
    b.
    After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:

    L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    c.
    After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):

    memini quom... haud audebat,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:

    memini cum mihi desipere videbare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:

    memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
    2.
    After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
    a.
    Verbs of thanking:

    habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:

    tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
    b.
    Of congratulation:

    quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
    c.
    Of rejoicing and grieving:

    quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,

    Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:

    cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
    d.
    Dependent on optative sentences:

    di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,

    Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
    G.
    Elliptical usages (without predicate).
    1.
    Cum maxime.
    a.
    With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:

    etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?

    Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
    b.
    By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:

    nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,

    Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:

    quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,

    Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,

    Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
    2.
    Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):

    foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,

    at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:

    cum tardissime,

    id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:

    cum longissime,

    Suet. Tib. 38.
    H.
    For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
    II.
    Causal, since, because, as.
    A.
    Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
    1.
    With pres. indic.:

    hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,

    because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:

    edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,

    since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
    2.
    With perf. indic.:

    praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,

    Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
    3.
    With subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
    b.
    Independent of such construction:

    jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;

    Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,

    id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.

    Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,

    Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

    cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,

    id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:

    quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,

    id. Clu. 44, 123:

    quod cum ita sit, etc.,

    id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.:

    cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.
    a.
    Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:

    vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,

    Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:

    cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
    b.
    Denoting cause without time:

    cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,

    Cic. Clu. 26, 70:

    quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,

    id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
    C.
    With adverbs of emphasis.
    1.
    Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:

    quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?

    Cic. Arch. 5, 10:

    cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,

    id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:

    cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
    2.
    Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:

    nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,

    Cic. Lael. 8, 28:

    numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,

    id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:

    omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,

    Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
    3.
    Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:

    me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,

    Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
    III.
    Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., chiefly,
    1.
    With indic.:

    hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
    2.
    Subj.
    a.
    By construction of principal predicate:

    tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?

    Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
    b.
    Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):

    eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    With pres. subj.:

    cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:

    et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?

    Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
    2.
    With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:

    indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?

    Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
    3.
    With imperf. subj.:

    ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,

    Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:

    hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,

    id. Clu. 48, 135:

    eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
    4.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
    IV.
    Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
    A.
    Ante-class., mostly with indic.
    1.
    Indic.:

    qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
    2.
    With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
    B.
    Class. and post-class., always with subj.
    1.
    Pres. subj.:

    testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,

    Cic. Brut. 7, 26:

    nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,

    Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
    2.
    Imperf. subj.:

    ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:

    non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,

    quae cum ita essent... tamen,

    although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
    3.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:

    patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,

    id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
    V.
    In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
    1.
    With imperf. subj.:

    quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?

    Cic. Brut. 55, 194:

    etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?

    id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
    2.
    With pluperf. subj.:

    quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:

    mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,

    id. Balb. 6, 16.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cum2

  • 110 ἔρχομαι

    ἔρχομαι, praes., impf. ἠρχόμην selten, wie προςήρχοντο Thuc.; vgl. Elmsl. zu Eur. Heracl. 210; auch die anderen Modi des Präsens werden gewöhnlich von εἶμι entlehnt, auch in den Zusammensetzungen; dazu gehört (von ἘΛΥΘ) fut. ἐλεύσομαι, wofür die Attiker gew. εἶμι brauchen; ἐλεύσομαι steht im Trimeter bei den Tragg. zuweilen, Aesch. Prom. 856 Suppl. 517 Soph. O. C. 1208 Tr. 592; in Prosa gebräuchl. erst seit Pol.; einzeln bei Lys. 22, 11, vgl. Lob. zu Phryn. 38; aor. ἤλυϑον u. att. ἦλϑον, ἐλϑεῖν, imperat. ἐλϑέ, lakonisch ἔλσῃ, ἔλσοιμι, ἐλσών, Ar. Lys. 105. 118. 1081; dor. ἦνϑον, Theocr.; alexandrinisch ἦλϑα, LXX.; ἀπῆλϑαν Matth. 8, 32, ἐξήλϑατε 11, 9 bei Lachm.; ἐπήλυϑα steht Ep. Paralip. 162 (XIV, 44); perf. ἐλήλυϑα, hom. εἰλήλουϑα, im plur. εἰλήλουϑμεν, Il. 9, 49 Od. 3, 81; partic. εἰληλουϑώς, einmal auch ἐληλουϑώς, Il. 15, 81; aus Cratin. u. Achaeus frg. werden ἐλήλυμεν, ἐλήλυτε angeführt von Hephaest. p. 7; pluspf. εἰληλούϑει Hom., att. ἐληλύϑειν, Ar. Equ. 1306, nach Cram. Anecd. 4 p. 417 ἠληλούϑειν bei Callim.; adj. verb. ὑπελϑετέον u. μετελευστέον s. unten; – 11 kommen, gehen, reisen, Hom. u. Folgde. Durch Präpositionen oder durch den Zusammenhang werden bes. Beziehungen gegeben, – al herzu-, heran-, hinkommen, Her. u. Folgde; πρός τινα u. ἔς τινα τόπον, παρά τινα, ὥς τινα; παρὰ τὴν γυναῖκα, παρὰ τὸν ἄνδρα ἐλϑεῖν, züchtiger Ausdruck vom Beischlaf, Her. 2, 115. 6, 68; ἐπί τινα, von Menschen u. Orten (s. die Präpositionen); – εἴσω, hineingehen, Soph. Ai. 670; πρὸς Μολοσσὰ δάπεδα Aesch. Prom. 831; πρὸς ἕρμα Soph. Ant. 841; c. acc. des Ortes, wohin man geht, kommt, Ἀΐδαο δόμους ἔρχεαι Il. 22, 483; ἔρχεσϑον κλισίην 1, 322; ὅταν ξεῖνον ἐμὸν ἔλϑῃς, wenn du zu meinem Gastfreunde gekommen sein wirst, Pind. I. 2, 48; νᾶσον P. 4, 52; Πελία μέγαρον 134; πόλιν τὴν Εὐρυτείαν Soph. Tr. 258; πατρὸς τάφον El. 893; χϑόνα Eur. Phoen. 110; übertr., τὰ ϑεῶν μελετήμαϑ', ὅταν φρένας ἔλϑῃ Hipp. 1102. – Anders ist der acc. ὁδόν, κέλευϑον ἐλϑεῖν, einen Weg gehen, Il. 1, 151 Od. 9, 262; τηϋσίην ὁδὸν ἐλϑεῖν, einen vergeblichen Weg machen, 3, 316; ähnl. ἀγγελίην, ἐξεσίην (s. d. Nomina) ἐλϑεῖν; κέλευϑον, ἥνπερ ἦλϑες, ἐγκόνει πάλιν Aesch. Prom. 964; πυκνὰς ἐς Τροιὰν ὁδοὺς ἐλϑόντα Eur. Tr. 235; ὡς ἀνομοίαν ἔρχεσϑον ὁδόν Ar. Ach. 1109; ähnl. auch Her. ὁ ἥλιος ἔρχεται τῆς Λιβύης τὰ ἄνω, durchwandelt den obern Theil, 2, 24, wie Arr. Indic. 2, 4 τὰ ἐπέκεινα, durchwandern; τὴν ἐναντίαν ἅπασαν ὁδὸν ἐλήλυϑα Plat. Prot. 317 b; anders κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὁδόν, auf demselben Wege, Legg. IV, 707 d. – Eur. sagt auch νόστιμον πόδα, zurückkehren, Alc. 1153, wenn die Leseart richtig ist. – Hom. vrbdí damit auch den gen., πεδίοιο ἐλϑεῖν, durchs Gefilde hingehen, Il. 2, 801, vgl. ἀγγελίης. Anders aber Soph. γῆς ὁποίας ἦλϑον, aus welchem Lande ich herkam, O. C. 572; vgl. Arat. 1120. – Ein dat. dabei ist entweder dat. commodi, für ihn, oder drückt das Ziel aus, τὸ δ' ἀεὶ παράμερον ἐσλὸν ὕπατον ἔρχεται παντὶ βροτῷ Pind. Ol. 1, 100; ἐναργὴς βάξις ἦλϑεν Ἰνάχῳ, kam dem Inachus, Aesch. Prom. 666, wie ἦλϑεν αὐτῷ Ζηνὸς – κεραυνός 358; ὡς ἦλϑε τοῖς Ἀϑηναίοις τὰ περὶ τὴν Εὔβοιαν γεγενημένα, als ihnen die Nachricht zukam, Thuc. 8, 96; Ἀμεινοκλῆς Σαμίοις ἦλϑε 1, 13, wie ἐλϑούσης παρὰ Χαλκιδέως αὐτοῖς ἀγγελίας 8, 19; Her. 1, 83 u. öfter; ὄψις ἡμῖν ὀξυτάτη τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος αἰσϑήσεων ἔρχεται Plat. Phaedr. 250 d. – Uebertr. ist ἐς ἑαυτὸν ἐλϑεῖν, wie im Deutschen: zu sich kommen, sich besinnen, Arr. u. a. Sp. – Mit dem partic. tut. hingehen, um Etwas zu thun, ἔρχομαι οἰσόμενος ἔγχος, ich gehe hin, um den Speer zu holen, Il. 13, 256; ὀψομένη, um zu sehen, 14, 301; μαρτυρήσων ἦλϑον, ich kam her, um Zeugniß abzulegen, Aesch. Eum. 546; Suppl. 517; ἐμῶν δὲ παίδων ἦλϑον ἐκσώσων βίον Eur. Med. 1270, wo die v. l. ἐκσῶσαι. So auch in Prosa, ἔρχομαι ἀποϑανούμενος νυνί, ich mache mich auf, bin im Begriff zu sterben, Plat. Theag. 129 a; πάλιν ἔρχεται μαϑησόμενος παρ' ἑαυτοῦ ἃ ἐπίσταται Theaet. 198 e, vgl. Prot. 313 a Alc. I, 120 b. Bes. oft bei Her. das Beginnen, so gleich, eben, ausdrückend, ἔρχομαι δὲ περὶ Λἰγύπτου μηκυνέων τὸν λόγον 2, 35; ἔρχομαι ἐρέων, ich werde es sogleich erzählen, 1, 5, vgl. 2, 40. 99. 3, 6. 80. 4, 99. 6, 109. 7, 102; ähnlich ἤια λέξων 4, 82; καὶ οὐ τοῠτο λέξων ἔρχομαι Xen. Ages. 2, 7 (vgl. je vais vous dire). – Andere partic. bezeichnen bei Hom. nur die besondere Art des Gehens oder Kommens näher, ἦλϑε ϑέουσα, sie kam u. zwar laufend, wie unser "sie kam gelaufen", Il. 11, 715 u. sonst; ἦλϑε πεφοβημένος, er floh, 10, 510; ἦλϑε φϑάμενος, er kam im Laufe zuvor, 23, 779; auffallender ist αἴ κέν τι νέκυς ᾐσχυμμένος ἔλϑῃ 18, 180; – ἐλϑών wird oft in der ausführlichen Beschreibung so eingeschoben, daß es uns fehlen zu können scheint, οὐ δύναμαι μάχεσϑαι ἐλϑὼν δυσμενέεσσιν, ich kann nicht gehen u. mit den Feinden kämpfen, Il. 16, 521; αἷμα κάϑηρον ἐλϑὼν ἐκ βελέων Σαρπηδόνα 668; λέγοις ἂν ἐλϑὼν παισὶν τάδε Aesch. Suppl. 906; στρατῷ λέξω ἐλϑών Soph. Phil. 1242; δρᾶ νῠν τάδ' ἐλϑὼν μηδ' ἐπ' ἄλλοισιν τρέπε Ant. 1094; an den Gebrauch des imperat. ἐλϑέ erinnernd, wo dieser die allgemein aufmunternde, auffordernde Bdtg von ἄγε annimmt. – bl gehen, weggehen, Hom. u. Folgde, auch zurückkehren, heimkehren, welche Bdtgn der Zusammenhang giebt, z. B. πρὸς οἶκον, οἴκαδε. - 2) auchvon anderen Bewegungen, ἐπὶ πόντον ἔρχεσϑαι, über das Meer hingehen, fahren, Od. 2, 265, Ggstz πεζὸς ἤλυϑε, er kam zu Fuß, zu Lande, Il. 17, 755. 5, 204, wie πόδεσσι ἔρχεσϑαι, zu Fuß gehen, Od. 6, 40; von Bienen, Il. 2, 88; von Schaaren der Vögel, gezogen kommen, 17, 755. – Von leblosen Gegenständen, von Schiffen, fahren, Od. 14, 334 Il. 15, 549; von der Lanze u. Geschossen, Hom. oft; vgl. Aesch. Pers. 262; λειμῶνος, ἔνϑ' οὐκ ἦλϑέ πω σίδηρος, auf die noch kein Eisen, keine Sichel hingekommen, Eur. Hipp. 76; von allen Naturerscheinungen, vom Strömen der Flüsse, Il. 5, 91, vom Einherfahren der Stürme, Od. 12, 288 Il. 9, 6, vom Aufgehen eines Sternes, Od. 13, 94, vom Ziehen der Wolken, Il. 4, 276. 16, 364, vom Herankommen der Nacht u. der Dunkelheit, Il. 14, 78. 24, 351; von der Zeit oft, ἔτος ἦλϑε, das Jahr kam, in der Od., von den Jahreszeiten, 11, 192; τερπνὸν τόδ' ἐλϑὸν φῶς Aesch. Ag. 478; ὅτ' ἦλϑ' ὁ πρῶτος νύχιος ἄγγελος πυρός 574; ἐπειδὴ καὶ τούτοις χρόνος ἦλϑεν εἱμαρμένος γενέσεως Plat. Prot. 320 d; von Geschicken, Verhängnissen, Ereignissen, κακὸν ἦλϑε γῆρας, ϑάνατος, Od. 11, 135. 13, 65. Auch von Gemüthszuständen, ἄχος, ἵμερος ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἦλϑεν, Trauer, Sehnsucht schwand hinweg von der Seele, Il. 22, 43. 24, 514; γέρας ἔρχεται ἄλλῃ, mein Ehrengeschenk kommt wo anders hin, geht mir verloren, Il. 1, 120; vgl. Aesch. Ag. 891; ἦλϑε δ' αἰακτὰ πήματα Spt. 828; τοιάδ' ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἦλϑε συμφορὰ πάϑους Pers. 436, λοιμοῦ τις ἦλϑε σκηπτὸς ἢ στάσις πόλει 715; λέγεις χειμῶνα ναυτικῷ στρατῷ ἐλϑεῖν Ag. 621, vgl. Suppl. 785; οὐδενὶ μοιριδία τίσις ἔρχεται Soph. O. C. 228; ἔκλυσις τοῦ νοσήματος O. R. 307; κέρδος O. C. 1423; ὄφρα κε δῶρα ἐκ κλισίης ἔλϑῃσι Il. 19, 191; χρήματα Thuc. 6, 71, vgl. 1, 137; ξένια παρ' ἐκείνων ἦλϑον βόες Xen. An. 4, 8, 24; – von der Botschaft, s. oben; – τὸν δ' αἶψα περὶ φρένας ἤλυϑ' ἰωή, die Stimme kam ihm um die Sinne, drang ihm ins Herz, Il. 10, 139; vgl. Κύκλωπα περὶ φρένας ἤλυϑεν οἶνος, er umnebelte ihm den Sinn, Od. 9, 362; – ὁμόσ' ἦλϑε μάχη, die Schlacht kam zusammen, begann, Il. 13, 337; αἷμα κατὰ στόμα ἦλϑε, Blut drang in den Mund, Od. 18, 97, vgl. 22, 18. – Nachhomerische Vrbdgn sind noch: εἰς λόγους ἔρχεσϑαί τινι, mit Einem ins Gespräch kommen, unterhandeln, Soph. O. C. 1161 u. in Prosa, vgl. λόγος; – εἰς χεῖρας ἐλϑεῖν τινι, mit Einem ins Handgemenge kommen, handgemein werden, Aesch. Spt. 662; Soph. O. C. 979; εἰς ὄψιν τινὶ ἐλϑεῖν, zu Gesicht, vor die Augen kommen, Her. 3, 42; ἐς μάχην τινί 7, 9, 3, wie Eur. Herc. Fur. 579; πρὸς ϑεόν Bacch. 636; übertr., δι' ἀπεχϑείας ἐλϑεῖν τινι Aesch. Prom. 121 u. ä. (s. διά); – εἰς τοσοῠτό τινος ἐλϑεῖν ὥςτε, so weit in Etwas gekommen sein, daß, z. B. αἰσχύνης Plat. Gorg. 487 b; ὅσοι ἐνταῠϑα ἦλϑον ἡλικίας Rep. I, 329 b; – εἰς πᾶν ἐλϑεῖν, jedes Mittel versuchen, Xen. An. 3, 1, 18; εἰς τὸ ἔσχατον ἐληλυϑότες, auf das Aeußerste gekommen, Plat. Rep. II, 361 d; ἐὰν ἐπὶ τὴν τελεωτάτην ἀδικίαν ἔλϑῃς I, 344 a; – διὰ πάντων τῶν καλῶν ἐληλυϑότες, die alle ihre Pflicht erfüllt haben, Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 15; – παρὰ μικρὸν ἐλϑεῖν, nahe daran ρὰ τοσοῦτον ἦλϑον διαδρᾶναι Catapl. 4. – Andere Vrbdgn s. unter εἰς, ἐπί u. unter den entsprechenden Substantiven.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ἔρχομαι

  • 111 participo

    participo, āvī, ātum, āre (particeps), teilhaft machen, I) m. Acc. od. mit Dat. pers. od. rei = jmd. einer Sache teilhaftig machen, jmd. an etw. teilnehmen lassen, a) m. Acc. pers.: α) im allg., m. Genet. rei, alqm consilii, Plaut.: mit Abl. rei, alqm sermone suo, Plaut.: prandio, Apul.: participatus honore, Paul. Nol.: dentes sensu participentur, Lucr.: sequitur igitur ad participandum alium alio communicandumque inter omnes ius nos naturā esse factos, Cic. de legg. 1, 33. – β) insbes., jmdm. benachrichtigend mitteilen, ubi sint, quid agant... neque participant nos neque redeunt, Plaut. Stich. 33. – b) m. Dat. pers. od. (personif.) rei = jmdm. od. einer Sache mitteilen, aliis, Lact.: pauperibus, Ambros.: ex mensa regis cibis gentilium, Sulp. Sev. – II) mit Acc. rei, a) etwas mit jmd. teilen = jmd. einer Sache teilhaftig machen, laudes cum alqo, Liv.: u. so bloß laudes (verst. cum eo), Liv.: regnum cum alqo, Iustin.: venationem semper cum amicis, Spart. Hadr. – m. Dat. pers., vitam corpori, gratiam discipulis suis, Iren. interpr. (s. Bünem. Lact. 5, 6, 1): quod mala non cuiquam, non bona participo, Auson. parent. 11, 16. p. 46 Schenkl. – ohne Acc., partic. cum fure, Vulg. prov. 29, 24. – b) an etw. teilnehmen, einer Sache teilhaft werden, pestem parem, Enn. fr.: voluptates, Gell.: lucrum, damnum, ICt.: dass. m. de u. Abl., de uno pane, Vulg. 1. Corinth. 10, 17. – Nbf. participor, ātus sum, ārī, an der Teilung von etw. teilnehmen, pretium (am Kaufpreis), Ulp. dig. 4, 4, 9. § 4.

    lateinisch-deutsches > participo

  • 112 Ehre

    Ehre, I) äußerer Vorzug, äußeres Ansehen: honos. – dignitas (Würde, ehrenvolle Stellung). – auctoritas (äußeres Ansehen, das auf Würdigung unserer Verdienste gegründet ist). – decus. ornamentum (einen Vorzug gebende Sache). – laus. gloria. verb. laus gloriaque. fama (Ruf, Ruhm, verbreitete Anerkennung unserer Verdienste; s. »Ruhm« das Nähere). – observantia (tätige Hochachtung). – cultus (tätige Verehrung, z.B. cultus meus = die mir angetane, erwiesene Ehre); verb. cultus quidam et honos. – die letzte E., die E. der Toten, honos supremus; officium supremum. – zur E. gereichen, E. machen, bringen, eine E. sein, honori, laudi, decori od. ornamento esse: es gereicht mir zur größten Ehre, daß etc., summo honori mihi est, quod etc.: es wird dir zur großen E. gereichen, daß etc., magno tibi erit ornamento mit folg. Akk. u. Infin.: jmdm. E. machen, alci honorificum esse: große, alci perhonorificum esse: keine E. machen, pudori esse: dein Sohn macht dir E., dignus te est filius: E. einlegen, laudari; laudem merere; mit etw., laudem sibi parĕre od. sibi colligere alqā re: für eine E. halten, seine E. darein setzen, sich eine E. daraus machen, es sich zur E. anrechnen, honori od. laudi ducere; in gloria ducere; in honore oder laude ponere; honori habere; alle mit Akk. oder Infin. – in E. stehen, in honore esse (von Personen und Dingen); esse in aliquo numero et honore (von Pers.); cum dignitate vivere (v. Pers.): bei jmd. in Ansehen u. E. stehen. apud alqm esse in honore et in pretio: jmd. um die E. von etw. bringen od. zu bringen suchen (jmdm. die E. von etw. streitig machen), alqm gloriā alcis rei fraudare: in E. halten, in honore habere (eine Pers. u. Sache). colere. colere et observare. observare et colere (eine Person, col. auch eine personifizierte Sache, z.B. urbem): es wird etwas in E. gehalten, honos est alci rei: etwas ebenso in E. halten, alci rei eundem honorem tribuere: etw. nicht sonderlich in E. halten, parum honeste habere alqd: jmd. sehr in E. halten, alqm magno in honore habere; alqm colere maxime od. summā observantiā: jmd. immer vorzüglich in E. halten, alqm praecipuo semper honore habere. – dein Wort in E., salvo tuo sermone (unbeschadet deiner Rede); pace tuā dixerim u. bl. pace tuā (ohne dich beleidigen zu wollen). – jmdm. od. einer Sache zu Ehren, honoris alcis causā (z.B. alqd suscipere); zuw. auch durch den bl. Dat. pers. (z.B. dem M. Ämilius Lepidus zu E. drei Leichenspiele geben, M. Aemilio Lepido tres ludos funebres dare). – jmdm. E. antun, bezeigen, erweisen, alci honorem habere,tribuere, deferre; honore alqm afficere,ornare, prosequi: vorzügliche, praecipuum honorem habere alci: alle mögliche, omni genere honoris alqm prosequi; omni honore colere alqm; null um honorem praetermittere, qui alci haberi potest: jmdm. [645] königliche Ehren erweisen, bezeigen, alci cultum regium praestare: jmdm. göttliche E. erweisen, deorum honores alci tribuere; alqm inter deos colere, pro deo venerari,in deorum numero venerari et colere: sich göttliche E. erweisen lassen, cae lestes hono – res usurpare: göttliche E. genießen, deorum honoribus coli: jmdm. die letzte E. erweisen, supremo in alqm officio fungi. supremum officium in alqm celebrare (letzteres von od. mit mehreren); auch suprema alci solvere; iusta alci facere, praestare, persolvere: die letzte E. wird jmdm. nicht erwiesen, supremus humanae condicionis honos alci deest: jmd. mit allen militärischen (kriegerischen) Ehren begraben, militari honesto funere alqm humare. – nach E. streben, famamquaerere (nach einem guten Ruf); honoribus inservire od. operam dare (nach Ehrenstellen). – zu Ehren (Ehrenstellen) gelangen, kommen, honores adipisci; honores assequi (z.B. gradatim); ad honores ascendere, pervenire;honoribus augeri: zu größern E. gelangen, honoribus procedere longius; altiorem dignitatis gradum consequi; ascendere ad altiorem gradum; durch jmd., per alqm dignitatis incrementa assequi: zu den größten od. höchsten E. (Ehrenstellen) gelangen, ad summos honores provehi; adipisci od. consequi amplissimos gradus dignitatis; stufenweise, efferri per honorum gradus ad summum imperium. – etwas kommt zu E., alqd in honore esse coepit (z.B. pecunia). – etw. zu E. bringen, cohonestare (z.B. alqd virtute); ornare. exornare (z.B. artem tu ornavisti, illa te ornavit: u. mors honesta saepe vitam quoque turpem exornat): jmdm. zu E. verhelfen, s. befördern no. III, b; jmdm. zu den höchsten E. verhelfen, alqm ad amplissimos honores od. ad summam dignitatem perducere. – II) guter Name etc.: a) im allg.: existimatio (vorteilhafte Meinung, die andere von uns hegen, auch mit dem Zus. bona). – fama (guter Ruf, bes. auch der Frauen, auch mit dem Zus. bona). – dignitas (die durch ehrenhaftes, unserer Stellung entsprechendes Betragen erworbene gute Meinung, ehrenvoller Ruf, z.B. militaris). – jmdm. die E. abschneiden, alcis existimationem od. famam lacerare: auf E. halten, famae od. dignitati consulere; famae servire; famae parcere (seine Ehre, seinen guten Ruf schonen, z.B. von einer Frau): seiner E. schaden, famam suam laedere: seine od. jmds. E. retten, suam od. alcis famam incolumem tueri: die E. ist gerettet, existimatio est integra: seine E. preisgeben, dignitati suae deesse: seine E. verlieren, bonam famam perdere; dignitatem perdere: an seiner E. verlieren, de existimatione sua aliquid perdere od. deperdere; existimationis detrimentum od. dignitatis iacturam facere: jmd. seiner E. verlustig erklären, ig nominiā notare alqm (vom Zensor); infamiā notare alqm (übh. infam machen): jmd. wieder zu E. bringen, s. ehrlich (machen). – bei meiner, auf meine E., bonā fide: unbeschadet der E., ohne der E. etwas zu vergeben, salvā famā; salvā dignitate (z.B. salvā militari dignitate). [646] – b) in engerer Bed. = jungfräuliche Unschuld, insofern auf dieser der gute Ruf, die Ehre des Weibesberuht: decus muliebre. – pudicitia. pudor (die Keuschheit). – einer die E. rauben, decus muliebre expugnare; pudicitiam alci eripere od. expugnare: die E. verlieren, pudicitiam amittere. – III) Anstand, sittlicher Wohlstand: honestas. – mit E., mit Ehren, in Ehren, bei Substst. durch honestus (Ggstz. turpis, z.B. ein Tod in E., mors honesta, Ggstz. vita turpis); bei Verben durch honeste (Ggstz. turpiter, z.B. divitias habere: u. vivere, mori od. obire: u. honestissime [in allen Ehren] absolvi); egregie (gar trefflich, z.B. freigesprochen werden, abso lvi); bene (wohl = ehrenvoll, z.B., bene mori, Ggstz. turpiter vivere). – in allen E. jmd. erwähnen, jmds. gedenken, mentionem alcis cum summo honore prosequi: jmds. immer nur in allen E. gedenken, numquam mentionem de alqo nisi honorificam facere. – der E. wegen, s. ehrenhalber. – mit Ehren zu melden (vermekden), venia sit dicto; sit honos auribus; tuis honos sit habitus auribus: auch (ironisch) si dis placet. – IV) das Gefühl für Ehre, s. Ehrgefühl. – V) eine Person od. Sache, die andern zur E. gereicht: ornamentum; decus. – er war der Glanz u. die E. unseres Staats, lumen et ornamentum rei publicae fuit.

    deutsch-lateinisches > Ehre

  • 113 participo

    participo, āvī, ātum, āre (particeps), teilhaft machen, I) m. Acc. od. mit Dat. pers. od. rei = jmd. einer Sache teilhaftig machen, jmd. an etw. teilnehmen lassen, a) m. Acc. pers.: α) im allg., m. Genet. rei, alqm consilii, Plaut.: mit Abl. rei, alqm sermone suo, Plaut.: prandio, Apul.: participatus honore, Paul. Nol.: dentes sensu participentur, Lucr.: sequitur igitur ad participandum alium alio communicandumque inter omnes ius nos naturā esse factos, Cic. de legg. 1, 33. – β) insbes., jmdm. benachrichtigend mitteilen, ubi sint, quid agant... neque participant nos neque redeunt, Plaut. Stich. 33. – b) m. Dat. pers. od. (personif.) rei = jmdm. od. einer Sache mitteilen, aliis, Lact.: pauperibus, Ambros.: ex mensa regis cibis gentilium, Sulp. Sev. – II) mit Acc. rei, a) etwas mit jmd. teilen = jmd. einer Sache teilhaftig machen, laudes cum alqo, Liv.: u. so bloß laudes (verst. cum eo), Liv.: regnum cum alqo, Iustin.: venationem semper cum amicis, Spart. Hadr. – m. Dat. pers., vitam corpori, gratiam discipulis suis, Iren. interpr. (s. Bünem. Lact. 5, 6, 1): quod mala non cuiquam, non bona participo, Auson. parent. 11, 16. p. 46 Schenkl. – ohne Acc., partic. cum fure, Vulg. prov. 29, 24. – b) an etw. teilnehmen, einer Sache teilhaft werden, pestem parem, Enn. fr.: voluptates, Gell.: lucrum, damnum, ICt.: dass. m. de u. Abl., de uno pane, Vulg. 1.
    ————
    Corinth. 10, 17. – Nbf. participor, ātus sum, ārī, an der Teilung von etw. teilnehmen, pretium (am Kaufpreis), Ulp. dig. 4, 4, 9. § 4.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > participo

  • 114 κατά

    κατά, kommt als adv. nicht mehr vor u. erscheint nur in einzelnen Fällen ohne Casus, wo man eine Tmesis annehmen muß, wie auch κατὰ δὲ προτόνοισιν ἔδησαν Od. 2, 425. 15, 290 zu fassen, sie banden mit Tauen fest, wo der dat. nicht zu κατά gezogen werden darf; vgl. κατὰ συφεοῖσιν ἐέργνυ 10, 238. Als Präposition mit der Grundbedeutung herab u. darüberhin.

    I. Mit dem genit.; – 1) vom Orte; – a) Bewegung von oben nach unten hin, herab von; βῆ δὲ κατ' Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἐς φύλοπιν Il. 16, 677, βῆ δὲ κατ' Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων, vom Gipfel des Olymp herab, 22, 187, καϑ' ἵππων ἀΐξαντες, vom Wagen herabspringend, 6, 232, βαλέειν κατὰ πέτρης Od. 14, 399; ἱεὶς σαυτὸν κατὰ τοῦ τείχους Ar. Vesp. 355, wie ἐῤῥίπτεον ἑαυτοὺς κατὰ τοῦ τείχεος κάτω Her. 8, 53, sie stürzten sich selbst von der Mauer herab; αὐτὴν πνεῦμα Βορέου κατὰ τῶν πλησίον πετρῶν ὦσαι Plat. Phaedr. 229 c; ἁλλόμενοι κατὰ τῆς πέτρας Xen. An, 4, 2, 17; so auch richtigere Lesart κατὰ κλίμακος καταβαίνειν 4, 5, 25, wo Krüger D. Sic. 14, 28 καταβάσεις κατὰ κλιμάκων vergleicht; ἧκαν ἑαυτοὺς κατὰ τῆς χιόνος εἰς τὴν νάπην Xen. An. 4, 5, 18; so auch κατ' ἄκρης, s. ἄκρα; Ζεὺς ὕων κατὰ τοῦ κεράμου βαλανεύσει Phereer. bei Ath. VI, 269 d. – Herab auf, nieder auf, κατὰ δ' ὀφϑαλμῶν κέχυτ' ἀχλύς Il. 15, 344 u. öfter, von dem Todesdunkel, das sich auf die Augen niedersenkt, vgl. τὸν δὲ κατ' ὀφϑαλμῶν ἐρεβεννὴ νὺξ ἐκάλυψε 13, 580; κατὰ χϑονὸς ὄμματα πήξας, auf die Erde heftend, auf den Boden gesenkt, 3, 217; vom Wurfspieß, κατὰ γαίης ᾤχετο, er fuhr niederwärts in die Erde. Daran reihen sich Vrbdgn wie στάξε κατὰ ῥινῶν Il. 19, 39, Μοῖσα κατὰ στόματος χέε νέκταρ Theocr. 7, 82, über den Mund hin; πλειὼν δὲ κατὰ χϑονὸς ἄρμενος εἴη Hes. O. 615; κατὰ τῆς τραπέζης κατασπάσας τέφρην, über den Tisch hin, Ar. Nubb. 178; μύρον κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες, über den Kopf herabgießen, Plat. Rep. III, 398 a; κατὰ τοῦ πυρὸς σπένδειν Critia. 120 a; bei den Comic. κατὰ χειρὸς ὕδωρ, Waschwasser über die Hände, nach VLL, τὸ ῥᾷστον πάντων καὶ εὐχερέστατον; κατὰ χειρὸς ἦν τὰ πράγματα, Alles ging mir leicht von der Hand, Phereer. Chir. frg. 7; eigtl. von dem über die Hände gegossenen Waschwasser, wie ὕδωρ ἐφέρετο κατὰ χειρῶν Ath. IX, 408 b; vgl. Lob. zu Phryn. p. 327. – Pind. sagt κατ' ἀμευσιπόρων τριόδων ἐδινάϑην, P. 11, 38, darüber hin, auf dem Dreiwege; Aesch. δνοφεράν τιν' ἀχλὺν κατὰ δώματος αὐδᾶται φάτις Eum. 357. – Nach Hom. κόπρος κατὰ σπείους κέχυτο πολλή, Od. 9, 330, erweitern Sp. diesen Gebrauch, διεσπάρησαν κατὰ τῆς νήσου, über die Insel hin, auf der Insel, Pol. 3, 19, 7, ἐσκεδασμένοι κατὰ τῆς χώρας 1, 17, 10; so im N. T. καϑ' ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας, u. a. Sp. – b) unter, zunächst bei der Bewegung, bes. unter die Erde, ψυχὴ κατὰ χϑονὸς ᾤχετο Il. 23, 100, sie ging unter die Erde; καταδεδυκέναι, ἀφανίζεσϑαι κατὰ τῆς ϑαλάσσης Her. 7, 6. 235; ἔδυ κατὰ γῆς Plat. Tim. 25 d; κατὰ τῆς γῆς ὑποδύομαι ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης, vor Scham in die Erde sinken, Xen. An. 7, 7, 11; gew. ohne Artikel, κατὰ γῆς γενέσϑαι 7, 1, 30. Bes. bei den Tragg. Bezeichnung der Unterwelt, οἱ κατὰ χϑονὸς ϑεοί Aesch. Pers. 657 u. öfter, die Götter der Unterwelt; τοῦ κατὰ χϑονὸς ᾅδου Ag. 1359; τὸν ἀεὶ κατὰ γᾶς σκότον εἱμένος Soph. O. C. 1699; κατὰ χϑονὸς ἔκρυψε Ant. 24; ὁ κατὰ γῆς, der Verstorbene, Begrabene, Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 5. – c) auf ein Ziel hin, κατὰ σκοποῦ τοξεύειν Hdn. 6, 7, 19; κατὰ νώτου ξαίνειν Dem. 19, 197; κατὰ κόῤῥης πατάσσειν, hinter die Ohren schlagen, Luc. Gall. 30. So auch zu erkl. βᾶτε κατ' ἀντιϑύρων Soph. El. 1427; κατὰ πηδαλίων, am Steuerruder, Eur. Andr. 480; κατὰ νώτου γενέσϑαι, in den Rücken kommen, Her. 1, 9, wird bes. ein militärischer Ausdruck, κατὰ νώτου, κατὰ προςώπου, im Rücken, in der Front, 1, 75, Thuc. 3, 108, Pol. 1, 28, 9 u. öfter. – Auffallender sagt Ap. Rh. κατὰ νηδύος ὔμμε φέρουσα, im Bauche, 4, 1328. – Aus Vrbdgn dieser Art u. ä., z. B. τὸν κονιορτὸν εἶδε κατὰ τῶν ἰδίων φερόμενον, entwickelt sich die Bdtg – 2) feindlich, gegen, wider, bes. sprechen, λέγων ὅσ' ἂν ϑέλῃς καϑ' ἡμῶν ἔσχατα κακά Soph. Phil. 65, λόγους τοὺς μὲν Ἀτρειδῶν κάτα Ai. 295; κατ' ἀρχῆς γὰρ φιλαίτιος λεώς, spricht gern gegen die Regierung, Aesch. Suppl. 480; ψεύδεσϑαι κατά τινος Lys. 22, 7; πολλοῦ δέω κατ' ἐμαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν αὐτός, ὡς ἄξιός εἰμι τοῦ κακοῠ, gegen mich selbst zu sprechen, Plat. Apol. 37 b; stimmen, von Richtern, ψῆφος κατ' αὐτῶν ὀλεϑρία βουλεύσεται Aesch. Spt. 180; ψῆφος καϑ' ἡμῶν οἴσεται Eur. Or. 440; δίκην κατ' ἄλλου φωτὸς ὧδ' ἐψήφισαν Soph. Ai. 444; auch sonst von feindlichem Beginnen, αὐτὸς καϑ' αὑτοῦ γ' ἄρα μηχανοῤῥαφῶ Aesch. Ch. 221, ἃ καϑ' αὑτοῖν λόγχας στήσαντε Soph. Ant. 145, ὅσην κατ' αὐτῶν ὕβριν ἐκτίσαιτ' ἰών Ai. 297, κατά τινος μάρτυρας παρασχέσϑαι, ὡς οὐκ ἀληϑῆ λέγει Plat. Gorg. 472 a, Folgde, ὃ κατὰ τῆς πόλεως ὑπελάμβανον εἶναι Pol. 10, 8, 5, τοιαύτην ὠμότητα εἶχε κατὰ τῶν ὑποτεταγμένων D. Sic. 19, 1; λόγος κατά τινος, oratio in aliquem, πρός τινα, adversus aliquem, Wolf Lept. p. CL. u. Heffter ath. Gerichtsverf. p. 175; ϑρίαμβος κατά τινος, über Einen, Plut. Ant. 84; εἶναι κατά τινος, zu Jem. Nachtheil sein, Nic. 21, wie χρῆσϑαί τινι κατά τινος, Tib. Gr. 15. – Soph. vrbdt auch ἐγγελᾶν, ἐγκαλεῖν κατά τινος, O. C. 1341 Phil. 328. – 3) von Plat. an ist dieser Gebrauch auch auf nicht feindliche Verhältnisse ausgedehnt, bes. beim Sprechen, in Beziehung auf, über, von, Conv. 193 c, μὴ τοίνυν κατ' ἀνϑρώπων σκόπει μόνον τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ ζώων πάντων καὶ φυτῶν Phaed. 70 d, συντιϑεὶς λόγον ἔπαινον κατὰ τοῦ ὄνου, eine Lobrede auf den Esel, Phaedr. 260 b; Prot. 323 b; οἱ κατὰ τοῦ Δημοσϑένους ἔπαινοι Aesch. 3, 50, vgl. 124; ὃ καὶ μέγιστόν ἐστι καϑ' ὑμῶν ἐγκώμιον Dem. 6, 9, das größte Lob, das man über euch aussprechen kann; allgem., αἱ κατὰ Θηβαίων ἐλπίδες 19, 84; ταῦτα κατὰ πάντων Περσῶν ἔχομεν λἐγειν Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 16; μία τις μέϑοδος κατὰ πάντων Arist. de anim. 1, 1; ἐπεκράτησε τὸ τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ὄνομα κατὰ πάντων Πελοποννησίων, er wurde auf alle Peloponnesier ausgedehnt, von ihnen gebraucht, Pol. 2, 38, 1, der auch ἀφορμὴ μήτε κατὰ τῶν ἐμπόρων, μήτε περὶ τοὺς δούλους vrbdt, 4, 50, 3. – Bei den Grammatikern zur Bezeichnung des Sprachgebrauchs, εἰ κατὰ ϑηλείας φαίης Apollon. Synt. p. 198, 19, φαῦλον καὶ φλαῦρον κατὰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σημαινομένου, sagt man von denselben Dingen, Moeris, οἱ τάττοντες τοῦτο κατὰ τοῦ βλακὸς ἁμαρτάνουσιν Phryn. 272, wo Lob. zu vgl.; κατὰ κοινοῦ, Schol. Thuc. 2, 36; gewöhnlicher ἀπὸ κοινοῦ. – 4) ein bes. Sprachgebrauch ist καϑ' ἱερῶν ὀμνύναι, Ar. Ran. 101, auf das Opfer schwören, wobei örtlich an ein Handauflegen od. die Hand dagegen Ausstrecken zu denken; καϑ' ἱερῶν τελείων ὀμνύναι Andoc. 1, 98; ὤμνυε κατ' ἐξωλείας Dem. 21, 119; καϑ' ἡμῶν ὀμνύναι οὐκ ἤϑελε, εἰ μὴ σαφῶς ᾔδει τὰ εὔορκα ὀμουμένη 29, 26; παραστησάμενον τοὺς παῖ. δας αὐτὸν κατὰ τούτων ὀμεῖσϑαι 54, 38, wobei daran zu denken, daß der Schwur, wenn er nicht gehalten wird, auf das Haupt, bei dem man geschworen, als Fluch fällt; ἐπιορκήσαστ κατὰ τῶν παίδων Lys. 32, 13; κατὰ κυνῶν καὶ χηνῶν ὀμνύναι Luc. Icarom. 9; καϑ' ἱερῶν τελείων ἑστιάσας Tim. 7. – Anders ist εὐχὴν ποιήσασϑαι κατὰ χιλίων χιμάρων, ein Gelübde auf tausend Ziegen machen, Ar. Equ. 659; εὔχεσϑαι κατὰ νικητηρίων Dem. ep. 1 extr., wie App. B. C. 2, 141; sprichwörtlich geworden κατὰ βοὸς εὔχου, etwas Großes geloben, Diogen. 5, 90, μηδὲν κατὰ βοὸς εὔξῃ 6, 55. – 5) von der Zeit; κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος ἀείμνηστον, für alle Zeit hin, Lycurg. 7; κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ χρόνου σκέψασϑε Dem. 22, 72 u. mit denselben Worten 24, 180. – 6) adverbiale Fügungen sind καϑ' ὅλου, κατὰ παντός, Arist. u. Folgde, durchgängig, im Allgemeinen, s. die Wörter.

    II. Mit dem accusat.; – 1) vom Orte; – a) von der Ausdehnung über einen Ort hin, durchhin, u. geradezu in, bei Verbis der Bewegung u. der Ruhe, so daß immer an eine Ausbreitung über einen bestimmten Raum, nach einer gewissen Richtung hin zu denken ist, mit anderer Auffassung als bei ἀνά 3 a, wie auch wir sagen: die Reihen hinauf u. hinunter; von Hom. an sehr gewöhnlich; κατὰ στρατόν Il. 7, 370, κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας 2, 345, κατὰ γαῖαν Ἑλλάδα, Ἴλιον, Τροίην, κατὰ πτόλιν, ἄστυ, οἶκον, δώματα, κατὰ λαόν, δῆμον, ἀνϑρώπους, κατὰ νῆας, κλισίας u. ä., κατὰ ῥωπήϊα Od. 14, 473; so auch Tragg., κατὰ πτόλιν, ἄστυ, Aesch. Eum. 969 Pers. 1027 u. sonst; ϑεοῖς τοῖς καϑ' Ἑλλάδα, in Griechenland, Ag. 564; ἐκ τοῦ κατ' ἄστυ βασιλέως τάδ' ἄρχεται, vom König in der Stadt, Soph. O. C. 67; εἴσω κατ' αὐτὸν (χῶρον) εὐστομοῠσ' ἀηδόνες 18; κατὰ στέγας ἰέναι O. R. 637; οἱ κατ' οἶκον, domestici, El. 1136; κατ' οἴκους, im Hause drinnen, O. R. 1447; κατ' ἀγρίαν ὕλην ἀλωμένη O. C. 349; in Prosa, αἱ ἔχιδναι κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν εἰσίν Her. 5, 109, sind über die ganze Erde verbreitet; ἥρωες κατὰ τὴν χώραν καὶ τὴν πόλιν ἱδρυμένοι Lycurg. 1, 25; οὐ γὰρ ἦν κατὰ πόλιν Plat. Theaet. 142 a; τῶν κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἰόντων περὶ γῆν, durch den Himmel hin, 208 d (vgl. ἕως ἔτ' ἔστιν ἄστρα κατὰ τὸν οὐρανόν Ar. Eccl. 83); κατὰ τὸ ὑδάτιον Phaedr. 229 a; τοῦ περιφερομένου κατὰ πάντα τὰ μέλη αἵματος Tim. 74 c; κατὰ τὸν πλοῦν ἤδη ὤν, auf der Fahrt, Thuc. 7, 31; οἱ. κατὰ ταῦτα οἰκοῠντες Xen. An. 7, 5, 13; κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐγένοντο 4, 3, 21 (vgl. Plat. ἐπειδὰν φερόμενοι γένωνται κατὰ τὴν λίμνην Phaed. 114 a); οἱ κατὰ τὸ Ἀρκαδικὸν πελτασταί, im arkadischen Heere, 4, 8, 18; στὰς κατὰ τὰς πύλας, an dem Thore, 5, 2, 16. Bes. häufig κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ ϑάλατταν, zu Wasser u. zu Lande. – b) κατὰ ποταμὸν πλέειν Her. 1, 194. 4, 44, κατὰ ῥόον, stromabwärts, im Ggstz von ἀνὰ ποταμόν, 2, 96; κατὰ ῥοῦν φέρεται, sprichwörtlich vom Gelingen, Diogen. 5, 82; κατ' οὖρον ἴτω, ἐρέσσετε, Aesch. Spt. 672. 836; ῥείτω κατ' οὖρον Soph. Tr. 468; κατὰ τὸν Ἰλισσὸν ἴωμεν, hinab, entlang, Plat. Phaedr. 229 a. Aehnlich vom Jäger entlehnt, der der Spur nachgeht, κυναγοὶ κατ' ἴχνος πλάταν ἄφαντον κελσάντων Aesch. Ag. 679; κατ' ἴχνος ᾄσσω Soph. Ai. 32, ich eile der Spur nach; κἀμὲ κατὰ ταύτην τὴν ὁδὸν ἄγε, auf diesem Wege, Plat. Soph. 237 b; ἰέναι κατὰ τοὺς ἄλλους προϊόντας, ihnen nachgehen, Her. 9, 53; κατὰ στίβον, auf dem Fuße, 4, 122, wie κατὰ πόδας, Thuc. 3, 98; Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 9. – c) Richtung wohin, an, κατὰ στῆϑος βάλλειν, κατ' ἀσπίδα, Il. 3, 347. 11, 108, u. oft in ähnlichen Vrbdgn, an die Brust treffen, gegen den Schild werfen, auf Etwas zu schießen, βέλος κατὰ καίριον ἦλϑε, das Geschoß kam an eine tödtliche Stelle, 11, 439, οὐδέ ποτε Ζεὺς τρέψεν ἀπὸ κρατερῆς ὑσμίνης ὄσσε φαεινώ, ἀλλὰ κατ' αὐτοὺς αἰὲν ὅρα, sah auf sie hin, 16, 644; παίει κατὰ τὸ στέρνον Xen. An. 1, 8, 26; ὁρμᾶν κατά τινα 7, 5, 27; ὡς κατὰ τοῠτο τὸ χωρίον ἐγένοντο, als sie an den Ort gekommen waren, Her. 3, 86; ἐπεὰν κατὰ τοῦτο γένωμαι τοῦ λόγου 6, 19; übertr., κατὰ τωὐτὸ γίνεσϑαι, übereinstimmen, 4, 119; anders παρῄεσαν αἱ παρϑένοι κατὰ τοὺς πατέρας, wo ihre Väter saßen, 3, 14; λέγειν κατά τινα, zu ihm sprechen, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 12. – d) allgemeiner, gegenüber, ἀνὴρ κατ' ἄνδρα τοῠτον ᾑρέϑη Aesch. Spt. 487; κατ' ὄμματα τῷ νυμφίῳ Soph. Ant. 756; κατὰ μὲν Λακεδαιμονίους ἔστησε Πέρσας Her. 9, 31; in der Gegend bei, ἡ Στερίη κατὰ Σινώπην πόλιν κειμένη Her. 1, 76; κεῖται ἡ Κεφαλληνία κατὰ Ἀκαρνανίαν Thuc. 2, 30; ἡ καϑ' ἡμᾶς ϑάλαττα, das sich zu uns erstreckende, bei uns liegende, das mittelländische Meer, Pol. 1, 3, 9; κατὰ βορέαν ἑστηκώς, gegen Norden, Thuc. 6, 104; von tactischen Bestimmungen, οἱ κατὰ τὸ λαιὸν τῶν ὑπεναντίων Pol. 1, 34, 9; öfter οἱ κατά τινα τεταγμένοι u. ä., zur ungefähren Ortsbestimmung. – Oertlich ist auch ursprünglich das bei Hom. so geläufige κατὰ ϑυμόν, κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ ϑυμόν, im Herzen, in der Seele, s. unten. – Bei Zahlen, ungefähr, Her. 2, 145. 6, 44. 79; κατ' οὐδέν, fast Nichts, 2, 101. – 2) von der Zeit, eine Verbreitung durch einen Zeitraum hin, während, zu, Dauer u. Gleichzeitigkeit ausdrückend; ἐμὸν κατ' αἰῶνα, zu meiner Zeit, Aesch. Spt. 201; λευκὸν κατ' ἦμαρ Ag. 654; κατ' ἦμαρ καὶ κατ' εὐφρόνην ἀεί Soph. El. 251; μίαν καϑ' ἡμέραν, in einem Tage, Ant. 55; καϑ' ἡμέραν τὴν νῦν, heute, O. C. 3 Ai. 788; bes. in Prosa, κατὰ Ἄμασιν βασιλεύοντα, zur Zeit als Amasis König war, Her. 2, 143, κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον, während des Krieges, 7, 157, κατ' εἰρήνην, in Friedenszeiten; κατὰ τὸν κατὰ Κροῖσον χρόνον, zu Krösus' Zeiten, 1, 67; κατὰ τοὺς Τρωϊκοὺς χρόνους, zur Zeit des trojanischen Krieges; κατὰ Σωκράτην Ath. XI, 505 f; εἴ τι μὴ ὀρϑῶς πράττω κατὰ τὸν βίον τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ Plat. Gorg. 489 a; κατὰ τοὺς πρώτους χρόνους Polit. 274 c; οἱ καϑ' ἑαυτούς, ihre Zeitgenossen, Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 10; οἱ καϑ' ἡμᾶς Pol. 16, 20, 8; εἴς τε τοὺς πρὸ ἡμῶν καὶ καϑ' ἡμᾶς καιρούς 4, 1, 4; – κατὰ καιρὸν πράττεσϑαι Dem. 1, 4; – κατὰ φῶς, bei Tage, im Ggstz von νύκτωρ, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 25. – Aber καϑ' ἡμέραν ist = täglich, Aesch. Pers. 827 u. sonst oft, wie ὁ καϑ' ἡμέραν βίος täglicher Lebensunterhalt, Soph. O. C. 1366, u. ἐπὶ τῷ καϑ' ἡμέραν μισϑῷ, Dem. 59, 108, täglicher Lohn, κατ' ἐνιαυτόν jährlich, Plat. Polit. 298 e; Xen. An. 3, 2, 12 u. öfter; κατὰ μῆνα, monatlich. Diese Verbindungen gehören zu – 3) wo κατά Vereinzelung, Vertheilung eines größern Ganzen in mehrere kleinere Theile ausdrückt; κρῖν' ἄνδρας κατὰ φῠλα, κατὰ φρήτρας, Il. 2, 363, nach Stämmen u. Geschlechtern sie sondern; κατὰ στίχας, reihenweis, Il.; κατὰ κώμας κατοικημένοι, in einzelnen Dörfern angesiedelt, Her. 1, 96; ἐκ τῶν συμμάχων ἐξελέγετο κατ' ὀλίγους 8, 113, immer nur wenige aus den einzelnen Abtheilungen; κατὰ ἕνδεκα μέρη κεκοσμημένη, in elf Theile, Plat. Phaedr. 246 e; κατ' εἴδη διαιρεῖσϑαι τὰ ὄντα, in od. nach Geschlechtern unterscheiden, 273 e; ὁπόσοι κατὰ πόλιν ἐν ἑκάσταις νομεύονται Polit. 295 e; ἵνα μὴ μόνον κατὰ πόλεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατ' ἔϑνη δουλεύωσι, nicht bloß stadt-, sondern auch völkerweis, Dem. 9, 26; ἐλάμβανον τοὺς ἄρτους κατ' ὀβολόν, τὰ ἄλφιτα κατ' ἡμίεκτον μετρούμενοι, halbmetzenweis, 31, 37; κατὰ διακοσίας μνᾶς διακεχρημένον, in einzelnen Posten zu 200 Minen ausgeliehen, 27, 11; tactisch, κατὰ φυλάς, κατ' ἴλας, κατὰ τάξεις, κατὰ λόχους, geschwader-, regimenterweise, Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 17. 6, 2, 36. 2, 1, 23 u. sonst; ähnl. κατὰ πόλεις διελύϑησαν, in die einzelnen Städte, Thuc. 3, 1, ὡς ἕκαστοι κατὰ πόλεις 1, 89; κατὰ μίαν ἐπὶ κέρως πλέοντες 2, 90. Geradezu die Distributivzahlen bildend, καϑ' ἕνα μαχεόμενοι Her. 7, 104; καϑ' ἑπτά, je sieben, Ar. Av. 1079; κατ' όλίγας (ναῦς) προςπίπτοντες, immer nur in kleinen Abtheilungen, Thuc. 3, 28; κατὰ δύο, je zwei, Plat. Ep. VI, 323 c; καϑ' ἕνα, einzeln, Xen. An. 4, 7, 8; κατὰ μίαν ἢ δύο λαμβάνων Dem. 20, 77; κατὰ μίαν ναῦν τάττειν Pol. 1, 26, 12, öfter, bes. von Anordnung u. Aufstellung der Soldaten, wohin man auch κατὰ κέρας προςβάλλειν, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 26, u. ä. rechnen kann. – Man vgl. noch κατ' ἔπος, Wort für Wort, Ar. Ran. 801, καϑ' ἑσμούς, schaarenweis, Vesp. 1146. – 4) Vereinzelung u. Absonderung ausdrückend, κατὰ σφέας γὰρ μαχέσονται, für sich, abgesondert, werden sie kämpfen, Il. 2, 366; μόνος καϑ' αὑτόν, allein für sich, Soph. O. R. 63; αὐτὴ καϑ' αὑτήν Eur. Ion 60; αὐτὸς καϑ' ἑαυτόν Ar. Vesp. 786; sehr gewöhnlich in Prosa, λέγων κατὰ σαυτόν Plat. Gorg. 505 d; αὐτὸ καϑ' αὑτὸ ἕκαστον, jedes Einzelne für sich, Theaet. 206 a; μόνος αὐτὸς καϑ' αὑτόν Rep. X, 604 a; καϑ' ἕνα, einzeln, dem ἀϑρόος entgeggstzt, Alc. I, 114 d, wie Thuc. ἀντέσχομεν πρός τε ξύμπαντας καὶ καϑ' ἑκάστους 2, 64; οἱ καϑ' αὑτοὺς Ἕλληνες 1, 138; καϑ' ἑαυτὸν πορεύεσϑαι, allein, für sich marschiren, Xen. An. 5, 10, 11; καϑ' ὑμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐξοπλίσϑητε Cyr. 6, 3, 32 (aber αὐτοὶ καϑ' ἑαυτούς = von selbst, freiwillig 5, 5, 39); γεγόνασι καϑ' ἑαυτοὺς ἕκαστοι Dem. 10, 52; ἤδη καϑ' αὑτὸν ὄντι, als er schon selbstständig war, sein eigenes Geschäft hatte, 36, 4. – 5) aus 1 c folgt die Bdtg des Zweckes, als einer Richtung worauf, ἦ τι κατὰ πρῆξιν ἀλάλησϑε; Od. 3, 72. 9, 253, fahrt ihr nach einem Geschäfte, zu einem Geschäfte herum? πλάζεσϑαι κατὰ ληΐδα, auf, nach Beute umherschweifen, 3, 106; κατὰ χρέος ἐλϑεῖν, nach einem Orakelspruche kommen, um ihn einzuholen, 11, 479; κατὰ ληΐην ἐκπλώσαντες Her. 2, 152; ἀποπλέειν κατὰ βίου καὶ γῆς ζήτησιν 1, 94, wie κατὰ ζήτησίν τινα πέμπειν Soph. Tr. 55; κατὰ ϑέαν ἥκειν Thuc. 6, 31; καϑ' ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι, zur Plünderung zerstreu't, Xen. An. 3, 5, 2. Aehnlich Ζεὺς μετ' Αἰϑιοπῆας χϑιζὸς ἔβη κατὰ δαῖτα, zum Schmause, Il. 1, 424; vgl. κατὰ τὴν κνίσσαν εἰςελήλυϑε Ar. Pax 1015. – Dah. drückt es auch den Bewegungsgrund aus, weg en, aus, αἰτίαν καϑ' ἥντινα Aesch. Prom. 226; Θησέως κατὰ φϑόνον στρατηλατοῦσαι, aus Neid gegen den Theseus, Eum. 656; κατ' ἔχϑραν, aus Feindschaft, Suppl. 331, wie Ar. Pax 133; in Prosa, κατ' εὔνοιαν φρενῶν Aesch. Suppl. 918; ἐμήδιζον κατ' ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἔχϑος τῶν Θετταλῶν Her. 8, 30, vgl. 7, 142. 9, 37; κατὰ τὴν τουτου προϑυμίην τέϑνηκας, nach seinem Wunsche, 1, 124; τὴν προξενίαν κατά τι ἔγκλημα ἀπεῖπον Thuc. 6, 89; κατὰ τί; weshalb? Ar. Nubb. 240 u. sonst; κατ' ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, ὅτι δέ Plat. Phaedr. 229 d; κατὰ φϑόνον οἴονται τὸν ἑαυτῶν λέγειν Gorg. 437 d; ἐγὼ κατ' αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἄγαμαι Πῶλον, ὅτι 482 d, eben deshalb, weil. – 6) an 1 b schließt sich die Bdtg gemäß, zufolge, nach, wie Plat. sagt ὥςπερ κατ' ἴχνη κατὰ τὰ νῠν εἰρημένα ζῆν, Phaed. 115 b. So Hom. καϑ' ἡμέτερον νόον, nach unserm Sinne, Il. 9, 108, u. öfter κατὰ μοῖραν, κατ' αἶσαν, κατὰ κόσμον, nach Gebühr, nach Schicklichkeit, wie sich's gebührt; so auch Folgde; zunächst von göttlichen od. Schicksalsbestimmungen u. Orakeln, κατὰ ϑεὸν γάρ τινα ἔτυχον καϑήμενος ἐνταῦϑα Plat. Euthyd. 272 e, vgl. Apol. 22 a; κατὰ ϑεὸν ἥκεις, nach göttlicher Schickung, Her. 8, 85; κατ' ὀμφὰς τὰς Ἀπόλλωνος δότε πέρασιν Soph. O. C. 102; κατ' ὀμφὴν σὴν ἐστάλη 556; κατὰ τὸ χρηστήριον Her. 7, 178; dann: den Gesetzen gemäß, κατὰ νόμους Aesch. Suppl. 238. 385; κατὰ νόμους τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους Her. 1, 35; κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ζῆν Plat. Prot. 326 c; κατὰ νόμον, nach dem Branche, Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 6 u. sonst oft; – κατὰ τὰς Θεμι-στοκλέους ἐντολάς, nach dem Befehle, Her. 8, 85; κατὰ τὰ παρηγγελμένα Xen. An. 2, 2, 8; κατὰ τὰ συγκείμενα, nach der Verabredung, 7, 2, 7; κατὰ τὰ συνεϑήκατο Her. 5, 112; κατὰ τὰ ἤκουον, nach dem was ich hörte, 2, 49; κατὰ τὸν σὸν λόγον Plat. Gorg. 471 a; – κατὰ νοῦν ἔχει κείνῳ Soph. O. C. 1765, wie κατὰ γνώμαν ἴδρις O. R. 1087, nach Wunsch; κατὰ τὸ εἰκός Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 9; αἱ συνϑῆκαι, καϑ' ἃς ἐδανείσατο Dem. 25, 69. – Von der Verwandtschaft, ϑρόνους ἔχω κατ' ἀγχιστεῖα τῶν ὀλωλότων Soph. Ant. 174; κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν Xen. An. 7, 2, 31; vgl. Thuc. 1, 95. 7, 57; προςεχόμενον αὐτῷ κατὰ τὴν μητέρα, von mütterlicher Seite mit ihm verwandt, 1, 127, wie auch Sp., z. B. App. B. C. 2, 143; – κατὰ Πίνδαρον, wie Pindar sagt, Plat. Phaedr. 227 b; καϑ' Ὅμηρον Conv. 174 c; κατὰ τὸν Θουκυδίδην Plut. Dem. 6; – οὐ γὰρ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖν κυβερνήτης καλεῖται, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν τέχνην, in Beziehung auf od. danach benennen, Plat. Rep. I, 341 d, oft im Crat.; – κατὰ λόγον, im Verhältniß, s. λόγος. – In κατὰ τὸν πατέρα ἐπί. βουλός ἐστι τοῖς καλοῖς, Plat. Conv. 203 d, liegt »der Abstammung von seinem Vater nach«, väterlicherseits, wie sein Vater, so. – 7) Aehnlichkeit, Uebereinstimmung, Art u. Weise durch κατά ausgedrückt; κατὰ λοπὸν κρομύοιο, nach Art einer Zwiebelhaut, Od. 19, 233; πατέρα τε καὶ μητέρα εὑρήσεις οὐ κατὰ Μιϑριδάτην τε τὸν βουκόλον καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ Her. 1, 121, nicht nach Mithridates' Art, ganz andere Leute als Mithridates, vgl. 2, 10; Thuc. 2, 62; μέγεϑος κατὰ συκέην μάλιστα, so groß wie, Her. 4, 23; ποταμοὶ οὐ κατὰ Νεῖλον ἐόντες μεγάϑεα 2, 10; ἵνα προςείπω σε κατὰ σέ, nach deiner Art, Plat. Gorg. 467 a; κατ' ἐμαυτόν, nach meiner Art, οὐ πρὸς τοὺς ὑμετέρους λόγους Conv. 199 a; κατὰ τὸν πάππον, wie der Großvater, Parm. 176 c; ὁμολογῶ οὐ κατὰ τούτους εἶναι ῥήτωρ Apol. 17 b; – κατὰ ταὐτά, auf dieselbe Weise, Her. 6, 53; τὸ κατὰ ταὐτόν Plat. Phil. 58 a; κατὰ τί λέγοντες Soph. 222 c; κατὰ πάντα τρόπον, auf alle Weise, Xen. An. 6, 4, 30; κατὰ πολλοὺς τρόπους, auf viele Arten, Cyr. 8, 1, 46. – Aehnl. τὸ ἐμὸν δέος οὐκ ἔστι κατ' ἄνϑρωπον, ist nicht menschlich, Plat. Phil. 12 c; οὐ κατὰ χρυσίον δοκεῖ σοι εἶναι Conv. 112 c; τὸ καϑ' ἡλικίαν, dem Alter angemessen, Arist. eth. 8, 12. – Bes. ὁ κόμπος οὐ κατ' ἄνϑρωπον φρονεῖ, Aesch. Spt. 407, wie λέγω κατ' ἄνδρα, μὴ ϑεὸν σέβειν ἐμέ, wie einen Menschen, nicht wie einen Gott, Ag. 899; ἃ δὴ κατ' ἄνδρα γίγνεται νεανίαν Eur. I. A. 938; u. beim comparat., wenn eine Sache in ihrem Verhältniß zu einer andern betrachtet u. dem Grade nach damit verglichen wird, das lat. quam pro, μεῖζον ἢ κατ' ἄνϑρωπον νοσεῖς, du leidest an übermenschlicher Krankheit, du leidest übermenschlich Großes, Soph. O. C. 604; τοὔργον τόδε μεῖζον ἀνήκει ἢ κατ' ἐμὰν ῥώμαν, es geht über meine Kraft, Tr. 1025; φρονείτω μεῖζον ἢ κατ' ἄνδρα, stolzere Gedanken hegen, als sich für einen Menschen ziemt, Ant. 764; ὅστις μὴ κατ' ἄνϑρωπον φρονεῖ Ai. 748; δοκεῖ μοι ἀμείνων ἢ κατὰ τοὺς περὶ Λυσίαν εἶναι λόγους Plat. Phaedr. 279 a, vgl. Phaed. 94 e; ταῦτα ἴσως μείζω ἐστὶν ἢ κατ' ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ ἐξευρεῖν Crat. 392 e, es geht über unsere Kräfte, ist im Vergleich mit unserer Kraft zu groß, ist zu groß, als daß wir es ausfindig machen könnten; μείζω ἢ κατ' ἄνϑρωπον Rep. II, 359 d; μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα πεπονϑότες ἤδη, mehr als daß es hinreichend beweint werden könnte, Thuc. 7, 75; πλείω ἤ κατὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον πλῆϑος Xen. Cyr. 4, 5, 40; τίς κρείττων ἢ κατ' ἄνϑρωπον; 8, 7, 2; μεῖζον φορτίον ἢ καϑ' ἑαυτὸν ἀράμενον, eine größere Last als er tragen kann, Dem. 11, 14; εἰ δέ τῳ δοκῶ μείζονας ἢ κατ' ἐμαυτὸν λέγειν λόγους 13, 18; πολλὰ κἀγαϑὰ ὑμᾶς εἰργασμένοι οὐ κατὰ τὰς Μειδίου λειτουργίας 21, 169, nicht so geringfügig wie die Leistungen des Midias; so Sp., wie Pol. τολμηρότερον ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, als man es von seinem Alter erwarten sollte, 5, 18, 7, vgl. 1, 8, 5. – 8) Allgemeiner, in Rücksicht auf, σὺ δὲ ἀνὴρ καϑ' ἡμᾶς ἐσϑλὸς ὢν ἐπίστασο Soph. Ai. 1878; οὐκ ἔχω εἶπαι κατὰ τὴν Ἀμφιάρεω ἀπόκρισιν Her. 1, 49, wie κατὰ τὴν τροφὴν τῶν παίδων τοσαῦτα ἔλεγον, in Beziehung auf, über die Ernährung, 2, 3; κατὰ μὲν τὸν κρητῆρα οὕτως εἶχε, so verhielt es sich; καϑ' ὃ ἡδέα ἐστίν, ἆρα κατὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀγαϑά, ist es in der Beziehung, wo es angenehm ist, nicht gut, Plat. Prot. 351 c; κατὰ τί; inwiefern? 335 d; καϑ' ὅσον, insoweit, 351 c; καϑ' ὅ τι, insofern, daß, Polit. 298 c; auch mit pleonastischem εἶναι, ἐγὼ τούτοις κατὰ τοῦτο εἶναι οὐ ξυμφέρομαι Prot. 317 a; κατά τι, in irgend einer Rücksicht, in irgend einem Stücke, κατὰ πάντα, in allen Stücken; τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναι Xen. An. 1, 6, 9, in Beziehung auf diesen, was ihn anbelangt. – Dah. dient es oft zur bloßen Umschreibung, die ausdrücklicher als das bloße Nomen od. ein Genitiv an alle einzelnen Beziehungen erinnern soll, τὰ κατὰ τὸν πόλεμον, der Krieg und Alles, was ihn betrifft; τὰ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν, Alles was den Staat betrifft, das Verhältniß, die Lage des Staates; λάχη τὰ κατ' ἀνϑρώπους Aesch. Eum. 300, = ἀνϑρώπων; πάντα τὰ κατ' ἀνϑρώπους, alle menschlichen Verhältnisse, alles Menschliche, 840; τὰ κατὰ τὴν μουσικὴν πάντα Plat. Gorg. 474 a; τῶν κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἐπιϑυμιῶν, die sich auf den Körper beziehen, die leiblichen, Phaed. 82 c; τὰ καϑ' ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμματα, Fehler von eurer Seite, eure Versehen, Dem. 2, 27; τῷ καϑ' ἑαυτὸν φόβῳ, durch Furcht vor ihm, die er einflößt, 19, 2; τὰ καϑ' ἡμᾶς καλῶς ἔχει, unsere Sachen stehen gut, Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 16. Von Sp. wird dies noch weiter ausgedehnt, τούτῳ τὸ κατὰ τὸν στόλον ἐνεχείρισεν, er trug ihm den Zug, Alles, was dazu gehörte, auf, Pol. 1, 56, 1, öfter; ὁ κατὰ τὰς ἀρχαιρεσίας χρόνος, die Zeit der Comitien, 1, 52, 2; sogar ἡ κατὰ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολή, πορεία, Aufgang, Lauf der Sonne, 3, 113, 1. 9, 15, 6; αἱ κατὰ τὸν Φίλιππον εὐεργεσίαι, des Philipp, 2, 48, 2; ἡ καϑ' Ἡρόδοτον ἱστορία, die Geschichte des Herodot, D. Sic., u. a. Sp. – Manche Umschreibungen der Art sind ganz adverbial geworden u. bei den einzelnen Substantiven bemerkt, κατ' ἰσχύν, kräftig, Aesch. Prom. 212, κατὰ σκότον, im Finstern, heimlich, Soph. Phil. 574, κατ' ὀρϑόν, gerade, recht, O. R. 88, κατ' ὀργήν, erzürnt, Tr. 929, καϑ' ὁρμὴν δρᾶν, eifrig, Phil. 562, καϑ' ἡσυχίαν, ruhig, κατὰ τάχος, eilig, κατὰ κράτος, mit Gewalt, wie κατὰ τὸ ἰσχυρόν, Her. 9, 2, κατὰ πόδα, sogleich, Xen. Hell. 2, 1, 20, κατὰ μέρος, abwechselnd, κατὰ φύσιν, naturgemäß, natürlich, κατὰ τύχην, zufällig, κατὰ μικρόν, κατ' ὀλίγον, allmälig, nach u. nach, κατὰ πολύ, bei weitem, u. ä.

    Κατά erleidet bei Dichtern die Anastrophe, wenn es dem Casus, den es regiert, nachsteht, wie Ἀτρειδῶν κάτα, Soph. Ai. 295. 948; auch in tmesi, wenn es dem zugehörigen Verbum nachsteht, wird κάτα geschrieben, ὅτ' ἂν εὐφροσύνη μὲν ἔχῃ κάτα δῆμον, Od. 9, 6 Il. 17, 91.

    Bei Dichtern, bes. den älteren Epikern, lautet das Wort auch vor Consonanten κάτ u. erleidet dann Assimilationen, so daß nicht bloß in Zusammensetzungen κάββαλε, κακκείοντες, κάλλιπε, καῤῥέζουσα, κατϑανεῖν geschrieben wird, sondern auch καγγόνυ, καδδέ, καδδύναμιν, für κὰγ γόνυ, κὰδ δέ, κὰδ δύναμιν, u. eben so κακκεφαλῆς, καμμέν u. καμμέσον, καννόμον, καππεδίον, καπφάλαρα, κάῤῥα, καττάδε, καττόν, die sämmtlich besser getrennt geschrieben werden, aber an ihrer Stelle aufgeführt sind. Vor στ u. σχ fällt auch τ aus, in καστορνῦσα, κάσχεϑε. – In καταιβάτης u. ä. hat sich die alte gedehnte Form καταί erhalten.

    In der Zusammensetzung bedeutet es – 1) von oben herab, herunter, darauf, am Boden, καταβαίνω, καταβάλλω, καταπίπτω, κατάκειμαι. – 2) entgegen, gegen an, κατᾴδω, καταβοάω, u. bes. eine feindliche Thätigkeit, ein nachtheiliges Einwirken, καταγιγνώσκω, κατηγορέω, καταψηφίζομαι, ver-, miß-. – 3) Verstärkung des ursprünglichen Begriffes, er-, zer-, ver-, κατακόπτω, καταφαγεῖν, κατακτείνω, auch adj., κατάδηλος. – 4) zuweilen giebt es auch einem intr. Verbum transitive Bdtg, καταϑρηνέω, beweinen, beklagen.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > κατά

  • 115 ὑπό

    ὑπό, p. u. bes. ep. ὑπαί, wenn die letzte Sylbe lang sein soll (s. oben besonders), sub.

    I. Adv., – a) unten, unterhalb; ἐπεὶ μάλα πῖαρ ὑπ' οὖδας Od. 9, 135, wo man es = ὕπεστι erklären kann; τρομέει δ' ὑπὸ φαίδιμα γυῖα Il. 10, 95; ἵπποι ϑήλειαι, ὑπὸ δ' ἡμίονοι, unter ihnen, am Euter, Od. 4, 636. 21, 23. – b) hinter, dahinter, Her. 7, 61. – In vielen Stellen bei Hom. u. den Tragg. kann eine Tmesis angenommen werden, wie man auch Od. 9, 17 φυγὼν ὕπο νηλεὲς ἦμαρ erklärt, indem man deshalb ὕπο anastrophirt.

    II. Praeposit. A. mit dem genit., unter; – 1) örtlich, u. zwar zunächst – a) eine Bewegung unten aus der Tiefe hervor, darunterweg, darunter her bedeutend; ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους Od. 9, 140; αὖτις ἀναστήσονται ὑπὸ ζόφου, sie werden wieder unter dem Dunkel hervorkommen, Il. 21, 56; so auch ὄσσε δεινὸν ὑπὸ βλεφάρων ἐξεφάανϑεν, die Augen leuchteten furchtbar unter den Augenlidern hervor, Il. 19, 17; ὑπὸ χϑονὸς ἧκε φόωςδε, er kam unter der Erde hervor an das Licht, Hes. Th. 669; ähnlich σπλάγχνων ὕπο ματέρος ἐς αἴγλαν μόλεν Pind. N. 1, 35; ἐς φάος O. 6, 43. – Dah. νεκρὸν ὑπ' Αἴαντος ἐρύειν Il. 17, 235, unter den Händen des Aias fortziehen; und übh. ἁρπάζειν, ῥύεσϑαι u. ähnl. ὑπό τινος, aus Jemandes Gewalt reißen; ἵν' αὐτοὺς ῥύοισϑε ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν Il. 17, 224; ῥῦσαι ὑπ' ἠέρος υἷας Ἀχαιῶν ib. 645; vgl. 13, 198. 19, 73. 21, 553; aus einer Gefahr, 23, 86; woran sich leicht reiht ὑφ' Ἕκτορος φεύγοντες, Il. 19, 149, wie 21, 22, was eigtl. ist = unter Hektors Händen wegfliehen, wir aber übersetzen »vor Hektor fliehen«; so φοβεῖσϑαι ὑπό τινος, 16, 303. – Auch ἵππους μὲν λῠσαν ὑπὸ ζυγοῦ, Il. 8, 543. 24, 576 u. öfter, unter dem Joche losspannen, so daß sie darunter fortgehen; ὑπ' ἀρνειοῦ λυόμην, ich machte mich unter dem Bocke los, Od. 9, 463. Aehnlich ist βοῦς ὑφ' ἁμάξης πριάμενοι Xen. An. 7, 2, 25, wo wir nach unserer Auffassungsweise »vor dem Wagen weg« sagen. – b) Bewegung nach unten hin, die darauffolgende Ruhe, darunter, unter einem Gegenstande, mit einbegreifend; ὑπὸ χϑονὸς ἐτέϑαπτο Od. 11, 52; τόδε κρήδεμνον ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τανύσσαι, unter die Brust breite dir den Schleier, 5, 346; τὸν δ' ὑπ' οὔατος ἔγχεϊ νύξε Il. 13, 177. 671. 17, 617; δεξιτερῇ δ' ἄρ' ὑπ' ἀνϑερεῶνος ἑλοῠσα 1, 501; παῖσον ἐμᾶς ὑπὸ κλῇδος Soph. Tr. 1027; ὑφ' εἵματος κρυφείς Ai. 1024; λαβὼν ὑπὸ μάλης ἐγχειρίδιον Plat. Gorg. 469 d (vgl. μάλη); κεκευϑὼς πολεμίας ὑπὸ χϑονός Aesch. Spt. 570. Auch ἡ πηγὴ ὑπὸ τῆς πλατάνου ῥεῖ, fließt unter der Platane, Plat. Phaedr. 230 b; u. dah. – c) unter, ohne daß weiter an die Bewegung gedacht wird; ὑπὸ χϑὼν σμερδαλέον κονάβιζε ποδοῖν Il. 2, 465; οἱ ὑπὸ χϑονὸς φίλοι, die unter der Erde, die Todten, Aesch. Ch. 820; αἰτοῦσα τοὺς ὑπὸ χϑονός Soph. Ant. 65; nach Thom. Mag. 868 ist der gen. bei ὑπό attischer als der dat. – Uebertr. d) unterworfen, ἀρετῶσι δὲ λαοὶ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ, Od. 19, 114, unter ihm, unter seiner Regierung; σοῦ διοίσεται μόνος ὑπ' ὀρφανιστῶν μὴ φίλων Soph. Ai. 507. – Daran reiht sich 2) die causale Bedeutung, durch Etwas veranlaßt; zunächst noch örtlich zu fassen, wie bei Hom. in vielen Fällen einleuchtet, z. B. κείσεϑ' ὑπ' ἰλύος κεκαλυμμένα Il. 21, 318, unter dem Schlamme bedeckt; u. so ist δαμεὶς ὑπ' Αἴαντος, 4, 479, unter dem Aias, unter seinen Händen überwältigt, getödtet; πεσὼν ὑφ' Ἕκτορος 17, 428; ὤλεσε ϑυμὸν ὑφ' Ἕκτορος 6, 6, vgl. 1, 242; μήπως τάχ' ὑπ' αὐ-τοῦ δουρὶ δαμείης 3, 436, wie 4, 479; und da bei jedem Passivum das Subject als ein dem einwirkenden Subjecte untergeordnetes erscheint, sehr gewöhnlich – a) bei pass. von, durch, Hom. u. Folgde überall, die gewöhnlichste Ausdrucksweise, von der keine besondern Beispiele angeführt zu werden brauchen. – Eben so b) bei verbis intr., oder solchen, die bei aktiver Form passive Bedeutung haben, ἁλοὺς ὑπ' ἄλλων, Aesch. Ag. 460; ὑφ' ἧς ϑανών, von der getödtet, Soph. El. 436; δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ ϑεῶν, bestraft werden durch die Götter, Plat. Gorg. 525 b; Xen. An. 4, 4, 14; ἀπολέσϑαι Cyr. 7, 1, 41; ὑπὸ λιμοῦ An. 1, 5, 5; – πέλεκυς, ὅςτ' εἶσιν διὰ δου ρὸς ὑπ' ἀνέρος, ὀφέλλει δ' ἀνδρὸς ἐρωήν Il. 3, 61, durch den Mann geschwungen; πολλὰ δ' ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἔργα κατήριπε κάλ' αἰζηῶν (sc. χειμάῤῥου), von seiner Gewalt, 5, 92; ἔνϑα κεν αὖτε Τρῶες Ἀρηϊφίλων ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν Ἴλιον εἰςανέβησαν, von den Achäern gedrängt, 6, 73; πάσχειν κακῶς ἐχϑρὸν ὑπ' ἐχϑρῶν Aesch. Prom. 1044; Plat. Conv. 222 e; χαλεπῶς ἔχει ὑπὸ τραυμάτων τινῶν Theaet. 142 b; εὖ ἀκούειν ὑπό τινος Xen. An. 7, 7, 23; αἰτίαν ἔχειν ὑπό τινος 7, 6, 11. – Auch c) bei nominibus, ἄτιμον εἶναι δ' ἐκφορᾶς φίλων ὕπο, Aesch. Spt. 1015, Bestattung von den Freunden, wie ἐκφέρεσϑαι ὑπὸ φίλων; so ἡ ὑπὸ πάντων τιμή, die von Allen erzeigte Ehre, Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 2; Ἥρας δεσμοὺς ὑπὸ υἱέος καὶ Ἡφαίστου ῥίψεις ὑπὸ πατρός Plat. Rep. II, 378 d; ὅ τι φυλάξομεν οὐ-δέν ἐστιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πολέμου λοιπόν Dem. 2, 26, es ist Nichts vom Kriege übrig gelassen. – Uebh. d) Ursache u. Veranlassung, sowohl äußere als innere u. geistige, wo wir durch, aus, vor, wegen gebrauchen, οὔ τοι δικάζει ταῦτα μαρτύρων ὕποἌρης Aesch. Suppl. 912; δόμοις δὲ τοῖςδε παγκάκως ἔχει φήμης ὑφ' ᾑς ἤγγειλαν οἱ ξένοι Ch. 741; wie man auch Hom. ὑπὸ λιγέων ἀνέμων σπέρχωσιν ἄελλαι Il. 13, 334 auffassen kann, von den Stürmen getrieben; γέλασσε χϑὼν χαλκοῦ ὑπὸ στεροπῆς 19, 363, mehr örtlich, unter dem Glanze, wie μελάνει δέ τε πόντος ὑπ' αὐτῆς (Ζεφύροιο φρικός) 7, 64, u. öfter; ὑπὸ τῆς παρεούσης συμφορῆς Her. 1, 85; ὑπ' ἀνέμων καὶ ἀπλοίας ένδιέτριψεν, wegen der Winde, Thuc. 2, 55; ὑπὸ δέους, aus Furcht, Her. 1, 85; ὑπ' ἀνάγκης, aus Zwang, Od. 2, 110; Aesch. Suppl. 1013; Soph. Phil. 215 u. sonst; μεγάλου ὑπὸ κύματος ὁρμῆς Od. 5, 320; Ζηνὸς ὑπ' ἀγγελίης 7, 263; εἰπεῖν μνήμης ὕπο Soph. O. R. 1131; ὑπ' ἐλπίδων ἄνδρας τὸ κέρδος πολλάκις διώλεσεν, wegen der Hoffnungen, Ant. 221; ὑπό τινος ἄλλου ἐπελαϑόμην, wegen eines Andern, oder über etwas Anderm vergaß ich es, Plat. Prot. 310 c; ὑπὸ ταύτης τῆς αἰτίας Conv. 184 a; ὑπὸ πενίας, vor, aus Armuth, Soph. 251 c; ὑπὸ κάλλους Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 22; – ὥςτ' ἐνδακρύω γ' ὄμμασιν χαρᾶς ὕπο, aus Freude, Aesch. Ag. 527, vgl. 573; τοσαῦτ' ἔλεξε κάρτ' ὑπ' εὐϑύμου φρενός Pers. 364, vgl. 476; καὶ δὴ φίλον τις ἔκταν' ἀγνοίας ὕπο Suppl. 494, wie Soph. Tr. 418; ὑπ' ἀγρίας ᾄξασα λύπης O. R. 1073; ἀπορίας ὕπο Eur. Or. 232; ὀργῆς ὕπο I. A. 335; μή νυν τὰς φρένας ὑφ' ἡδονῆς γυναικὸς οὕνεκ' έκβάλῃς Soph. Ant. 644, aus Lust, der Lust wegen, vgl. Ai. 375 El. 1142; Eur. Med. 1142; Xen. Cyr. 8, 3, 42; ὑπὸ λύπης 6, 1, 351 ὑπ' αἰσχύνης Plat. Phaedr. 237 a; ὑπ' εὐηϑείας 275 b; ὑπὸ τῆς ὀδύνης Conv. 218 b; ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐκπεπλῆχϑαι, vor Schreck, Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 21; πράττειν τι ὑπ' ἀρετῆς, aus Tapferkeit, von Tapferkeit getrieben, Her. 8, 1; ὑπ' ἀπιστίης 1, 24; ὑπὸ τῆς ἐμῆς δυνάμεως οὐδεὶς ἐϑέλει σοι μαρτυρεῖν Lys. 7, 21; ὑπὸ τοῦ ϑυμοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀλογιστίας εἰκῆ προςπίπτοντες Pol. 2, 30, 4, u. sonst; – Her. sagt auch ὑπὸ κήρυκος προηγόρευε, durch einen Herold, 9, 98; – ὑφ' ἑαυτοῦ, von sich selbst, auf eigenen Antrieb, eben so ὑφ' ὑμῶν, Thuc. 4, 64. – 3) wie unser unter eine Begleitung ausdrückend, miteinwirkende, gleichzeitige Nebenumstände, ἀϋσάντων ὑπ' Ἀχαιῶν, ll. 2, 334. 16, 277, unter dem Geschrei der Achäer, während die Achäer schrieen; ὑπὸ Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς, unter dem Wehen des Zephyrs, 4, 276; δαΐδων ὑπὸ λαμπομενάων 18, 492 Od. 19, 48. 23, 290; bes. von jeder musikalischen od. übh. taktmäßigen Begleitung einer Handlung, κωμάζειν ὑπ' αὐλοῦ, nach einer Flöte, unter Flötenbegleitung einen Komos aufführen, Hes. Sc. 281, wie ὑπαὶ λιγυρῶν συρίγγων ἵεσαν αὐδήν 279, sie sfangen nach Syringenbegleitung; ὑπὸ φορμίγγων ἄναγον χορόν 280; ὑπ' αὐλητῆρος ἀείδειν, unter der Begleitung eines Flötenspielers singen, Theogn. 545. 803; Archil. frg. 106; χωρεῖν ὑπ' αὐλητῶν Thuc. 5, 70; ὑπ' αὐλητρίδων Xen. Hell. 2, 2, 23; βαρυβρόμων ὑπὸ τυμπάνων Eur. Bacch. 156; πίνειν ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος Ar. Ach. 987; ὑπὸ συρίγγων στρατεύεσϑαι Her. 1, 17. So auch καταϑάψομεν οὐχ ὑπὸ κλαυϑμῶν τῶν ἐξ οἴκων Aesch. Ag. 1533; οὔκουν ἐάσεις οὐδ' ὑπ' εὐφήμου βοῆς ϑῦσαί με Soph. El. 620; οὐχ ὑπὸ ϑυσιῶν οὐδ' ὑπὸ εὐχῶν φύς Plat. Rep. V, 461 a; dah. ὑπὸ μαστίγ ων ὀρύσσειν, unter Peitschenhieben graben, d. i. von Peitschenhieben angetrieben, Her. 7, 22, wie διαβαίνειν ὑπὸ μαστίγων 7, 56; vgl. Xen. An. 2, 4, 25; ὑπὸ φανοῦ πορεύεσϑαι, unter dem Geleite einer Leuchte gehen, Lac. 5, 7; ὑπὸ πομπῆς ἐξάγειν τινά, unter, mit feierlichem Geleite, Her. 2, 45. Aehnlich οὐδὲ κηρύκων ὕπο ἀπρόξενοί τε μολεῖν Aesch. Suppl. 235, unter dem Geleite von Herolden; vgl. Eur. Alc. 743; τυπτέσϑω πληγὰς ὑπὸ κήρυκος ἐν ἀγορᾷ κηρύξαντος Plat. Legg. XI, 917 c, während ein Herold ausruft; so sind auch συνϑῆκαι ὑφ' ὁρκίων mit Schwüren verbundene Verträge, D. Hal. 1, 59; auch ὑπ' εὐκλείας ϑανεῖν Eur. Hipp. 1313 hat eine ähnliche Bedeutung.

    B. Mit dem dativ., den Gegenstand bezeichnend, unter dem sich Etwas befindet; zunächst – 1) örtlich, u. zwar – a) ein Verweilen unter Etwas ausdrückend; αἳ γὰρ ὑπ' ἠελίῳ ναιετάουσι πόληες Il. 4, 44; ὑπὸ Τμώλῳ, unten am Fuße des Tmolos, Il. 2, 866. 20, 385, vgl. Od. 1, 186; vgl. κατοικημένους γὰρ τοὺς Πελασγοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ Ὑμησσῷ Her. 6, 137; ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει, 6, 105; u. so ist auch εἰ γὰρ ὑπ' Ἰλίῳ κατηναρίσϑης = unter den Mauern von Ilios, Aesch. Ch. 341, wie ὑπὸ Τροίας τείχεσσι φϑίμενος Ch. 358; τόν ϑ' ὑπ' Ἰλίῳ σέϑεν κίνδυνον Ag. 856, vgl. 1414; Soph. ἐῤῥέτω Ἴλιον οἵ ϑ' ὑπ' ἐκείνῳ πάντες Phil. 1185; ὑπὸ τείχεσιν Eur. Suppl. 274; ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει Her. 6, 105; – ἔρδομεν ἑκατόμβας καλῇ ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ Il. 2, 307; ὑπὸ φηγῷ, δρυΐ; 5, 693. 18, 558; ἰπούμενος ῥίζῃσιν Αἰτναίαις ὕπο Aesch. Prom. 365; ὑπὸ στέγῃ Soph. Phil. 286; auch εἷρξαι Αἴανϑ' ὑπὸ σκηναῖσιν Ai. 741; τί ἔχεις ὑπὸ τῷ ἱματίῳ; was hast du unter dem Mantel? Plat. Phaedr. 228 d; εἶχε μάχαιραν ὑφ' αὑτῷ παρεσκευασμένος, Pol. 8, 22, 6. So ist auch aufzufassen ὑπ' ὀφρύσι δάκρυα λεῖβον Il. 13, 88, κοίμησόν μοι Ζηνὸς ὑπ' ὀφρύσιν ὄσσε 14, 236. – b) bei Verbis der Bewegung ist dah. die vorangehende oder folgende Ruhe unter Etwas dadurch besonders hervorgehoben, wie γυιώσω μὲν σφῶϊν ὑφ' ἅρμασιν ὠκέας ἱππους Il. 8, 402, die unter dem Joch des Wagens sich befinden, nach unserer Auffassung vor den Wagen gespannt sind; vgl. ὑπὸ τοῖς ἅρμασιν εἶναι, angespannt sein, Xen. Cyr. 6, 4, 1; u. ὑπὸ ζυγῷ λόφον ἔχειν Soph. Ant. 291. – So wird auch bei An- und Abspannen der Rosse dieselbe Construction beibehalten, ἔζευξαν ὑφ' ἅρμασιν ὠκέας ἵππους Od. 3, 478, ἔλυσαν ὑφ' ἅρμασιν ὠκέας ἵππους Il. 18, 214, ὑπ' ἀμάξῃσιν βόας ἡμιόνους τε ζεύγνυσαν 24, 782; ἅρμασιν δ' ὕπο ζεύγνυσιν αὐτώ Aesch. Pers. 186; Xen. vrbdt auch ὑπὸ τῷ ἵππῳ πίπτειν, Cyr. 7, 1, 37. – 2) causal die Einwirkung durch einen Andern bezeichnend, nur poet. u. bei Hom. meist noch wirklich örtlich zu fassen, τῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ μέγα στεναχίζετο γαῖα Il. 2, 784, unter ihren Füßen (und durch sie gestampft); τῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ κονίσσαλος ὤρνυτ' ἀελλής 3, 13, vgl. 8, 443; τρέμε δ' οὔρεα ποσσὶν ὑπ' ἀϑανά-τοισι 13, 19, u. sonst; πόλις χερσὶν ὑφ' ἡμετέρῃσιν ἁλοῦσα, unter unsern Händen, durch diese eingenommen, Il. 2, 374. 4, 291, was noch anschaulicher ist in der geläufigen Vrbdg ἐδάμη ὑπὸ χερσὶν ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο, 2, 860. 5, 559 u. sonst; u. so ὤλετο ὑπὸ γαμφηλῇσι λέοντος 16, 419; u. danach ὑπὸ δουρὶ δαμῆναι, τυπῆναι, πέρϑαι, 5, 653. 11, 433. 444. 16, 708; νούσῳ ὑπ' ἀργαλέῃ φϑί. σϑαι 13, 667; auch beim act., ἐμῇς ὑπὸ χερσὶ δάμασσον, bändige ihn, laß ihn erliegen unter meinen Händen, 3, 352. 6, 159; vgl. Soph. τόν, ὦ Ζεῦ, ὑπὸ σῷ φϑίσον κεραυνῷ O. R. 202; – αὐτοὶ ὑπ' Ἀργείοισι φέβοντο Il. 11, 121, vgl. 15, 637, u. sonst; ἐτελεύτασαν ὑπ' ἀλλαλοφόνοις χερσίν Aesch. Spt. 914; φλέγονϑ' ὑπ' ἄστροις οὐρανόν 370; πέπωκεν αἷμα γαῖ' ὑπ' ἀλλήλων φόνῳ, unter dem Morde, durch den Mord, 803. Einzelne Fälle bieten sich dar, wo das pass. mit ὑπό τινι verbunden ganz gleich dem ὑπό τινος zu sein scheint, wie ὁρμηϑέντες ὑπὸ πληγῇσιν ἱμάσϑλης Od. 13, 82, wo man doch aber die Peitsche immer über dem Pferde schwebend denken soll; Luc. vrbdt ὑπὸ ϑριξὶν ἱππείαις ἀνοίγουσα τὸ στόμα, Alex. 12, vermittelst. – Auch von einer sinnlichen Auffassung geht aus τόν ῥ' ὑπ' Ἀδμήτῳ τέκε δῖα γυναικῶν, Il. 2, 714. 728. 820 u. öfter, wo wir sagen »von dem Admet«; τίκτεσϑαι ὑπό τινι 2, 742; vgl. Pind. Ἀπόλλωνι γλυκείας πρῶτον ἔψαυσ' Ἀφροδίτας, Ol. 6, 35; aber ὅσσαι νῦν γε γυναῖκες ὑπ' ἀνδράσιν οἶκον ἔχουσιν Od. 7, 68 geht in die Bdtg – 3) der Unterwürfigkeit über, unter Jemandem, unter Jemandes Botmäßigkeit oder Gewalt, vgl. δέδμητο δὲ λαὸς ὑπ' αὐτῷ Od. 3, 304; mehr örtlich ist noch λέοντε τραφέτην ὑπὸ μητρί Il. 5, 555; woran sich reihen: ὑπὸ τῷ πατρὶ τεϑραμμένος ἐν τοῖς ἐκεί. νου ἤϑεσιν Plat. Rep. VIII, 558 d; ὑπὸ παιδοτρίβῃ ἀγαϑῷ πεπαιδευμένος Lach. 184 e, d. i. unter dessen Anleitung, ihm untergeordnet; τραφέντες ὑπὸ τούτοις Pol. 6, 7, 2; dah. γίγνεσϑαι ὑπό τινι, unter Jemandes Gewalt kommen, Xen. An. 7, 2, 2; οἱ ὑπό τινι, die Einem Untergebenen, die Unterthanen; ὑφ' ἑαυτῷ, Her. 7, 11, sein eigener Herr, nach eigener Willkühr; βουλόμενος ὑπὸ βαρβάροισιν εἶναι Ἀϑηναίους 6, 127; ὑφ' ἑαυτοῖς ἔχειν, in Unterwürfigkeit halten, Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 26, wie πολλὰς πόλεις ὑφ' ἑαυτῇ ἔχειν δουλωσαμένην Plat. Rep. I, 351 b; ἁπάσας τὰς δυνάμεις συλλαβοῦσα ὑφ' ἑαυτῇ ἔχει Gorg. 456 a. Auch ὑφ' ἑαυτῷ ἔχειν, unter sich haben, zu befehligen haben, übh. in seiner Gewalt haben, Her. 7, 157; ὑπὸ πόλεσι καὶ νόμοις οἰκεῖν Isocr. 5, 14; τοὺς ἐχϑροὺς οὓς οὐκ ἔστιν ὑπὸ τοῖς νόμοις λαβεῖν Dem. 8, 29. – Dah. τὰ ὑπὸ τῇ μουσικῇ Plat. Phaed. 110 b, Alles was unter die Musik fällt od. gehört, wie αἱ ὑπὸ πάσαις ταῖς τέχναις ἐργασίαι Conv. 205 b, vgl. Rep. VI, 511 a. – 4) auch, wie ὑπὸ c. gen., eine Begleitung, ὑπ' αὐλητῆρι πρόσϑ' ἔκιον, unter dem Spiele des Flötenspielers gingen sie vorwärts, Hes. Sc. 283, vgl. 299; βῆ ϑεῶν ὑπ' ἀμύμονι πομπῇ, unter dem Geleite, Il. 6, 171; Od. 7, 193; ὑπὸ εὐχαῖς, unter Gebeten, Pind. I. 5, 44; u. so bes. bei Sp. ὑπ' αὐλῷ, unter Flötenspiel, ὑπὸ κήρυκι, unter Heroldsruf, Luc. Alex. 19, ὑπὸ δᾳδί, λαμπάδι u. dgl., Hemsterh. Luc. D. Mort. 6, 5.

    C. Mit dem accus., den Gegenstand bezeichnend, unter welchen od. unter welchem hin Etwas sich bewegt; also – 1) örtlich; – a) von der Bewegung nach einem Orte hin, unt er; ὑπό τε σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα Il. 4, 279, er trieb sie unter die Höhle; ἀντικρὺ ὑπ' ὀστέον ἤλυϑ' ἀκωκή 5, 67; εἶμι ὑπὸ γαῖαν 18, 333, unter die Erde gehen, d. i. sterben; vgl. Od. 20, 81; ὑπὸ ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν ἵππους Il. 5, 731, u. öfter; u. ähnlich ὑφ' ἅρματ' ἤγαγον ἵππους Aesch. Prom. 463; αἱ δ' ὑπὸ κῦμα ϑαλάσσης αὐτίκ' ἔδυσαν Il. 18, 145; ὑπὸ ζόφον ἐλϑεῖν Od. 11, 57 ll. 23, 51; ὑπὸ πόντον ἐδύσατο Od. 11, 253; κρύψαν ὑπὸ γᾶν Pind. P. 9, 81; παίσασ' ὑφ' ἧπαρ Soph. Ant. 1299; Tr. 927; φοιτᾷ γὰρ ὑπ' ἀγρίαν ὕλαν O. R. 477; εἰ γάρ μ' ὑπὸ γῆν ἧκεν Aesch. Prom. 152; ἄπειμι γῆς ὑπὸ ζόφον κάτω Pers. 825; u. Eur. oft; ἀλλ' ὅτε δὴ τάχ' ἔμελλεν ὑπὸ πτόλιν αἰπύ τε τεῖχος ἵξεσϑαι Il. 11, 181, vgl. 18, 281, unter die Stadt und die Mauern, die Annäherung ausdrückend; ἕπεσϑαι ὑπὸ Ἴλιον Il. 23, 297; λαὸν ἀγαγόνϑ' ὑπὸ τεῖχος 4, 407; 12, 264; ὑπὸ Τροίην Od. 4, 146. 14, 469, wo überall aber an hochliegende Städte und hohe Mauern zu denken ist, unter welche sich der begiebt, der sich ihnen nähert; so ὑπὸ τὰ τείχη ἄγειν Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 43, u. ähnlich, auch die Annäherung bezeichnend, Soph. κεῖνος δ' ὑπ' αὐτὴν ἐσχάτην στήλην ἔχων ἔχριμπτ' ἀεὶ σύριγγας, El. 710; ὑπὸ τειχίον ἀποστάς Plat. Rep. VI, 496 d; ὑπὸ τὸ τεῖχος IV, 439 e; ὑπὸ τὴν σκοπἡν ἐλαύνειν Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 13. So ist auch ὑπὸ τὸ δικαστήριον ἄγειν, ἀπάγειν, Her. 6, 72. 104. 9, 93, eigtl. vor den höher sitzenden Richter, unter das Tribunal des Richters führen; wonach dann aber auch gesagt wurde ὑπάγειν ὑπὸ τὸν δῆμον, ὑπὸ τοὺς ἐφόρους, Her. 6, 136. 82; ὑπὸ τὴν ψῆφον ἔρχεσϑαι Aesch. 3, 19; vgl. Dem. 59, 126; auch ἄγετε αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους, 24, 131. – b) bei Verbis der Ruhe u. übh. die Verbreitung unter Etwas hin ausdrückend, was am anschaulichsten ist in ὄρνιϑες δέ τε πολλοὶ ὑπ' αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο φοιτῶσι, Od. 2, 181, vgl. 11, 498. 619; εἴ που ζώουσιν ὑπ' αὐγὰς ἠελίοιο 15, 349; ὅσσοι ἔασιν ὑπ' ἠῶ τ' ἠέλιόν τε Il. 5, 267, so viele unter der Sonne hin verbreitet, d. i. überall leben; vgl. Jac. A. P. p. 24. 271, Eur. Hec. 1144 u. Tim. lex.; wie noch Plat. sagt ὁπόσων ὑπὸ οὐρανὸν ἡμεῖς ἀκοὴν παρεδεξάμεϑα, Tim. 23 d, u. Aesch. 2, 41 Φίλιππον τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνϑρώπων πάντων εἶναι δεινότατον. Aehnlich sind zu fassen: οἳ δ' ἔχον Ἀρκαδίην, ὑπὸ Κυλλήνης ὄρος αἰπύ, II. 2, 603, vgl. 824, u. αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι Xen. An. 7, 4, 5; Ἐρινύες, αἵϑ' ὑπὸ γαῖαν ἀνϑρώπους τίνυνται Il. 19, 259; πεπτηὼς γὰρ ἔκειτο ὑπὸ ϑρόνον Od. 22, 362; στὰς ὑπὸ ὄγχνην 24, 234, wo man überdies an die vorhergegangene Bewegung denken muß; ὑπὸ τὴν ἄρκτον Her. 5, 10; sogar ὕπεστι ὑπὸ γῆν, 2, 127. – Damit verbindet sich c) oft der Begriff des Schutzes, wo wir unter oder hinter sagen, ὑπὸ τἡν ϑύρην Her. 1, 12; ὑπὸ τὸν στρατὸν καταφυγεῖν, hinter das Heer oder unter seinen Schutz flüchten, 9, 96; vgl. ὑπὸ τὰ ϑηρία τεταγμένοι Pol. 5, 85, 3, wie ὑποστείλας αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τὸ τῆς φάλαγγος κέρας (s. ὑποστέλλειν), u. öfter bei Pol. – 2) von der Zeit, sowohl während, also eine Verbreitung über eine Zeit hin, πάνϑ' ὑπὸ μηνιϑμόν Il. 16, 202, ὑπὸ τὸν ϑυμόν Pol. 2, 19, 10, – als gewöhnlicher eine Annäherung an einen bestimmten Zeitpunkt bezeichnend, gegen, um, wie das lateinische sub, ὑπὸ νύκτα, gegen die Nacht, mit Einbruch der Nacht, Il. 22, 102; ὑπὸ τὴν νύκτα Her. 6, 2. 9, 51. 60; ὑπὸ τὴν ἕω, gegen Morgen, ὑπὸ ταῦτα, um diese Zeit, 2, 142; ὑπὸ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους, um dieselbe Zeit, Thuc. 2, 27. 4, 56; ὑπὸ τὴν εἰρήνην Isocr. Paneg. 4, 47. 177; Sp., ὑπ' αὐτοὺς τούς και ροὺς Pol. 16, 15, 8; auch mit hinzugefügtem partic., ὑπὸ τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα, um die Zeit, als der Tempel verbrannt wurde, Her. 1, 51. – 3) die Unterwürfigkeit ausdrückend, an 1a sich annähernd; ὅσον νῦν ὑπὸ χέρα ναίεις Soph. El. 1081; Αἴγυπτος ἐγένετο πάλιν ὑπὸ βασιλέα Thuc. 1, 110; ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν ποιεῖσϑαι 4, 60; οἱ ὑπ' αὐτούς, die Unterthanen, Xen. Cyr. 8, 8, 5, τοὺς ὑφ' ἑαυτόν 1, 5, 3; τραφεὶς καὶ παιδευϑεὶς ὑπὸ Κλέανδρον Pol. 10, 25, 1; ὑπ' ἐμαυτὸν ἔχω Matth. 8, 9; ὑπ' ἐξουσίαν τεταγμένος u. ä.; mehr noch ein Zusammenfassen unter einen allgemeinen Begriff in eine Klasse auszudrücken, ὅσα ὑπὸ ταὐτὸ εἶδος Arist. topic. 1, 7, u. oft; τὸ ὑπὸ τὸν ὁρισμόν ib. 1, 6; – ὑπό τι, in gewisser Beziehung, einigermaßen, beinahe, Plat. Phaedr. 242 d; εὐήϑη καὶ ὑπό τι ἀσεβῆ Gorg. 493 c, eine Annäherung andeutend.

    Seinem Casus kann ὑπό in allen Verbindungen nachgesetzt werden und zieht dann den Ton zurück, ὕπο. – Auch wird die Präposition durch mehrere Wörter von ihrem Casus getrennt, vgl. Il. 2, 465. 18, 390. 19, 363 Od. 1, 131. 5, 320, u. sonst.

    In der Zusammensetzung bedeutet ὑπό – 1) darunter, sowohl von der Ruhe, als von der Bewegung, unterhalb, von unten auf, darunter hin, darunter hervor. – 2) eine Mischung, einer Masse unter eine andere. – 3) Unterordnung und Abhängigkeit, unter. – 4) die Annäherung an den Begriff des Simplex, etwas, ziemlich, allmälig, unvermerkt, nach und nach, wie das lat. sub.

    Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > ὑπό

  • 116 FARA

    go
    * * *
    (fer; fór, fórum; farinn), v.
    1) to move, pass along, go;
    gekk hann hvargi sem hann fór, he walked wherever he went;
    fara heim (heiman), to go home (from home);
    fara á fund e-s to visit one;
    fjöld ek fór, I travelled much;
    hann sagði, hversu orð fóru með þeim, what words passed between them;
    absol., to go begging (ómagar, er þar eigu at fara í því þingi);
    2) with ‘ferð, leið’ or the like added in acc., gen., or dat.;
    fara leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, proceed on one’s journey (= fara ferðar sinnar or ferða sinna, fara ferð sina, fara för sina, förum sínum);
    fara þessa ferð, to make this journey;
    fara fullum dagleiðum, to travel a full days journeys;
    fara stefnuför, to go a-summoning;
    fara bónorðsför, to go a-wooing;
    fara sigrför, to go on the path of victory, to triumph;
    fara góða för, to make a lucky journey;
    fig., fara ósigr, to be defeated;
    fara mikinn skaða, to suffer great damage;
    fara hneykju, skömm, to incur disgrace;
    fara erendleysu, to fail in one’s errand;
    with the road in acc. (fara fjöll ok dala);
    3) fara búðum, bygðum, vistum, to move, change one’s abode;
    fara eldi ok arni, to move one’s hearth and fire;
    4) fara einn saman, to go alone;
    fara eigi ein saman, to go with child (= fara með barni);
    5) with infin.;
    fara sofa, to go to sleep (allir menn vóru sofa farnir);
    fara vega, to go to fight;
    fara leita, to go seeking (var leita farit);
    6) with an a., etc.;
    fara villr, to go astray;
    fara haltr, to walk lame;
    fara vanstiltr, to go out of one’s mind;
    fara duldr e-s, to be unaware of;
    fara andvígr e-m, to give battle;
    fara leyniliga (leynt), to be kept secret;
    eigi má þetta svá fara, this cannot go on in that way;
    fjarri ferr þat, far from it, by no means;
    fór þat fjarri, at ek vilda, I was far from desiring it;
    7) to turn out, end;
    fór þat sem líkligt var, it turned out as was likely (viz. ended ill);
    svá fór, at, the end was, that;
    ef svá ferr sem ek get til, if it turns out as I guess;
    á sómu leið fór um aðra sendimenn, it went the same way with the other messengers;
    8) to fare well, ill;
    biðja e-n vel fara, to bid one farewell;
    9) to suit, fit, esp. of clothes, hair (ekki þykkir mér kyrtill þinn fara betr en stakkr minn; hárit fór vel);
    impers., fór illa á hestinum, it sat ill on the horse;
    10) impers., e-m ferr vel, illa, one behaves or acts well, ill;
    honum hafa öll málin verst farit, he has behaved worst in the whole matter;
    e-m ferr vinveittliga, one behaves in a friendly way;
    11) fara e-t höndum, to touch with the hands, esp. of a healing touch, = fara höndum um e-t (bið hann fara höndum meinit);
    fara land herskildi, brandi, to visit a land with ‘warshield’, with fire, to ravage or devastate it (gekk síðan á land upp með liði sínu ok fór alit herskildi);
    12) to overtake (Án hrísmagi var þeirra skjótastr ok gat farit sveininn);
    tunglit ferr sólina, the moon overtakes the sun;
    áðr hana Fenrir fari, before F. overtakes her;
    13) to ill-treat, treat cruelly;
    menn sá ek þá, er mjök höfðu hungri farit hörund, that had chastened their flesh with much fasting;
    14) to put an end to, destroy;
    fara sér (sjálfr), to kill oneself;
    fara lífi (fjörvi) e-s, to deprive one of life;
    þú hefir sigr vegit ok Fáfni (dat.) um farit, killed F.;
    15) to forfeit (fara löndum ok lausafé);
    16) refl., farast;
    17) with preps. and advs.:
    fara af klæðum, to take off one’s clothes;
    fara at e-m, to make an attack upon, to assault (eigi mundi í annat sinn vænna at fara at jarlinum);
    fara at e-u, to mind, pay heed to;
    ekki fer ek at, þótt þú hafir svelt þik til fjár (it does not matter to me, I do not care, though);
    to deal with a thing, proceed in a certain way;
    fara at lögum, úlögum, to proceed lawfully, unlawfully;
    fara mjúkliga at, to proceed gently;
    hér skulu við fara at með ráðum, act with, deliberation;
    impers. with dat., to do, behave;
    illa hefir mér at farit, I have done my business badly; to go in pusuit (search) of (víkingar nökkurir þeir sem fóru at féföngum);
    fara at fuglaveiðum, to go a-fowling;
    fara at fé, to tend sheep;
    fara á e-n, to come upon one;
    sigu saman augu, þá er dauðinn fór á, when death seized him;
    fara á hæl or hæli, to step back, retreat;
    fara eptir e-m, to follow one;
    fara eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (Snorri goði fór eptir líkinu; fara eptir vatni); to accommodate oneself to, conform to (engi vildi eptir öðrum fara);
    þau orð er eptir fara, the following words;
    fara fram, to go on, take place;
    ef eigi ferr gjald fram, if no payment takes place;
    veizlan ferr vel fram, the feast went on well;
    spyrr, hvat þar fœri fram, he asked, what was going on there;
    fara fram ráðum e-s, to follow one’s advice;
    allt mun þat sínu fram fara, it will take its own course;
    kváðu þat engu gegna ok fóru sínu fram, took their own way;
    segir honum, hversu þeir fóru fram, how they acted;
    fara e-t fram, to do., perform a thing;
    spyrr hann, hvat nú sé fram faranda, what is to be done;
    fara fyrir e-t, to pass for, be taken for (fari sá fyrir níðing, er);
    fara hjá sér, to be beside oneself;
    fara í e-t, to go into (fara í tunnu);
    fara í sæng, rekkju, to go to bed;
    fara í sess sinn, sæti sitt, to take one’s seat;
    fara í klæði, to put on clothes, dress;
    fara í vápn, brynju, to put on armour;
    fara í lag, to go right or straight again (þá fóru brýnn hans í lag);
    fara í vöxt, to increase;
    fara í þurð, to wane;
    fara í hernað, víking, to go a-freebooting;
    nú ferr í úvænt efni, now matters look hopeless;
    to happen, occur (alit þat, er í hafði farit um nóttina);
    fara með e-t, to wield handle, manage;
    fór Hroptr með Gungni, H. wielded (the spear) Gungnir;
    fara með goðorð, to hold a goðorð;
    fara með sök, to manage a lawsuit;
    to practice, deal in;
    fara með rán, to deal in robbery;
    fara með spott ok háð, to go scoffing and mocking;
    fara með galdra ok fjölkyngi, to practice sorcery;
    to deal with, treat, handle (þú munt bezt ok hógligast með hann fara);
    fara af hljóði með e-t, to keep matters secret;
    fara með e-m, to go with one, follow one (ek skal með yðr fara með allan minn styrk);
    fara með e-u, to do (so and so) with a thing, to deal with, manage;
    hvernig þeir skyldu fara með vápnum sínum, what they were to do with their weapons;
    sá maðr, er með arfinum ferr, who manages the inheritance;
    fara með málum sínum, to manage one’s case;
    fara vel með sínum háttum, to bear oneself well;
    undarliga fara munkar þessir með sér, these monks behave strangely;
    fara með barni, to go with child;
    impers., ferr með þeim heldr fáliga, they are on indifferent terms;
    fara ór landi, to leave the country;
    fara ór klæðum, fötum, to take off one’s clothes, undress;
    fara saman, to go together; to shake, shudder;
    fór en forna fold öll saman, shivered all through;
    to concur, agree (hversu má þat saman f);
    fara til svefns, to go to sleep (= fara at sofa);
    fara um e-t, to travel over (fara um fjall);
    fara höndum um e-n, to stroke or touch one with the hands (hann fór höndum um þá, er sjúkir vóru);
    fara mörgum orðum um e-t, to dilate upon a subject;
    fara myrkt um e-t, to keep a matter dark;
    fara undan, to excuse oneself (from doing a thing), to decline, refuse (hvat berr til, at þú ferr undan at gera mér veizluna);
    borð fara upp, the tables are removed;
    fara út, to go from Norway to Iceland; to come to a close, run out (fóru svá út þessir fimm vetr);
    fara útan, to go abroad (from Iceland);
    fara við e-n, to treat one, deal with one in a certain way;
    margs á, ek minnast, hve við mik fóruð, I have many things to remember of your dealings with me;
    fara yfir e-t, to go through;
    nú er yfir farit um landnám, now an account of the settlements has been given;
    skjótt yfir at fara, to be brief.
    * * *
    pret. fóra, 2nd pers. fórt, mod. fórst, pl. fóru; pres. ferr, 2nd pers. ferr, in mod. pronunciation ferð; pret. subj. færa; imperat. far and farðu (= far þú); sup. farit; part. farinn; with the suffixed neg. fór-a, Am. 45; farið-a ( depart not), Hkr. i. 115 MS. (in a verse). [In the Icel. scarcely any other verb is in so freq. use as fara, as it denotes any motion; not so in other Teut. idioms; in Ulf. faran is only used once, viz. Luke x. 7; Goth. farjan means to sail, and this seems to be the original sense of fara (vide far); A. S. faran; the Germ. fahren and Engl. fare are used in a limited sense; in the Engl. Bible this word never occurs (Cruden); Swed. fara; Dan. fare.]
    A. NEUT. to go, fare, travel, in the widest sense; gékk hann hvargi sem hann fór, he walked wherever he went, Hkr. i. 100; né ek flý þó ek ferr, I fly not though I fare, Edda (in a verse); létt er lauss at fara (a proverb), Sl. 37: the saying, verðr hverr með sjálfum sér lengst at fara, Gísl. 25; cp. ‘dass von sich selbst der Mensch nicht scheiden kann’ (Göthe’s Tasso), or the Lat. ‘patriae quis exul se quoque fugit?’ usually in the sense to go, to depart, heill þú farir, heill þú aptr komir, Vþm. 4; but also to come, far þú hingat til mín, come here, Nj. 2.
    2. to travel, go forth or through, pass, or the like; þú skalt fara í Kirkjubæ, Nj. 74; fara ór landi, to fare forth from one’s country, Fms. v. 24; kjóll ferr austan, Vsp. 51; Surtr ferr sunnan, 52; snjór var mikill, ok íllt at fara, and ill to pass, Fms. ix. 491; fóru þeir út eptir ánni, Eg. 81; siðan fór Egill fram með skóginum, 531; þeim sem hann vildi at færi … Njáll hét at fara, Nj. 49; fara munu vér, Eg. 579; Egill fór til þess er hann kom til Álfs. 577, Fms. xi. 122; fara þeir nú af melinum á sléttuna. Eg. 747; fara heiman, to fare forth from one’s home, K. Þ. K. 6; alls mik fara tíðir, Vþm. 1; fjölð ek fór, far I fared, i. e. travelled far, 3: the phrase, fara utan, to fare outwards, go abroad (from Iceland), passim; fara vestr um haf, to fare westward over the sea, i. e. to the British Isles, Hkr. i. 101; fara á fund e-s, to visit one, Ld. 62; fara at heimboði, to go to a feast, id.; fara fæti, to fare a-foot, go walking, Hkr.; absol. fara, to travel, beg, hence föru-maðr, a vagrant, beggar; in olden times the poor went their rounds from house to house within a certain district, cp. Grág. i. 85; ómagar er þar eigu at fara í því þingi eðr um þau þing, id.; ómagar skolu fara, 119; omegð þá er þar ferr, 296: in mod. usage, fara um and um-ferð, begging, going round.
    β. with prep.: fara at e-m, to make an inroad upon one, Nj. 93, 94, 102 (cp. at-för); fara á e-n, to mount, e. g. fara á bak, to mount on horseback; metaph., dauðinn fór á, death seized him, Fms. xi. 150; f. saman, to go together, Edda 121, Grág. ii. 256; f. saman also means to shudder. Germ. zusammenfahren, Hým. 24: metaph. to concur, agree, hversu má þat saman f., Nj. 192; þeim þótti þat mjök saman f., Fms. iv. 382; fara á hæl, or á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. step back. retreat, xi. 278, Eg. 296; fara undan, metaph. to excuse oneself, refuse (v. undan), Nj. 23, Fms. x. 227; fara fyrir, to proceed; fara eptir, to follow.
    3. with ferð, leið or the like added, in acc. or gen. to go one’s way; fara leiðar sinnar, to proceed on one’s journey, Eg. 81, 477, Fms. i. 10, Grág. ii. 119; fara ferðar sinnar, or ferða sinna, id.. Eg. 180, Fms. iv. 125; fara derð sina, id.. Eg. 568; fara förum sínum, or för sinní, id., K. Þ. K. 80, 90; fara dagfari ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203; fara fullum dagleiðum, to go full days-journeys, Grág. i. 91; or in a more special sense, fara þessa ferð, to make this journey, Fas. ii. 117; f. stefnu-för, to go a-summoning; f. bónorðs-för, to go a-courting, Nj. 148; f. sigr-för, to go on the way of victory, to triumph, Eg. 21; fara sendi-för, to go on a message, 540.
    β. in a metaph. sense; fara hneykju-för, to be shamefully beaten, Hrafn. 19 (MS.); fara ósigr, to be defeated, Eg. 287; fara mikinn skaða, to ‘fare’ (i. e. suffer) great damage, Karl. 43; fara því verrum förum, fara skömm, hneykju, erendleysu, úsæmð, to get the worst of it, Fms. viii. 125.
    4. with the road in acc.; hann fór Vánar-skarð, Landn. 226; f. sjó-veg, land-veg, K. Þ. K. 24; fór mörg lönd ok stórar merkr, Fas. ii. 540; fara sömu leið, Fms. i. 70; f. sama veg, Luke x. 31; f. fjöll ok dala, Barl. 104; fara út-leið, þjóð-leið, Fms. iv. 260; also, fara um veg, fara um fjall, to cross a fell, Hm. 3; fara liði, to march, Fms. i. 110.
    II. in a more indefinite sense, to go; fara búðum, bygðum, vistum, to move, change one’s abode, Ld. 56, Hkr. ii. 177, Nj. 151, Vigl. 30; fara búferla, to more one’s household, Grág. ii. 409; fara vöflunarförum, to go a-begging, i. 163, 294, ii. 482.
    2. the phrases, fara eldi ok arni, a law term, to move one’s hearth and fire. Grág. ii. 253; fara eldi um land, a heathen rite for taking possession of land, defined in Landn. 276. cp. Eb. 8, Landn. 189, 284.
    3. fara einn-saman, to be alone. Grág. ii. 9; the phrase, f. eigi einn-saman, to be not alone, i. e. with child, Fms. iii. 109; or, fór hón með svein þann, Bs. i. 437; cp. ganga með barni.
    4. adding an adj., to denote gait, pace, or the like; fara snúðigt, to stride haughtily, Nj. 100; fara mikinn, to rush on, 143; fara flatt, to fall flat, tumble, Bárð. 177; fara hægt, to walk slowly.
    β. fara til svefns, to go to sleep, Nj. 35; f. í sæti sitt, to go to one’s seat, 129; f. í sess, Vþm. 9; f. á bekk, 19; fara á sæng, to go to bed, N. G. L. i. 30; fara í rúmið, id. (mod.); fara í mannjöfnuð, Ísl. ii. 214; fara í lag, to be put straight, Eg. 306; fara í vöxt, to wax, increase, Fms. ix. 430, Al. 141; fara í þurð, to wane, Ld. 122, l. 1 (MS.); fara í úefni, to go to the wrong side, Sturl. iii. 210; fara at skakka, to be odd ( not even). Sturl. ii. 258; fara at sölum, to be put out for sale, Grág. ii. 204.
    5. fara at fuglum, to go a-fowling, Orkn. (in a verse); fara at fugla-veiðum, id., Bb. 3. 36; fara í hernað, í víking, to go a-freebooting, Fms. i. 33, Landn. 31; fara at fé, to watch sheep, Ld. 240; fara at fé-föngum, to go a-fetching booty, Fms. vii. 78.
    β. with infin., denoting one’s ‘doing’ or ‘being;’ fara sofa, to go to sleep, Eg. 377; fara vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 54, Gm. 23; fara at róa, Vígl. 22; fara leita, to go seeking, Fms. x. 240; fara að búa, to set up a household, Bb. 2. 6; fara að hátta, to go to bed.
    γ. akin to this is the mod. use of fara with an infin. following in the sense to begin, as in the East Angl. counties of Engl. it ‘fares’ to …, i. e. it begins, is likely to be or to do so and so; það fer að birta, það er farit að dimma, it ‘fares’ to grow dark; það fer að hvessa, it ‘fares’ to blow; fer að rigna, it ‘fares’ to rain. etc.:—no instance of this usage is recorded in old Icel., but the Engl. usage shews that it must be old.
    δ. with an adj. etc.; fara villr, to go astray, Sks. 565; fara haltr, to go lame, Fms. x. 420; fara vanstiltr, to go out of one’s mind, 264; fara hjá sér, to be beside oneself, Eb. 270; fara apr, to feel chilly, Fms. vi. 237 (in a verse); fara duldr e-s, to be unaware of, Skálda 187 (in a verse); fara andvígr e-m, to give battle, Stor. 8; fara leyniliga, to go secretly, be kept hidden, Nj. 49.
    6. to pass; fór sú skipan til Íslands, Fms. x. 23; fara þessi mál til þings, Nj. 100; hversu orð fóru með þeim, how words passed between them, 90; fóru þau orð um, the runner went abroad, Fms. i. 12; ferr orð er um munn líðr (a saying), iv. 279; þá fór ferligt úorðan, a bad report went abroad, Hom. 115.
    7. fara fram, to go on, take place; ferr þetta fram, Ld. 258; ef eigi ferr gjald fram, if no payment takes place, K. Þ. K. 64; ferr svá fram, and so things went on without a break, Nj. 11, Eg. 711; veizlan ferr vel fram, the feast went on well, Nj. 11, 51; spyrr hvat þar færi fram, he asked what there was going on. Band. 17; fór allt á sömu leið sem fyrr, it went on all the same as before, Fms. iv. 112; fara fram ráðum e-s, to follow one’s advice, Nj. 5, 66, Fms. vii. 318; allt mun þat sínu fram f., it will take its own course, Nj. 259; nú er því ferr fram um hríð, it went on so for a while, Fms. xi. 108; a law term, to be produced, gögn fara fram til varnar, Grág. i. 65; dómar fara út, the court is set (vide dómr), Grág., Nj., passim.
    8. borð fara upp brott, the tables are removed (vide borð), Eg. 247, 551; eigi má þetta svá f., this cannot go on in that way, Nj. 87; fjarri ferr þat, far from it, by no means, 134; fór þat fjarri at ek vilda, Ld. 12; fór þat ok svá til, and so if came to pass, Fms. x. 212.
    9. to turn out, end; hversu ætlar þú fara hesta-atið, Nj. 90; fór þat sem likligt var, it turned out as was likely (i. e. ended ill). Eg. 46; svá fór, at …, the end was, that …, Grett. 81 new Ed.; ef svá ferr sem ek get til, if it turns out as I guess, Dropl. 30, Vígl. 21; ef svá ferr sem mín orð horfa til, Fms. v. 24; ef svá ferr sem mik varir, if it comes to pass as it seems to me, vi. 350; svá fór um sjóferð þá, Bjarni 202; á sömu leið fór um aðra sendi-menn, Eg. 537; to depart, die, þar fór nýtr maðr, Fs. 39; fara danða-yrði, to pass the death-weird, to die, Ýt. 8.
    10. to fare well, ill, in addressing; fari þér vel, fare ye well, Nj. 7; biðja e-n vel fara, to bid one farewell, Eg. 22, Ld. 62; far heill ok sæll, Fms. vii. 197: in a bad sense, far þú nú þar, ill betide thee! Hbl. 60; far (impers.) manna armastr, Eg. 553; Jökull bað hann fara bræla armastan, Finnb. 306; fari þér í svá gramendr allir, Dropl. 23.
    11. fara í fat, í brynju (acc.), etc., to dress, undress; but fara ór fötum (dat.), to undress, Fms. x. 16, xi. 132, vii. 202, Nj. 143, Gh. 16, etc.
    III. metaph.,
    1. to suit, fit, esp. of clothes, hair, or the like; ekki þykkir mér kyrtill þinn fara betr en stakkr minn, Fas. ii. 343; hárið fór vel, Nj. 30; jarpr á hár ok fór vel hárit, Fms. ii. 7; gult hár sem silki ok fór fagrliga, vi. 438, Fs. 88; klæði sem bezt farandi, Eb. 256; var sú konan bezt f., the most graceful, lady-like, Ísl. ii. 438; fór ílla á hestinum, it sat ill on the horse, Bs. i. 712.
    2. impers. it goes so and so with one, i. e. one behaves so and so: e-m ferr vel, ílla, etc., one behaves well, ill, etc.; honum hafa öll málin verst farit, he has behaved worst in the whole matter, Nj. 210; bezta ferr þér, Fms. vii. 33; vel mun þér fara, Nj. 55; at honum fari vel, 64; þer hefir vel farit til mín, Finnb. 238; e-m ferr vinveittliga, one behaves in a friendly way, Nj. 217; ferr þér þá bezt jafnan ok höfðinglegast er mest liggr við, 228; mun honum nokkurn veg vel f., Hrafn. 10; údrengiliga hefir þér farit til vár, Ld. 48; ferr þér illa, Nj. 57; hversu Gunnari fór, how ( well) G. behaved, 119.
    3. fara at e-u, to deal with a thing (i. e. proceed) so and so; svá skal at sókn fara, thus is the pleading to be proceeded with, Grág. i. 323; svá skal at því f. at beiða …, 7; fara at lögum, or úlögum at e-u, to proceed lawfully or unlawfully, 126; hversu at skyldi f., how they were to proceed, Nj. 114; fara mjúklega at, to proceed gently, Fms. vii. 18; hér skulu vér f. at með ráðum, to act with deliberation, Eg. 582; Flosi fór at öngu óðara ( took matters calmly), en hann væri heima, Nj. 220.
    β. impers. with dat., to do, behave; ílla hefir mér at farit, I have done my business badly, Hrafn. 8; veit Guð hversu hverjum manni mun at f., Fms. x. 212: in mod. phrases, to become, ironically, þér ferr það, or þér ferst það, it becomes thee, i. e. ‘tis too bad of thee.
    γ. hví ferr konungrinn nú svá (viz. at), Fms. i. 35; er slíkt úsæmiliga farit, so shamefully done, Nj. 82; hér ferr vænt at, here things go merrily, 232; karlmannliga er farit, manfully done, 144.
    δ. to mind, care about; ekki ferr ek at, þótt þú hafir svelt þik til fjár, it does not matter to me, I do not care, though …, Nj. 18; ekki munu vit at því fara ( never mind that), segir Helgi, 133.
    ε. fara eptir, to be in proportion; hér eptir fór vöxtr ok afl, his strength and stature were in proportion, Clar.
    4. fara með e-t, to wield, handle, manage; fór Hroptr með Gungni, H. wielded Gungni ( the spear), Kormak; f. með Gríðar-völ, to wield the staff G., Þd. 9: as a law term, to wield, possess; fara með goðorð, to keep a goðorð, esp. during the session of parliament, Dropl. 8, Grág. and Nj. passim; fara með sök, to manage a lawsuit, Grág., Nj.; or, fara við sök, id., Nj. 86.
    β. metaph. to practise, deal in; fara með rán, to deal in robbing, Nj. 73; fara með spott ok háð, to go sporting and mocking, 66; f. með fals ok dár, Pass. 16. 5; fara með galdra ok fjölkyngi, K. Þ. K. 76; f. með hindr-vitni, Grett. 111; cp. the phrase, farðu ekki með það, don’t talk such nonsense.
    γ. to deal with, treat, handle; þú munt bezt ok hógligast með hann fara, thou wilt deal with him most kindly and most gently, Nj. 219; fara af hljóði með e-t, to keep matters secret, id.; Ingimundr fór vel með sögum (better than sögur, acc.), Ing. dealt well with stories, was a good historian. Sturl. i. 9.
    δ. with dat.; fara með e-u, to do so and so with a thing, manage it; hversu þeir skyldi fara með vápnum sínum, how they were to do with their weapons, Fms. ix. 509; sá maðr er með arfinum ferr, who manages the arfr, Grág. i. 217; ef þeir fara annan veg með því fé, 216; fara með málum sínum, to manage one’s case, 46; meðan hann ferr svá með sem mælt er, 93; Gunnarr fór með öllu ( acted in all) sem honum var ráð til kennt, Nj. 100; ef svá er með farit, Ld. 152; f. vel með sínum háttum, to bear oneself well, behave well, Eg. 65; Hrafn fór með sér vel, H. bore himself well, Fms. vi. 109; undarliga fara munkar þessir með sér, they behave strangely, 188; við förum kynlega með okkrum málum, Nj. 130; vant þyki mér með slíku at fara, difficult matters to have to do with, 75; f. málum á hendr e-m, to bring an action against one, Ld. 138; fara sókn ( to proceed) sem at þingadómi, Grág. i. 463; fara svá öllu máli um sem …, 40, ii. 348; fara með hlátri ok gapi, to go laughing and scoffing, Nj. 220; cp. β above.
    IV. fara um, yfir e-t, to pass over slightly; nú er yfir farit um landnám, shortly told, touched upon, Landn. 320; skjótt yfir at f., to be brief, 656 A. 12; fara myrkt um e-t, to mystify a thing, Ld. 322; fara mörgum orðum um e-t, to dilate upon a subject, Fbr. 124, Nj. 248, Fms. ix. 264.
    β. in the phrase, fara höndum um e-t, to go with the hands about a thing, to touch it, Germ. befühlen, esp. medic. of a healing touch; jafnan fengu menn heilsubót af handlögum hans, af því er hann fór höndum um þá er sjúkir vóru, Játv. 24; ok pá fór hann höndum um hann, Bs. i. 644; þá lét Arnoddr fara aðra höndina um hann, ok fann at hann var berfættr ok í línklæðum. Dropl. 30; cp. fóru hendr hvítar hennar um þessar görvar, Fas. i. 248 (in a verse): note the curious mod. phrase, það fer að fara um mig, I began to feel uneasy, as from a cold touch or the like.
    γ. impers. with dat.; eigi ferr þér nær Gunnari, en Merði mundi við þik, thou camest not nearer to G. than Mord would to thee, i. e. thou art just as far from being a match for G. as Mord is to thee, Nj. 37; þá ferr honum sem öðrum, it came to pass with him as with others, 172; þá mun mér first um fara, I shall fall much short of that, Fms. vi. 362; því betr er þeim ferr öllum verr at, the worse they fare the better I am pleased, Nj. 217.
    V. reflex., esp. of a journey, to fare well; fórsk þeim vel, they fared well, Eg. 392, Fms. xi. 22; honum fersk vel vegrinn, he proceeded well on his journey, ii. 81; hafði allt farizt vel at, all had fared well, they had had a prosperous journey, Íb. 10; fórsk þeim þá seint um daginn, they proceeded slowly, Eg. 544; mönnum fórsk eigi vel um fenit, Fms. vii. 149; hversu þeim hafði farizk, Nj. 90; at þeim færisk vel, Ísl. ii. 343, 208, v. l.: the phrase, hamri fórsk í hægri hönd, he grasped the hammer in his right hand, Bragi; farask lönd undir, to subdue lands, Hkr. i. 134, v. l. (in a verse).
    2. recipr., farask hjá, to go beside one another, miss one another, pass without meeting, Nj. 9; farask á mis, id., farask í móti, to march against one another, of two hosts; þat bar svá til at hvárigir vissu til annarra ok fórusk þó í móti, Fms. viii. 63, x. 46, Fas. ii. 515.
    VI. part.,
    1. act., koma farandi, to come of a sudden or by chance; þá kómu hjarðsveinar þar at farandi, some shepherds just came, Eg. 380; Moses kom farandi til fólksins, Sks. 574; koma inn farandi, 369, Fbr. 25.
    2. pass. farinn, in the phrase, á förnum vegi, on ‘wayfaring,’ i. e. in travelling, passing by; finna e-n á förnum vegi, Nj. 258, K. Þ. K. 6; kveðja fjárins á förnum vegi, Grág. i. 403; also, fara um farinn veg, to pass on one’s journey; of the sun. sól var skamt farin, the sun was little advanced, i. e. early in the morning, Fms. xi. 267, viii. 146; þá var dagr alljós ok sól farin, broad day and sun high in the sky, Eg. 219; also impers., sól (dat.) var skamt farit, Úlf. 4. 10: the phrase, aldri farinn, stricken in years, Sturl. i. 212; vel farinn í andliti, well-favoured, Ld. 274; vel at orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193; mod., vel orði, máli farinn, and so Ld. 122; gone, þar eru baugar farnir, Grág. ii. 172; þó fætrnir sé farnir, Fas. iii. 308.
    β. impers. in the phrase, e-m er þannig farit, one is so and so; veðri var þannig farit, at …, the winter was such, that …, Fms. xi. 34; veðri var svá farit at myrkt var um at litask, i. e. the weather was gloomy, Grett. 111; hversu landinu er farit, what is the condition of the country, Sks. 181; henni er þannig farit, at hón er mikil ey, löng …, ( the island) is so shapen, that it is large and long, Hkr. ii. 188; er eigi einn veg farit úgæfu okkari, our ill-luck is not of one piece, Nj. 183: metaph. of state, disposition, character, er hánum vel farit, he is a well-favoured man, 15; undarliga er yðr farit, ye are strange men, 154; honum var svá farit, at hann var vesal-menni, Boll. 352: adding the prepp. at, til, þeim var úlíkt farit at í mörgu, they were at variance in many respects, Hkr. iii. 97; nú er annan veg til farit, now matters are altered, Nj. 226; nú er svá til farit, at ek vil …, now the case is, that I wish …, Eg. 714; hér er þannig til farit, … at leiðin, 582; þar var þannig til farit, Fms. xi. 34. ☞ Hence comes the mod. form varið (v instead of f), which also occurs in MSS. of the 15th century—veðri var svá varit, Sd. 181; ér honum vel varið, Lv. 80, Ld. 266, v. l.; svá er til varið, Sks. 223, 224,—all of them paper MSS. The phrase, e-m er nær farit, one is pressed; svá var honum nær farit af öllu samt, vökum ok föstu, he was nearly overcome from want of sleep and fasting.
    B. TRANS.
    I. with acc.:
    1. to visit; fara land herskildi, brandi, etc., to visit a land with ‘war-shield,’ fire, etc., i. e. devastate it; gékk siðan á land upp með liði sínu, ok fór allt herskildi, Fms. i. 131; land þetta mundi herskildi farit, ok leggjask undir útlenda höfðingja, iv. 357; (hann) lét Halland farit brandi, vii. 4 (in a verse); hann fór lvist eldi, 41 (in a verse); hann hefir farit öll eylönd brandi, 46 (in a verse); fara hungri hörund, to emaciate the body, of an ascetic, Sl. 71.
    2. to overtake, with acc.; hann gat ekki farit hann, he could not overtake ( catch) him, 623. 17; tunglit ferr sólina, the moon overtakes the sun, Rb. 116; áðr hana Fenrir fari, before Fenrir overtakes her, Vþm. 46, 47; knegut oss fálur fara, ye witches cannot take us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; hann gat farit fjóra menn af liði Steinólfs, ok drap þá alla, … hann gat farit þá hjá Steinólfsdal, Gullþ. 29; hann reið eptir þeim, ok gat farit þá út hjá Svelgsá, milli ok Hóla, Eb. 180; Án hrísmagi var þeirra skjótastr ok getr farit sveininn, Ld. 242; viku þeir þá enn undan sem skjótast svá at Danir gátu eigi farit þá, Fms. (Knytl. S.) xi. 377 (MS., in the Ed. wrongly altered to náð þeim); hérinn hljóp undan, ok gátu hundarnir ekki farit hann (Ed. fráit wrongly), Fas. iii. 374; ok renna allir eptir þeim manni er víg vakti, … ok verðr hann farinn, Gþl. 146: cp. the phrase, vera farinn, to dwell, live, to be found here and there; þótt hann sé firr um farinn, Hm. 33.
    II. with dat. to destroy, make to perish; f. sér, to make away with oneself; kona hans fór sér í dísar-sal, she killed herself, Fas. i. 527; hón varð stygg ok vildi fara sér, Landn. (Hb.) 55; ef þér gangit fyrir hamra ofan ok farit yðr sjálfir, Fms. viii. 53; hví ætla menn at hann mundi vilja f. sér sjálfr, iii. 59; fara lífi, fjörvi, öndu, id.; skal hann heldr eta, en fara öndu sinni, than starve oneself to death, K. Þ. K. 130; ok verðr þá þínu fjörvi um farit, Lv. 57, Ýt. 20, Fas. i. 426 (in a verse), cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 13; mínu fjörvi at fara, Fm. 5; þú hefir sigr vegit, ok Fáfni (dat.) um farit, 23; farit hafði hann allri ætt Geirmímis, Hkv. 1. 14; ok létu hans fjörvi farit, Sól. 22; hann hafði farit mörgum manni, O. H. L. 11.
    β. to forfeit; fara sýknu sinni, Grág. i. 98; fara löndum ok lausafé, ii. 167.
    2. reflex. to perish (but esp. freq. in the sense to be drowned, perish in the sea); farask af sulti, to die of hunger, Fms. ii. 226; fellr fjöldi manns í díkit ok farask þar, v. 281; fórusk sex hundruð Vinda skipa, xi. 369; alls fórusk níu menn, Ísl. ii. 385; mun heimr farask, Eluc. 43; þá er himin ok jörð hefir farisk, Edda 12; farask af hita, mæði, Fms. ix. 47; fórsk þar byrðingrinn, 307; hvar þess er menn farask, Grág. i. 219; heldr enn at fólk Guðs farisk af mínum völdum, Sks. 732: of cattle, ef fé hins hefir troðisk eðr farisk á þá lund sem nú var tínt, Grág. ii. 286.
    β. metaph., fersk nú vinátta ykkur, your friendship is done with, Band. 12.
    γ. the phrase, farask fyrir, to come to naught, Nj. 131; at síðr mun fyrir farask nokkut stórræði, Ísl. ii. 340; en fyrir fórusk málagjöldin af konungi, the payment never took place, Fms. v. 278; lét ek þetta verk fyrir farask, vii. 158; þá mun þat fyrir farask, Fs. 20; en fyrir fórsk þat þó þau misseri, Sd. 150: in mod. usage (N. T.), to perish.
    δ. in act. rarely, and perhaps only a misspelling: frá því er féit fór (fórsk better), K. Þ. K. 132; fóru (better fórusk, were drowned) margir Íslenzkir menn, Bs. i. 436.
    3. part. farinn, as adj. gone, undone; nú eru vér farnir, nema …, Lv. 83; hans tafl var mjök svá farit, his game was almost lost, Fas. i. 523; þá er farnir vóru forstöðumenn Tróju, when the defenders of Troy were dead and gone, Ver. 36; tungl farit, a ‘dead moon,’ i. e. new moon, Rb. 34; farinn af sulti ok mæði, Fms. viii. 53; farinn at e-u, ruined in a thing, having lost it; farnir at hamingju, luckless, iv. 73; f. at vistum, xi. 33; f. at lausa-fé;. iii. 117: in some cases uncertain whether the participle does not belong to A.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > FARA

  • 117 ὀμνύω

    ὀμνύω (a by-form of ὄμνυμι which is predominant in H. Gk. and therefore in the NT as well; in the form ὄμνυμι Hom. et al.; ins, pap; Just.; the by-form in Hdt., X. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, En, Philo; Jos., Ant. 3, 271, C. Ap. 2, 121. In the NT the older form occurs only in the inf. ὀμνύναι Mk 14:71 [v.l. ὀμνύειν]; B-D-F §92; W-S. §14, 8; Mlt-H. 251) 1 aor. ὤμοσα; pf. ὀμώμοκα LXX to affirm the veracity of one’s statement by invoking a transcendent entity, freq. w. implied invitation of punishment if one is untruthful, swear, take an oath w. acc. of pers. or thing by which one swears (Hom. et al.; X., An. 7, 6, 18; Diod S 1, 29, 4 τὴν ῏Ισιν; Appian, Syr. 60 §317 πάντας τ. θεούς, Bell. Civ. 4, 68, §289; UPZ 70, 2 [152/151 B.C.] τὸν Σάραπιν; POxy 239, 5 [66 A.D.] Νέρωνα; B-D-F §149; Rob. 484. On the LXX s. Johannessohn, Kasus 77; Jos., Ant. 5, 14; 13, 76; Orig., Hippol.) τὸν οὐρανόν, τὴν γῆν swear by heaven, by the earth (Apollon. Rhod. 3, 699 and schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 714 ὄμοσον Γαῖάν τε καὶ Οὐρανόν; cp. διομνύω Aesop, Fab. 140 H.=89 P./91 [I, III] H-H.) Js 5:12. τὴν Καίσαρος τύχην MPol 9:2; 10:1. Abs., in the same sense (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 310) 9:3; (w. ἐπιθῦσαι) MPol 4.—Instead of the acc., ἐν w. dat. of pers. or thing is used (as נִשְׁבַּע בְּ in the OT; ἐν ὑμῖν En 5:6; s. Johannessohn, loc. cit.) ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ἐν τῇ γῇ Mt 5:34–35 (cp. the contrary advice 1QS 5, 8; MDelcor, VetusT 16, ’66, 8–25 [heaven and earth]); cp. 23:22 (GHeinrici, Beiträge III 1905, 42–5; ERietschel, Das Verbot des Eides in d. Bergpredigt: StKr 79, 1906, 373–418; ibid. 80, 1907, 609–18; OProksch, Das Eidesverbot Jesu Christi: Thüringer kirchl. Jahrbuch 1907; HMüller, Zum Eidesverbot d. Bergpred. 1913; OOlivieri, Biblica 4, 1923, 385–90; GStählin, Zum Gebrauch von Beteuerungsformeln im NT, NovT 5, ’62, 115–43; Billerb. I 321–36; ULuz, Mt, transl. WLinss ’89 [’85], 311–22.—Warning against any and all oaths as early as Choerilus Epicus [V B.C.] Fgm. 7 K.=10 B.: Stob., Flor. 3, 27, 1 vol. III p. 611, 3 H. ὅρκον δʼ οὔτʼ ἄδικον χρεὼν ὀμνύναι οὔτε δίκαιον; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 103i Jac.: the Phrygians do not swear at all; Pythagoreans acc. to Diog. L. 8, 22; Essenes in Jos., Bell. 2, 135; cp. Soph., Oed. Col. 650f: a good man’s word is sufficient; sim. Aeschyl., Fgm. 394 TGF p. 114; s. also Plut., Mor. 275c). ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ σου by your head 5:36. ἐν τῷ ναῷ, ἐν τῷ χρυσῷ τοῦ ναοῦ 23:16; 21. ἐν τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ, ἐν τῷ δώρῳ τῷ ἐπάνω vss. 18, 20. ἐν τῷ ζῶντι εἰς τ. αἰῶνας τ. αἰώνων Rv 10:6. ἐν is replaced by εἰς Mt 5:35 (B-D-F §206, 2). Also κατά τινος by someone or someth. (Aristoph.; Demosth. [exx. in FBleek, Hb II/2, 1840, 245a]; Longus, Past. 4, 20, 2; Porphyr., Abst. 3, 16; Ps.-Lucian, Calumn. 18; SIG 526, 8; 685, 27; BGU 248, 12 [I A.D.]; Gen 22:16; 31:53; Ex 32:13; 1 Km 30:15; Am 6:8; Zeph 1:5) ἐπεὶ κατʼ οὐδενὸς εἶχεν μείζονος ὀμόσαι, ὤμοσεν καθʼ ἑαυτοῦ since (God) could swear by no one greater, he swore by himself Hb 6:13; cp. vs. 16 (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 203 οὐ καθʼ ἑτέρου ὀμνύει θεός, οὐδὲν γὰρ αὐτοῦ κρεῖττον, ἀλλὰ καθʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ὅς ἐστι πάντων ἄριστος, De Abr. 273; on the topic cp. Hom., Il. 1, 524–27). ὤμοσεν ὁ δεσπότης κατὰ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ the Master took an oath by his glory Hv 2, 2, 5. It is even said that God ὤμ. κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ v 2, 2, 8. Foll. by direct discourse Hb 7:21 (Ps 109:4). Dir. disc. is preceded by ὅτι Mt 26:74 (w. καταθεματίζειν); Mk 14:71 (w. ἀναθεματίζειν); Rv 10:6f. As a quot. fr. Ps 94:11 w. εἰ preceding dir. disc. Hb 3:11; 4:3 (s. εἰ 4).—W. dat. of pers. confirm someth. (τὶ) for someone with an oath 6:8 (Ex 33:1); Ac 7:17 v.l. (ἧς by attraction, for ἥν). W. inf. foll. (Just., A I, 21, 3 ὀμνύντα … ἑωρακέναι) τίσιν ὤμοσεν μὴ εἰσελεύσεσθαι εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσιν αὐτοῦ; whom did he assure by an oath that they should not enter his rest? Hb 3:18 (dat. w. fut. inf. as Plut., Galba 1063 [22, 12]). διαθήκη ἣν ὤμοσεν τοῖς πατράσι δοῦναι τ. λαῷ the covenant which he swore to the fathers to give to the people 14:1. Foll. by dir. disc. introduced by ὅτι recitative Mk 6:23 (JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 339–58). ὅρκῳ ὀμ. τινί w. inf. foll. Ac 2:30. Though the dat. ὅρκῳ is rare in this combination (cp. En 6:4; TestJud 22:3), the acc. (Hom. et al.; Gen 26:3; Num 30:3) is quite common: ὅρκον ὀμ. πρός τινα (ὀμ. πρός τινα Od. 14, 331; 19, 288) swear an oath to someone foll. by gen of the aor. inf. Lk 1:73.—RHirzel, D. Eid 1902; LWenger, D. Eid in d. griech. pap: ZSavRG, Rom. Abt. 23, 1902, 158ff; JPedersen, Der Eid bei den Semiten 1914; ESeidl, Der Eid in röm.-ägypt. Provinzialrecht, ’33.—B. 1437. DELG s.v. ὄμνυμι. M-M. TRE IX, 379–82. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὀμνύω

  • 118 aequus

    aequus (aecus), a, um, Adj. m. Compar. u. Superl., gleich, I) in sich selbst gleich, 1) eig.: a) von der Oberfläche des Bodens, eben, gerade = wagerecht, horizontal (Ggstz. superior od. inferior, acclivis od. declivis, pronus), locus, qui est ad libellam aequus, Varr.: aequus et planus locus, Cic.: in aequum locum se demittere, in die Ebene, Caes.: paulo aequiore loco consistere, Caes.: ex aequo loco loqui, im Senate (Ggstz. ex inferiore loco, zu den Richtern, die höher saßen, u. ex superiore loco, von der Tribüne zum Volke), Cic.; vgl. ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos, in öffentl. u. Privat-Angelegenheiten, Cic. – neutr. subst., aequum, ī, n., das ebene Terrain, die ebene Fläche ( das Niveau), das flache, freie Feld, facile in aequo campi victoriam fore, Liv.: in aequum descendere, degredi, Liv. a.u.: u. in aequum descendere bildl. = sich zu jmd. ganz herablassen, Sen.: ut primum agmen aequo, ceteri per acclive iugum insurgerent, Tac. – auch vom Plateau einer Anhöhe, in aequum eniti, Tac. ann. 2, 80 extr. – b) von andern Gegenständen, gleich, gerade, wagerecht, aequa frons (milit. t.t.), eine gleiche, gerade Linie od. Front, Liv.: statera posita examine aequo (mit gerade stehendem Zünglein = im Gleichgewicht), Suet.

    2) übtr.: a) wie unser nicht uneben = günstig, ge legen (Ggstz. iniquus), vom Orte, locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse, Caes.: etsi non aequum locum videbat suis, Nep.: ut locus procul muro satis aequus agendis vineis fuit, Liv.: ut quibus locus aequior esset, durch ihre Stellung mehr begünstigt, Liv. – von der Zeit = günstig gelegen, et tempore et loco aequo instructos, Liv.: neque tempore neque loco aequo, Suet.: iudicium aequiore tempore fieri oportere, Cic. fr. – b) vom Gemüt = sich gleichbleibend, gleichmütig, ruhig, gelassen, gleichgültig, zufrieden, geduldig, concedo, et quod animus aequus est et quia necesse est, Cic.: quidquid tribunus plebis loquitur, assuestis aequi (mit Gleichgültigkeit) audire, Liv.: u. so laudationem mortui aequis auribus audivit, Liv.: quod adest memento componere aequus, Hor.: aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem, Hor.: praesentibus aequus, zufrieden mit, Hor. – Bes. häufig im adverbial. Abl., aequo (aequiore, aequissimo) animo, mit Gleichmut, mit Gelassenheit, mit Befriedigung, mit Ruhe, getrosten Mutes, ruhig u. getrost, unbesorgt wegen des Ausgangs (Ggstz. animo iniquo), pati (absol.), Plaut.: pati od. ferre m. Akk. od. m. Akk. u. Infin., Cic.: aequiore quidam animo ferunt praecīdi spem suam quam trahi, Sen.: aequissimo animo ferre m. Akk. u. Infin., Suet.: aequo animo servitutem tolerare, Sall.: alqd accipere (aufnehmen), Sall.: animo aequo alqm spectare (zuse hen), Cic.: utrum aequo an iniquo animo mortem subieris, iam nihil refert, Lact. 3, 27, 8: animo aequissimo mori (Ggstz. animo iniquissimo), Cic. de sen. 83: im Plur., animis libentibus aut aequis alqd remittere, Cic.: eam sententiam haud aequioribus animis quam ipsorum quondam postulatum audire, Liv.

    II) der Beschaffenheit, Eigenschaft nach einem andern gleich, 1) eig.: a) gleich = gleich breit, gleich lang, gleich hoch, gleich weit, gleich schwer, α) von Gleichartigem: aequā latitudine, atque ille congesticius agger fuerat, Caes.: aequo fere spatio abesse, Caes.: aequo discrimine, Verg.: sequitur patrem non passibus aequis, begleitet den Vater mit kürzeren Schritten, Verg.: aequis pedibus procedere (vom Distichon), wie aequis numeris (vom Hexameter), Ov.: aequā lance, Cod. Theod.: aequā utrimque librā (im Gleichgewicht) alqd deportare alio, Plin. – β) von Ungleichartigem: urbs erat in summo nubibus aequa iugo, Ov.: aequum arcibus aggerem attollunt, Ov. – b) gleich = gleich verteilt, gleich zugewogen, gleich groß ( wie ἴσος), non tertia portio, verum aequa, Plin.: u. so oft aequis portionibus od. pensionibus (dare, solvere u. dgl.), in gleichen Raten, Liv.: m. Ang. des Vergleichungspunktes durch atque (ac), quam, cum m. Abl., aequo mendicus atque ille opulentissimus censetur censu ad Acheruntem mortuus, Plaut.: cum aequam partem tibi sumpseris, atque populo Romano miseris, Cic.: postulante patre eius, ut aequum ei ius in omnibus provinciis exercitibusque esset, quam erat ipsi, Vell.: utinam esset mihi pars aequa amoris tecum, Ter.: aequo et pari cum civibus iure vivere, Cic.: ut ita sortem aequam sibi cum collega dent, Liv. (u. so m. folg. cum u. Abl. oft bei Liv., s. Fabri Liv. 21, 3, 6).

    2) übtr.: a) der innern Beschaffenheit nach gleich, α) übh., gleich = gleichgestellt, leges, Lucr.: in aequa laude ponere, für gleich lobenswert halten, Cic.: aequa condicio, aequum certamen proponitur, Liv.: aequi istuc faciam, das wird mir gleich gelten od. sein (gleichgültig sein), Plaut. mil. 784. – u. so die milit. t.t.: aequa pugna, gleicher, unentschiedener, schwankender, Liv.: aequo proelio od. aequo Marte (εξ ἴσου) discedere, das Gleichgewicht behaupten (Ggstz. superiorem esse od. discedere), Caes. u. Iustin.: so auch aequā manu discedere (Ggstz. superiorem esse), Sall.: u. aequā manu abscessum est, Tac.: aequis manibus dirimere pugnam, Liv.: aequo Marte (mit gleicher Aussicht auf den Sieg) pugnare, Liv., contendere, Flor. u. Curt. – β) der Zahl, den Kräften, dem Range nach gleich, gleichstehend (Ggstz. s uperior od. inferior), numerone an viribus aequi non sumus? Verg. – in superiores contumax, in aequos (gegen seinesgleichen) et pares fastidiosus, in inferiores crudelis, Cornif. rhet.: quia regibus aequa, nedum infima insolita sunt, weil Königen schon Gleichsetzung, geschweige denn die tiefste Erniedrigung etwas Ungewohntes ist, Tac. – dah. γ) die adverb. Ausdrücke: ex aequo, von gleicher Stufe aus, gleichmäßig, in gleichem Maße, auf gleiche Weise, sol ex aequo metā distabat utrāque, Ov.: ex aequo convenit, Tibull.: mundum ex aequo temperantia, was die Welt im Gleichgewicht erhält, Sen. – u. = εξ ἴσου, unter gleichen (politischen) Verhältnissen od. Bedingungen, mit gleichen Rechten (s. Weißenb. Liv. 37, 36, 5), ex aequo venire in amicitiam, Liv.: quae disceptatio ex aequo relicta est? Liv.: pax ex aequo utilis, Tac. – in aequo, auf gleicher Stufe, in gleicher Geltung, -Lage, in gleichen Verhältnissen, -Rechten, gew. mit esse, stare, zB. ne in aequo hostes vestri nostrique apud vos sint (gleiche Rechte bei euch haben) ac nos socii; immo ne meliore iure sint, Liv.: quod in aequo est, gleichviel gilt, Sen.: infra deos sumus, non in aequo illis stetimus, stehen nicht mit ihnen auf gleicher Stufe, Sen.: so auch industriosque aut ignavos pax in aequo tenet, auf gleicher Stufe, in gleichen Verhältnissen, Tac.: u. in aequo eum duarum potentissimarum gentium summis imperatoribus posuerunt, sie stellten ihn auf gleiche Stufe mit usw., Liv. – in aequo positum est mit folg. Infin., Val. Max. 6, 9 ext. 9.

    b) gleich gegen den einen wie gegen den andern verfahrend, bes. in Rechtssachen, billig (Ggstz. iniquus, iniustus), α) v. Pers., gerecht und billig, unparteiisch, arbiter, Plaut.: praetor, iudex, testis, Cic.: se alci aequum praebere, Cic.: ne plus iniquum possit quam aequum oratio, facite aequi sitis, Ter.: ab aequis atque etiam a propensis in hanc partem colamur, Cic. – β) v. Lebl., billig, recht und billig, iudicia, Cic.: condicio (Ggstz. iniqua versura), Nep.: aequa et honesta postulatio, Cic.: aequa lex et omnibus utilis, Cic.: quam orationem... aequam arbitror videri posse, Liv.: quod aequum sit in Quintium, id iniquum esse in Naevium, Cic. – bes. oft aequum est = es ist billig, recht und billig (s. Wagner Plaut. aul. 122 u. Ter. heaut. 949), ut est aequum, Plaut.: deinde postulo, sive aequum est, te oro, Ter.: ut aequum censeo, Plaut.: at quibus verbis? modo »aequum sibi videri«, modo »non iniquum«, Cic.: m. Dat., sicut aequum est homini, Cic.: m. Abl. pers. ( wie dignus), plus vidissem, quam me atque illo aequum foret, für mich u. ihn sich ziemen würde, Plaut.: oft m. Infin. Pass., nunc non aequum est abduci, Plaut.: auch m. Infin. Act., ut facere aequum, Plaut.: meist m. Acc. c. Infin., aequum est vos ignoscere, Ter.: tibi me est aequum parēre, Verg.: aequum esse eum et officio meo consulere et tempori, Cic.: aequius vos erat candidatas venire, es war besser, Plaut.: seltener m. ut u. Konj., aequum tibi videatur, ut ego, alienum quod est, meum esse dicam, Plaut. – neutr. subst., aequum, ī, n., das Billige, die Billigkeit, quid in iure aut in aequo verum aut esset aut non esset, Cic.: utilitas iusti mater et aequi, Hor.: aequa postulare, Liv.: per aequa per iniqua, durch jedes billige oder unbillige Mittel, auf geradem oder ungeradem Wege, um jeden Preis, es koste, was es wolle, Liv. 2, 32, 7. – Abl. aequo bei Komparativen (= quam aequum est), als recht od. billig ist, allzu, nur zu sehr, miser amplius aequo, Plaut.: gravius aequo, Sall.: largius aequo Hor.: flagrantior aequo, Iuven. – oft verb. aequum et bonum u. aequum bonumque od. bl. aequum bonum, was recht und gut, recht und billig ist, das Rechte und Billige, Recht und Billigkeit, aequum bonum colere, Plaut.: fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque, quam ex iure gentium Bomilcar, Sall.: contra scriptum de aequo et bono dixit, Cic.: neque quicquam queo aequi bonique ab eo impetrare, auf dem Wege der Billigkeit, -der Güte, Plaut.: si tu aliquam partem aequi bonique dixeris, wenn du nur ein halbwegs billiges Wort sprichst, Ter.: Superl., hoc optumum atque aequissumum est, Plaut. – dah. als t.t. die Rechtsformel: quod od. quantum aequius melius od. melius aequius, wie es billiger und besser ist, Cic.: u. so utrumque fieri sit melius atque aequius, Quint. – u. endlich die Redensart aequi bonique od. bl. aequi boni facere alqd, etw. nach Rücksichten der Billigkeit beurteilen = etw. gut aufnehmen, sich gern gefallen lassen, sich in etw. fügen, mit etw. fürlieb nehmen, an etw. nicht mäkeln (s. Wagner Ter. heaut. 787), Ter., Liv. u. Cic.

    c) gegen andere gelassen, nachsichtig, ihnen gewogen, geneigt, wohlwollend, günstig (Ggstz. iniquus, inimicus), non aequa Pallas, ungünstige, grollende, Verg.: nobilitate inimicā, non aequo senatu, Cic.: aequo Iove, mit Jupiters Wohlwollen od. Beifall, Hor.: adeste aequo animo, schenkt ein geneigtes Gehör, Ter. (s. Spengel Ter. Andr. prol. 24): minus aequis animis auditus est Scipio, fand weniger geneigtes Gehör, Liv.: aequos adhiberent animos ad pacem accipiendam, möchten sich zur A. des Fr. geneigt zeigen, Liv.: meis aequissimis utuntur auribus, ich höre ihnen mit dem größten Vergnügen zu, Cic.: ne in senatu quidem satis aequis auribus audiebatur, fand er ein recht geneigtes Gehör, Liv.: oculis aequis aspicere, Verg., videre, Curt. – m. Dat., alumnis, Hor.: aequa Venus Teucris, Pallas iniqua fuit, Ov.: pater est aequus sorti utrique, meinem V. ist beides genehm, Verg.: ipsis est aër avibus non aequus, nicht heilsam, Verg. – m. in u. Abl. (der nähern Bestimmung), aequus in hoste fuit, Prop. 3, 19, 28. – Plur. subst., aequi, die Freunde (Ggstz. iniqui), gew. verb. aequi et iniqui, od. aequi iniquique, Freund und Feind, Ter., Cic. u. Liv. (s. Wagner Ter. heaut. prol. 27. Fabri Liv. 22, 26, 5): auch m. Genet., absentium aequi, Tac. ann. 6, 36. – / Arch. Nom. Sing. Mask. aequos, Plaut. aul. 187. Ter. adelph. 837. Verg. georg. 2, 225: Akk. Sing. Mask. aequom, Enn. tr. 138 (228). Plaut. capt. 995 u.ö. Ter. eun. 478 u. 870; heaut. 91 u.ö. Cato r.r. 146, 3. – arch. Form aiquos, Akk. aiquon, Corp. inscr. Latin. 1, 196, 27. – arch. Form aecus Enn. tr. 135 (226) u. 161 (147). Pacuv. tr. 32. Verg. Aen. 6, 129; 10, 450; 12, 20 R.; Liv. 42, 47, 3 W. Sen. contr. 9, 3 (26), 1. M. Caes. in Fronto ep. ad M. Caes. 4, 12. p. 61, 10 N. Gell. 4, 9, 12: aiquom = aequum, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 196, 11.

    lateinisch-deutsches > aequus

  • 119 alienus [1]

    1. aliēnus, a, um (alius), Adi. m. Compar. u. Superl., in vielen Bedeutungen dem gr. ἀλλότριος entsprechend (vgl. Passows gr. Wörterb. in v.), einem andern, gehörig, -eigen, fremd (Ggstz. meus, tuus, suus, proprius), I) eig.: 1) im allg.: puer, Ter.: servus, Quint.: coniunx, Hor.: aedes (Plur.), Ter.: domus, Cic.: pecuniae, Cic.: aes alienum, fremdes, entlehntes Geld, Schulden (s. aes no. II, B, 2, a), Cic.: nomina, fremde, von andern gemachte Schulden, Sall.: mos, Ter.: opes, Cic.: pavor, fremde, d.i. der andern Furcht, Liv.: aber metu alieno, aus Furcht vor andern, Ter.: alienis pedibus ambulare, Plin.: edicta alieno formare ingenio, Suet.: cum aliena est oratio, wenn ein anderer das Wort hat, Plaut.: alienis mensibus aestas, in fremden Monaten (d.i. in den Wintermonaten), Verg. – sternitur infelix alieno vulnere, durch die einem andern zugedachte Wunde, Verg. – m. Dat., sacerdotium genti conditoris haud alienum, Liv. 1, 20, 3. – subst., aliēnum, ī, n., a) fremdes Gut od. Eigentum (Ggstz. suum), alieni appetens, sui profusus, Sall.: largiri ex alieno, auf anderer Kosten Freigebigkeit üben, Cic., de alieno, Liv. u. Iustin.: ex alieno praedari, Liv. – b) f remder Grund u. Boden, in alieno aedificium exstruere, Cic.: furor aliena vastandi, Sen.: aliena pervadere molienti, fremdes Gebiet (im Ggstz. zum römischen), Amm. – c) fremde Angelegenheit, qui negat quicquam deos nec alieni curare nec sui? Cic. de div. 2, 104: u. so Plur. = fremde Angelegenheiten, fremde Interessen, aliena curare, Ter. heaut. 76: aliena diiudicare, ibid. 504. – 2) insbes.: a) jmdm. seiner Familie od. seiner Person od. seiner Heimat nach fremd, α) der Familie, Verwandtschaft od. Person nach fremd, fernstehend, jmd. nichts angehend, ihm nicht verwandt, nicht angehörig (Ggstz. meus, tuus, suus u. propinquus, affinis, sanguine coniunctus, amicus, familiaris, familiaris et necessarius), absol., ille si me alienus affinem volet, Ter.: heres alienior, Cic.: homines alienissimi, wildfremde, Cic. Phil. 10, 10. – m. Dat., non alienus sanguine regibus, Liv.: mihi non alienus, Fronto. – m. ab u. Abl., humani nihil a me alienum puto, Ter. heaut. 77: alienissimus a Clodio, Cic. – u. (wie ἀλλότριος) m. Genet. (s. Deder. Dict. 2, 5), non alieni generis sui, Dict.: non alienus Pelei, Dict. – subst., aliēnus, ī, m., der Fremde, cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni, Cic.: in longinquos in propinquos, in alienos in suos irruebat, Cic.: neu malis alienos adiungere, quam sanguine coniunctos retinere, Sall.: etiam alienissimis in capitis periculis amicissimorum officia et studia praestamus, Cic.: se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt, wildfremden Leuten, Caes. b.G. 6, 31, 4. – β) der Heimat nach jmdm. fremd, ausländisch, Graeca nomina aut aliena, Plin.: arbor ex alieno petita orbe, Plin.: domi atque in patria mallem, quam in externis atque alienis locis, Cic. – v. Pers. subst., aliēnus, ī, m., der Fremde, der Ausländer, tot linguae, tanta loquendi varietas, ut externus alieno paene non sit hominis vice, Plin.: hic apud me cenant alieni novem, Plaut. – b) dem Körper od. dem Geiste fremd, entfremdet, α) dem Körper, abgestorben quantum eius (ossis) alienum est, Scrib. 201. – β) dem Geiste, verwirrt, verrückt, facient alienos, deliros, Firm. math. 3, 6. – c) der physischen Beschaffenheit nach fremdartig, widrig, fit quoque, ut (nebula) in nostrum cum venit denique caelum, corrumpat reddatque sui simile atque alienum (uns widrig), Lucr.: alienus odor opplet nares, Varr. – neutr. plur. aliena subst., das Fremdartige, der fremdartige Stoff (= das aus der Mischung fremdartiger Bestandteile entstandene Trübe des Weines), Hor. sat. 2, 4, 57. – II) übtr.: a) v. Pers.: α) der Meinung, Ansicht nach einem andern gleichs. angehörig, von einem andern abhängig, nicht selbständig, nicht auf eigenen Füßen stehend (Ggstz. suus), in physicis totus alienus est, Cic. de fin. 1, 17. – β) der Gesinnung, Denkart, Neigung u. Lebensart nach einer Person od. Sache fremd, entfremdet, abgeneigt, nicht befreundet, feindselig, verfeindet, gegen sie ungünstig gestimmt, gleichgültig (Ggstz. amicus, familiaris, coniunctus), voluntates populi, Cic.: homo, Cic.: ex alienissimis sociis amicissimos reddere, Cic.: neque solum illis aliena mens erat, nicht bloß bei jenen herrschte eine feindselige Gesinnung, Sall. – m. ab u. Abl., alienus ab alqo od. ab alqa re animus, Cic.: si est a me alienior, Cic.: homo non alienus a litteris, ein des Schriftwesens nicht unkundiger (im Schriftwesen nicht unbewanderter) Mann (zugleich mit dem Doppelsinn: ein dem Brieftragen nicht fremder M.), Cic.: numquam a poëtice alienus fui, Plin. ep. – m. Dat., alienus alci animus (Ggstz. animus in alqm pronior), Tac.: ambitioni alienus Ggstz. familiaris otio et litteris), Sen.: domus his aliena malis, solcherlei Ränken (Getreibe) abgeneigt, Hor. – m. Genet. (s. die Auslgg. zu Ov. fast. 1, 196), domus non aliena consilii, dem Pl. nicht fremd, dem Pl. befreundet, Sall.: ioci non alienus, kein Feind vom Scherz, Ov. – subst., vel alienissimus rusticae vitae, auch der abgesagteste Feind des Landlebens, Col. 3, 21, 3. – b) v. Lebl. (konkr. u. abstr. Ggstdn.), fremd, fremdartig, dem eigenen Wesen od. der Beschaffenheit, dem Zustande, dem Zwecke, den Verhältnissen nicht entsprechend, widerstrebend, ungewohnt, ungeeignet, ungehörig. unpassend, unangemessen, unzuträglich, nachteilig, mit etw. unvereinbar, α) absol.: malis ridere alienis, mit verstellten Mienen, mephistophelesartig, höhnisch lachen, Hor. sat. 2, 3, 72 (u. dazu Krüger u. Fritzsche): alieno gaudia vultu semper erant, das Weinen war dir näher als das Lachen, Val. Flacc. 8, 164. – hanc rem tractare non alieno loco videor, Quint. – alieno loco (Gelände) proelium committere, Caes. – alienā, alieniore aetate, Plaut. u. Ter.: alieno tempore, zur Unzeit, Cic. u. Liv. (Ggstz. suo tempore, Varr.). – suo alienoque Marte pugnare, nach gewohnter u. ungewohnter Art, Liv. – aliena verba, uneigentliche (Ggstz. propria). Cic.; u. verb. translata et aliena verba, Cic. (vgl. Cic. de or. 3, 157 u. or. 80): cetera ex prosae orationis usu alieniora praetermisimus, Gell. – u. non alienum est m. folg. Infinit., es ist nicht unzweckmäßig, unzuträglich (s. Heusinger Cic. off. 1, 8), sponte vomere non alienum est, Cels.: u. so sed non alienum est (es ist nicht ungehörig, ungeeignet) rationem huius verbi faciendi Zenonis exponere, Cic.: non alienum esse videtur proponere de etc., Caes.: cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale praemium sit tributum docere, Nep.: non alienum esse arbitror breviter explicare, quae mihi sit ratio etc., Cic. – neutr. plur. subst. = nicht zur Sache Gehöriges, Fremdartiges, Ungehöriges, aliena ac nihil profutura petere, Sall.: aliena dicere (Ggstz. dicere quod causae prosit), Cic.: aliena loqui, Ungehöriges schwatzen, Unsinn reden (v. Wahnsinnigen). Cels. u. Ov. – β) m. ab u. Abl.: navigationis labor alienus non ab aetate solum nostra, verum etiam a dignitate, Cic.: dolor (est) motus asper in corpore alienus a sensibus, dem Gefühle widerstrebend, Cic.: sententia non crudelis, sed aliena a re publica nostra, Sall. – γ) m. bl. Abl.: aut suā personā aut tempore alienum, Cic.: alienum sibi videri dignitate imperii, Cic.: illud autem alterum alienum esse existimatione meā Cibyratas imperio meo publice venari, Cic.: indignum et alienum maiestate populi Romani videtur m. folg. Akk. u. Infin., Val. Max. – δ) m. Dat.: cibi stomacho non alieni (nicht unzuträgliche), Cels.: alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus conflixit, Nep.: exemplum temporibus suis accommodatissimum, meis alienissimum rationibus, Cic.: quod maxime huic causae est alienum, Cic. – u. zugl. m. folg. Infin., moveri et ambulare nisi sanis alienum est, Cels.: non putavi alienum esse meis institutis haec ad te scribere, Cic. – ε) m. Genet, (s. die Auslegg. zu Ov. fast. 1, 196), aliarum rerum aliena, unvereinbar mit andern Erscheinungen, beispiellos, Lucr.: omnia quae essent aliena firmae et constantis assensionis a virtute sapientiaque removit, Cic. – u. zugl. m. folg. Infin., quis alienum putet eius esse dignitatis, quam mihi quisque tribuit, quid in omni munere vitae optimum et verissimum sit exquirere, Cic. – ζ) m. ad u. Akk.: nihil mihi turpius apud homines fuisset, neque vero ad istam ipsam ἀσφάλειαν quicquam alienius (zweckwidriger), Cic. ad Att. 2, 19, 4: ad committendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus, Caes. b.G. 4, 34, 2: omnium autem rerum nec aptius est quicquam ad opes tuendas quam diligi, nec alienius quam timeri, Cic. de off. 2, 23.

    lateinisch-deutsches > alienus [1]

  • 120 idoneus

    idōneus, a, um, durch seine Eigenschaften zu einer Bestimmung geeignet, berufen, zu einem Behufe genügend (griech. επιτήδειος), gut genug, I) aktiv, geeignet, etwas zu leisten = tauglich, fähig, tüchtig, konstr. α) m. Dat. od. m. ad od. in u. Akk.: eius Falernum mihi semper idoneum visum est deversorio, Cic.: deligere castris idoneum locum, Caes.: vixi puellis nuper idoneus, um Mädchen warb ich sonst mit Geschicklichkeit, Hor.: idonea nuptiis, heiratsfähige, mannbare, Ps. Quint. decl.: verna idoneus arti cuilibet, Hor.: non ego sum laudi, non natus idoneus armis, von Geburt berufen zu usw., Prop.: genus hominum minime militiae idoneum, Liv.: quoscumque moribus aut fortunā novis rebus idoneos credebat, Sall.: quod eam (legionem) maxime novis consiliis idoneam rebatur, zugänglich für meuterische Pläne, Tac.: m. Dat. Gerund., quae animalia, ut sunt edita ex utero, statim aëri tolerando idonea esse, Lact de opif. dei 3, 1. – m. Genet. Gerund., et (aeonas) idoneos efficere generandi in se agnitionem patris, Tertull. adv. Valent. 11: m. ad u. Akk., idonei ad hoc negotium, Cic.: armamenta idonea ad usum, Apul.: tempus idoneum, locus opportune captus ad eam rem, Cic.: m. ad u. Akk. Gerund., locus ad aciem instruendam opportunus atque idoneus, Caes.: situm regionis maxime idoneum ad muniendum locum credidit esse praeter amnem Aoum, Liv.: est enim ratio mensque sapientis ad iubendum et deterrendum idonea, Cic.: ad scribendum demonstrativa idonea, Quint.: M. Pomponius Andronicus habebatur minus idoneus ad tuendam scholam, Suet. – m. in u. Akk., idonei in eam rem, Liv.: materiae in hoc idoneae, ut etc., Quint.: in nullam spem, Sen. – m. 2. Supin., manus ferrea et alia annexu idonea, Sall. hist. fr. 3, 21 (22). – β) m. Infin.: iam idonei spiritum trahere, sobald wir fähig sind, Atem zu schöpfen, Sen. ep. 102, 23: fons rivo dare nomen idoneus, genügend, groß genug, Hor. ep. 1, 16, 12. – γ) absol.: navis, paries, tüchtig, fest genug, ICt.: hereditas, eine genügende, ICt.: satis superque idonea clades, alles u. mehr als man von einer N. erwarten kann, eine vollkommene N., Flor.: tempus studiis obsequendi suis, Nep.: verba minus idonea, (für die Sachen, die sie bezeichnen sollen) weniger geeignet (Ggstz. verba maxime cuiusque rei propria), Cic. – von Pers., die das, was sie leisten sollen, wirklich leisten, tauglich, tüchtig, gut, genügend, nullum habentibus statum quilibet dux erat idoneus, gut genug, Vell.: debitor, zahlungsfähiger, Plin. ep. u. ICt.: conductor, guter P., Plin. ep. – von Gewährsmännern, non mihi satis idonei auctores (genügen mir nicht ganz), qui a te probantur, Cic.: nullis aut parum idoneis auctoribus, ganz ohne od. ohne genügende Gewähr, Suet. – v. Zeugen, si enim sunt viri boni, me adiuvant; sin autem minus idonei, me non laedunt, Cic. – v. Anklägern, queruntur accusatores idoneos se non habere; qui accusare possunt, iudiciorum auctoritatem desiderant, Cic. – v. Stilisten, scriptor idoneus, guter, klassischer, Gell. 10, 26, 5. – m. Infin. als Subjekt, idoneum (= non alienum) visum est dicere etc., Sall. Iug. 96, 2.

    II) passiv, geeignet, etwas zu leiden, zu empfangen usw. = für etwas empfänglich, einer Sache wert, würdig (dah. oft korresp. mit dignus), konstr. α) gew. mit folg. qui u. Konj. (wie dignus): itane tandem idoneus (gut genug) tibi videor esse, quem tam aperte fallere incipias dolis, Ter.: rem idoneam de qua quaeratur, et homines dignos quibuscum disseratur, putant, Cic.: tibi fortasse idoneus fuit nemo quem imitarere (nachahmenswert), Cic. – β) mit Abl.: res humiles et indignas viris fortibus [vel viros fortes propterea] contemnere oportere nec idoneas dignitate suā iudicare, mit ihrer Würde vereinbar, Cornif. rhet. 3, 5. – γ) m. Infin. Praes. Pass.: si accendi sunt idonea, Sen. nat. qu. 1, 15, 1. – δ) absol.: eius vis valet multum, cum est complexa idoneam naturam, ein empfängliches Gemüt fand, Cic. – v. Pers. = eine Wohltat usw. verdienend, einer Wohltat usw. würdig, saepe idoneis hominibus indigentibus (würdigen Armen) de re familiari impertiendum, Cic.: minus idoneum praemio afficere, Cic. – u. = eine Strafe ver dienend, straffällig, novum illud exemplum a dignis et idoneis (von Strafwürdigen u. Straffälligen) ad indignos et non idoneos (auf Unschuldige u. nicht Straffällige) transfertur, Sall. Cat. 51, 27. – / Spätlat. Compar. idoneor (von Charis. 115, 22 verworfen), Ulp. dig. 18, 2, 4. § 6 u. 43, 29, 3. § 12. Paul. dig. 47, 23, 2 (überall cod. Flor.). Augustin. serm. 121, 6 Mai: idonior, Callistr. dig. 26, 2, 18 u. 50, 6, 6 (5). § 11 (cod. Flor.). Tert. adv. Hermog. 18; de anim. 18. – Im klass. Latein Kompar. u. Superl. umschr. mit magis, maxime, also magis idoneus, Ter. Phorm. 721. Vell. 2, 12, 2. Quint. 2, 8, 7 u. 11, 1, 20, maxime idoneus, Sall. Iug. 76, 3. Quint. 1, 11, 12 u. 6, 3, 104.

    lateinisch-deutsches > idoneus

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  • ihr — 1ihr [i:ɐ̯] <Personalpronomen>: 1. <2. Person Plural> bezeichnet mehrere gemeinsam angeredete vertraute Personen: ihr habt den Nutzen davon; ihr Deutschen. 2. <Dativ von ↑ »sie (1)«> er hat ihr die Heirat versprochen.   2ihr… …   Universal-Lexikon

  • Ihr — [i:ɐ̯] <Possessivpronomen>: bezeichnet ein Besitz oder Zugehörigkeitsverhältnis zu einer oder mehreren mit »Sie« angeredeten Personen: wo steht Ihr Wagen?; <substantiviert:> das Ihre. * * * ihr I 〈Personalpron.〉 I.I 〈Dat. von〉 sie (3 …   Universal-Lexikon

  • Weise (der) — 1. Auch der Weise ist ein Schüler gewesen. Die Russen: Auch der Weise ist s nicht durch sich selbst. (Altmann, VI, 451.) 2. Auch des Weisen Hand wird nass, wenn er sie ins Wasser steckt. – Altmann, VI, 486. 3. Ain weiser gewinnt die Statt der… …   Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon

  • Liste falscher Freunde — Die Liste falscher Freunde listet eine Auswahl häufiger falscher Freunde (Übersetzungsfallen bzw. Verständnisprobleme) zwischen Deutsch und anderen Sprachen, dem in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in anderen Staaten gesprochenen Deutsch sowie… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Urartäische Sprache — Urartäisch Gesprochen in vormals in Urartu Sprecher ausgestorben Linguistische Klassifikation Hurro Urartäische Sprachgruppe Urartäische Sprache …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Mann — 1. A blind man may perchance hit the mark. – Tauben und Hühner Zeitung (Berlin 1862), Nr. 6, S. 46. 2. A Mann a Wort oder a Hundsfott. (Ulm.) 3. A Mann wie a Maus ün a Weib wie a Haus is noch nit gleich. (Jüd. deutsch. Warschau.) Will sagen, dass …   Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon

  • Personalpronomina der germanischen Sprachen — Der tabellarische Vergleich dient der Veranschaulichung der (sprach )verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen und der geschichtlichen Entwicklung der Personalpronomina der germanischen Sprachen. Die Idee basiert auf den »Sprachmuseum« genannten …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Max Blokzijl — in jungen Jahren (1907) Marius Hugh Louis Wilhelm (Max) Blokzijl (* 20. Dezember 1884 in Leeuwarden; † 16. März 1946 in Den Haag) war ein niederländischer Journalist und Autor. Blokzijl wurde zunächst durch seine Report …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Brot — 1. Abgeschnitten Brot hat keinen Herrn. Frz.: Pain coupé n a point de maître. 2. Alles Brot ist dem gesund, der hungert. 3. Alt Braut un drüge Holt helpen hushalten. (Westf.) 4. Alt Brot, alt Mehl, alt Holz und alter Wein sind Kleister. –… …   Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon

  • Ding — 1. Acht Dinge bringen in die Wirthschaft Weh: Theater, Putzsucht, Ball und Thee, Cigarren, Pfeife, Bierglas und Kaffee. 2. Acht Dinge haben von Natur Feindschaft gegeneinander: der Bauer und der Wolf, Katze und Maus, Habicht und Taube, Storch und …   Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon

  • Leute — 1. A de richa Lüta werd ma nüd rüdig1. – Sutermeister, 143; Tobler, 371. In Appenzell: Von den reichen Leuten bekommt man nicht leere Hände. (Tobler.) 2. Albern Leut dienen nicht in die Welt. – Petri, II, 4. 3. Alberne Lüe sind ock Lüe. (Hannover …   Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon

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