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life-support

  • 1 ψυχή

    ψῡχ-ή, ἡ,
    A life,

    λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε Il.5.296

    , etc.;

    ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453

    , cf. Od.9.523;

    θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. Il.11.334

    , Od.21.154;

    λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος Il.22.325

    ; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, Od.3.74,9.255;

    αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος Il.9.322

    ; λίσσου' ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life, 22.338; so

    ἀντὶ ψ. S.OC 1326

    : but περὶ ψ. to save their life, Od.9.423;

    περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245

    ;

    περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος Il.22.161

    ;

    τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. Hdt.9.37

    ;

    τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. A.Eu. 115

    , cf. E.Hel. 946, Heracl. 984;

    περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων Antipho 2.1.4

    , cf. Th. 8.50;

    ἁγὼν.. σῆς ψ. πέρι S.El. 1492

    , cf. E.Ph. 1330, Or. 847, X.Cyr.3.3.44;

    τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν Ar.V. 375

     (lyr.);

    ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. X.Eq.Mag.1.19

    ; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, Heraclit.85;

    τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι X.Cyr.3.1.36

    ;

    τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτοῦ; Ev.Marc.8.37

    . In early poets:

    ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν Simon.52

    ;

    ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις Archil.23

    ;

    ψυχέων φειδόμενοι Tyrt.10.14

    ;

    θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος Sol.13.46

    ;

    ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου Thgn.730

    ;

    ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων Pi.I.1.68

    ;

    ψυχὰς βαλον Id.O.8.39

    ;

    χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας Emp.138

    ;

    τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ' ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα S.El. 786

    ; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς ib. 775;

    τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν Ar.Nu. 712

     (anap.);

    ψ. ἀφήσω E.Or. 1171

    ;

    ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε Id.Tr. 1214

    ;

    ψ. παραιτέεσθαι Hdt.1.24

    ; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of A., Id.2.134;

    ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα Antipho 4.1.6

    , cf. Th.1.136, etc.;

    τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος Aeschin.2.88

    ;

    τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX Wi.15

    . 8, cf. Ev.Luc.12.20;

    ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX 3 Ki.19.10

    , cf. Ev.Matt. 2.20;

    τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων Ev.Jo.10.11

    , etc.; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, Herod.3.3:—the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is prob. f.l. in Xenarch.4.20;

    ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX Ps.118(119).109

    , cf. 1 Ki.19.5, 28.21, al.; of life in animals, Od.14.426, Hes.Sc. 173, Pi.N.1.47, etc.;

    τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει Anaxag.4

    , cf. 12;

    πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ Diog.

     Apoll.5 (cf. infr. IV. 1); ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) Epich.172; [

    ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX Ge.1.30

    ; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ib.Le.17.11, cf. De.12.23.
    2 metaph. of things dear as life,

    χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι Hes.Op. 686

    ;

    πᾶσι δ' ἀνθρώποις ἄρ' ἦν ψ. τέκν' E.Andr. 419

    ;

    τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς Timocl.35

    ; so as an endearing name, Hld.1.8, al.;

    ζωὴ καὶ ψ. Juv.6.195

    ;

    ψ. μου Mart.10.68

    .
    II in Hom., departed spirit, ghost (

    ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν Apollod.

     Hist.Fr. 102(a)J.);

    ψ. Πατροκλῆος.. πάντ' αὐτῷ.. ἐϊκυῖα Il.23.65

    : freq. in Od.11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, al.;

    ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον Il.23.104

    , cf. 72, Od.24.14;

    ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα Il.23.100

    ; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opp. αὐτούς, 1.3, cf. Hes.Sc. 151;

    ψυχαὶ δ' Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον Il.7.330

    ;

    ψ. δὲ κατ' οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ' ἐπειγομένη 14.518

    ; sts. hardly dist. from signf. 1,

    ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ' αἰχμήν 16.505

    ; in swoons it leaves the body,

    τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. 5.696

    ; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.),

    σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ Pi.P.11.21

    ; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι ib.4.159, cf. N.8.44;

    αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ' Ἅιδην Heraclit.98

    ;

    πέμψατ' ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς A.Pers. 630

     (anap.);

    ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ E.Or. 676

    , cf. Fr. 912.9 (anap.);

    τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι Pl.Lg. 927b

    ; ψ. σοφαί, perh. 'wise ghosts', Ar.Nu. 94;

    δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anon.

     ap. Plu.2.236d.
    III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar,

    ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν Fr. 133

    , cf. Pl.Men. 81b;

    εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι Hdt.2.123

    ;

    ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. Pl.Phdr. 246a

    , cf. Phd. 70c, al.;

    ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται Id.R. 608d

    ;

    ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται Philol.14

    , cf. Pl.Cra. 400c: hence freq. opp.

    σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα X.Mem.1.3.5

    , cf. An.3.2.20;

    ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο Pl.Alc.1.130a

    ;

    εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου.. πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον Id.Phdr. 249b

    ;

    κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα Arist.de An. 407b22

    ;

    οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν X.Cyr.8.7.19

    ;

    ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει,.. ὁρᾶται δ' οὐδ' αὐτή Id.Mem.4.3.14

    , cf. Cyr. 8.7.17; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] IG12.945 (v B. C.);

    ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο Orph.Fr.32

    f.1;

    ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ Pl.Ax. 365e

    .
    IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections,

    χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί Pi.N.9.39

    ;

    μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ' ἄκαμπτος Id.I.4(3).53(71)

    ;

    ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. X.Oec.6.16

    ;

    θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν Isoc.2.37

    ; opp. material blessings,

    κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας Pi.N.9.32

    ;

    μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων.. οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται Pl.Ap. 30b

    , cf. 29e: hence regarded in abstraction,

    τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ' εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ' ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι Pl.Lg. 959a

    ;

    ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος Id.Alc.1.130c

    ;

    οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε X.Cyr.8.7.17

    , cf. supr. 111: sts., therefore, distd. from oneself,

    ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη S.Ant. 227

    ;

    ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται Ar.Nu. 319

     (anap.);

    τί ποτ' ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. E.Hipp. 173

     (anap.);

    ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν Pl.Smp. 192c

    ; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! LXX Mi.7.1; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, "yuxh/, e)/xeis polla\ a)gaqa/" Ev.Luc.12.19; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, = Ὀρέστης, S.El. 1127, al.: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις his wits, Id.Ph.55;

    ἡ δ' ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν Id.Ant. 559

    , cf. OC 999; so ψυχαί abs., = ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα A.Ag. 1457 (lyr.); ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, Ar.Th. 864;

    πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX Ge.46.15

    , cf. Ex.12.4, al.; [

    κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ' ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν 1 Ep.Pet.3.20

    . In apostrophe,

    μή, φίλα ψ. Pi.P.3.61

    ;

    ὦ μελέα ψ. S.Ph. 712

     (lyr.);

    ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. X.Cyr.7.3.8

    ; in referring to persons,

    ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ Pl.R. 496b

     (cf. μεγαλόψυχος) ; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, Thphr.Char.28.2;

    πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX Nu.6.6

    ,11;

    πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω Ep.Rom.13.1

    , etc.: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, LXX Ge.1.24, cf. 20(pl.).
    2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν ) enduring heart, Pi.P.1.48;

    διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. Hdt.3.14

    , ἦν ηὰρ.. ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος poor-spirited, Id.5.124;

    ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων Ar.Eq. 457

    ;

    καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν Id.Ach. 393

    ;

    κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν Th.2.40

    ;

    τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν Lys.10.29

    ;

    ὁ γὰρ' λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ X.Cyr.6.2.33

    , cf. Oec.21.3.
    3 of the emotional self,

    ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι E.Hipp. 505

    , cf. 527 (lyr.);

    πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει X.Oec.6.14

    ;

    τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχων; Lys.32.12

    ; τίν' οἴεσθ' αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδῃ; how will she feel? D.28.21; μία ψ., prov. of friends, Arist.EN 1168b7; ψ. μία ἤστην prob. in Phryn. PSp.128B.; of appetite,

    ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν A.Pers. 841

     (s. v.l.), cf. Epich.297, Theocr.16.24;

    λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. Pl.R. 579b

    ;

    τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ' ἐδόκει X.Cyr.8.7.4

    .
    4 of the moral and intellectual self,

    ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. Pi.O. 2.70

    ;

    ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην S.Ant. 176

    ;

    ἀρκεῖν.. κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ' ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ Id.OC 499

    ;

    ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον Id.Fr. 101

    ;

    ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. Id.Ph. 1014

    ;

    ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς X.Oec.20.15

    , cf. Pl.R. 353e;

    ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. Antipho 4.1.7

    , cf. Pl.Lg. 873a; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, Antipho 5.93;

    τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι.. ἐσθ' ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμεν; Pl.R. 353d

    ;

    τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν X.Mem. 1.2.4

    , Isoc.15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα ib.290;

    τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις X.Mem.1.2.53

    ;

    νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. Pl.Cra. 400a

    , cf. Phdr. 247c, al.;

    ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα S.El. 903

    ;

    ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον E.Tr. 1171

    . Phrases:—

    ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος X.An.7.7.43

    ; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, Thphr. Char.17.3;

    βόσκοιτ' ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας Theoc.8.35

    ;

    ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί X.Mem.3.11.10

    ; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, Phryn.PSp.128B.
    5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, X.Eq.11.1;

    θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν Isoc.2.12

    ; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, Eub.101, Antiph.5.
    6 of inanimate things,

    πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν Isoc.12.138

    , cf. 7.14;

    ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. D.60.23

    ;

    οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας Arist.Po. 1450a38

    ; also of the spirit of an author, D.H.Lys.11.
    V Philosophical uses:
    1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (sc. οἱ πρότεροι)

    τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ Arist.de An. 405b11

    ; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, ib. 405a20; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (sc. πῦρ) Heraclit. 36;

    ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα Xenoph.

     ap. D.L.9.19; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] Philol.13;

    τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις Diog.

     Apoll.4;

    τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσαν; Pl.Cra. 400a

    , cf. Arist.de An. 404a25; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (sc. ψυχὴν) εἶναι ib. 404a1, cf. Resp. 472a4.
    2 the spirit of the universe,

    ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς Pl.Ti. 34b

    , cf. 30b;

    τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ' ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς Arist.de An. 407a3

    ; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι ib. 411a8;

    ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν Chrysipp.Stoic.2.186

    ; ψ. [κόσμου] Plu.2.1013e, cf. M.Ant.4.40;

    ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ Plot.5.1.2

    ;

    τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη Id.4.4.32

    ; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by Ti.Locr.
    3 In Pl. the immaterial principle of movement and life,

    ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ Pl.Cra. 399d

    , cf. Def. 411c; [

    ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν Id.Lg. 896a

    ; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν ib. b, cf. 892c; its presence is requisite for thought,

    σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην Id.Phlb. 30c

    , cf. Ti. 30b, Sph. 249a; defined by Arist. as

    οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος de An. 412a20

    ; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ ib. 412b5; the tripartite division of

    ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν Iamb.

     ap. Stob.1.49.34, cf. Pl.R. 439e sqq.; in Arist.

    ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριον; de An. 413b11

    , cf. PA 641b4;

    ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. Id.de An. 434a22

    , al.; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and Chrysipp.Stoic.1.38; of the scala naturae,

    τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ' ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν Stoic.2.150

    , cf. M.Ant.6.14;

    ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι Epicur.Ep.1p.19U.

    ;

    τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. Id.Ep.3p.64U.

    ; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking,

    τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα Plot.1.1.7

    ; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] Id.5.1.3; present in entirety in every part,

    πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. Id.5.1.2

    , cf. 4.7.5;

    φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας Id.3.8.4

    ; animal and vegetable bodies possess

    οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς Id.4.4.18

    ;

    πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. Procl.Inst.20

    .
    VI butterfly or moth, Arist.HA 551a14, Thphr.HP2.4.4, Plu.2.636c.
    2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-Dsc.4.132.
    VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, Apul.Metam. bks. 4-6, Aristophontes ap. Fulg.Myth.3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, Pl.Cra. 399d- 400a, Arist.de An. 405b29, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.222; Hom. usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω 'blow, breathe';

    τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. Il.5.696

     means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless';

    ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε Il.22.467

     means 'she gasped out her spirit', viz. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, v. ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath, cf. Il.14.518, 16.505, where the ψ. escapes through a wound; cf. ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and S.El. 786, Ar.Nu. 712 (v. supr.1).)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ψυχή

  • 2 ἄρτος

    ἄρτος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)
    ① a baked product produced fr. a cereal grain, bread also loaf of bread
    ⓐ gener. (Did., Gen. 190, 25) Mt 4:4 (Dt 8:3); 14:17, 19; 15:26, 33f; 16:8ff; Mk 6:38, 44, 52 (QQuesnell, The Mind of Mark, ’69); 7:27; 8:4ff, 14 (JManek, NovT 7, ’64, 10–14), 16f; Lk 4:4 (Dt 8:3); 9:13; 11:5; J 6:5, 23, 26; 21:9; 2 Cor 9:10 (Is 55:10). Opp. λίθος Mt 4:3 and Lk 4:3 (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 32 Simon Mag. ἐκ λίθων ἄρτους ποιεῖ); Mt 7:9; Lk 11:11 v.l. W. water (Dt 9:9, 18; Sir 29:21; Hos 2:7) Hs 5, 3, 7. The father of the household opened a meal (s. Billerb. IV 620ff) by taking a loaf of bread, giving thanks, breaking it, and distributing it: λαμβάνειν τὸν ἄ., (κατα)κλάσαι τὸν ἄ. (Jer 16:7) Mt 14:19; 15:36; Mk 6:41; 8:19; Lk 9:16; 24:30; J 6:11; 21:13; Ac 20:11; 27:35. Cp. Lk 24:35; Ac 2:42, 46; 20:7. Usu. taken along on journeys Mk 6:8; Lk 9:3; cp. Mt 16:5, 7; Mk 8:14. W. gen. of price διακοσίων δηναρίων ἄρτοι J 6:7; Mk 6:37. ἄρτοι κρίθινοι (Judg 7:13; 4 Km 4:42) loaves of barley bread J 6:9, 13. The martyr’s body in the fire is compared to baking bread MPol 15:2.—Dalman, Arbeit IV: Brot, Öl u. Wein ’35.
    ⓑ of a bread-offering ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως (Ex 40:23; 1 Km 21:7; 1 Ch 9:32; 23:29; 2 Ch 4:19; cp. 2 Ch 13:11; 2 Macc 10:3; Dssm. B 155f [BS 157]. Cp. OGI 56, 73; UPZ 149, 21 [III B.C.] πρόθεσις τ. ἄρτων in a temple ln. 31) consecrated bread (Billerb. III 719–33) Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4; Hb 9:2.—S. πρόθεσις.
    ⓒ of the bread of the eucharist, which likew. was broken after giving thanks, and then eaten (Orig., C. Cels. 8, 33, 25) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; perh. Ac 2:42, 46; 20:7; 1 Cor 10:16f (the acc. τὸν ἄρτον vs. 16 is by attraction to the rel. ὅν; cp. Gen 31:16); 11:23, 26ff; D 14:1; IEph 20:2; AcPl Ha 4, 4 (s. κλάω, κατακλάω, εὐχαριστέω 2, εὐχαριστία 3 and Aberciusins. 16.—Diog. L. 8, 35: acc. to Pythagoras the εἷς ἄρτος [1 Cor 10:17] has served as a symbol of the union of the φίλοι from time immemorial to the present. Partaking of the same bread and wine [τ. αὐτὸν ἄρτον, οἶνον] as proof of the most intimate communion: Theodor. Prodr. 8, 400ff H.; Herodas 4, 93f: in the temple of Asclepius those who offer a sacrifice—in this case women—receive consecrated bread called ὑγιίη [ὑγίεια] to eat; Athen. 3, 115a ὑγίεια καλεῖται ἡ διδομένη ἐν ταῖς θυσίαις μᾶζα ἵνα ἀπογεύσωνται=the barley-cake that is given everyone to taste at the sacrifices is called Health; Anecd. Gr. 313, 13).—PdeBoer, Divine Bread, Studies in the Rel. of Anc. Israel, ’72, 27–36. S. καλάσις 2.
    ② any kind of food or nourishment, food gener. (since bread is the most important food; cp. לֶחֶם e.g. Is 65:25; Am 8:11; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]) περισσεύεσθαι ἄρτων have more than enough bread, i.e. plenty to eat Lk 15:17 (cp. Pr 20:13). διαθρύπτειν πεινῶσι τὸν ἄ. break bread for the hungry, i.e. give them someth. to eat B 3:3, cp. 5 (Is 58:7, 10). Hence ἄ. ἐσθίειν eat, dine, eat a meal (Gen 37:25; 2 Km 12:20; Eccl 9:7; Orig., C. Cels 7, 28, 43; cp. Did., Gen. 190, 12) Mt 15:2; Mk 3:20; 7:2, 5; Lk 14:1. δωρεὰν ἄ. φαγεῖν παρά τινος eat someone’s bread without paying 2 Th 3:8. Opp. τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτον ἐσθίειν vs. 12. Of an ascetic way of life μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον neither eating bread nor drinking wine, i.e. fasting Lk 7:33 (cp. 1 Esdr 9:2). On ἄ. ἐπιούσιος Mt 6:11; Lk 11:3; D 8:2 s. ἐπιούσιος.—τρώγειν τινὸς τὸν ἄ. be the guest of someone J 13:18 (cp. Ps 40:10). Since according to a concept widespread among Israelites and gentiles, eternal bliss was to be enjoyed in the form of a banquet, φαγεῖν ἄ. ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ=share eternal bliss, or salvation Lk 14:15.—In J ἄ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ (after Ps 77:24; cp. Ex 16:4; 2 Esdr 19:15; Ps 104:40; Wsd 16:20; SibOr Fgm. 3, 49) is Christ and his body in the Eucharist J 6:31ff, 41, 50, 58 or simply Christ himself. For this ἄ. τῆς ζωῆς (JosAs 8:5; 15:4) vs. 35, 48; ὁ ἄ. ὁ ζῶν vs. 51. Sim. ἄ. τ. θεοῦ IEph 5:2; IRo 7:3; ἄ. τ. Χριστοῦ 4:1.—BGärtner, J 6 and the Jewish Passover: ConNeot 17, ’59; GVermes, MBlack Festschr., ’69, 256–63.
    ③ means of support, support, livelihood τὸν ἄ. λαμβάνειν take his bread (i.e. support) D 11:6 (difft. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 68, 20: ‘take bread [from someone’s hand]’).
    ④ reward for labor, reward, proceeds λαμβάνειν τὸν ἄ. τοῦ ἔργου receive the reward of (one’s) labor 1 Cl 34:1.—EBattaglia, ‘Artos’, il lessico della panificazione nei paperi greci ’89.—B. 357. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἄρτος

  • 3 παραπέμπω

    A send past, ἀλλ' Ἥρη παρέπεμψεν conveyed [the Argo] past or through the Symplegades, Od.12.72 : metaph., σαρκὶ καὶ γάλακτι π. τὸν βίον support life, Agatharch.30, cf. 99, Hyp.Fr. 219a ; π. τὴν νύκτα pass the night, Poll.6.109 :—[voice] Med., π. τὸν κάματον while it away, Sch.Ar. Nu. 1360.
    2 send by or along the coast, Th.8.61 ([voice] Pass.).
    3 escort, of ships of war convoying merchant vessels, D.21.167, cf. 8.25 ([voice] Pass.) ;

    π. τὰ ἱερὰ στρατεύματα IGRom.3.1421.7

     (Prusias, iii A. D.): generally, escort, Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.12, etc. ;

    π. τινὰ πρὸς τὴν οἰκίαν Plu.Per.5

     ;

    π. τὰ ἱερά IG22.1078

     (iii A. D.) ; esp. escort to the grave,

    χορῷ.. τὸ σῶμα Posidon.14J.

     (so in [voice] Med.,

    τὸ σῶμα παραπέμψασθαι ἐπὶ τὴν κηδείαν IG12(7).53.19

     ([place name] Amorgos)):—[voice] Pass.,

    ἐτάφη καὶ παρεπέμφθη πανδημεί D.L.3.41

     ; of a bridal procession, to be escorted to the bridechamber, Luc.DMar.5.1.
    b attend a person, of Roman clients, Epict.Ench.25.2 ; escort, attend to or from the forum, D.C.43.22, 58.11 : metaph., of philosophy,

    τὸ -πέμψαι δυνάμενον M.Ant.2.17

     ;

    τὸν ὑπόλοιπον βίον ὑπὸ δόξης χρηστῆς παραπεμφθῆναι Hyp.Dem.21

    .
    4 convoy supplies, provisions, etc., to an army,

    π. τισὶ παραπομπήν X. HG7.2.18

     ; σῖτον Philipp. ap. D.18.77, cf. 50.58.
    6 bring also or besides,

    φέρε, παῖ,.. ὕδωρ, π. τὸ χειρόμακτρον Ar.Fr. 502

     :—[voice] Pass., to be sent in addition, SIG613.19 (Delph., ii B. C.).
    7 swallow, Dionys.Av.2.6.
    II of voice, etc., pass on, send to, of an echo,

    π. στόνον τινί S.Ph. 1459

     (anap.) ; θόρυβον π. τινί waft him applause, Ar.Eq. 546 ; μουσικῇ π. ἑαυτόν give oneself up to.., Plu.Sol.29, cf. Phld.Mus.p.108K. ;

    χάριτι π. ἀτύφῳ Plu. Cat.Mi.46

     :—[voice] Med., φωνὴν π. D.C.74.14.
    b of light, reflect, M.Ant. 8.57.
    III dismiss, Philipp. ap. D.18.166, Plb.30.19.17, D.S.26.1, etc.:—[voice] Med., dismiss one's pupil, D.L.8.87 ; put away one's wife, Apollod.1.9.28.
    2 give up, omit,

    τὸ λουτρόν Sor.1.46

    , cf. Phld.Rh.1.181 S. ; reject, Sor.1.118, M.Ant.1.8 ;

    τὰς δεήσεις J.AJ6.3.5

     :—[voice] Med., reject, A.D. Synt. 6.7, al. ; omit,

    πλείονα.. ἱστορούμενα Philum. Ven. 36.3

    .
    IV transmit an inheritance, Arg.Is.10, Procop.Arc.11 : metaph., π. ἔχθος εἰς τριγονίαν ib.15 ;

    μνήμην εἰς τοὺς ἐπιγόνους Id.Aed.1

     Praef.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > παραπέμπω

  • 4 ἔφεδρος

    ἔφεδρ-ος, ον, ([etym.] ἕδρα)
    A sitting or seated upon, c. gen., λεόντων ἔφεδρε, of Cybele, S.Ph. 401 (lyr.);

    ἵππου E. Ion 202

     (lyr.);

    γῆς ἔ. στρατός Id.Rh. 954

    .
    2 ἔφεδρον, τό, firm seat, bench, Hp.Fract.8.
    3 ἔφεδρον, τό, = ἵππουρις, prob.in Dsc.4.46, Plin.HN26.133.
    II sitting by, at, or near, τῶν πηδαλίων, of a helmsman, Pl.Plt. 273e: also c.dat.,

    σκηναῖς E.Tr. 139

     (anap.):abs., ξύνεστιν ἔφεδρος lies close at hand, S.Aj. 610 (lyr.).
    2 posted in support or reserve, ἐφέδρους ἱππότας.. ἱππόταις ἔταξε posted horsemen to support horsemen, E.Ph. 1095, cf. Plb.8.31.6, Onos.21.6, al.
    3 lying by and watching, waiting on, τῶν καιρῶν, τοῖς καιροῖς, Plb.3.12.6, Fr. 160, cf. Call.Del. 125; ἔ. βίου waiting upon his life, i.e. for his death, Men.663; χαλεπώτατοι ἔ., of debtors in a city, Aen.Tact.14.1.
    4 the third competitor in contests, who sits by to fight the conqueror, Pi.N.4.96, E.Rh. 119, Ar. Ra. 792, cf. Luc.Herm.41 sq.;

    πρὸς βασιλέα τὸν μέγιστον ἔφεδρον ἀγωνιζόμεθα X.An.2.5.10

    ;

    καθάπερ ἔ. ἀθλητῇ Plu.Sull.29

    ;

    Κράσσος, ὃς ἔ. ἦν ἀμφοῖν Id.Caes.28

    ;

    ἔ. τοῦ ἀγῶνος Id.Pomp.53

    ; μόνος ὢν ἔφεδρος δισσοῖς, i.e. one against two, with no one to take his place if beaten, A.Ch. 866 (anap.).
    5 generally, one who waits to take another's place, a successor,

    ἔ. βασιλεύς Hdt.5.41

    ;

    ἔ. τινός Luc.Gall.9

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἔφεδρος

  • 5 διαφέρω

    διαφέρω, [tense] fut.
    A

    διοίσω S.OT 321

    ,

    διοίσομαι h.Merc. 255

    , etc.: [tense] aor. 1 διήνεγκα, [dialect] Ion. διήνεικα: [tense] aor. 2 διήνεγκον:— carry over or across,

    δ. ναῦς τὸν Ἰσθμόν Th.8.8

    ; carry from one to another,

    διαφέρεις κηρύγματα E.Supp. 382

    ; [

    τὸ ἤλεκτρον] διαφέρεται εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας Arist. Mir. 836b6

    : metaph., γλῶσσαν διοίσει will put the tongue in motion, will speak, S.Tr. 323 codd.
    2 of Time, δ. τὸν αἰῶνα, τὸν βίον, go through life, Hdt.3.40, E.Hel.[10];

    νύκτα Id.Rh. 600

    : abs., ἄπαις διοίσει ib. 982:—[voice] Med., live, continue,

    ὑγιηροὶ τἄλλα διαφέρονται Hp. Art.56

    ; σοῦ διοίσεται μόνος will pass his life apart from thee, S.Aj. 511;

    σκοπούμενος διοίσει X.Mem.2.1.24

     (cj. Dind. for διέσῃ).
    3 bear through, bear to the end,

    σκῆπτρα E.IA 1195

    ; γαστρὸς ὄγκον δ., of a woman, Id. Ion15, cf. X.Mem.2.2.5: hence,
    4 bear to the end, go through with,

    πόλεμον Hdt.1.25

    , Th.1.11; but also, bear the burden of war, Id.6.54; endure, support, with an Adv.,

    ῥᾷστα γὰρ τὸ σόν τε σὺ κἀγὼ διοίσω τοὐμόν S.OT 321

    ;

    δ. πότμον δάκρυσι E.Hipp. 1143

     (lyr.): abs., of patients in disease,

    δ. ἕως τῶν εἰκοσιτεσσάρων ἡμερέων Hp.Int.40

    ; δ. φθειρόμενος ib.12 (also ἡ νοῦσος δ. ἐννέα ἔτεα ibid.).
    II carry different ways, Ar.Lys. 570, etc.;

    δ. ἕκαστα εἰς τὰς χώρας τὰς προσηκούσας X.Oec.9.8

    ; toss about,

    ὅπλισμα.. διαφέρων ἐσφενδόνα E.Supp. 715

    ; δ. τὰς κόρας to turn the eyes about, Id.Ba. 1087. Or. 1261 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., to be drawn apart, disrupted, opp. συμφέρεσθαι, Heraclit.10, Pl.Sph. 242e, Epicur.Nat.908.2; to be tossed about, dub. in Str.3.2.5;

    δ. ἐν τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ Act.Ap.27.27

    , cf. Plu.Galb.26.
    2 δ. τινά spread his fame abroad, Pi.P.11.60;

    εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν ἐκείνου μνήμην δ. D.61.46

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    φήμη διηνέχθη Plu.2.163c

    .
    3 tear asunder, E.Ba. 754; disjoin, Arist.Po. 1451a34 ([voice] Pass.): metaph., distract,

    τὰς ψυχὰς φροντίσιν Plu.2.133d

    , cf. 97f ([voice] Pass.), D.Chr.32.46 ([voice] Pass.).
    4 δ. τὴν ψῆφον give one's vote a different way, i.e. against another, Hdt.4.138, etc.; but also, give each man his vote, E.Or.49, Th.4.74, X.Smp.5.8.
    5 ἐράνους δ., = διαλύεσθαι, pay them up, discharge them, Lycurg.22.
    6 defer, reserve for judgement,

    τὸν αἴτιον A.Ch.68

     (lyr., διασπαράσσει Sch.).
    7 plunder, Herod.7.90:—[voice] Pass.,

    τῶν ἀπὸ [τῆς οἰκίας] φορτίων διενηνεγμένων PLond.1.45.9

     (ii B.C.).
    8 excel,

    ἀρετῇ τοὺς ἄλλους D.S.11.67

    , cf. 2.5;

    καλλιτεκνίᾳ πάσας γυναῖκας Stud.Pont.3.123

     ([place name] Amasia).
    III intr., differ,

    φυᾷ δ. Pi.N.7.54

    ; ἆρ' οἱ τεκόντες διαφέρουσιν ἢ τροφαί; is it one's parents or nurture that make the difference? E.Hec. 599: c. gen., to be different from, Id.Or. 251, Th.5.86, etc.;

    οὐδὲν διοίσεις Χαιρεφῶντος τὴν φύσιν Ar.Nu. 503

    , cf. Pl.Prt. 329d;

    τὸ δ'.. ἀφανίζειν ἱερὰ ἔσθ' ὅτι τοῦ κόπτειν διαφέρει; D.21.147

    ;

    δ. τὰς μορφάς Arist.HA 497b15

    ; δ. εἴς τι, ἔν τινι, X.Hier.1.2,7;

    παρὰ τὴν Βεβρυκίαν App.Mith. 1

    ;

    καθ' ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἕλλειψιν Arist.HA 486a22

    ;

    κατὰ τὴν θέσιν Id.Mete. 341b24

    ;

    πρός τι Id.HA 505a21

    ;

    τίνι δ. τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν.. θεωρείσθω Id.PA 684b3

    : c. inf.,

    μόνῃ τῇ μορφῇ μὴ οὑχὶ πρόβατα εἶναι δ. Luc.Alex.15

    : with Art., τρεῖς μόναι ψῆφοι διήνεγκαν τὸ μὴ θανάτου τιμῆσαι three votes made the difference (i.e. majority) against capital punishment, D.23.167; also διαφέρει τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ἔργου makes a difference equal to half the effort expended, X.Oec.20.17.
    2 impers., διαφέρει it makes a difference,

    πλεῖστον δ. Hp.Aph.5.22

    ;

    βραχὺ δ. τοῖς θανοῦσιν εἰ.. E.Tr. 1248

    , etc.; οὐδὲν δ. it makes no odds, Pl.Phd. 89c, cf. Men.Epit. 193;

    σμικρὸν οἴει διαφέρειν; Pl.R. 467c

    : c. dat. pers., δ. μοι it makes a difference to me, Antipho 5.13, Pl.Prt. 316b, etc.; ἰδίᾳ τι αὐτῷ δ. he has some private interest at stake, Th.3.42; εἰ ὑμῖν μή τι δ. if you see no objection, Pl.La. 187d;

    τί δέ σοι τοῦτο δ. εἴτε.. εἴτε μή; Id.R. 349a

    , cf. Grg. 497b, etc.: c. inf.,

    οὐδέ τί οἱ διέφερεν ἀποθανεῖν Hdt.1.85

    : with personal constr.,

    πράγματά τινι διαφέροντα Plu.Caes.65

    ; to be of importance, πρός or εἴς τι, Gal.15.420,428;

    τῷ ζῴῳ Id.UP9.5

    .
    3

    τὸ δ.

     the difference, the odds,

    Pl.Phlb. 45d

    ; = τὸ συμφέρον Antiph.31;

    περὶ μεγίστων δὴ τῶν -όντων βουλεύεσθαι Th.6.92

    , cf. Lys.31.5, Is.4.12; τὰ ἀναγκαιότερα τῷ ταμιείῳ δ. vital interests, PThead.15.17 (iii A.D.); τὸ δ. μέρος τῶν ἀποφάσεων the essential part, POxy.1204.11 (iii A.D.); τὰ δ. vital matters, Ep.Rom.2.18;

    ἐπιστάμενος τὰ δ. παραβαίνειν τολμᾷ And. 3.19

     (but τὰ δ. also simply, points of difference, in character and the like , Th.1.70, etc.).
    4 to be different from a person: generally, in point of excess, surpass, excel him (cf. supr. 11.8), τινός v.l. for -όντως in Th.3.39; τινί in a thing, Id.2.39, Alex.36.6;

    ἔν τινι Isoc.3.39

    ;

    εἴς τι Pl.Ap. 35b

    ;

    κατὰ μέγεθος X.Lac.1.10

    ;

    πρός τι Aeschin.1.181

    : c. inf.,

    δ. τινὸς μεταβιβάζειν τινά Pl.Grg. 517b

    : sts. folld. by ἤ, πολὺ διέφερεν ἀλέξασθαι ἤ.. it was far better.. than.., X.An.3.4.33, cf. Mem.3.11.14, Vect.4.25 (where it means to differ in point of diminution); also

    δ. μέγα τι παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις Plb.10.27.5

    : abs., excel,

    ἐπί τινι Isoc.10.12

    ;

    τάχει Jul.Or.2.53c

    ;

    οἱ τόποι διαφέρουσι Thphr.CP5.14.9

    ;

    διαφέρον τι πεπραχέναι

     a remarkable achievement,

    Plb.6.39.2

    .
    6 quarrel, struggle, Telecl.20;

    οἱ διαφέροντες

     the parties, litigants,

    PPar.69

     B10 (iii A.D.).
    7 come between, intervene,

    ὁ διαφέρων χρόνος Antipho 5.94

    .
    8 belong to, τινί, as property, Ph.1.207, PLond. 3.940.23 (iii A.D.); of persons, belong to a household, PStrassb.26.5 (iv A.D.);

    οἱ -φέροντες

     kinsfolk,

    Annuario 4

    /5.476 ([place name] Bargylia); appertain to,

    τῇ ὠνῇ BGU1062.21

     (iii A.D.); τὰ εἰς τοῦτο -φέροντα πράγματα Mitteis Chr. 372v3 (ii A.D.).
    IV [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., be at variance, quarrel,

    τινί Heraclit.72

    , cf. Amphis32, etc.;

    περί τινος Hdt.1.173

    , Pl.Euthphr.7b; δ. ἀλλήλοις differ with, ibid., cf. Antipho 5.42;

    τινὶ περί τινος Th.5.31

    , cf. X.Oec.17.4;

    πρὸς ἀλλήλους Lys.18.17

    , cf. Hyp.Oxy. 1607 Fr. 1 iii 60, etc.;

    τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους Supp.Epigr. 1.363.5

     (Samos, iii B.C.);

    ἀμφί τινος X.An.4.5.17

    ;

    διενεχθέντας γνώμῃ Hdt.7.220

    ; δ. ὡς.. maintain on the contrary that.., D.56.46; οὐ διαφέρομαι, = οὔ μοι διαφέρει, Id.9.8; μηδὲν διὰ τοῦτο διαφέρου let there be no dispute on this ground, Lys.10.17; οἱ -φερόμενοι the litigants, SIG685.29 (Crete, ii B.C.).—Not in [dialect] Ep.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > διαφέρω

  • 6 διεξάγω

    διεξ-άγω [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Aeol. [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Pass.
    A

    διεξάχθην Milet.3

     No.152.25 (ii B. C.):—lead through,

    δύναμιν διὰ τειχῶν D.S.14.20

    .
    2 bring to an end, settle,

    λόγῳ ἀμφισβήτησιν Plb.5.1.5

    , etc.; try a cause, GDI5040.69 ([place name] Crete):—[voice] Pass., PTeb.5.219 (ii B. C.), al., PSI2.173.15 (ii B. C.);

    τὸ δίκαιον διεξάγεται Plb.4.73.8

    .
    3 arrange, manage, Chrysipp.Stoic.3.185; administer, conduct,

    ἀσφαλῶς τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχήν Plb.1.9.6

    , cf. PLond.3.1221.2 (ii A. D.);

    ταμιείαν IG22.1326.38

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    ὁ τῆς φύσεως νόμος καθ' ὃν διεξάγεται τὰ γιγνόμενα Plu.2.568d

    .
    II δ. τοὺς βίους ἀπό τινος support life, Id.1.71.1: abs., Plu.1090b.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > διεξάγω

  • 7 ζωάρκεια

    A means of subsistence, Sch.E.Hec. 362: [full] ζωαρκία, Anon. Prog.in Rh.1.599 W.: [full] ζωαρκέω, support life, Gramm. in Reitzenstein Ind.Lect.Rost.1892/3P.10.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ζωάρκεια

  • 8 προσχωρέω

    προσχωρ-έω, [tense] fut.
    A

    - ήσω Th.2.2

    ,79; also

    - ήσομαι Id.8.48

    , X.HG7.4.16, Pl.R. 539a:—go to, approach, c. dat.,

    προσεχώρεον πλησιαιτέρω τὸ στρατόπεδον τῷ στρατοπέδῳ Hdt.4.112

    , cf. Th.3.32, Epicur.Nat.2.3: abs., opp. ἀπιέναι, X.Mem.4.3.8.
    II come or go over to, join, [ τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ ἔθνεϊ] Hdt.1.58, cf. 7.235;

    τῷ Μήδῳ Th.1.74

    , cf. 2.2, etc.;

    πρός τινα Hdt.4.120

    , Th.3.61, D.13.20: abs., Th.2.79, 3.7, 52, al.; also

    π. ἐς ὁμολογίην Hdt.7.156

    ;

    ὁμολογίᾳ Th.1.117

    , 2.100;

    π. Ἀθηναίοις ἐς ξυμμαχίαν Id.1.103

    ; πρὸς ὁποῖον βίον ἄλλον.. προσχωρήσεται to what other sort of life he will give himself up, Pl. l.c.
    2 side with, support,

    οὐκ ἐθέλει οὐδὲ ὁ θεὸς προσχωρέειν πρὸς τὰς ἀνθρωπηΐας γνώμας Hdt.8.60

    .

    γ; πρός τινας Id.9.55

    ;

    τούτοισι Id.5.45

    ; comply with,

    τοῦδε π. λόγοις S.Ph. 964

    ;

    π. πόλει E. Med. 222

    .
    4 of funds, to be applied,

    εἰς συνωνὴν πυροῦ POxy.909.20

     (iii A.D.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσχωρέω

  • 9 σπουδή

    σπουδή, ἡ, ([etym.] σπεύδω)
    A haste, speed, σπουδὴν ἔχειν make haste, Hdt. 9.89; σ. ἔσται τῆς ὁδοῦ haste on the journey, Th.7.77;

    ὅκως ἂν αὐτὸν ὁρῶσι σπουδῆς ἔχοντα Hdt.9.66

    ; χωρίον.., οἷ σπουδὴν ἔχω whither I am hastening, Ar.Lys. 288;

    τοῖς μήτε σχολὴν μήτε σπουδὴν διαγινώσκουσιν Thphr.Char.3.6

    ; σπουδῇ in haste, v. infr. IV;

    σὺν σπουδῇ ταχύς S.Ph. 1223

    ; σὺν πάσῃ ς. with all dispatch, POxy.63.5 (ii/iii A.D.);

    διὰ σπουδῆς E.Ba. 212

    , X.HG6.2.28, etc.;

    ἐκ σπουδῆς Arist.Mir. 837a15

    ; μετὰ ς. Ev.Marc.6.25, cf. Hdn.6.4.3, etc.;

    κατὰ σπουδήν Th.1.93

    , 2.90, X.An.7.6.28, etc. (but this sense freq. runs into the next).
    II zeal, pains, trouble, effort,

    ἄτερ σπουδῆς Od.21.409

    ; σῆς ὑπὸ ς. A.Th. 585;

    σπουδῆς οὐκ ἀξία S.OT 778

    , cf. Pl.R. 604c, etc.; freq. in dat. σπουδῇ, zealously, v. infr. IV. 3; so

    σὺν σπουδῇ Id.Lg. 818c

    ; σὺν πολλῇ ς. X.An.1.8.4; ἐπὶ μεγάλης ς. Pl.Smp. 192c; μετὰ πολλῆς ς. Id.Chrm. 175e; σπουδὴν ποιεῖσθαι exert oneself, take pains, be eager, Th.4.30; c. inf., Hdt.3.4, 7.205;

    σ. πολλὴν ποιέεσθαι Id.6.107

    ;

    πᾶσαν σ. ποιήσασθαι ὅπως.. PHib.1.71.9

     (iii B.C.); σ. ποιεῖσθαι περί τινος Pl.Smp. 177c; περί τινα ib. 179d;

    ἐπί τινι Luc.Salt.1

    : c. gen., σπουδήν τινος ποιήσασθαι make much ado about.., Hdt.1.4; σπουδαὶ λόγων κατατεινομένων zeal for the conflicting arguments, E.Hec. 130 (anap.);

    πρός τι D.S.17.114

    ;

    ἀμφὶ Κυράνας θέμεν σ. ἅπασαν Pi.P.4.276

    ;

    ὅτου χάριν σ. ἔθου τήνδ' S.Aj.13

    ; σ. ἔχειν, c. inf., to be eager, Hdt.6.120; c. acc. et inf., Id.7.149;

    σ. ἔχειν τινός E.Alc. 778

    , 1014;

    περί τινος Pl. Amat. 136c

    ;

    εἴς τι E.Med. 557

    ;

    ὅπως τι γένηται D.H.Comp.22

    ;

    σ. γίγνεται περί τι Pl.Phdr. 276e

    ;

    σ. ἐστι περὶ πραγμάτων D.8.2

    ;

    σπουδῆς καὶ βουλῆς τὰ πράγματα προσδεῖσθαι Id.9.46

    ; ἡ σ. τῆς ἀπίξιος my zeal in coming, Hdt.5.49, cf. S.Fr. 257; ὅπλων σπουδῇ with great attention to the arms, Th.6.31, cf. Pl.Lg. 855d: pl., ἐπιμέλειαι καὶ σ. πλήθους γεννημάτων eagerness for.., ib. 740d; zealous exertions, E. Ion 1061 (lyr.), Arist.Rh. 1370a12.
    b in a religious sense, zeal,

    πρὸς τὴν θεάν Inscr.Magn.85.12

     (ii B.C.), cf.Ep.Rom.12.11; ἐνδείκνυσθαι ς. Ep.Hebr.6.11.
    2 esteem, regard for a person, διὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ς. Antipho 6.41;

    πάνυ πολλῆς σ. ἄξιος X.Smp.1.6

    ; good will, good offices,

    σ. ὑπέρ τινος 2 Ep.Cor.8.16

    , cf. PTeb.314.9 (ii A.D.); support in political life, Plu.Crass.7: pl., party feelings or attachments, rivalries,

    σ. ἰσχυραὶ φίλων περί τινος Hdt.5.5

    ;

    κατὰ σπουδάς Ar.Eq. 1370

    , Ael.VH3.8; σπουδαὶ ἐρώτων erotic enthusiasms, Pl.Lg. 632a.
    3 disputation, Philostr.VA4.27, 34 (in pl.).
    III earnestness, σ. ἔχειν, ποιεῖσθαι,= σπουδάζειν, E.Ph. 901, Ar.Ra. 522;

    σπουδῆς μὲν μεστοί, γέλωτος δὲ ἐνδεέστεροι X.Smp.1.13

    , cf. 2 Ep.Cor.7.11, etc.: freq. with a Prep., in adv. sense, ἀπὸ σπουδῆς ἀγορεύεις in earnest, seriously, Il.7.359, 12.233; μετὰ σπουδῆς, opp. ἐν παιδιαῖς, X.Smp.1.1; μετά τε παιδιᾶς καὶ μετὰ ς. Pl.Lg. 887d;

    οὐ σπουδῆς χάριν ἀλλὰ παιδιᾶς ἕνεκα Id.Plt. 288c

    , cf. Smp. 197e;

    καὶ χωρὶς σπουδῆς καὶ μετὰ σπουδῆς ἐπαινεῖν Arist.Rh. 1366a29

    .
    IV σπουδῇ as Adv., in haste, hastily,

    προερέσσαμεν Od.13.279

    ;

    ἀνάβαινε 15.209

    ;

    στρατιὴν ἄγειν Hdt.9.1

    , cf. 89; [dialect] Dor.,

    σπουδᾷ ἐξελθοῦσα IG42(1).121.21

     (Epid., iv B.C.); freq. in [dialect] Att.,

    σ. πάνυ Th.8.89

    , etc.;

    σπουδῇ ποδός E.Hec. 216

    .
    2 with great exertion and difficulty, and so, hardly, scarcely,

    σπουδῇ ἕζετο λαός Il.2.99

    , cf. 5.893, Od.3.297;

    σ. παρπεπιθόντες Il.23.37

    , Od.24.119.
    3 earnestly, seriously, urgently, τί με καλεῖς σπουδῇ; E.Ph. 849;

    σπουδῇ ἀκούειν Pl.R. 388d

    ;

    σ. χαριεντίζεσθαι Id.Ap. 24c

    ; πάνυ ς. attentively, Id.Phd. 98b; πολλῇ ς. very busily, Hdt.1.88, Ar.Th. 791, X.Cyr.4.5.12, etc.;

    πάσῃ σ. μανθάνειν Pl.Lg. 952a

    , etc.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σπουδή

  • 10 διακονέω

    διακονέω (s. two next entries) impf. διηκόνουν; fut. διακονήσω; 1 aor. διηκόνησα; pf. inf. δεδιηκονηκέναι (AssMos Fgm. k, Denis p. 67); aor. pass. διηκονήθην, for augm. s. B-D-F §69, 4; W-S. §12, 6; Mlt-H. 192 (Soph., Hdt. et al.; rare in ins, pap; never in LXX, but in Philo, Joseph.) gener. to render service in a variety of ways either at someone’s behest or voluntarily and freq. with suggestion of movement.
    ① to function as an intermediary, act as go-between/agent, be at one’s service w. intermediary function either expressed or implied (lead tablet Sb 4947, 2 διακόνησόν μοι; in lover’s petition ‘serve as intermediary [medium] for me’ PWarr 21, 4; 8; Lucian, Cont. 1 of Hermes as messenger for Zeus; Theophr. Char. 2, 9 fetch things; Just., D. 79, 2; cp. the role of Repentance JosAs 15:7) w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing οὐχ ἑαυτοῖς ὑμῖν δὲ διηκόνουν αὐτά they were not acting as agents in their own behalf but for yours in the things 1 Pt 1:12 (for a service consisting in the delivery of a message cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 298). For a similar contrast, and with suggestion of an intermediary’s mission: οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι came not to be served, but to serve Mt 20:28; Mk 10:45 (i.e. the Human One [Son of Man] came to carry out an assignment not to benefit himself but others [by giving his life in ransom]; cp. Mt 4:11; par. Mk 1:13 [service rendered by divine messengers]). Of Jesus carrying out his mission [ἀ]νῆλθε[ν δια]κονῶν AcPl BMM verso 13f.— Phlm 13 suggests that Onesimus can be used by Paul on assignment in behalf of the gospel. πορεύομαι … διακονῶν τοῖς ἁγίοις on an errand to God’s people (REB) Ro 15:25 (s. 3).—Of delivery of an object: χάρις διακονουμένη ὑφʼ ἡμῶν gift that we are transmitting (a ref. to the collection for whose delivery they have accepted responsibility) 2 Cor 8:19; cp. vs. 20. In imagery, ἐπιστολὴ Χριστοῦ διακονηθεῖσα ὑφʼ ἡμῶν a letter of Christ, delivered by us 2 Cor 3:3 (WBaird, Letters of Recommendation: JBL 80, ’61, 190).
    ② to perform obligations, without focus on intermediary function
    ⓐ of unspecified services perform duties, render assistance, serve τινί someone (Demosth. 9, 43; UPZ 18, 23 [163 B.C.]; δαίμοσι δ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 51, 38) Mt 8:15; Mk 1:31; Lk 4:39; GJs 6:3; διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ being at his service Mt 27:55; cp. Mk 15:41. διακόνει μοι serve me Hs 8, 4, 1, cp. 2; J 12:26; Ac 19:22. Also εἰς ἑαυτοὺς αὐτὸ δ. serve one another w. it 1 Pt 4:10. W. acc. of thing ὅσα διηκόνησεν what services he rendered 2 Ti 1:18; cp. Hs 2:10. Abs. (POxy 275, 10 [I A.D.]) 1 Pt 4:11. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 10, 242); ἁπλῶς δ. complete a service in simplicity of heart Hm 2:6.
    ⓑ of attention at meals wait on someone (τινί) at table (Menand., Fgm. 272; Pyrgion [Hellenistic times]: 467 Fgm. 1 Jac. [a communal meal in Crete]; Diod S 4, 36, 2; 5, 28, 4; Philo, Vi. Cont. 70; TestJob 12:1 al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 163; 166) Lk 12:37; 17:8. Abs. 10:40; J 12:2; GJs 6:3. In imagery ὡς ὁ διακονῶν waiter Lk 22:26f.
    ③ to meet an immediate need, help w. dat. (Iren. 1, pr. 3 [Harv. I 7, 1]) πότε οὐ διηκονήσαμέν σοι; when did we not help you? Mt 25:44 (but s. 4, Collins). ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων helped to support them w. their means Lk 8:3 (KTorjesen, When Women Were Priests ’93, 53ff); the saints Ro 15:25 (JO’Rourke, CBQ 29, ’67, 116–18; but s. 1); Hb 6:10.
    ④ to carry out official duties, minister, in cultic context (of holy service at the altar Jos., Ant. 3, 155; cp. PGM 36, 304 and 335 παρὰ θεοῖς δ.) of διάκονοι 1 Ti 3:10; καλῶς δ. vs. 13. ἀγνῶς καὶ σεμνῶς Hv 3, 5, 1. Opp. κακῶς Hs 9, 26, 2. Collins (s. below) p. 65 argues for placement of Mt 25:44 in this classification: those consigned to perdition plead their total dedication to the Lord’s interests.
    ⑤ Ac 6:2 poses a special problem: care for, take care of w. dat. of thing τραπέζαις look after tables can be understood of serving food at tables (cp. βούλομαι … διακονῆσαι τοῖς πτωχοῖς σήμερον ἐν τῇ σῇ τραπέζῃ TestJob 12:1), but it is improbable that some widows would be deprived of food at a communal meal. The term διακονία vs. 1 more probably refers to administrative responsibility (s. διακονία 5), one of whose aspects is concern for widows without specifying the kind of assistance that is allotted. Vs. 2 may contain wordplay involving the phrase τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, w. λόγος designating a ledger entry, in which case τράπεζα, which is also a banker’s term (s. L-S-J-M s.v. II), may here denote accounts (s. τράπεζα 1c).—WBrandt, Dienst u. Dienen im NT ’31; ESchweizer, D. Leben des Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; PBoulton, Διακονέω and Its Cognates in the 4 Gospels: TU 73, ’59, 415–22. JCollins, Diakonia ’90.—DELG s.v. διάκονος. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > διακονέω

  • 11 καί

    καί conjunction (Hom.+), found most frequently by far of all Gk. particles in the NT; since it is not only used much more commonly here than in other Gk. lit. but oft. in a different sense, or rather in different circumstances, it contributes greatly to some of the distinctive coloring of the NT style.—HMcArthur, ΚΑΙ Frequency in Greek Letters, NTS 15, ’68/69, 339–49. The vivacious versatility of κ. (for earlier Gk. s. Denniston 289–327) can easily be depressed by the tr. ‘and’, whose repetition in a brief area of text lacks the support of arresting aspects of Gk. syntax.
    ① marker of connections, and
    ⓐ single words
    α. gener. Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ Σίμων καὶ Ἰούδας Mt 13:55. χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν 2:11. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή Ro 7:12. πολυμερῶς κ. πολυτρόπως Hb 1:1. ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ God, who is also the Father 1 Cor 15:24; cp. 2 Cor 1:3; 11:31; Eph 1:3; Js 1:27; 3:9 al.—Connects two occurrences of the same word for emphasis (OGI 90, 19 [196 B.C.] Ἑρμῆς ὁ μέγας κ. μέγας; pap in Mayser II/1, 54) μείζων κ. μείζων greater and greater Hv 4, 1, 6. ἔτι κ. ἔτι again and again B 21:4; Hs 2, 6 (B-D-F §493, 1; 2; s. Rob. 1200).
    β. w. numerals, w. the larger number first δέκα καὶ ὁκτώ Lk 13:16. τεσσεράκοντα κ. ἕξ J 2:20. τετρακόσιοι κ. πεντήκοντα Ac 13:20.—The καί in 2 Cor 13:1 ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα=‘or’ ([v.l. ἢ τριῶν for καὶ τριῶν as it reads Mt 18:16]; cp. Js 4:13 v.l. σήμερον καὶ αὔριον=‘today or tomorrow’, but s. above all Thu. 1, 82, 2; Pla., Phd. 63e; X., De Re Equ. 4, 4 ἁμάξας τέτταρας καὶ πέντε; Heraclides, Pol. 58 τρεῖς καὶ τέσσαρας; Polyb. 3, 51, 12 ἐπὶ δυεῖν καὶ τρισὶν ἡμέραις; 5, 90, 6; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 28 εἷς καὶ δύο=one or two; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1091 p. 305, 22 W. τριέτης καὶ τετραέτης) by the statement of two or three witnesses every charge must be sustained, as explained by Dt 19:15.
    γ. adding the whole to the part and in general (Aristoph., Nub. 1239 τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς θεούς; Thu. 1, 116, 3; 7, 65, 1) Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι Peter and the rest of the apostles Ac 5:29. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς κ. τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον the high priest and all the rest of the council Mt 26:59. Vice versa, adding a (specially important) part to the whole and especially (πᾶς Ἰουδὰ καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ 2 Ch 35:24; cp. 32, 33; 1 Macc 2:6) τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. τῷ Πέτρῳ Mk 16:7. σὺν γυναιξὶ κ. Μαριάμ Ac 1:14.
    δ. The expr. connected by καί can be united in the form of a hendiadys (Alcaeus 117, 9f D.2 χρόνος καὶ καρπός=time of fruit; Soph., Aj. 144; 749; Polyb. 6, 9, 4; 6, 57, 5 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ δυναστεία=1, 2, 7; 5, 45, 1 ὑπεροχὴ τῆς δυναστείας; Diod S 5, 67, 3 πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ μνήμην=renewal of remembrance; 15, 63, 2 ἀνάγκη καὶ τύχη=compulsion of fate; 16, 93, 2 ἐπιβουλὴ κ. θάνατος=a fatal plot; Jos., Ant. 12, 98 μετὰ χαρᾶς κ. βοῆς=w. a joyful cry; 17, 82 ἀκρίβεια κ. φυλακή) ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligent answers Lk 2:47. δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα κ. σοφίαν I will give you wise utterance 21:15. τροφὴ κ. εὐφροσύνη joy concerning (your) food Ac 14:17. ἐλπὶς κ. ἀνάστασις hope of a resurrection 23:6 (2 Macc 3:29 ἐλπὶς καὶ σωτηρία; s. OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f; GBjörck, ConNeot 4, ’40, 1–4).
    ε. A colloquial feature is the coordination of two verbs, one of which should be a ptc. (s. B-D-F §471; Rob. 1135f) ἀποτολμᾷ κ. λέγει = ἀποτολμῶν λέγει he is so bold as to say Ro 10:20. ἔσκαψεν κ. ἐβάθυνεν (=βαθύνας) Lk 6:48. ἐκρύβη κ. ἐξῆλθεν (=ἐξελθών) J 8:59. Sim. χαίρων κ. βλέπων I am glad to see Col 2:5. Linking of subordinate clause and ptc. Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλθεν … καὶ ἰδοῦσα J 11:32 v.l. Cp. παραλαβών … καὶ ἀνέβη Lk 9:28 v.l.
    ⓑ clauses and sentences
    α. gener.: ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει κ. τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). εἰσῆλθον … κ. ἐδίδασκον Ac 5:21. διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ κ. συνάξει τὸν σῖτον Mt 3:12. κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία Ro 4:14 and very oft. Connecting two questions Mt 21:23, or quotations (e.g. Ac 1:20), and dialogue (Lk 21:8), or alternate possibilities (13:18).
    β. Another common feature is the practice, drawn fr. Hebrew or fr. the speech of everyday life, of using κ. as a connective where more discriminating usage would call for other particles: καὶ εἶδον καὶ (for ὅτι) σεισμὸς ἐγένετο Rv 6:12. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς … καὶ (for ὅτι) ἔλεγον and the king learned that they were saying Mk 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92; on this JBlinzler, Philol. 96, ’43/44, 119–31). τέξεται υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ (for οὗ τὸ ὄνομα καλ.) Mt 1:21; cp. Lk 6:6; 11:44. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνάς Mk 9:5. Esp. freq. is the formula in historical narrative καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ (like וַ … וַיְהִי) and it happened or came about … that Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15; Lk 5:1 v.l. (for ἐγένετο δὲ … καὶ; so also the text of 6:12), 12, 17; 14:1; 17:11 al. (Gen 7:10 al.; JosAs 11:1; 22:1). S. MJohannessohn, Das bibl. Καὶ ἐγένετο u. seine Geschichte, 1926 (fr. ZVS 35, 1925, 161–212); KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 29–62; Mlt-Turner 334f; ÉDelebecque, Études Grecques sur L’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65; JVoelz, The Language of the NT: ANRW II/25/2, 893–977, esp. 959–64.—As in popular speech, κ. is used in rapid succession Mt 14:9ff; Mk 1:12ff; Lk 18:32ff; J 2:13ff; 1 Cor 12:5f; Rv 6:12ff; 9:1ff. On this kind of colloquial speech, which joins independent clauses rather than subordinating one to the other (parataxis rather than hypotaxis) s. B-D-F §458; Rdm.2 p. 222; Rob. 426; Dssm., LO 105ff (LAE 129ff), w. many references and parallels fr. secular sources. This is a favorite, e.g., in Polyaenus 2, 3, 2–4; 2, 4, 3; 3, 9, 10; 3, 10, 2; 4, 6, 1; 7, 36 al.
    γ. It is also coordination rather than subordination when κ. connects an expr. of time with that which occurs in the time (Od. 5, 362; Hdt. 7, 217; Thu. 1, 50, 5; Pla., Symp. 220c; Aeschin. 3, 71 νὺξ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ παρῆμεν; s. B-D-F §442, 4; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griechische Gramm. 1913, 640*): ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα κ. παραδίδοται the time has come when he is to be given up Mt 26:45. κ. ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν when they crucified him Mk 15:25. κ. ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα when he went up to Jerusalem J 2:13. κ. συντελέσω when I will make Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); cp. J 4:35; 7:33; Lk 19:43; 23:44; Ac 5:7.
    δ. καί introducing an apodosis is really due to Hebr./LXX infl. (B-D-F §442, 7; Abel §78a, 6 p. 341; Mlt-H. 422; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 66–72; but not offensive to ears trained in good Gk.: s. Il. 1, 478; Hdt. 1, 79, 2; sim.Thu. 2, 93, 4 ὡς ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐχώρουν εὐθύς; 8, 27, 5; Herm. Wr. 13, 1 …, καὶ ἔφης; Delebecque [s. above in β] 130–32) καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ …, κ. ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 3:20. Also κ. ἰδού in an apodosis Lk 7:12; Ac 1:10.
    ε. connecting negative and affirmative clauses Lk 3:14. οὔτε ἄντλημα ἔχεις κ. τὸ φρέαρ ἐστὶ βαθύ you have no bucket, and the well is deep J 4:11; cp. 3J 10 (οὔτε … καί Eur., Iph. Taur. 591f; Longus, Past. 1, 17; 4, 28; Aelian, NA 1, 57; 11, 9; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 2, 4 οὔτε πάντα ἡ Λεσβία, Δωρί, πρὸς σὲ ἐψεύσατο καὶ σὺ τἀληθῆ ἀπήγγελκας Μυρτίῳ ‘It wasn’t all lies that Lesbia told you, Doris; and you certainly reported the truth to Myrtium’). After a negative clause, which influences the clause beginning w. καί: μήποτε καταπατήσουσιν … κ. στραφέντες ῥήξωσιν ὑμᾶς Mt 7:6; cp. 5:25; 10:38; 13:15 (Is 6:10); 27:64; Lk 12:58; 21:34; J 6:53; 12:40 (Is 6:10); Ac 28:27 (Is 6:10); 1 Th 3:5; Hb 12:15; Rv 16:15.
    ζ. to introduce a result that comes fr. what precedes: and then, and so Mt 5:15; 23:32; Mk 8:34; 2 Cor 11:9; Hb 3:19; 1J 3:19. καὶ ἔχομεν and so we have 2 Pt 1:19. Esp. after the impv., or expr. of an imperatival nature (Soph., Oed. Col. 1410ff θέσθε … καὶ … οἴσει, El. 1207; Sir 2:6; 3:17) δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου καὶ ποιήσω and then I will make Mt 4:19. εἰπὲ λόγῳ, κ. ἰαθήσεται ὁ παῖς μου speak the word, and then my servant will be cured Mt 8:8; Lk 7:7; cp. Mt 7:7; Mk 6:22; Lk 10:28; J 14:16; Js 4:7, 10; Rv 4:1.—καί introduces a short clause that confirms the existence of someth. that ought to be: ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καὶ ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are (καλέω 1d) 1J 3:1 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §161 they were to conquer Sardinia, καὶ κατέλαβον=and they really took it; 4, 127 §531 one day would decide [κρίνειν] the fate of Rome, καὶ ἐκρίθη).
    η. emphasizing a fact as surprising or unexpected or noteworthy: and yet, and in spite of that, nevertheless (Eur., Herc. Fur. 509; Philostrat., Her. 11 [II 184, 29 Kayser] ῥητορικώτατον καὶ δεινόν; Longus, Past. 4, 17 βουκόλος ἦν Ἀγχίσης καὶ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν Ἀφροδίτη) κ. σὺ ἔρχῃ πρὸς μέ; and yet you come to me? Mt 3:14; cp. 6:26; 10:29; Mk 12:12; J 1:5, 10; 3:11, 32; 5:40; 6:70; 7:28; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 3:1. So also, connecting what is unexpected or otherw. noteworthy with an attempt of some kind (JBlomqvist, Das sogennante και adversativum ’79): but ζητεῖ κ. οὐχ εὑρίσκει but he finds none (no resting place) Mt 12:43. ἐπεθύμησαν ἰδεῖν κ. οὐχ εἶδαν but did not see (it) 13:17; cp. 26:60; Lk 13:7; 1 Th 2:18. Cp. GJs 18:3 (not pap). Perhaps Mk 5:20. Introducing a contrasting response καὶ ἀποδώσεις μοι Hv 2, 1, 3.
    θ. to introduce an abrupt question, which may often express wonder, ill-will, incredulity, etc. (B-D-F §442, 8. For older lit. exx. of this usage s. Kühner-G. II p. 247f; for later times EColwell, The Gk. of the Fourth Gospel ’31, 87f): κ. πόθεν μοι τοῦτο; how have I deserved this? Lk 1:43. κ. τίς; who then? Mk 10:26; Lk 10:29; J 9:36. καὶ τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; how does it happen that … ? 14:22. καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις … ; how is it, then, that you say … J 14:9 v.l. W. a protasis εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, κ. τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με; for if I make you sad, who then will cheer me up? 2 Cor 2:2 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 43; 44 εἰ [ὁ θεὸς] ψεύδεται, καὶ τίς ἀληθεύει;). Thus Phil 1:22 is prob. to be punctuated as follows (s. ADebrunner, GGA 1926, 151): εἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, τοῦτο μοι καρπὸς ἔργου, καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι; οὐ γνωρίζω but if living on here means further productive work, then which shall I choose? I really don’t know. καὶ πῶς αὐτοῦ υἱός ἐστιν; how, then, is he his son? Lk 20:44 (cp. Gen 39:9).
    ι. to introduce a parenthesis (Eur., Orest. 4, Hel. 393; X., Equ. 11, 2.—B-D-F §465, 1; Rob. 1182) κ. ἐκωλύθην ἄρχι τοῦ δεῦρο but so far I have been prevented Ro 1:13.
    ⓒ oft. explicative; i.e., a word or clause is connected by means of καί w. another word or clause, for the purpose of explaining what goes before it and so, that is, namely (PPetr II, 18 [1], 9 πληγὰς … καὶ πλείους=blows … indeed many of them.—Kühner-G. II 247; B-D-F §442, 9; Rob. 1181; Mlt-Turner 335) χάριν κ. ἀποστολήν grace, that is, the office of an apostle Ro 1:5. ἀπήγγειλαν πάντα καὶ τὰ τ. δαιμονιζομένων they told everything, namely what had happened to those who were possessed Mt 8:33. καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος that is, grace upon grace J 1:16. Cp. 1 Cor 3:5; 15:38.—Mt 21:5.—Other explicative uses are καὶ οὗτος, καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτα (the first and last are in earlier Gk.: Hdt., X. et al.; s. Kühner-G. I 647; II 247) and, also ascensive and indeed, and at that Ἰ. Χρ., καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον J. Chr., (and) indeed him on the cross 1 Cor 2:2. καὶ τοῦτο Ro 13:11; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Eph 2:8. καὶ ταῦτα w. ptc. and to be sure Hb 11:12. See B-D-F §290, 5; 425, 1; 442, 9.—The ascensive force of καί is also plain in Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον a Roman citizen, and uncondemned at that Ac 22:25. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν an hour is coming, indeed it is already here J 5:25. προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν καὶ κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ added this on top of everything else, namely to put John in prison Lk 3:20.
    ⓓ After πολύς and before a second adj. καί is pleonastic fr. the viewpoint of modern lang. (earlier Gk.: Hom. et al. [Kühner-G. II 252, 1]; cp. Cebes 1, 1 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα; 2, 3; B-D-F §442, 11) πολλὰ … κ. ἄλλα σημεῖα many other signs J 20:30 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 318). πολλὰ κ. βαρέα αἰτιώματα many severe charges Ac 25:7. πολλὰ … καὶ ἕτερα Lk 3:18 (cp. Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 6 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα). πολλοὶ καὶ ἀνυπότακτοι Tit 1:10.
    ⓔ introducing someth. new, w. loose connection: Mt 4:23; 8:14, 23, 28; 9:1, 9, 27, 35; 10:1; 12:27; Mk 5:1, 21; Lk 8:26; J 1:19 and oft.
    ⓕ καί … καί both … and, not only …, but also (Synes., Dreams 10 p. 141b καὶ ἀπιστεῖν ἔξεστι καὶ πιστεύειν.—B-D-F §444, 3; Rob. 1182; Mlt-Turner 335) connecting single expressions Mt 10:28; Mk 4:41; Ro 11:33; Phil 2:13; 4:12. κ. ἐν ὀλίγῳ κ. ἐν μεγάλῳ Ac 26:29. κ. ἅπαξ κ. δίς (s. ἅπαξ 1) Phil 4:16; 1 Th 2:18. Connecting whole clauses or sentences: Mk 9:13; J 7:28; 9:37; 12:28; 1 Cor 1:22. Introducing contrasts: although … yet (Anthol. VII, 676 Δοῦλος Ἐπίκτητος γενόμην καὶ σῶμʼ ἀνάπηρος καὶ πενίην ῏Ιρος καὶ φίλος ἀθανάτοις ‘I was Epictetus, a slave; crippled in body and an Iros [a beggar in Hom., Od.] in poverty, but dear to the Immortals’) J 15:24; Ac 23:3. καὶ … κ. οὐ Lk 5:36; J 6:36. καὶ οὐ … καί 17:25; κ. … κ. now … now Mk 9:22. On τὲ … καί s. τέ 2c. Somet. w. ἤ q.v. 1aβ.—HCadbury, Superfluous καί in the Lord’s Prayer (i.e. Mt 6:12) and Elsewhere: Munera Studiosa (=WHatch Festschr.) ’46.
    ② marker to indicate an additive relation that is not coordinate to connect clauses and sentences, also, likewise, funct. as an adv.
    ⓐ simply κ. τὴν ἄλλην the other one also Mt 5:39; cp. vs. 40; 6:21; 12:45; Mk 1:38; 2:26; 8:7 and oft. Freq. used w. pronouns κἀγώ (q.v.). καὶ σύ Mt 26:73. κ. ὑμεῖς 20:4, 7; Lk 21:31; J 7:47 and oft. κ. αὐτός (s. αὐτός 1f).
    ⓑ intensive: even Mt 5:46f; 10:30; Mk 1:27; Lk 10:17; J 14:9 v.l.; Ac 5:39; 22:28; Ro 9:24 (ἀλλὰ καί); 1 Cor 2:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 2:17; Eph 5:12; Phlm 21; Hb 7:25; 1 Pt 4:19 (but s. d below); Jd 23; Hs 5, 2, 10; 7:1; ἔτι καὶ νῦν Dg 2:3. CBlackman, JBL 87, ’68, 203f would transl. Ro 3:26b: … even in the act of declaring righteous (cp. the gen. abs. Polemon Soph. B 14 Reader καὶ Δάτιδος ἀποπλέοντος=even though Datis was sailing away). In formulas expressing a wish: ὄφελον καί if only, would that Gal 5:12. In connection w. a comparative: κ. περισσότερον προφήτου one who is even more than a prophet Mt 11:9. κ. μείζονα ποιήσει J 14:12.
    ⓒ In sentences denoting a contrast καί appears in var. ways, somet. in both members of the comparison, and oft. pleonastically, to our way of thinking καθάπερ …, οὕτως καί as …, thus also 2 Cor 8:11. ὥσπερ …, οὕτως καί (Hyperid. 1, 2, 5–8) Ro 5:19; 11:30f; 1 Cor 11:12; 15:22; Gal 4:29. ὡς …, οὕτως καί Ro 5:15, 18. ὸ̔ν τρόπον …, οὕτως καί 2 Ti 3:8.—οὕτως καί thus also Ro 6:11. ὡσαύτως καί in the same way also 1 Cor 11:25. ὁμοίως καί (Jos., Bell. 2, 575) J 6:11; Jd 8. ὡς καί Ac 11:17; 1 Cor 7:7; 9:5. καθὼς καί Ro 15:7; 1 Cor 13:12; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:17. καθάπερ καί Ro 4:6; 2 Cor 1:14.—καί can also stand alone in the second member w. the mng. so also, so. ὡς … καί Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20. καθὼς … καί Lk 6:31 v.l.; J 6:57; 13:15; 1 Cor 15:49.—οἷος …, τοιοῦτος καί 1 Cor 15:48. After a comp. ὅσῳ καί by so much also Hb 8:6. καί is found in both members of the comparison (s. Kühner-G. II 256; 2 Macc 2:10; 6:14) Ro 1:13; 1 Th 2:14. καθὼς καὶ … οὕτως καί Col 3:13 (cp. Hyperid. 1, 40, 20–25 ὥσπερ καὶ … οὕτω καί; 3, 38).
    ⓓ w. expressions that introduce cause or result, here also pleonastic to a considerable degree διὰ τοῦτο καί for this reason (also) Lk 11:49; J 12:18. διὸ καί Lk 1:35; Ac 10:29; Ro 4:22; Hb 13:12. εἰς τοῦτο καί 2 Cor 2:9. ὥστε καί 1 Pt 4:19 (but this pass. may well fit in b). ὅθεν καί Hb 7:25; 11:19.
    ⓔ after an interrogative (as Thu., X., et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 255. S. also B-D-F §442, 14) at all, still ἱνατί καὶ τ. γῆν καταργεῖ; Lk 13:7. τί καί; (Hyperid. 3, 14 τί καὶ ἀδικεῖ; what kind of wrong, then, is he committing?) τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; why does he still (need to) hope? Ro 8:24. v.l. τί καὶ βαπτίζονται; why are they baptized (at all)? 1 Cor 15:29; cp. vs. 30.
    ⓕ used w. a relative, it oft. gives greater independence to the foll. relative clause: Mk 3:14; Lk 10:30; J 11:2 v.l.; Ac 1:3, 11; 7:45; 10:39; 11:30; 12:4; 13:22; 28:10; Ro 9:24; 1 Cor 11:23; Gal 2:10; Col 1:29 al.
    ⓖ used pleonastically w. prep.
    α. μετά (BGU 412, 6 μετὰ καὶ τ. υἱοῦ) Phil 4:3.
    β. σύν (ins in PASA III 612; PFay 108; BGU 179, 19; 515, 17) 1 Cl 65:1.—Dssm., NB 93 (BS 265f).
    ⓗ w. double names ὁ καί who is also called … (the earliest ex. in a fragment of Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 15, 51 p. 469, 23 Jac. ῏Ωχος καὶ Δαρειαῖος [s. Hatch 141]; OGI 565; 574; 583; 589; 603; 604; 620; 623; 636; POxy 45; 46; 54; 101; 485; 1279; PFay 30; BGU 22, 25; 36, 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 240; 5, 85; 12, 285; 13, 320; 18, 35. Further material in WSchmid, Der Atticismus III 1893, 338; Dssm., B 181ff [BS 313–17]. Lit. in B-D-F §268, 1) Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος Ac 13:9. Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος ins of all the letters of Ign.
    ⓘ with other particles
    α. καὶ γάρ for (s. γάρ 1b).—καὶ γὰρ … ἀλλά (or granted that … but) 2 Cor 13:4; Phil 2:27.—καὶ γὰρ οὐ(κ): neither 1 Cor 11:9; for even … not 2 Cor 3:10.
    β. καί γε (without intervening word [opp. earlier Gk, e.g. Pla., Phd. 58d; Rep. 7, 531a]: Hippocr., Septim. 9, VII 450 Littré; Cornutus p. 40, 12; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; Rhetor Apsines [III A.D.] p. 332, 17 Hammer; TestReub 4:4 al.; for גָּם always in Theod. [DBarthélemy, Les devanciers d’Aquila ’63, 31ff]), weakened force: (if) only or at least Lk 19:42 v.l.; intensive: indeed (Jos. Ant 29, 19) Ac 2:18 (J 3:2 v.l.; Mel., P. 30, 207); Hm 8:5; 9:9. καί γε οὐ μακράν= and indeed God is not far Ac 17:27.—Kühner-G. II 176b; Schwyzer II 561; B-D-F §439, 2; Rdm.2 35–37.
    γ. καὶ … δέ and also, but also (s. δέ 5b).
    δ. καίτοι (Il. 13, 267 et al., ins, pap; 4 Macc 2:6; 5:18; 7:13; Ath. 8, 1 al.; Mel., P. 58, 422) particle (B-D-F §425, 1; 450, 3; Rob. 1129 and 1154) w. finite verb (Chion, Ep. 3, 1; Jos. Ant. 5, 78) yet, on the other hand Ac 14:17. W. gen. abs. foll. (BGU 850, 4 [76 A.D.] καίτοι ἐμοῦ σε πολλὰ ἐρωτήσαντος; 898, 26; Philo, Vi. Mos. 1, 20; Jos., Ant. 2, 321; Ath. 19, 2; 25, 2) Hb 4:3.—καίτοι γε or καί τοι γε (since Aristoph., Ach. 611; but esp. in later Gk. [cp. Schwyzer II 561; MMeister, De Aiocho dial., Breslau diss. 1915 p. 31, 5]; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 364b; Jos., Bell. 1, 7, Ant. 5, 36; Epict. 3, 24, 90; Just., A II, 11, 2; D. 7, 3; Ath. 3, 1; 22, 7; SIG 685, 76 and 82 [139 B.C.]) although J 4:2; Ac 14:17 v.l.; Dg 8:3. W. part. foll. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 230; Mel., P. 58, 422) AcPt Ox 849, 18.—Kühner-G. II 151f; B-D-F §439, 1; 450, 3.—For ἀλλὰ κ., δὲ και, ἐὰν κ., εἰ κ., ἢ κ. s. ἀλλά, δέ, ἐάν, εἰ, ἤ.—ERobson, KAI-Configurations in the Gk. NT, 3 vols. diss. Syracuse ’79. LfgrE s.v. καί col. 1273f (lit.). DELG. M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > καί

  • 12 μαρτυρέω

    μαρτυρέω impf. ἐμαρτύρουν; fut. μαρτυρήσω; 1 aor. ἐμαρτύρησα; pf. μεμαρτύρηκα. Pass.: impf. ἐμαρτυρούμην; 1 aor. ἐμαρτυρήθην Hb 11:2, 4, 39; pf. μεμαρτύρημαι (s. four next entries; Semonides, Hdt.+)
    ① to confirm or attest someth. on the basis of personal knowledge or belief, bear witness, be a witness.
    ⓐ to offer testimony
    α. act. ὑμεῖς μαρτυρεῖτε you are witnesses J 15:27. ἐὰν θέλωσιν μαρτυρεῖν if they are willing to appear as witnesses Ac 26:5.—J 12:17; 1J 5:6f. Parenthetically, emphasizing the correctness of a statement, μαρτυρῶ I can testify (POxy 105, 13 Σαραπίων μαρτυρῶ=‘I, S., am witness’; PLond III, 1164 [f], 35 al. p. 162.—B-D-F §465, 2; Rob. 434) 2 Cor 8:3. περί τινος bear witness, testify concerning someone or someth. (PGrenf II, 73, 16 ὅταν ἔλθῃ σὺν θεῷ, μαρτυρήσει σοι περὶ ὧν αὐτὴν πεποιήκασιν; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217, Vi. 259) J 1:7f, 15 (in the very likely case that μαρτυρεῖ refers to the past, cp. Caecil. Calact., Fgm. 75 p. 58, 2ff, where examples are given of the interchange of tenses: Demosth. 59, 34 τοὺς ὁρῶντας for τ. ἑωρακότας; Eur., Androm. Fgm. 145 Nauck2 ὁρῶ ἀντὶ τοῦ εἶδον; Thu. 2, 35, 1 ἐπαινοῦσι ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπῄνεσαν); 2:25; 5:31, 32a, 36f, 39; 7:7; 8:13f, 18ab; 10:25; 15:26; 21:24; 1J 5:9. μαρτύρησον περὶ τοῦ κακοῦ testify to the wrong J 18:23 (μ.=furnish proof X., Symp. 8, 12). Also ἐπί τινι Hb 11:4b (on ἐπί w. dat. in this pass. s. Gen 4:4). W. dat. of thing (Jos., Ant. 12, 135; Ath. 16, 3 τῷ λόγω. Πλάτων) μ. τῇ ἀληθείᾳ bear witness to the truth J 5:33; 18:37. μ. σου τῇ ἀληθείᾳ testify to the truth of your (way of life) 3J 3; σου τῇ ἀγάπῃ vs. 6. W. dat. of pers. about whom testimony is given (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 73 §298; Just., D. 122, 2.—It is dat. of advantage or disadv.) Ac 10:43; 22:5; GJs 15:2; w. ptc. foll. (μ. Ἰακὼβ λέγων Did., Gen. 221, 2) θεὸς ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτοῖς δοὺς κτλ. God testified for them by giving Ac 15:8 (though αὐτοῖς can also be taken w. δούς); w. ὅτι foll. bear someone witness that J 3:28; Ro 10:2; Gal 4:15; Col 4:13. μ. ἑαυτῷ, ὅτι bear witness to oneself that Mt 23:31. The dat. can also designate the pers. who is informed or instructed by the testimony: bear witness to someone Hb 10:15; Rv 22:18.—μ. ὅτι testify that (Aelian, VH 9, 11; Did., Gen. 156, 28) J 1:34; 4:44; 12:17 v.l.; 1J 4:14. ὅτι introducing direct discourse J 4:39. μ. κατὰ τ. θεοῦ ὅτι bear witness against God by declaring that 1 Cor 15:15 (PPetr II, 21 [d], 12 [III B.C.] καθʼ οὗ μαρτυρῶ). ἐμαρτύρησεν καὶ εἶπεν w. direct discourse foll. J 13:21. μ. λέγων w. direct disc. foll. J 1:32. Of God μοι μαρτυρεῖ λέγων (Ps 89:4 follows) he testifies (of it) to me by saying 15:4. For 1 Ti 6:13 s. c below.
    β. pass., be witnessed, have witness borne ὑπό τινος by someone (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 46 σοφία μαρτυρουμένη ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Just., D. 63, 5 Χριστὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ ταῦτα ποιήσαντος μαρτυρούμενος. Of Jesus: ὑπὸ τῶν προφητῶν πολλαχοῦ μεμαρτ. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 30) Ro 3:21 (the witness of the law and prophets points to God’s righteousness). Foll. by ὅτι and a quot. in direct discourse Hb 7:17. μαρτυρούμενος ὅτι ζῇ one of whom it is testified that he lives vs. 8.
    ⓑ to confirm bear witness to, declare, confirm, act. (Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 76 ὁ θεὸς ἐμαρτύρησε; Iren. 2, 22, 5 [Harv I 331, 1]) τὶ someth. (Demosth. 57, 4 ἀκοήν; Aeschin. 1, 46 τἀληθῆ). ὸ̔ ἑωράκαμεν μαρτυροῦμεν J 3:11; cp. vs. 32. τὸν λόγον τ. θεοῦ Rv 1:2. ταῦτα 22:20. τινί τὶ someth. to or for someone (Dionys. Hal. 3, 67, 1; Jos., Ant. 6, 355) vs. 16. ὑμῖν τ. ζωήν 1J 1:2. The acc. is to be supplied fr. the context J 19:35; Ac 23:11. W. ptc. ἀκούσαντες μαρτυρήσωσιν they must admit that they have heard PtK 3 p. 15, 23.—μαρτυρίαν μ. bear witness, confirm, attest (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 399b; Epict. 4, 8, 32) περί τινος concerning someone J 5:32b; 1J 5:10 (POxy 3313, 25f μαρτυρήσει σοι Σαραπᾶς περὶ τῶν ῥόδων S. will confirm to you about the roses).
    ⓒ to support one’s testimony with total selfgiving, eccl. usage w. regard to martyrdom bear witness, testify, be a witness (unto death), be martyred, act. (TestAbr B 11 p. 115, 16 [Stone p. 787] Ἄβελ ὁ ἐν πρώτοις μαρτυρήσας; Mel., HE 4, 26, 3; τοῖς μαρτυρούσι τῷ χριστιανισμῷ μέχρι θανάτου Orig., C. Cels. 1, 8, 2): of Paul μαρτυρήσας ἐπὶ τῶν ἡγουμένων … εἰς τὸν ἅγιον τόπον ἐπορεύθη 1 Cl 5:7; cp. vs. 4; MPol 1:1; 19:1; 21f (Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 12, 8]); EpilMosq 4. Prob. 1 Ti 6:13 also belongs here: Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ μαρτυρήσαντος ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου τ. καλὴν ὁμολογίαν Christ Jesus, who made the good confession before Pontius Pilate (s. GBaldensperger, RHPR 2, 1922, 1–25; 95–117); otherwise the passage may be classed under a above.
    ② to affirm in a supportive manner, testify favorably, speak well (of), approve
    ⓐ act. (Dio Chrys. 23 [40], 19; SIG 374, 37 [III B.C.]; POxy 930, 16) w. dat. of the pers. (Appian, Samn. 11, §2 τοῖς ὑπάτοις, Liby. 105 §495, Bell. Civ. 4, 92 §387; Aelian, VH 1, 30; Jos., Ant. 12, 134) or of the thing approved Lk 4:22 (OFearghus, ZNW 75, ’84, 60–72 [pap and ins]; JNolland, JBL 98, ’79, 219–29); J 3:26. Of God toward David Ac 13:22. μὴ ἑαυτῷ μαρτυρείτω he must not testify (favorably) concerning himself 1 Cl 38:2. W. dat. to be supplied 3J 12b. μαρτυρίᾳ, ᾗ ἐμαρτύρησεν αὐτῷ ὁ δεσπότης Hs 5, 2, 6. Of the flesh ἵνα τὸ πνεῦμα … μαρτυρήσῃ αὐτῇ Hs 5, 7, 1.—ὁ κύριος ὁ μαρτυρῶν ἐπὶ (which a v.l. omits; μ. ἐπί τινι as Jos., Ant. 3, 189) τῷ λόγῳ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ the Lord, who attested the word of his grace Ac 14:3. With συνευδοκέω Lk 11:48 v.l.
    ⓑ pass., be well spoken of, be approved (Ep. 12 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I 348, 26; Just., D. 29, 1. Exx. fr. ins in Dssm., NB 93 [BS 265], LO 69, 2 [LAE 84, 5]) ἀνὴρ μαρτυρούμενος or μεμαρτυρημένος a man of good reputation Ac 6:3; IPhld 11:1. Of OT worthies people of attested merit 1 Cl 17:1; 19:1. Of David 18:1. Of Abraham μεγάλως ἐμαρτυρήθη his merit was gloriously attested 17:2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 5 ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει μαρτυηθέντος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ). Of the apostles 47:4. Of Paul IEph 12:2. Of church leaders 1 Cl 44:3.—Foll. by nom. and inf. Hb 11:4a; cp. vs. 5. διά τινος be praised for someth. 11:4a, 39. ἐν ἔργοις καλοῖς μαρτυρούμενος well attested in good deeds 1 Ti 5:10; cp. Hb 11:2. ὑπό τινος be well spoken of by someone (M. Ant. 7, 62; SIG 799, 28; Jos., Ant. 3, 59; Just., D. 29, 3; 92, 4; New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 10 of a benefactor) Ac 10:22; 16:2; 22:12; IPhld 5:2.—Impersonally μαρτυρεῖταί τινι ὑπό τινος a good testimony is given by someone to someone (Dionys. Hal., Thu. 8 μαρτυρεῖται τῷ ἀνδρὶ τάχα μὲν ὐπὸ πάντων φιλοσόφων; BGU 1141, 15 [14 B.C.] ὡς καὶ μαρτυρηθήσεταί σοι ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων) Δημητρίῳ μεμαρτύρηται ὑπὸ πάντων καὶ ὑπὸ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας Demetrius has received a good testimony from everyone and from the truth itself 3J 12a.—Dg 12:6.—OMichel, Bibl. Bekennen u. Bezeugen, Ὁμολογεῖν und μαρτυρεῖν im bibl. Sprachgebr.: Evang. Theologie 2, ’35, 231–45; EBurnier, La notion de témoignage dans le NT ’39.—DELG s.v. μάρτυς. M-M. EDNT. TRE XXII 196–212. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > μαρτυρέω

  • 13 παρά

    παρά (Hom.+. On elision s. B-D-F §17; Rob. 208) prep. w. three cases (Kühner-G. §440; Schwyzer II 491–98; B-D-F §236–38; Rob. 612–16. Further lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.; also HRau, De praepositionis παρά usu: GCurtius, Studien etc. III 1870).
    A. W. gen., which nearly always as in Hom., Hdt., Pla., X. et al. denotes a pers., and indicates that someth. proceeds fr. this pers. (Hs 2:3 is an exception):
    ① marker of extension from the side of, from (the side of) w. local sense preserved, used w. verbs of coming, going, sending, originating, going out, etc. (TestAbr A 2 p. 78, 30 [Stone p. 4] παρὰ τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως ἀπεστάλην; Lucian, Demon. 13 ἀπιὼν παρʼ αὐτοῦ) ἐκπορεύεσθαι J 15:26b. ἐξέρχεσθαι 16:27; 17:8; Lk 2:1; 6:19. ἔρχεσθαι 8:49. παραγίνεσθαι Mk 14:43. πέμπειν τινὰ παρά τινος J 15:26a. πνεύματος ἁγίου … παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀποσταλέντος εἰς αὐτήν (=Μαρίαν) AcPlCor 2:5. εἶναι παρά τινος be from someone (cp. Job 21:2, 9) J 6:46; 7:29; 9:16, 33; 17:7.
    ② marker of one who originates or directs, from (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 100 §420 παρὰ τ. θεῶν; TestJob 38:8 παρὰ θεοῦ) παρὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο αὕτη this was the Lord’s doing Mt 21:42; Mk 12:11 (both Ps 117:23). W. a double negative: οὐκ ἀδυνατήσει παρὰ τ. θεοῦ πᾶν ῥῆμα (s. ἀδυνατέω) Lk 1:37. τὰ λελαλημένα αὐτῇ παρὰ κυρίου what was said to her (by the angel) at the Lord’s command vs. 45. ἀπεσταλμένος παρὰ θεοῦ John the Baptist was not, like Jesus, sent out fr. the very presence of God, but one whose coming was brought about by God J 1:6 (cp. 2 Macc 11:17). παρʼ ἑαυτῆς φέρει καρπὸν καὶ παρὰ τῆς πτελέας it (i.e. the vine) bears fruit which comes both from itself and from the elm Hs 2:3. On 2 Pt 2:11 s. κρίσις 1bβ.
    ③ marker of the point fr. which an action originates, from
    ⓐ after verbs
    α. of asking, demanding αἰτεῖν and αἰτεῖσθαι (cp. X., An. 1, 3, 16, Hell. 3, 1, 4; SIG 785, 9f; PFay 121, 12ff; Tob 4:19 BA al.; LXX; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 2 [Stone p. 22]; TestJob 20:2; ParJer 7:14; Jos., Ant. 15, 92) Mt 20:20 v.l. (for ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ); J 4:9; Ac 3:2; 9:2; Js 1:5; 1J 5:15 v.l. (for ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ); 1 Cl 36:4 (Ps 2:8); Hm 9:2, 4; Dg 1. ζητεῖν (Tob 4:18; Sir 7:4; cp. 1 Macc 7:13) Mk 8:11; Lk 11:16; 12:48.
    β. of taking, accepting, receiving λαμβάνειν (class.; Appian, Mithrid. 88 §397; SIG 546 B, 23 [III B.C.]; Jdth 12:15; Sus 55 Theod.; 1 Macc 8:8; 11:34; 4 Macc 12:11; TestJob 11:5; JosAs 24:11; Just., A I, 39, 5 al.) Mk 12:2; Lk 6:34; J 5:34, 41, 44; 10:18; Ac 2:33; 3:5; 17:9; 20:24; 26:10 (Jos., Ant. 14, 167 λαβὼν ἐξουσίαν παρά σου [= τ. ἀρχιερέως]; 11, 169); Js 1:7; 2 Pt 1:17; 2J 4; Rv 2:28; Hs 1:8; 8, 3, 5; GJs 20, 2 codices. ἀπολαμβάνειν (SIG 150, 19f [restored text; IV B.C.]; 4 Macc 18:23) Hv 5:7. παραλαμβάνειν (Hdt. et al.; oft. ins; POxy 504, 14 al. in pap) Gal 1:12; 1 Th 2:13; 4:1; 2 Th 3:6. δέχεσθαι (Thu. 1, 20, 1 et al.; 1 Macc 15:20; TestJob 11:12; cp. διαδέχεσθαι Ath. 37, 1) Ac 22:5; Phil 4:18a. κομίζεσθαι (SIG 244 I, 5ff [IV B.C.]; Gen 38:20; 2 Macc 7:11; Ath. 12, 1) Eph 6:8. εὑρεῖν (SIG 537, 69; 1099, 28; cp. εὑρίσκω 3, end) 2 Ti 1:18. ἔχειν τι παρά τινος have received someth. fr. someone (1 Esdr 6:5) Ac 9:14; cp. Hv 3, 9, 8. γίνεταί μοί τι παρά τινος I receive someth. from someone (Att.) Mt 18:19. ἔσται μεθʼ ἡμῶν χάρις … παρὰ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ παρὰ Ἰησοῦ 2J 3 (cp. X., An. 7, 2, 25). οἱ πιστευθέντες παρὰ θεοῦ ἔργον those who were entrusted by God with a task 1 Cl 43:1 (cp. Polyb. 3, 69, 1; SIG 1207, 12f). παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου πλουτίζεσθαι receive one’s wealth fr. the Lord Hs 2:10.—Sim. in the case of a purchase the seller is introduced by παρά: buy fr. someone ἀγοράζειν (s. ἀγοράζω 1, end) Rv 3:18. ὠνεῖσθαι Ac 7:16. ἄρτον φαγεῖν παρά τινος receive support from someone 2 Th 3:8.
    γ. of learning, coming to know, hearing, asking ἀκούειν (s. ἀκούω 1bβ and 3) J 1:40; 6:45; 7:51; 8:26, 40; 15:15; Ac 10:22; 28:22; 2 Ti 1:13; 2:2; AcPlCor 1:6; ἀκριβοῦν Mt 2:7, 16. ἐξακριβάζεσθαι Hm 4, 2, 3. ἐπιγινώσκειν Ac 24:8. μανθάνειν (since Aeschyl., Ag. 858; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 176; Sir 8:8f; 2 Macc 7:2 v.l.; 3 Macc 1:1; Just., A I, 23, 1 and D. 78, 1 al.; Ath. 7, 2; 22, 8) 2 Ti 3:14. πυνθάνεσθαι (Hdt. 3, 68; X., Cyr. 1, 6, 23; Pla., Rep. 5, 476e; SIG 1169, 30; 2 Ch 32:31) Mt 2:4; J 4:52 (without παρά v.l.); B 13:2 (Gen 25:22).
    ⓑ w. adjectival function ὁ, ἡ, τὸ παρά τινος made, given, etc., by someone
    α. w. a noun (funct. as a gen.: Pla., Symp. 197e ὁ παρά τινος λόγος ‘the expression made by someone’; X., Hell. 3, 1, 6 δῶρον παρὰ βασιλέως, Mem. 2, 2, 12 ἡ παρά τινος εὔνοια, Cyr. 5, 5, 13 τὸ παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἀδίκημα ‘the crime committed by me’; Polyb. 3, 69, 3 ἡ παρʼ αὐτοῦ σωτηρία; Polyaenus 3, 9, 28 ἡ παρὰ στρατηγοῦ ἀρετή; SIG 543, 27; Ex 4:20; 14:13; Philo, Plant. 14; Jos., Ant. 12, 400; Just., A I, 32, 8 and D. 92, 1 al.; Ath. 7, 1) ἡ παρʼ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21).—Ac 26:12 v.l.; 22 v.l.
    β. w. subst. function
    א. τὰ παρά τινος what someone gives, someone’s gifts (X., Mem. 3, 11, 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 124, Ant. 8, 175; Tat. 32, 1 τὰ παρὰ θεοῦ) Lk 10:7; Phil 4:18b. τὰ παρʼ αὐτῆς her property, what she had Mk 5:26 (cp. IPriene 111, 177). τὰ παρὰ ζώσης καὶ μενούσης (the help that I received) from a living, contemporary voice Papias (2:4).
    ב. οἱ παρά τινος someone’s envoys (οἱ παρὰ βασιλέω πρέσβει X., Hell. 1, 3, 9; oft. in ins.: see, e.g., OGI 5, 50 from Ptolemy; the full expression οἱ παρʼ ὑμῶν πρεσβείς OGI 8 VI, 108–9; Schwyzer II 498; B-D-F §237, 2) οἱ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως (1 Macc 2:15; 1 Esdr 1:15) 1 Cl 12:4.—The Koine also uses this expr. to denote others who are intimately connected w. someone, e.g. family, relatives (PGrenf II, 36, 9 [II B.C.]; POxy 805 [I B.C.]; 298, 37 [I A.D.]; CPR I, 179, 16; 187, 7; Sb 5238, 19 [I A.D.]; Sus 33; 1 Macc 13:52; Jos., Ant. 1, 193. Further exx. fr. pap in Mlt. 106f; Rossberg [s. ἀνά, beg.] 52) Mk 3:21 (s. CBruston/PFarel: RTQR 18, 1909, 82–93; AWabnitz, ibid. 221–25; SMonteil, ibid. 19, 1910, 317–25; JMoulton, Mk 3:21: ET 20, 1909, 476; GHartmann, Mk 3:20f: BZ 11, 1913, 248–79; FZorell, Zu Mk 3:20, 21: ZKT 37, 1913, 695–7; JBelser, Zu Mk 3:20f: TQ 98, 1916, 401–18; Rdm.2 141; 227.—S. also at ἐξίστημι 2a).
    B. w. dat., the case that exhibits close association
    ① marker of nearness in space, at/by (the side of), beside, near, with, acc. to the standpoint fr. which the relationship is viewed
    ⓐ near, beside
    α. w. things (Synes., Ep. 126 p. 262a; Kaibel 703, 1; POxy 120, 23; 2 Km 10:8; 11:9; Jos., Ant. 1, 196) εἱστήκεισαν παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ J 19:25. κεῖσθαι παρὰ τῷ πύργῳ Hv 3, 5, 5.
    β. w. persons ἔστησεν αὐτὸ παρʼ ἑαυτῷ he had him (i.e. the child) stand by his side Lk 9:47.
    ⓑ in (someone’s) house, city, company, etc. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 al. παρὰ Λάβαν)
    α. house: ἀριστᾶν Lk 11:37. καταλύειν 19:7 (Pla., Gorg. 447b; Demosth. 18, 82). μένειν (JosAs 20:8; Jos., Ant. 1, 298; 299) J 1:39; Ac 9:43; 18:3; 21:8. ξενίζεσθαι 10:6; 21:16 (ξενίζω 1). So prob. also ἕκαστος παρʼ ἑαυτῷ each one at home 1 Cor 16:2 (cp. Philo, Cher. 48 παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς, Leg. ad Gai. 271). ὸ̔ν ἀπέλιπον ἐν Τρῳάδι παρὰ Κάρπῳ 2 Ti 4:13.
    β. city: Rv 2:13. So prob. also ἦσαν παρʼ ἡμῖν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοί Mt 22:25.—J 4:40; Col 4:16 (where the congregation at Laodicea is contrasted w. the one at Col.).
    γ. other uses: παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις among Judeans Mt 28:15. παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπιμεῖναι remain with them Ac 28:14; cp. 21:7. οἱ παρʼ ὑμῖν πρεσβύτεροι the elders among you 1 Cl 1:3.—παρὰ τῷ πατρί with (of spatial proximity) the Father Mt 6:1; J 8:38a; cp. 17:5 (Synes., Kingship 29 p. 31d: philosophy has her abode παρὰ τῷ θεῷ and if the world refuses to receive her when she descends to earth, μένει παρὰ τῷ πατρί). Of Jesus: παρʼ ὑμῖν μένων while I was with you (on earth) J 14:25. Of the Spirit: παρʼ ὑμῖν μένει vs. 17. Of the Father and Son in their relation to the faithful Christian: μονὴν παρʼ αὐτῷ ποιησόμεθα we will take up our abode with him vs. 23.
    δ. fig. παρά τινι before someone’s judgment seat (Demosth. 18, 13 εἰς κρίσιν καθιστάναι παρά τινι; Appian, Maced. 11 §8 παρʼ ὑμῖν ἐς κρίσιν) 2 Pt 2:11 v.l. Closely related is
    ② marker of one whose viewpoint is relevant, in the sight or judgment of someone (Soph., Hdt.; PSI 435, 19 [258 B.C.] παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ) παρὰ τῷ θεῷ: δίκαιος παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13 (cp. Job 9:2; Jos., Ant. 6, 205; Ath. 31, 2 εὐδοξοῦμεν … παρὰ τῷ θεῷ).—Cp. 1 Cor 3:19; Gal 3:11; 2 Th 1:6; Js 1:27; 1 Pt 2:4; 2 Pt 3:8. θυσία δεκτὴ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ Hs 5, 3, 8. ἔνδοξος παρὰ τῷ θεῷ m 2:6; Hs 5, 3, 3; 8, 10, 1; 9, 27, 3; 9, 28, 3; 9, 29, 3.—9, 7, 6.—Acc. to the judgment of humans (Jos., Ant. 7, 84; Just., A I, 20, 3) 8, 9, 1. τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρʼ ὑμῖν; Ac 26:8. ἵνα μὴ ἦτε παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι Ro 11:25; cp. 12:16 (s. Pr 3:7 μὴ ἴσθι φρόνιμος παρὰ σεαυτῷ).—‘In the judgment’ passes over into a simpler with (PsSol 9:5 παρὰ κυρίῳ; Jos. Himerius, Or. 8 [=23], 10 παρὰ θεοῖς=with the gods) εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι find favor with someone (Ex 33:16; cp. Num 11:15) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10. τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ θεῷ 1 Pt 2:20. χάριν ἔχειν (Ex 33:12) m 5, 1, 5. προέκοπτεν ἐν τῇ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52. τί ταπεινοφροσύνη παρὰ θεῷ ἰσχύει, τί ἀγάπη ἁγνὴ παρά θεῷ δύναται how strong humility is before God, what pure love before God can do 1 Cl 21:8.
    ③ marker of personal reference, at the side of, with almost equivalent to the dat. as such (Ps 75:13): δυνατόν or ἀδύνατον παρά τινι possible or impossible for someone (Gen 18:14; Just., A I, 33, 2; Ath., R. 9 p. 58, 6) Mt 19:26ab; Mk 10:27abc; Lk 1:37 v.l.; 18:27ab; 1 Cl 27:2.—AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 44–46. Closely related in mng. is
    ④ marker of connection of a quality or characteristic w. a pers., with (οὐκ) ἔστιν τι παρά τινι someth. is (not) with or in someone, someone has someth. (nothing) to do w. someth. (Demosth. 18, 277 εἰ ἔστι καὶ παρʼ ἐμοί τις ἐμπειρία; Gen 24:25; Job 12:13; Ps 129:4 παρὰ σοι ὁ ἱλασμός ἐστιν; Just., D. 82, 1 παρὰ … ἡμῖν … χαρίσματα) οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τ. θεῷ Ro 2:11 (TestJob 43, 13). Cp. 9:14; Eph 6:9; Js 1:17. Sim. Mt 8:10; 2 Cor 1:17.
    ⑤ marker of a relationship w. a narrow focus, among, before παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς among themselves (Philo, Cher. 48) διαλογίζεσθαι Mt 21:25 v.l. (cp. Demosth. 10, 17 γιγνώσκειν παρʼ αὑτῷ; Epict., Ench. 48, 2).—In ἐν τούτῳ μενέτω παρὰ θεῷ 1 Cor 7:24, the mng. of παρὰ θεῷ is not certain: let the pers. remain in that position (the same one in which he was when called to salvation) before God; it is prob. meant to remind Christians of the One before whom they cannot even have the appearance of inferiority (ins: Mitt-Wilck, I/2, 4, 4 [13 B.C.] παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Ἑρμῇ=‘before, in the sight of’; Sb 7616 [II A.D.] τὸ προσκύνημά σου ποιῶ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Σαράπι=‘before the Lord’ S.; 7661, 3 [c. 100 A.D.]; 7932, 7992, 6 [letter II/III A.D.]). Or perh. it simply means that no matter what the situation may be, one is to be focused on God.
    C. w. acc. of pers. or thing
    ① marker of a position viewed as extended (w. no difference whether παρά answers the question ‘where?’ or ‘whither?’ See B-D-F §236, 1; Rob. 615).
    ⓐ by, along περιπατεῖν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν (Pla., Gorg. 511e. Cp. SIG 1182; Jos., Ant. 2, 81) Mt 4:18; cp. Mk 1:16.
    α. παρὰ (τὴν) θάλασσαν by the sea (or lake) , at the shore Mt 13:1; Mk 4:1; 5:21; Ac 10:6, 32; cp. Lk 5:1, 2. παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν by the side of the road (X., An. 1, 2, 13; Plut., Lysander 450 [29, 4] a tomb παρὰ τ. ὁδόν=beside the road) Mt 20:30; Mk 10:46; Lk 18:35 (but on the road is also poss. in these three places; s. d below).
    β. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν to (the side of) the sea (lake) Mt 15:29; Mk 2:13. παρὰ ποταμόν to the river Ac 16:13.
    ⓒ gener. near, at παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τινός at someone’s feet (sit, fall, place etc.; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 16 [Stone p. 44]) Mt 15:30; Lk 7:38; 8:35, 41; 10:39 v.l.; 17:16; Ac 4:35, 37 v.l.; 5:2; 7:58; 22:3 (s. ET 30, 1919, 39f). παρὰ τὸν πὺργον beside the tower Hs 9, 4, 8; 9, 6, 5; 8; 9, 7, 1; 9, 11, 6.—παρὰ τὴν ἰτέαν 8, 1, 2 (cp. TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 10 [Stone p. 14] παρὰ τὴν δρῦν τὴν Μαμβρῆ).
    ⓓ on παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν on the road (w. motion implied; Aesop, Fab. 226 P.=420 H.: πεσὼν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν; Phot., Bibl. 94 p. 74b on Iambl. Erot. [Hercher I p. 222, 22] πίπτουσι παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν) Mt 13:4, 19; Mk 4:4; Lk 8:5; on the road (w. no motion implied; Theophr., HP 6, 6, 10: the crocus likes to be trodden under foot, διὸ καὶ παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς κάλλιστος; Phot. p. 222, 29 H. [s. above]) Mk 4:15; Lk 8:12. Perh. also Mt 20:30; Mk 10:46; Lk 18:35 (s. bα above).—παρὰ τὸ χεῖλος τῆς θαλάσσης on the seashore Hb 11:12 (TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 1 [Stone p. 4]; ApcEsdr 3:10; ApcSed 8:9).
    ② marker of extension in time, during, from … to (Lucian, Catapl. 24 παρὰ τ. βίον=during his life; POxy 472, 10; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 26 [Stone p. 52] παρὰ μίαν ὥραν; Tat. 14, 2 παρʼ ὸ̔ν ἔζων χρόνον) παρʼ ἐνιαυτόν from year to year (Plut., Cleom. 15, 1; cp. ἐνιαυτός 1) B 10:7.
    ③ marker of comparative advantage, in comparison to, more than, beyond ἁμαρτωλοί, ὀφειλέται π. πάντας Lk 13:2, 4 (PSI 317, 6 [95 A.D.] παρὰ πάντας; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 234 παρὰ τ. ἄλλους ἅπαντας; JosAs 10:6 παρὰ πάσας τὰς παρθένους; Just., A I, 20, 3 παρὰ πάντας ἀδίκως μισούμεθα). κρίνειν ἡμέραν παρʼ ἡμέραν (s. κρίνω 1) Ro 14:5. π. πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν B 11:9 (prophetic quot. of unknown orig.). π. πάντα τὰ πνεύματα more than all other spirits Hm 10, 1, 2. ἐλαττοῦν τινα π. τινα make someone inferior to someone Hb 2:7, 9 (s. ἐλαττόω 1 and cp. PGrenf I, 42, 12 [II B.C.] ἐλαττουμένων ἡμῶν παρὰ τοὺς δεῖνα). εἶδος ἐκλεῖπον π. τὸ εἶδος τῶν ἀνθρώπων (s. ἐκλείπω 4) 1 Cl 16:3.—After a comp. (Thu. 1, 23, 3; ApcEsdr 1:22; Tat. 2, 2) Lk 3:13; Hb 1:4; 3:3; 9:23; 11:4; 12:24; B 4:5 (cp. Da 7:7); Hv 3, 12, 1; Hs 9, 18, 2.—When a comparison is made, one member of it may receive so little attention as to pass fr. consideration entirely, so that ‘more than’ becomes instead of, rather than, to the exclusion of (Plut., Mor. 984c; PsSol 9:9; EpArist 134; Just., A I, 22, 2) λατρεύειν τῇ κτίσει παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα serve the creation rather than the Creator Ro 1:25 (cp. EpArist 139: the Jews worship τὸν μόνον θεὸν παρʼ ὅλην τὴν κτίσιν). δεδικαιωμένος παρʼ ἐκεῖνον justified rather than the other Lk 18:14. ἔχρισέν σε … παρὰ τοὺς μετόχους (God) has anointed you and not your comrades Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8). ὑπερφρονεῖν παρʼ ὸ̔ δεῖ φρονεῖν Ro 12:3 (Plut., Mor. 83f παρʼ ὸ̔ δεῖ). παρὰ καιρὸν ἡλικίας Hb 11:11 (Plut., Rom. 25, 6 παρʼ ἡλικίαν; cp. ἡλικία 2a).—παρὰ δύναμιν beyond their means (s. δύναμις 2) 2 Cor 8:3.—After ἄλλος (Pla., Lach. 178b, Leg. 3, 693b; X., Hell. 1, 5, 5; Demosth. 18, 235) another than 1 Cor 3:11.
    ④ marker of degree that falls slightly short in comparison, except for, almost παρὰ μικρόν except for a little, almost (s. μικρός 1eγ) Hs 8, 1, 14. Likew. παρά τι (cp. Vett. Val. 228, 6) Lk 5:7 D; Hs 9, 19, 3.
    ⑤ marker of causality, because of (cp. Pind., O. 2, 65 κενεὰν παρὰ δίαιταν ‘in the interest of’ or ‘for the sake of a scanty livelihood’, the scantiness here contrasting with the immense labor involved; Demosth. 4, 11; 9, 2; PRyl 243, 6; POxy 1420, 7) παρὰ τό w. acc. foll. because (SIG 495, 130; UPZ 7, 13 [163 B.C.] παρὰ τὸ Ἕλληνά με εἶναι.—Mayser II/1, 1926, 331; Gen 29:20; Ex 14:11) 1 Cl 39:5f (Job 4:20f). π. τοῦτο because of this (Kühner-G. I 513, 3; Synes., Ep. 44 p. 185a; 57 p. 192d) ITr 5:2; IRo 5:1 (quot. fr. 1 Cor 4:4, where Paul has ἐν τούτῳ). οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο οὐ (double neg. as a strengthened affirmative) not for that reason any the less 1 Cor 12:15f.
    ⑥ marker of that which does not correspond to what is expected, against, contrary to (Hom., Alc. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Just., Tat., Ath.—Schwyzer II 497) π. τὴν διδαχήν Ro 16:17. παρʼ ἐλπίδα against hope (s. ἐλπίς 1a) in wordplay w. ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι 4:18. παρὰ φύσιν (Thu. 6, 17, 1; Pla., Rep. 5, 466d; Tat. 22, 2; Ath. 26, 2, R. 6 p. 54, 13) 1:26; 11:24. παρὰ τὸν νόμον (Just., A II, 2, 4; Ath. 1, 3; cp. X., Mem. 1, 1, 18 παρὰ τοὺς νόμους; PMagd 16, 5 [222 B.C.] παρὰ τοὺς νόμους; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 233; Just., A I, 68, 10) Ac 18:13. παρʼ ὅ contrary to that which Gal 1:8f (Just., A I, 43, 8).
    ⑦ marker of something that is less, less (Hdt. 9, 33; Plut., Caesar 722 [30, 5]; Jos., Ant. 4, 176; POxy 264, 4 [I A.D.]) τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν forty less one=thirty-nine (i.e. lashes) 2 Cor 11:24 (cp. Makkoth 3, 10 [tr. HDanby, The Mishnah ’33, 407]).—On παρʼ αὐτά ITr 11:1 s. παραυτά.—DELG. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > παρά

  • 14 ἀξιόω

    ἀξιόω impf. ἠξίουν (s. B-D-F §328); fut. ἀξιώσω; 1 aor. ἠξίωσα. Pass. pres. impv. ἀξιούσθω; 1 fut. ἀξιωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠξιώθην Gen. 31:28; pf. ἠξίωμαι (Trag., Hdt.+).
    ① to consider suitable for requital or for receipt of someth. consider worthy, deserving τινά τινος (Diod S 17, 76, 3 τιμῆς ἠξίωσαν αὐτόν; schol. on Nicander, Alex. 8; 2 Macc 9:15; Jos., Vi. 231; Tat.; Mel., P. 97, 940) someone of someth. σὲ λόγου (Eur., Med. 962 ἡμᾶς ἀξιοῖ λόγου) you of a discussion MPol 10:2; cp. 14:2. ἵνα ὑμᾶς ἀξιώσῃ τ. κλήσεως ὁ θεός that God may count you worthy of the call (so KJV, 20th Century, Goodsp., REB et al.; ‘make worthy’ NRSV et al. lacks lexical support) that you are already heeding 2 Th 1:11; pass. Dg 9:1 (opp. ‘be adjudged unworthy’ of eternal life); also pass. (Diod S 16, 59, 2 τ. στρατηγίας ἠξιωμένος; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1212–14a; Jos., Ant. 2, 258 τιμῆς) διπλῆς τιμῆς ἀξιοῦσθαι 1 Ti 5:17 (cp. Tat. 10, 2 τιμῆς καὶ δωρεᾶς). δόξης Hb 3:3. In connection with an undesirable consequence (Hdt. 3, 145; Diod S 16, 64, 1 ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τιμωρίας ἠξιώθησαν) χείρονος τιμωρίας Hb 10:29 (Diod S 34+35, Fgm. 3 τῆς αὐτῆς τιμωρίας ἀξιῶσαί τινα). W. inf. foll. οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἠξίωσα πρὸς σὲ ἐλθεῖν I did not consider myself worthy to come to you Lk 7:7; MPol 20:1. Pass. w. inf. foll. be considered worthy (Simplicius in Epict. p. 110, 37 ἀξιοῦσθαι μανθάνειν; Gen 31:28; Just., D. 123, 1 λαὸς κεκλῆσθαι ἠξιωμένοι) IEph 9:2; 21:2; IMg 2:14; IRo 1:1.
    ② to make an evaluation concerning the suitability of someth., esp. an activity (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 34 §154; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 319; Jos., Ant. 1, 307; Just., A I, 68, 3 al.; Ath. 2, 3 al.)
    ⓐ deem, hold an opinion, w. inf. foll. (EpJer 40; Just., A I, 16, 14 [acc. w. inf.]; 23:1 al.; Ath.) ἠξίου, μὴ συνπαραλαμβάνειν τοῦτον he insisted (impf.) that they should not take him along Ac 15:38. ἀξιοῦμεν παρὰ σοῦ ἀκοῦσαι we would like to hear from you Ac 28:22. Cp. Dg 3:2; 7:1.
    ⓑ request, ask (a sense characteristic of later Gk.), w. implication of evaluation of need and ability of the potential giver to meet it (X., Mem. 3, 11, 12; Herodas 6, 79; so mostly LXX; Just., D. 106, 1) w. inf. foll. (Demet.: 722 Fgm. 1, 6 Jac.; Jos., ant. 1. 338; Alex. Aphr., An. Mant. II, 1 p. 184, 2 ἀξ. παρὰ θεῶν μαθεῖν=ask to learn from the gods; Just., A I, 3, 12 al.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13) Ac 13:42 and 43 both v.l.; 1 Cl 51:1; 53:5; 59:4. W. acc. of pers. and ἵνα foll. Hv 4, 1, 3. Only w. acc. of pers. 1 Cl 55:6. In the passages from 1 Cl and H the request is directed to God (so UPZ 78, 22 [159 B.C.]. Prayers for vengeance from Rheneia in Dssm., LO 352, 354 [LAE 423ff ]=SIG 1181, 1f [II/I B.C.] ἐπικαλοῦμαι καὶ ἀξιῶ τ. θεὸν τὸν ὕψιστον. Jer 7:16; 11:14; EpArist 245).—DELG s.v. ἄξιος. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀξιόω

  • 15 ἐσθίω

    ἐσθίω (Hom.+) and, mainly in the ptc., ἔσθω (Hom., also in other poets, rare in prose [Plut., Mor. p. 101d]; Coan ins, III B.C.: RHerzog, ARW 10, 1907, 400ff; 23; 27; 42; POslo 153, 15 [beg. II A.D.]; PGiss 80, 5; ostraca [BGU 1507, 14; 1508, 3; 4: III B.C.]; LXX; En 98:11 [?]. ἔσθων Lev 17:14; 1 Km 14:30; Sir 20:17; Mk 1:6; Lk 7:33f, 10:7 [the three last v.l.]; μὴ ἔσθετε Lev 19:26. ὅταν ἔσθητε Num 15:19. ἵνα ἔσθητε Lk 22:30. B-D-F §101; W-S. §15; Mlt-H. 238; Schwyzer, I 704 n. 1). Impf. ἤσθιον; fut. ἔδομαι LXX (Mel, P. 12, 80; 13, 83; 93, 697; 1 Cl 39:9; 57:6); 2 aor. ἔφαγον, w. extension of 1 aor. endings (B-D-F §84, 2; Rob. 333; cp. Schwyzer I 753f): 3 pl. ἐφάγοσαν Ps 77:29, 1 pl. ἐφάγαμεν 2 Km 19:43; fut. φάγομαι (B-D-F §74, 2; Mlt-H. 238), 2 sing. φάγεσαι Lk 17:8; Ruth 2:14 (W-S. §13, 6 and 17; B-D-F §87; Mlt-H. 198); pf. pass. ptc. acc. ἐδηδεμένους (Ath., R. 52, 20); pres. 3 sg. ἔσθεται Lev 11:34; Dt 12:22.
    ① to take someth. in through the mouth, usually solids, but also liquids, eat.
    ⓐ w. acc. of thing (Hom. et al.) τί φάγωσιν (after neg.) anything to eat Mt 15:32; Mk 6:36; 8:1f; cp. Mt 6:25, 31; Lk 12:22 (s. Epict. 1, 9, 8; 19). τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως the consecrated bread Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4. Locusts and wild honey Mk 1:6. Manna (Ps 77:24) J 6:31, 49 (Just., D. 20, 4). Vegetables Ro 14:2b. Meat 14:21; 1 Cor 8:13; GEb 308, 31f; 34f (τὰς σάρκας αὐτῶν ‘one’s own flesh’ 4 [6] Esdr; POxy 1010). τὰ εἰδωλόθυτα 1 Cor 8:10; cp. vs. 7; Rv 2:14, 20 (Just., D. 34, 8; 35, 1). τὰς θυσίας (Sir 45:21; Ps 105:28) 1 Cor 10:18. τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ food from the temple 9:13. τὴν σάρκα τ. υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου J 6:53 (which passage many interpret as referring to the Eucharist while others explain it as speaking of receiving Christ spiritually through faith). πάντα all kinds of food Ro 14:2a (μὴ πάντα ἐσθίοντες Just., 20, 3). τὰ παρατιθέμενα the food that is set before (one) Lk 10:8; 1 Cor 10:27. τὸ ἐν μακέλλῳ πωλούμενον 10:25. τὸ βιβλαρίδιον Rv 10:10 (cp. Ezk 2:8; 3:3). τὸ πάσχα the Passover meal, esp. the Passover lamb (2 Esdr 6:21; 2 Ch 30:18; ESchürer, Über φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα 1883; Dalman, Jesus 81f) Mt 26:17; Mk 14:12, 14; Lk 22:8, 11, 15; J 18:28. κυριακὸν δεῖπνον φαγεῖν 1 Cor 11:20. ἄρτον ἐσθίειν eat a meal, w. bread as its main part (Ex 2:20; 1 Km 20:34; 2 Km 9:7; 3 Km 13:15 al.) Mt 15:2; Mk 3:20; 7:2, 5; Lk 14:1 (s. Billerb. IV 611–39: E. altjüd. Gastmahl); of the end-time banquet Lk 14:15 (cp. ἄρτον ζωῆς JosAs 15:4). τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἄρτον ἐ. eat one’s own bread 2 Th 3:12. ἄρτον φαγεῖν παρά τινος eat someone’s bread vs. 8. τὰ παρά τινος what someone provides Lk 10:7. Neg. οὐκ ἔφαγεν οὐδέν he ate nothing at all Lk 4:2 (cp. Job 21:25 οὐ φαγὼν οὐδὲν ἀγαθόν; En 15:11 πνεύματα … μηδὲν ἐσθίοντα). Of complete abstinence μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον 7:33. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν AcPl Ox 6, 7=Aa 241, 12f. οὐδέποτε ἔφαγον πᾶν κοινόν I have never eaten anything common at all Ac 10:14 (cp. 1 Macc 1:62; Just., D. 20, 3). Allegorical interpretation of Mosaic laws against eating forbidden foods B 10 (cp. Hierocles 26 p. 480 reinterpretation of the Pythagorean laws against forbidden foods as moral laws).—Of animals (Hom. et al.; Aelian, VH 1, 1; 2, 40; 3 Km 13:28; Is 65:25; Da 4:33 Theod.; GrBar 4:5 [δράκων]; 6:11 [Φοῖνιξ): birds τὰς σάρκας τινός eat someone’s flesh (Gen 40:19) Rv 17:16; 19:18. Swine Lk 15:16 (ὧν here is for ἅ by attraction, not a gen. dependent on ἐ., as it prob. is in X., Hell. 3, 3, 6; Ps.-Lucian, Asin. 21; such a constr. would be unique in our lit.).
    ⓑ w. prepositions, to denote the thing of which one partakes:
    α. w. ἀπό τινος (Lev 22:6; Num 15:19; Dt 14:12, 19; Pr 13:2; Da 4:33a; ApcSed 4:5; ApcMos 17 al.) dogs: ἐ. ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων eat the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28 (on the pl. ἐσθίουσιν after the neut. κυνάρια cp. Lk 11:7; 1 Cl 42:2; B-D-F §133; s. Rob. 403f). ἀπὸ τραπέζης partake of a meal D 11:9. ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας 9:5.
    β. w. ἔκ τινος of/from someth. (Jdth 12:2; Sir 11:19; JosAs 16:7f; ApcMos 16f) ἐκ τοῦ ἄρτου eat (some of) the bread (2 Km 12:3; Tob 1:10; TestJob 7:10 ἐκ τῶν ἄρτων μου) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. J 6:26, 50f. ἐκ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν Hs 9, 1, 10. ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆ ποίμνη get sustenance fr. the milk of the flock 1 Cor 9:7. ἐκ τ. θυσιαστηρίου Hb 13:10. ἐκ τ. ξύλου τ. ζωῆς from the tree of life Rv 2:7 (s. En 32:6); cp. μηκέτι ἐκ σοῦ μηδεὶς καρπὸν φάγοι (v.l. φάγῃ) Mk 11:14.
    ⓒ used with other prep. expressions ἐ. μετά τινος eat w. someone (1 Km 9:19; Jdth 12:11; Job 1:4; Ezk 47:22; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]) Mt 9:11; 24:49; Mk 2:16; 14:18 (cp. Ps 40:10); Lk 5:30; 7:36. ἐνώπιόν τινος in someone’s presence (cp. ἐναντίον τ. θεοῦ Ex 18:12; Ezk 44:3) 13:26; 24:43. ἐπὶ τ. τραπέζης τινός at someone’s table (2 Km 9:11; cp. vs. 13; Da 11:27) Lk 22:30. διὰ προσκόμματος ἐ. eat with offense (i.e. so that one takes offense in doing so; perh. also so that one gives offense) Ro 14:20.
    ⓓ abs. Mt 12:1; 14:20; 26:21, 26; Mk 7:3f; 14:18a, 22; Ac 27:35; D 12:3; B 7:5 al. Used w. λαμβάνειν (Gen 3:22) λάβετε φάγετε Mt 26:26b; οἱ ἐσθίοντες 14:21; 15:38. φάγωμεν κ. πίωμεν let us eat and drink 1 Cor 15:32 (Is 22:13; Ath., R. 72, 11). φάγε, πίε, εὐφραίνου Lk 12:19 (Aristobulus of Cass. [III B.C.]: 139 Fgm. 9 Jac. [cited in Strabo 14, 5, 9], statue of Sardanapalus w. the ins ἔσθιε, πῖνε, παῖζε• ὡς τἆλλα τούτου οὐκ ἄξια=‘Eat, drink, have fun. There’s nothing like it.’ This saying of Sardanapalus is also found in Arrian, Anab. 2, 5, 4. A similar thought in the Phrygian grave-ins: IGal 78, 11ff). τὸ φαγεῖν eating Mt 15:20; 1 Cor 11:21. διδόναι τινὶ φαγεῖν give someone someth. to eat (Ex 16:8, 15; Num 11:18, 21) Mt 14:16; 25:35, 42; Mk 5:43; 6:37; Lk 8:55; 9:13; J 6:52; Rv 2:7. φέρειν τινὶ φαγεῖν (cp. 2 Km 17:29) J 4:33. εὐκαιρέω φαγεῖν I find time to eat Mk 6:31. ἔχω βρῶσιν φαγεῖν I have food to eat J 4:32.—With the principle stated in 2 Th 3:10 cp. Lucian, Par. 13: when a pupil progresses well δότε αὐτῷ φαγεῖν; when he does not, μὴ δῶτε.
    ⓔ ἐ. and πίνω are freq. found together, as in some pass. already quoted (Hom. et al.; very oft. LXX; En 102:9; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 16 [Stone p. 10]; B 5 p. 109, 16 [Stone p. 66]; JosAs 9:3 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. ins 113; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 234).
    α. = receive support 1 Cor 9:4.
    β. = eat a meal Lk 5:30; 17:8; 1 Cor 11:22; AcPl Ox 6, 7. Of a festive sacrificial meal 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6).
    γ. in contrast to fasting—the latter expressed by ἐ. and πίνω w. a neg. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 141 οὔτε πίνων οὔτε ἐσθίων) Mt 11:18; Lk 4:2 v.l.; 7:33; Ac 9:9; 23:12, 21—Mt 11:19; Lk 5:33; 7:34; B 7:5.
    δ. of ordinary daily activities Lk 17:27f.
    ε. of carefree, even luxurious or dissipated living Mt 24:49; Lk 12:19, 45; 1 Cor 15:32 (cp. Is 22:13).—HRiesenfeld, ConNeot 9, ’44, 10f.
    ② to do away with completely, fig. extension of mng. 1 (Hom. et al.; LXX) consume, devour (of fire Il. 23, 182; Is 10:17; 26:11) πυρὸς ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους fire, which is about to consume the adversaries Hb 10:27 (Is 26:11). ὁ ἰὸς … φάγεται τ. σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ the rust will eat your flesh like fire Js 5:3 (cp. Aeschyl., Fgm. 253 φαγέδαινα [an ulcer] σάρκας ἐσθίει ποδός; Is 30:27 ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ θυμοῦ ὡς πῦρ ἔδεται). B. 327.—DELG s.v. ἔδω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐσθίω

  • 16 ὀψώνιον

    ὀψώνιον, ου, τό (since Menand., Fgm. 1051 J.=Fgm. 896 Kö.; freq. used fr. Polyb. on, in sing. and pl.; oft. in ins; pap; ostraca; only three times in LXX, all pl. The Atticists rejected it [Lob., Phryn. p. 420]) ‘ration-(money)’ paid to a soldier, then
    ① pay, wages (a dominant usage; s. also SIG 410, 19 pl.; LXX; EpArist 20:22=Jos., Ant. 12:28 pl.). The more general mng. provisions may fit 1 Macc 14:32 (cp. SIG 700, 25) and all NT occurrences (CCaragounis, NovT 16, ’74, 35–37).
    ⓐ lit. ἀρκεῖσθε τ. ὀψωνίοις ὑμῶν (said by J. the Baptist to στρατευόμενοι) Lk 3:14. στρατεύεσθαι ἰδίοις ὀψωνίοις serve as a soldier at one’s own expense 1 Cor 9:7.
    ⓑ in imagery of Christians as soldiers (on the Christian life as military service s. πανοπλία 2), whose wages are paid by the heavenly general: ἀρέσκετε ᾧ στρατεύεσθε, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ τὰ ὀψώνια κομίζεσθε IPol 6:2.—The military viewpoint seems to pass over into a more general one in λαβὼν ὀψώνιον πρὸς τὴν ὑμῶν διακονίαν accepting support so that I might serve you 2 Cor 11:8 (on λαμβάνειν ὀψώνιον cp. Polyb. 6, 39, 12; OGI 266, 7 [III B.C.]; PPetr II, 13 [17], 6 [258–253 B.C.]; PLond I, 23 [a], 26f, p. 38 [158–157 B.C.]; POxy 744, 7; cp. PWisc 68, 4 al. ‘allowance’).—Ro 6:23 is still further fr. the military scene, and it is prob. better to class it under the foll.
    ② compensation (IPriene 121, 34 [I B.C.], public services χωρὶς ὀψωνίων; 109, 94; 106 [II B.C.] ἄτερ ὀψωνίου) τὰ ὀψώνια τ. ἁμαρτίας θάνατος the compensation paid by sin (for services rendered to it) is death Ro 6:23.—DELG s.v. ὄψον. M-M. TW. Spicq.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὀψώνιον

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