barbarous

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

D, d (n. indecl., sometimes f. sc. littera), the flat dental mute, corresponding in character and sound to the English d and the Greek D, was the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, and was called de: Ter. Maur. p. 2385 P., Auson. Idyll. 12, de Litt. Monos. 14. But at the end of a syllable, or after another consonant, its sound was sharpened, so that the grammarians often discuss the question whether d or t should be written, especially in conjunctions and prepositions. Illa quoque servata est a multis differentia, ut ad cum esset praepositio, d litteram, cum autem conjunctio, t acciperet (Quint. 1, 7, 5; cf. id. 1, 4, 16). Hence we may infer that some disputed this distinction, and that the sounds of ad and at must at least have been very similar (cf. also Terent. Scaur. p. 2250, Vel. Long. p. 2230 sq., Cassiod. p. 2287, 2291). Thus also aput, it, quit, quot, aliut, set, haut are found for apud, id, quid, quod, aliud, sed, haud. It would appear from the remarks of these authors that the last two words in particular, having a proclitic character, while they distinctly retained the d sound before an initial vowel in the following word, were pronounced before a consonant almost as set, haut (Mar. Vict. p. 2462 P., Vel. Long. l. l. v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.). The use of t for d in the middle of a word, as Alexenter for Alexander, atnato for adnato, is very rare (cf. Wordsworth, Fragm. p. 486 sq.). On the other hand, the use of d for t, which sometimes appears in MSS. and inscrr., as ed, capud, essed, inquid (all of which occur in the Cod. palimps. of Cic. Rep.), adque, quodannis, sicud, etc., fecid, reliquid, etc. (all in inscriptions after the Augustan period), is to be ascribed to a later phonetic softening (cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 191 sq.).

As an initial, the letter d, in pure Latin words, suffers only a vowel after it; the single consonantal compound dr being found only in borrowed words, such as drama, Drusus, Druidae, etc., and in the two onomatopees drenso and drindio. Accordingly, the d of the initial dv, from du, was rejected, and the remaining v either retained unaltered (as in v iginti for du iginti; cf. triginta) or changed into b (as in b ellum, b is, b onus, for du ellum, du is, du onus; v. those words and the letter B). So too in and after the 4th century A.D., di before vowels was pronounced like j (cf. J ovis for Dj ovis, and J anus for Di anus); and hence, as the Greek di ( di) passed into dz, i. e. z (as in z a for d ia, and z eta for di aeta), we sometimes find the same name written in two or three ways, as Diabolenus, Jabolenus, Zabolenus; Jadera, Diadora, Zara. In many Greek words, however, which originally began with a y sound, d was prefixed by an instinctive effort to avoid a disagreeable utterance, just as in English the initial j has regularly assumed the sound of dj: thus Gr. zugon, i. e. diugon = L. jugum; and in such cases the d sound has been prefixed in Greek, not lost in Latin and other languages (v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 608 sq.).b. As a medial, d before most consonants undergoes assimilation; v. ad, no. II.; assum, init., and cf. iccirco, quippiam, quicquam, for idcirco, quidpiam, quidquam; and in contractions like cette from cedite, pelluviae from pediluviae, sella from sedela. In contractions, however, the d is sometimes dropped and a compensation effected by lengthening the preceding vowel, as scāla for scand-la. D before endings which begin with s was suppressed, as pes from ped-s, lapis from lapid-s, frons from frond-s, rasi from radsi, risi from rid-si, lusi from lud-si, clausi from claud-si; but in the second and third roots of cedo, and in the third roots of some other verbs, d is assimilated, as cessi, cessum, fossum, etc. D is also omitted before s in composition when another consonant follows the s, as ascendo, aspicio, asto, astringo, and so also before the nasal gn in agnatus, agnitus, and agnosco, from gnatus, etc.: but in other combinations it is assimilated, as assentio, acclamo, accresco; affligo, affrico; agglomero, aggrego; applico, approbo, etc. In tentum, from tendo, d is dropped to avoid the combination ndt or ntt, since euphony forbids a consonant to be doubled after another.g. Final d stood only in ad, apud, sed, and in the neuter pronouns quid, quod, illud, istud, and aliud, anciently alid. Otherwise, the ending d was considered barbarous, Prisc. p. 686 P.

The letter d represents regularly an original Indo-Germanic d, in Greek d, but which in German becomes z, in Gothic t, and in Anglo-Saxon t: cf. Gr. hêdomai, Sanscr. svad, Germ. süss, Angl.-Sax. svēte (sweet), with Lat. suadeo; domare with Gr. damaô, Germ. zähmen, Eng. tame; domus with demô, timber, O. H. Germ. zimber; duo with duô, zwei, two. But it is also interchanged with other sounds, and thus sometimes represents—

An original t: mendax from mentior; quadraginta, quadra, etc., from quatuor.—

An original r: ar and ad; apur or apor and apud; meridies and medidies, audio and auris; cf. arbiter, from ad-beto; arcesso for ad-cesso.—

An original l: adeps, Gr. aleipha; dacrima and lacrima, dingua and lingua; cf. on the contrary, olere for odere, consilium and considere, Ulixes from Odusseus (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 223).—

An original s: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus, medius and misos; and, on the contrary, rosa and rhodon. —

A Greek th: fides, pistis; gaudere, gêtheô; vad-i-monium (from va-d-s, vadis), aethlon.

In the oldest period of the language d was the ending of the ablat. sing. and of the adverbs which were originally ablatives (cf. Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excur. I.; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. Prol. 10): pu CNANDO, MARID, DICTATORED, IN ALTOD MARID, NAVALED PRAEDAD on the Col. Rostr.; DE SENATVOS SENTENTIAD (thrice) IN OQVOLTOD, IN POPLICOD, IN PREIVATOD, IN COVENTIONID, and the adverbs SVPRAD SCRIPTVM EST (thrice), EXSTRAD QVAM SEI, and even EXSTRAD VRBEM, in S. C. de Bacch. So intra-d, ultra-d, citra-d, contra-d, infra-d, supra-d; contro-d, intro-d, etc.; and probably interea-d, postea-d. Here too belongs, no doubt, the adverb FACILVMED, found in the last-mentioned inscription. But this use of the d became antiquated during the 3d century B.C., and is not found at all in any inscription after 186 B. C. Plautus seems to have used or omitted it at will (Ritschl, Neue Plaut. Excurs. p. 18: Corss. Ausspr. 1, 197; 2, 1008).

D final was also anciently found—

In the accus. sing. of the personal pronouns med, ted, sed: INTER SED CONIOVRASE and INTER SED DEDISE, for inter se conjuravisse and inter se dedisse, in the S. C. de Bacch. This usage was retained, at least as a license of verse, when the next word began with a vowel, even in the time of Plautus. But in the classic period this d no longer appears. —

In the imperative mood;

as estod,

Fest. p. 230. The Oscan language retained this ending (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 206).—

In the preposition se-, originally identical with the conjunction sed (it is retained in the compound seditio); also in red-, prod-, antid-, postid-, etc. ( redire, prodire, etc.); and in these words, too, it is a remnant of the ancient characteristic of the ablative (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 200 sq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 49).

As an abbreviation, D usually stands for the praenomen Decimus; also for Deus, Divus, Dominus, Decurio, etc.; over epitaphs, D. M. = Diis Manibus; over temple inscriptions, D. O. M. = Deo Optimo Maxumo; in the titles of the later emperors, D. N. = Dominus Noster, and DD. NN. = Domini Nostri. Before dates of letters, D signified dabam, and also dies; hence, a. d. = ante diem; in offerings to the gods, D. D. = dono or donum dedit; D. D. D. = dat, dicat, dedicat, etc. Cf. Orell. Inscr. II. p. 457 sq.

fĕrus, a, um, adj. [cf. Gr. thêr, Aeol. phêr; Lat. ferox, etc.; v. ferio], wild, untamed.

Lit., of animals and plants.

Adj. (syn. immanis, opp. cicur):

quae vero et quam varia genera bestiarum vel cicurum vel ferarum!

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 99; cf.:

si hoc apparet in bestiis, volucribus, nantibus, agrestibus, cicuribus, feris,

id. Lael. 21, 81:

apes (opp. cicures),

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 19:

immanes et ferae beluae,

Cic. N. D. 2, 64, 161:

fera et immanis belua,

id. Ac. 2, 34, 108; Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Curt. 5, 4, 19; Suet. Aug. 67:

leones,

Hor. Epod. 7, 12:

equus,

id. S. 1, 5, 57:

caprae,

Verg. A. 4, 152:

palumbus,

Plin. 30, 7, 20, § 60 et saep.:

arbores,

Plin. 14, 20, 25, § 127:

oliva,

Stat. Th. 6, 7:

fructus,

Verg. G. 2, 36:

odor (with solitudinem redolens),

disagreeable, Plin. 12, 17, 37, § 76.—

Subst.

fĕrus, i, m., a wild animal, wild beast ( poet.); a lion, Phaedr. 1, 21, 8; a boar, id. 4, 4, 3; a horse, Verg. A. 2, 51; 5, 818; a stag, id. ib. 7, 489; a serpent, Sil. 6, 268.—

fĕra, ae (sc. bestia), f., a wild animal, wild beast (class.):

immani et vastae insidens beluae, quocumque vult, inflectit illam feram,

Cic. Rep. 2, 40; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 26, 71:

neque ulla re longius absumus a natura ferarum,

id. Off. 1, 16, 50:

ipsae ferae nullo insequente saepe incidunt (in plagas),

id. ib. 3, 17, 68:

multa in ea (silva Hercynia) genera ferarum nasci constat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 25 fin.:

neque homini neque ferae parcunt,

id. ib. 6, 28, 2:

formidolosae dum latent silvis ferae,

Hor. Epod. 5, 55:

more ferarum,

id. S. 1, 3, 109:

Romulea fera,

the she-wolf that suckled Romulus, Juv. 11, 104; a sea-monster, Ov. M. 4, 713; 719; a serpent, Hyg. Astr. 2, 42; the ant, Mart. 6, 15, 2; the constellations of the Great and Little Bear:

magna minorque ferae,

id. Tr. 4, 3, 1; Vulg. Gen. 37, 20.— Prov.: ferae inter se placidae sunt, morsuque similium abstinent, Sen. de lra, 2, 8, 3.—

Transf., of places (syn. incultus):

in locis feris arbores plura ferunt, in his, quae sunt culta, meliora,

wild, uncultivated, Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 7; cf.: ferus, ager incultus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 86 Müll.:

montes,

Verg. E. 5, 28:

silvae,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 92.—

Trop., wild, rude, uncultivated; savage, barbarous, fierce, cruel (syn.: immanis, agrestis, inhumanus;

opp. mansuetus, humanus): ipsis in hominibus nulla gens est neque tam mansueta neque tam fera, quae non, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 8, 24; cf.:

nulla gens tam fera, nemo omnium tam immanis, cujus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 13, 30; id. Phil. 3, 9, 23:

ex feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos,

id. Inv. 1, 2, 2; id. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 51:

ferus atque agrestis,

id. Rosc. Am. 27, 74:

inhumani ac feri testes,

id. Rep. 1, 37 fin.; cf. Ter. And. 1, 5, 43:

ferus et ferreus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3:

quam ferus et vere ferreus ille fuit!

Tib. 1, 10, 2;

v. ferreus: nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 39:

Britanni hospitibus feri,

id. C. 3, 4, 33:

Numantia,

id. ib. 2, 12, 1:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 5, 27:

animi hominum, studiis bellandi jam immanes ac feri,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14; id. Fragm. ap. Non. 342, 33 (Rep. 2, 23 ed. Mos.):

ingenium immansuetum ferumque,

Ov. M. 15, 85; cf.:

(ostendere ejus) mores feros immanemque naturam,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 13, 37:

homines a fera agrestique vita ad hunc humanum cultum civilemque deducere,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 33:

victus,

id. Inv. 1, 2, 2:

moenera militiaï,

Lucr. 1, 29:

munera belli,

id. 1, 32:

hiems,

Ov. Tr. 1, 1, 42; cf.:

diluvies,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 40:

sacra (of death by sacrifice),

Ov. M. 13, 454:

dolores lenire requie,

id. ib. 13, 317.—With supine: ferum visu dictuque (= deinon idein kai legein), Sil. 1, 175.—No comp. or sup.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

immītis ( inm-), e, adj. [in-mitis], not soft or mellow, harsh, rough, sour (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit., of fruit:

uva,

Hor. C. 2, 5, 10:

fructus (opp. dulcis),

Plin. 13, 4, 6, § 26. —More freq.,

Transf., in gen., rough, rude, harsh, hard, severe, stern, fierce, savage, inexorable (syn.:

barbarus, trux, torvus, immanis, ferox, crudelis, saevus): naturā et moribus immitis ferusque,

Liv. 23, 5, 12; cf.

asper et immitis,

Suet. Tib. 59:

arrogans, profusus, immitis,

id. Ner. 4:

tyrannus (i. e. Pluto),

Verg. G. 4, 492:

Parcae,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 13:

Glycera,

Hor. C. 1, 33, 2:

immitibus et desertis locis,

Plin. 17, 16, 26, § 120:

insulam Gyarum immitem et sine cultu hominum esse,

Tac. A. 1, 69:

immite et turbidum caelum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 1:

venti,

Tib. 1, 1, 45:

oculi,

Ov. M. 6, 621:

nidi (i. e. hirundinum apibus infestarum),

Verg. G. 4, 17:

ara (on which human beings are offered),

Ov. P. 3, 2, 71:

claustra,

id. Am. 1, 6, 17:

vulnera,

id. de Nuce 69:

fata,

id. M. 13, 260:

mandata,

Tac. A. 15, 27:

rescriptum,

id. ib. 6, 9:

mors,

Tib. 1, 3, 55:

caedes pariter fugientium ac resistentium,

Liv. 4, 59, 6.—As subst.: immītĭa, ium, n., barbarous acts:

ausae immitia nuptae (i. e. abortus),

Ov. F. 1, 625.— Comp.:

vetus operis ac laboris, et eo immitior, quia toleraverat,

Tac. A. 1, 20; Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 1:

calcato immitior hydro,

Ov. M. 13, 804.— Sup.:

serpentes immitissimum animalium genus,

Plin. 10, 74, 96, § 207.— Adv.: im-mīte, rudely, harshly:

stridorque immite rudentum Sibilat,

Sil. 17, 257.

immītis ( inm-), e, adj. [in-mitis], not soft or mellow, harsh, rough, sour (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit., of fruit:

uva,

Hor. C. 2, 5, 10:

fructus (opp. dulcis),

Plin. 13, 4, 6, § 26. —More freq.,

Transf., in gen., rough, rude, harsh, hard, severe, stern, fierce, savage, inexorable (syn.:

barbarus, trux, torvus, immanis, ferox, crudelis, saevus): naturā et moribus immitis ferusque,

Liv. 23, 5, 12; cf.

asper et immitis,

Suet. Tib. 59:

arrogans, profusus, immitis,

id. Ner. 4:

tyrannus (i. e. Pluto),

Verg. G. 4, 492:

Parcae,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 13:

Glycera,

Hor. C. 1, 33, 2:

immitibus et desertis locis,

Plin. 17, 16, 26, § 120:

insulam Gyarum immitem et sine cultu hominum esse,

Tac. A. 1, 69:

immite et turbidum caelum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 1:

venti,

Tib. 1, 1, 45:

oculi,

Ov. M. 6, 621:

nidi (i. e. hirundinum apibus infestarum),

Verg. G. 4, 17:

ara (on which human beings are offered),

Ov. P. 3, 2, 71:

claustra,

id. Am. 1, 6, 17:

vulnera,

id. de Nuce 69:

fata,

id. M. 13, 260:

mandata,

Tac. A. 15, 27:

rescriptum,

id. ib. 6, 9:

mors,

Tib. 1, 3, 55:

caedes pariter fugientium ac resistentium,

Liv. 4, 59, 6.—As subst.: immītĭa, ium, n., barbarous acts:

ausae immitia nuptae (i. e. abortus),

Ov. F. 1, 625.— Comp.:

vetus operis ac laboris, et eo immitior, quia toleraverat,

Tac. A. 1, 20; Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 1:

calcato immitior hydro,

Ov. M. 13, 804.— Sup.:

serpentes immitissimum animalium genus,

Plin. 10, 74, 96, § 207.— Adv.: im-mīte, rudely, harshly:

stridorque immite rudentum Sibilat,

Sil. 17, 257.

ĭn-hūmānus, a, um, adj., not suitable to the human condition, that does not befit a human being.

Rude, savage, barbarous:

quis tam fuit durus et ferreus, quis tam inhumanus, qui non illorum miseria commoveretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121:

vox,

id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

scelus,

Liv. 1, 48, 7:

crudelitas,

id. 21, 4, 9:

via,

covered with corpses, Tac. H. 2, 70:

securitas,

that enjoyed itself during the slaughter, id. ib. 3, 83:

testamentum,

cruel, unjust, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 107.—

Unpolished, uncivil, unmannerly, ill-bred, churlish, discourteous:

quis contumacior, quis inhumanior, quis superbior,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 78, § 192:

moderati nec difficiles, nec inhumani senes,

id. de Sen. 3, 7:

at hoc idem si in convivio faciat, inhumanus videatur,

ill-bred, id. Off. 1, 40, 144:

agrestis et inhumana neglegentia,

id. ib. 36, 130:

homo inhumanissimus,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 24:

aures,

uncultivated, Cic. Or. 51, 172.—

Superhuman, godlike:

mensae,

App. M. 5, p. 334:

sententia,

id. de Deo Soc. 5, p. 44, 24.— Hence, adv. in two forms.

ĭnhūmānē, inhumanly, savagely, cruelly:

nimis graviter cruciat adulescentulum, nimisque inhumane,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 2:

facere contraque naturae legem,

Cic. Off. 3, 6, 30:

muta (oratio),

Nazar. Pan. ad Const. 16.— Comp.:

inhumanius dicere,

Cic. Lael. 13, 46.—

ĭn-hūmānĭter, uncivilly, discourteously:

me miratum esse istum tam inhumaniter fecisse, ut, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 21; id. Verr. 2, 1, 52, § 137, acc. to Prisc. p. 1010 P. (where the MSS. have inhumane).

immītis ( inm-), e, adj. [in-mitis], not soft or mellow, harsh, rough, sour (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.).

Lit., of fruit:

uva,

Hor. C. 2, 5, 10:

fructus (opp. dulcis),

Plin. 13, 4, 6, § 26. —More freq.,

Transf., in gen., rough, rude, harsh, hard, severe, stern, fierce, savage, inexorable (syn.:

barbarus, trux, torvus, immanis, ferox, crudelis, saevus): naturā et moribus immitis ferusque,

Liv. 23, 5, 12; cf.

asper et immitis,

Suet. Tib. 59:

arrogans, profusus, immitis,

id. Ner. 4:

tyrannus (i. e. Pluto),

Verg. G. 4, 492:

Parcae,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 13:

Glycera,

Hor. C. 1, 33, 2:

immitibus et desertis locis,

Plin. 17, 16, 26, § 120:

insulam Gyarum immitem et sine cultu hominum esse,

Tac. A. 1, 69:

immite et turbidum caelum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 17, 1:

venti,

Tib. 1, 1, 45:

oculi,

Ov. M. 6, 621:

nidi (i. e. hirundinum apibus infestarum),

Verg. G. 4, 17:

ara (on which human beings are offered),

Ov. P. 3, 2, 71:

claustra,

id. Am. 1, 6, 17:

vulnera,

id. de Nuce 69:

fata,

id. M. 13, 260:

mandata,

Tac. A. 15, 27:

rescriptum,

id. ib. 6, 9:

mors,

Tib. 1, 3, 55:

caedes pariter fugientium ac resistentium,

Liv. 4, 59, 6.—As subst.: immītĭa, ium, n., barbarous acts:

ausae immitia nuptae (i. e. abortus),

Ov. F. 1, 625.— Comp.:

vetus operis ac laboris, et eo immitior, quia toleraverat,

Tac. A. 1, 20; Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 1:

calcato immitior hydro,

Ov. M. 13, 804.— Sup.:

serpentes immitissimum animalium genus,

Plin. 10, 74, 96, § 207.— Adv.: im-mīte, rudely, harshly:

stridorque immite rudentum Sibilat,

Sil. 17, 257.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

Histri (less correctly Istri), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Istrians, a barbarous Illyrian tribe subdued by the Romans B. C. 177:

principes Histrorum,

Liv. 41, 11; Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129:

Histrorum gentem originem a Colchis ducere,

Just. 32, 3, 13:

per Histros Hister emittitur,

Mel. 2, 3 fin. —Hence, Histria ( Istria), ae, f., a country on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, extending from Trieste to the Sinus Flanaticus:

Histria ut peninsula excurrit,

Plin. 3, 19, 23, § 129; Liv. 39, 55.—Derivv.

Histriāni ( Ist-), ōrum, m., the people of Istria, Just. 9, 2, 1.—

Histrĭ-cus ( Ist-), a, um, adj., Istrian, of Istria:

bellum,

Liv. 39, 55; 41, 1; 11:

ostrea,

Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 62.—

Histrus, a, um, adj., Istrian:

testa,

Mart. 12, 64, 2.

nātĭo, ōnis, f. [nascor], a being born, birth; hence, transf.

Personified, Natio, the goddess of birth:

Natio quoque dea putanda est, quae, quia partus matronarum tueatur, a nascentibus Natio nominata est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 47 (al. Nascio).—

A breed, stock, kind, species, race (rare but class.;

syn.: genus, stirps, familia): in hominibus emendis si natione alter est melior, emimus pluris, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 93 Müll.;

Auct. B. Alex. 7, 3: natio optimatium,

Cic. Sest. 44, 96:

officiosissima candidatorum,

id. Pis. 23, 55.—Also in a contemptuous sense, a race, tribe, set:

salvete, fures maritimi, Famelica hominum natio, quid agitis?

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 6:

vestra natio (Epicureorum),

Cic. N. D. 2, 29, 74:

ardelionum,

Phaedr. 2, 5, 1.—Of animals:

praegnantes opere levant: venter enim labore nationem reddit deteriorem,

Varr. R. R. 2, 6, 4; cf. id. L. L. 9, § 92 Müll.; and: in pecoribus quoque bonus proventus feturae bona natio dicitur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 167 Müll.— Transf., of things, a sort, kind (post-Aug.):

nationes in apium naturā diximus,

Plin. 22, 24, 50, § 109:

cera natione Pontica,

id. 21, 14, 49, § 83; cf. id. 12, 25, 55, § 125.—

In a more restricted sense, a race of people, nation, people (used commonly in a more limited sense than gens, and sometimes as identical with it; cf.: gens, populus; usually applied by Cicero to distant and barbarous people): nam itast haec hominum natio;

in Epidamniis Voluptarii, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 34:

omnes nationes servitutem ferre possunt: nostra civitas non potest,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 20; cf.:

exteris nationibus ac gentibus ostendere, etc.,

id. Font. 11, 25:

ne nationes quidem et gentes,

id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; cf.

, in the reverse order: omnes exterae gentes ac nationes,

id. Imp. Pomp. 11, 31:

per omnes gentes nationesque,

Quint. 11, 3, 87:

eruditissima Graecorum natio,

Cic. de Or. 2, 4, 18:

Judaei et Syri, nationes natae servituti,

id. Prov. Cons. 5, 10:

immanes ac barbarae nationes,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9, § 27:

quod eas quoque nationes adire volebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7:

Suevi majorem Germaniae partem obtinent, propriis adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti,

Tac. G. 38:

Gannascus, natione Canninefas,

id. A. 11, 18:

patre Camissare, natione Care, matre Scythissā natus,

Nep. Dat. 1, 1:

NATIONE CILIX,

Inscr. Fabr. p. 495, n. 189; so in connection with names of cities: NATIONE ARRETIO, Inscr. Don. cl. 6, n. 181.—

Ad Nationes, the name of a portico in Rome, built by Augustus, where the images of all known nations were set up:

ante aditum porticūs Ad Nationes,

Plin. 36, 5, 4, § 39; cf. Serv. Verg. A. 8, 721.—

In eccl. Lat., like gens, and the Gr. ethnos, opp. to Christians, the heathen:

per deos nationum,

Tert. de Idol. 22.

saevus, a, um (collat. form saevis, e; in gen. plur. saevium, Amm. 15, 9; 29, 5), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. akin with scaevus, q. v.], roused to fierceness (while ferus signifies naturally fierce); raging, furious, fell, savage, ferocious, etc. (mostly poet.)

Lit., of animals:

leones,

Lucr. 3, 306; 4, 1016; cf.:

saecla leonum,

id. 5, 862:

leaena,

Tib. 3, 4, 90:

lea,

Ov. M. 4, 102:

saevior leaena,

Verg. G. 3, 246:

apri,

Lucr. 5, 1327:

sues,

id. 5, 1309:

lupi,

Tib. 1, 5, 54:

canes,

Prop. 4 (5), 4, 40; Ov. M. 7, 64:

ferae,

Tib. 1, 10, 6; Ov. M. 4, 404; 7, 387:

belua,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 22.—

Transf., of any vehement, passionate excitement, fierce, cruel, violent, harsh, severe, fell, dire, barbarous, etc. (syn.: crudelis, inmitis, trux, durus).

Of persons:

nunc truculento mihi atque saevo usus sene est,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 3; so (with truculentus) id. Truc. 3, 2, 5; cf.:

agrestis, saevus, tristis, parcus, truculentus, etc.,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 12:

gens, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 8, 20: ex amore saevus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 43:

uxor,

cross, Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 17:

vir,

Hor. C. 3, 10, 2:

custos,

id. Ep. 1, 16, 77:

magister,

id. ib. 1, 18, 13:

novercae,

Verg. G. 2, 128:

Canidia,

Hor. Epod. 5, 47:

Tisiphone,

id. S. 1, 8, 33:

mater Cupidinum,

id. C. 1, 19, 1; 4, 1, 5:

Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 4; cf.:

conjux Jovis,

Ov. M. 9, 199:

Proserpina,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 20:

Necessitas,

id. ib. 1, 35, 17:

tyrannus,

Ov. M. 6, 581; cf.:

cum tyranno saevissimo et violentissimo in suos,

Liv. 34, 32:

saevus metu,

Suet. Dom. 3:

aliquanto post civilis belli victoriam saevior,

id. ib. 10:

post cujus interitum vel saevissimus exstitit,

id. Tib. 61:

saevorum saevissime Centaurorum, Euryte,

Ov. M. 12, 219 et saep.: saevus in armis Aeneas acuit Martem, terrible, deinos, Verg. A. 12, 107:

Hector,

id. ib. 1, 99; Ov. M. 13, 177:

Achilles,

id. ib. 12, 582:

sed manibus qui saevus erit,

Tib. 1, 10, 67:

nimium in pellice saevae deae,

Ov. M. 4, 547:

videt Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Achillem,

Verg. A. 1, 458:

saevus accusandis reis,

Tac. A. 11, 5:

duces,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 16.— Poet., with inf. (cf. saevio, II. A.):

quaelibet in quemvis opprobria fingere saevus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 30; cf. in comp.:

saevior ante alios iras servasse,

Sil. 11, 7.—

Of things: mare, Naev. ap. Fest. s. v. topper, p. 352 Müll.; Sall. J. 17, 5:

pelagus,

Ov. M. 14, 559:

fluctus,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 4:

procellae,

Lucr. 3, 805:

undae,

id. 5, [p. 1616] 222: saevi exsistunt turbines, Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 157:

ventus,

Cic. Att. 5, 12; Liv. 28, 18; Ov. M. 12, 8: tempestates, Lucil. ap. Non. 388, 17; Lucr. 6, 458; Liv. 24, 8; cf.

hiems,

id. 40, 45; Val. Fl. 7, 52:

Orion,

Verg. A. 7, 719:

scopulus,

id. ib. 5, 270:

ignes,

Prop. 1, 1, 27; Ov. M. 2, 313; Hor. C. 1, 16, 11:

bipennis,

Ov. M. 8, 766:

falx Priapi,

Tib. 1, 1, 18:

catenae,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 45: tympana, sounding harshly or terribly, id. ib. 1, 18, 13 et saep.: saevo ac duro in bello, Lucil. ap. Non. 388, 15; so,

bellum,

Lucr. 1, 475: saeva et tristia dicta, Lucil. ap. Non. 388, 23: unde superstitiosa primum saeva evasit vox fera, Poët. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 56, 115:

minae,

Prop. 1, 17, 6 sq.:

verba,

Hor. Epod. 12, 13:

jocus,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 148; id. C. 1, 33, 12:

naves,

id. ib. 1, 37, 30:

militia,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 54:

cum ex saevis et perditis rebus ad meliorem statum fortuna revocatur,

Cic. Rep. Fragm. 6, p. 419 Osann (5, p. 247 B. and K.; ap. Amm. 15, 5, 23): Medea amore saevo saucia, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34; and ap. Cic. Cael. 8, 18 (Trag. v. 288 Vahl.); so,

Amor,

Verg. E. 8, 47:

horror,

id. A. 12, 406:

verbera,

id. G. 3, 252:

ira,

Prop. 1, 18, 14:

damna,

Tac. A. 2, 26:

adulationes,

id. ib. 4, 20:

caedes,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

dolores,

Verg. A. 1, 25:

ira,

Ov. M. 1, 453:

paupertas,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 43:

quae sibi belligeranti saeva vel prospera evenissent,

Tac. A. 2, 5:

ut saeva et detestanda Quirinio clamitarent,

id. ib. 3, 23:

multa saevaque questus,

id. ib. 1, 6.— Adv., in three forms, saeve, saeviter (anteclass.), and saevum (in post-Aug. poets), fiercely, furiously, ferociously, cruelly, barbarously, etc.

saevē:

saeve et atrociter factitavit,

Suet. Tib. 59:

facere omnia,

Luc. 8, 492:

gesturus impia bella,

id. 7, 171. —

saevĭter: ferro cernunt de victoriā, Enn. ap Non. 511, 8; Att. and Afran. ib. 4, 7; Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 3; id. Poen. 1, 2, 122; id. Trin. 4, 3, 53.—

saevum:

cui arridens,

Sil. 1, 398; Stat. Th. 3, 589; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 285.—

Comp.:

lumina Gorgoneo saevius igne micant,

Ov. A. A. 3, 504; Plin. 30, 2, 5, § 15; Hor. C. 2, 10, 9.—

Sup.:

sunt (loca), quae tepent hieme, sed aestate saevissime candent,

Col. 1, 4, 9; Claud. ap. Suet. Claud. 2:

saevissime dentiunt,

Plin. 11, 37, 64, § 170.