Procreation

παιδοποιίᾱ, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem nom /voc /acc dual

παιδοποιίᾱ, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)

παιδοποιίαι, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem nom /voc pl

παιδοποιίᾱͅ, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)

παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem nom /voc pl

παιδοποιίᾱͅ, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)

παιδοποιίᾱς, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem acc pl

παιδοποιίᾱς, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem gen sg (attic doric aeolic)

γεννάω fut. γεννήσω; 1 aor. ἐγέννησα; pf. γεγέννηκα. Pass.: fut. pl. γεννηθήσεσθε Sir 41:9; 1 aor. ἐγεννήθην; pf. γεγέννημαι (Pind., Hdt.+).—See ARahlfs, Genesis 1926, 39. Gener., to cause someth. to come into existence, primarily through procreation or parturition.

① become the parent of, beget

ⓐ by procreation (oft. LXX, fr. Gen 4:18 on) Mt 1:2–20 (cp. Diod S 4, 67, 2–68, 6, the genealogy of the Aeolians: 67, 4 Ἄρνη ἐγέννησεν Αἰόλον κ. Βοιωτόν; 67, 7 Ἱππάλκιμος ἐγέννησε Πηνέλεων; 68:1 Σαλμωνεὺς ἐγέννησε θυγατέρα … Τυρώ; 68, 3 Ποσειδῶν ἐγέννησε Πελίαν κ. Νηλέα; 68, 6 Νηλεὺς παῖδας ἐγέννησε δώδεκα. Interchanged with ἐγέννησε are ἐτέκνωσε, ἦν υἱός, παῖδες ἐγένοντο, etc.; cp. PMich 155, 7. The continuity is not formalized to the degree in Mt, but in Diod S 4, 69, 1–3 ἐγέννησε is repeated six times in a short space, and 4, 75, 4f ἐγέννησε occurs four times with the names of fathers and sons; Did., Gen. 144, 27); Ac 7:8, 29. ἐκ w. gen. of the mother (Hdt. 1, 108, 2; Diod S 4, 2, 1; 4, 62, 1; Palaeph. 44; PLond V, 1730, 10 οἱ ἐξ αὐτῆς γεννηθέντες υἱοί; Tob 1:9; 2 Esdr 10:44; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 2 Jac.; TestJob 1:6; Jos, Ant. 12, 189) Mt 1:3, 5f.—Pass. be fathered (Orig., C. Cels. 8, 66, 23) ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα w. the slave-woman, according to the flesh (i.e. in line with human devising; opp. διʼ ἐπαγγελίας) Gal 4:23. ὁ κατὰ σάρκα γεννηθείς he that was fathered by human design, opp. ὁ κατὰ πνεῦμα he that was fathered by the Spirit’s design, i.e. in keeping with the divine promise, vs. 23) vs. 29. τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ πνεύματός ἐστιν that which is conceived in her is of the Spirit Mt 1:20 (τὸ γεννηθέν of that which is yet unborn: Diod S 17, 77, 3). Here the male principle is introduced by ἐκ (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 14 ἐκ κύκνου γεγεννημένη; Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 4 Jac.; Ps-Callisth. 1, 30, 3 ἐξ Ἄμμωνος ἐγεννήθη; TestSim 2:2) as J 1:13 (ἐγενήθ. P75et al.); but in 3:6 the imagery is complex, involving a maternal aspect in vs. 4. W. ἀπό (En 15:8 οἱ γίγαντες οἱ γεννηθέντες ἀπὸ τ. πνευμάτων κ. σαρκός) ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγεννήθησαν they were fathered by one man Hb 11:12 (numerous edd. ἐγενήθησαν). ἐκ πορνείας οὐ γεγεννήμεθα (v.l. ἐγεννήθημεν) J 8:41 (cp. StudPal XX, 4, 30 ἐξ ἀγράφων γάμων γεγεννῆσθαι). ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σὺ ἐγεννήθης ὅλος you’re a born sinner, totally! 9:34.—Lk 1:35 (where mng. 2 is also prob. [as in τὸ γεννώμενον Philo, Plant. 15]. S. AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 6, 1928, 33–36; HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 60f).

ⓑ by exercising the role of a parental figure, ext. of 1a (Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 58 μᾶλλον αὐτὸν τῶν γονέων γεγέννηκα), of a teacher on pupils ἐν Χ. Ἰ. διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ὑμᾶς ἐγέννησα I became your father as Christians through the gospel 1 Cor 4:15; Phlm 10 (s. Ltzm. and JWeiss on 1 Cor 4:15; ADieterich, Mithraslit. 1903, 146ff).—Pass. ἐκ (τοῦ) θεοῦ γεννᾶσθαι J 1:13 (on the rdg. of the Lat. ms. b, s. JPryor, NovT 27, ’85, 296–318); 1J 2:29; 3:9; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18. On γεννᾶσθαι ἐξ ὕδατος κ. πνεύματος J 3:5 cp. 1QS 4:20–22 and s. YYadin, JBL 74, ’55, 40–43. Also ἄνωθεν γ. J 3:3, 7. πᾶς ὁ ἀγαπῶν τὸν γεννήσαντα ἀγαπᾷ τὸν γεγεννημένον ἐξ αὐτοῦ everyone who loves the father (=God) loves the child (=Christ or one’s fellow Christian) 1J 5:1 (on γεννᾶσθαι ἐκ θεοῦ s. Hdb. on J 3:3 and 1J 3:9 and the sources and lit. listed there; s. also παλιγγενεσία). Cp. σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε (Ps 2:7) 1 Cl 36:4; GEb 18, 37; Ac 13:33 (held by some to have been the orig. rdg. Lk 3:22 v.l.; s. JHillmann, Die Kindheitsgesch. Jesu nach Lucas: Jahrbücher f. Protestantische Theologie 17/2, 1891, 192–261; HUsener, D. Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 38ff); Hb 1:5; 5:5.

② to give birth to, bear (Aeschyl., Suppl. 48; X., De Rep. Lac. 1, 3; Lucian, Sacrif. 6; Plut., Mor., 3c; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 9, 2 ἐκ θεοῦ γεννήσασα παῖδα=a woman who has borne a child to a god; BGU 132 II, 5; Judg 11:1 B; Is 66:9; 4 Macc 10:2) Lk 1:13, 57; 23:29; J 16:21 w. τίκτειν; AcPl Ha 8, 28 εἰς δουλείαν γεννῶσα who bears children for slavery Gal 4:24. Pass. be born (ἐκ παρθένου Did., Gen. 96, 13) ἐγεννήθη Μωϋσῆς Ac 7:20; cp. Hb 11:23. γεγεννημένος ἐν Ταρσῷ Ac 22:3; μήπω … γεννηθέντων Ro 9:11; πρὶν ἡμᾶς γεννηθῆναι before we were born 1 Cl 38:3. εἰς τὸν κόσμον come into the world J 16:21; Mt 2:1, 4; 19:12; 26:24 (=1 Cl 46:8); Mk 14:21 (cp. En 38:2); Lk 1:35 (1a is also prob.; a v.l. adds ἐκ σοῦ, which can be rendered ‘the child to whom you give birth’). ἐκ Μαρίας ἐγεννήθη AcPlCor 1:14; 2:5 (cp. Mt 1:16); J 3:4; 9:2, 19f, 32; IEph 18:2; ITr 11:2; ἀληθῶς γ. be in fact born (in opp. to Docetism) 9:1. γεγεννημένα (v.l. γεγενημένα) εἰς ἅλωσιν 2 Pt 2:12. εἰς τοῦτο for this purpose J 18:37. διάλεκτος ἐν ᾑ ἐγεννήθημεν the language in which we were born i.e., which we have spoken fr. infancy Ac 2:8. ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ γεγέννημαι but I was actually born a Roman citizen 22:28. οὗτος ἐγεννήθη βασιλεύς born a king GJs 20:4 codd. γεννῶνται και γεννῶσιν Lk 20:34 v.l.

③ to cause someth. to happen, bring forth, produce, cause, fig. of various kinds of production (Pla. et al.; Polyb. 1, 67, 2 στάσις ἐγεννᾶτο; Philo, De Jos. 254; Jos., Ant. 6, 144) 2 Ti 2:23.—γ. καρπόν produce fruit (Philo, Op. M. 113) ITr 11:1. Forged writing γεγεννημένον for γεγενημένον GJs 24:3.—B. 280. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι p. 222. M-M. TW.

παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem gen pl

παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem gen pl

παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem dat pl

παιδοποιίᾱν, παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem acc sg (attic doric aeolic)

παιδοποιία

procreation of children: fem gen sg (epic ionic)

-εως ⁺ ἡ N 3 0-1-0-0-1=2 1 Chr 4,8; Sir 22,3

procreation Sir 22,3; progeny, offspring 1 Chr 4,8; see γένεσις

Cf. ZIEGLER 1965, 104

γόνος, ὁ, and (in signf.1), ἡ, E.IA 793: late [dialect] Ion. [full] γοῦνος Aret.CD2.5: —

A that which is begotten, child, Il.5.635, 6.191; offspring, 20.409, Hes. Th. 919, etc.;

ἄπαις ἔρσενος γόνου Hdt.1.109

;

πρεσβύτατος παντὸς τοῦ γ. Id.7.2

;

αὐτὸν καὶ γόνον Schwyzer 415

([place name] Elis); ὁ Πηλέως γ. his son, S.Ph. 333, cf. 366, 416, etc.; of animals,

γ. ὀρταλίχων Id.Fr. 793

; of fish, roe, Hegem.1, Archestr.Fr.9; of bees, Arist.HA 554a18.

2 product, of plants,

γ. ἀμπέλου Anacreont.54.7

; γ. πλουτόχθων, of the silver mines at Laureion, A.Eu. 946 (lyr.);

τοῦ φόρου τὸν γ. Ar.V. 1116

codd.

3 ἐς ἔρσενα γόνον to any of the male sex, Hdt.6.135.

II race, stock, descent,

οὔ πώ τις ἑὸν γ. αὐτὸς ἀνέγνω Od.1.216

, cf. 11.234.

III begetting, procreation, A.Supp. 172 (lyr.); γόνῳ πατήρ, opp. ποιητός, Lys.13.91;

γόνῳ γεγονώς D.44.49

;

γ. υἱός Men.Sam. 131

, D.C.40.51, cf.IG3.1445,al.

2 of plants, bearing, Thphr.CP3.15.3.

IV seed, Hp.Genit.7, Arist.GA 748a22, LXX Le.15.3;

σπέρμα καὶ γ. Ti.Locr.100b

, cf. Gal.19.450.

2 genitals, Hp.Liqu. 2.

V γ. Ἑρμοῦ, = βούφθαλμος, Ps.-Dsc.3.139.

διάδεξις, εως, ἡ,

A passage,

ὑποχονδρίων Hp.Epid.6.2.14

; δ. ἐκ πατέρων hereditary transmission, Aret.CD2.12; δ. γένεος procreation, ib. 2.5.

II transition from one disease to another, ib.1.1.

παιδοποι-ία, ἡ,

A procreation of children, Pl. R. 423e, Ocell.4.4, Porph.Marc.1, etc.: in pl., Pl.Smp. 192b.

II adoption, νομοθέτης ἐγένετο Φιλόλαος περὶ τῆς π. Arist.Pol. 1274b3, cf. Ptol.Tetr. 174.

σπείρω, [dialect] Aeol. [full] σπέρρω Sch.D.T.p.117 H., EM300.19: [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

A

σπείρεσκον Hdt.4.42

: [tense] fut.

σπερῶ E.El.79

, Pl.Phdr. 276d; [dialect] Aeol. σπέρσω Sch.E.Hec. 202: [tense] aor.

ἔσπειρα A.Th. 754

(lyr.), Hdt.7.107, Pl. Ti. 41c: [tense] pf.

ἔσπαρκα Polyaen.2.1.1

, etc.:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor. inf.

σπείρασθαι A.R.3.1028

; [tense] aor. 2 σπαρέσθαι dub. l. in Polyaen.8.26:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

σπᾰρήσομαι LXX Na.1.14

, ([etym.] δια-) D.S.17.69: [tense] aor. ἐσπάρην [ᾰ] S.OT 1498, Th.2.27: [tense] pf.

ἔσπαρμαι E.HF 1098

, Ar.Ra. 1206, Pl.Lg. 693a, etc.:— sow,

I sow seed, c. acc., [ κέγχρους] Hes.Sc. 399;

σῖτον Hdt.4.17

;

στάχυν E.Cyc. 121

; of Cadmus,

σ. γηγενῆ στάχυν Id.Ba. 264

(so in [voice] Med.,

σπείρασθαι ὀδόντας A.R.3.1028

): abs., sow, Hes.Op. 391; opp. θερίζω, Ar.Av. 710, etc.: metaph., θερ. καὶ σ. ταῖς γλώσσαις, of corrupt orators, ib. 1697 (lyr.);

καρπὸν ὧν ἔσπειρε θερίζειν Pl.Phdr. 260d

;

αἰσχρῶς μὲν ἔσπειρας κακῶς δὲ ἐθέρισας Gorg.16

: prov., εἰς πέτρας τε καὶ λίθους ς. Pl.Lg. 838e; σ. κατὰ πετ ρῶν, i.e. εἰς πέλαγος (cf.

σπέρμα 1.1

), Luc.Am. 20.

2 engender, beget offspring (cf. 11.2), S.Aj. 1293, Tr.33, E. Ion 49, etc.; οἱ σπείραντες the parents, IG3.1339, cf. 14.1794 ([place name] Rome); ἄθυτα παλλακῶν σπέρματα ς. Pl.Lg. 841d:—[voice] Pass., spring or be born,

ὅθενπερ αὐτὸς ἐσπάρη S.OT 1498

, cf. E. Ion 554 (troch.), Pl.R. 460b; πρὸ τοῦ Ζήνωνα.. σπαρῆναι before Z. was begotten, Phld.Rh.2.110 S.

3 scatter like seed, strew,

χρυσὸν καὶ ἄργυρον Hdt.7.107

;

σ. φλόγα Trag.Adesp.85

; of liquids, scatter or sprinkle,

ἐκ τευχέων σ. δρόσον E.Andr. 167

; spread abroad, extend,

σ. ἀγλαΐαν νάς ῳ Pi.N.1.13

; spread rumour,

σ. ματαίαν βάξιν S.El. 642

; μὴ σπεῖρε πολλοῖς τὸν παρόντα δαίμονα do not speak of it indiscriminately, Id.Fr. 653:—[voice] Pass., to be scattered or dispersed, ἐσπαρμένος κατὰ.. πόλιν, of the ashes of Solon scattered over Salamis, Cratin.228;

τόξα δ' ἔσπαρται πέδῳ E.HF 1098

; of persons,

ἐσπάρησαν καθ' Ἑλλάδα Th.2.27

;

ἐσπαρμένοι εἰς ἁρπαγήν X.HG3.4.22

; κατὰ χώραν ib.6.2.17;

ἔσπαρται λόγος E.Fr. 846

ap.Ar.Ra. 1206.

II sow a field,

νειόν Hes.Op. 463

; γῆν, τέμενος, πεδιάδα, Hdt.4.42, 9.116, 122;

ἄρουραν A.Fr. 158

; ἡ σπειρομένη Αἴγυπτος the arable part of Egypt, Hdt.2.77;

τυχεῖν μὲν ἤδη 'σπαρμένα Ar. Pax 1140

;

ἀροῦται καὶ σπείρεται τὸ Θηβαίων ἄστυ Din.1.24

: prov., πόντον σπείρειν, of lost labour, Thgn.106, 107: metaph.,

καινοτάταις σ. διανοίαις Ar.V. 1044

;

σ. εἰς ἀρετῆς ἔκφυσιν Pl.Lg. 777e

;

τοὺς ἐν γράμμασι κήπους Id.Phdr. 276d

.

2 of procreation,

ματρὸς.. σ. ἄρουραν A.Th. 754

;

σ. τέκνων ἄλοκα E.Ph.18

;

σ. λέχη Id. Ion64

; ἣν ἔσπειρε, i.e. his wife, Lib.Or. 37.9; v. supr. 1.2.

σπορ-ά, ἡ, ([etym.] σπείρω)

A sowing of seed,

σπερμάτων Pl.Amat. 134e

: hence metaph., μαθημάτων εἰς ψυχήν ibid.

b of children, σπορᾶς γε μὴν ἐκ τῆσδε from this origin, A.Pr. 871; τοιοῦτος ὢν τοιῷδ' ὀνειδίζεις σποράν; his origin, birth.. ? S.Aj. 1298; procreation, παίδων, γένους, Pl.Lg. 729c, 783a; τὴν Ῥωμύλου ς. begetting, Plu.2.320b, cf. Ptol.Tetr. 103, 105.

2 seed-time, sowing-time, ἀπὸ τῆς ς. Thphr.HP 8.2.6; δεκέτεσιν σποραῖσιν in the tenth seed-time, i.e. year, E.El. 1152 (lyr.).

II seed, 1 Ep.Pet.1.23, PLeid.W.11.50; field sown, ξηρὰ ς. dry land, dub. l. in E.Andr. 637; σ. δράκοντος ground sown with the dragon's teeth, S.Ant. 1125 (lyr.).

b of persons, seed, offspring, Id.Tr. 316, 420;

γυναῖκα καὶ τέκνων.. σποράν Men.598

: pl., young ones, dub. in E.Cyc.56: generally, θῆλυς ς. the female race, Id.Hec. 659; θήλεια ς. Id.Tr. 503.

ἄρ-οτος [ᾰ], ὁ,

A corn-field,

οὔτ' ἄρα ποίμνῃσιν καταΐσχεται οὔτ' ἀρότοισιν Od.9.122

: metaph.,

Ἄρη τὸν ἀρότοις θερίζοντα βροτοὺς ἐν ἄλλοις A. Supp. 638

(lyr.).

2 crop, S.OT 270: metaph., seed,

τέκνων ὃν ἔτεκες ἄροτον E.Med. 1281

(lyr.); ὅσον εὐσεβίᾳ κρατοῦμεν ἄδικον ἄροτον (cj. Barnes for ἄροτρον)

ἀνδρῶν Id. Ion 1095

.

3 tillage, ploughing, Hes.Op. 384, 458; ζῆν ἀπ' ἀρότου live by husbandry, Hdt.4.46; ἄ. ἱερός ritual ploughing, ceremonial at Athens, Plu.2.144a: pl., Ar.Ra. 1034.

4 metaph., procreation of children,

ὁ ἄ. ὁ ἐν γυναικί Pl. Cra. 406b

; παίδων ἐπ' ἀρότῳ γνησίων, in Athen. marriage-contracts, Men.720, cf. Pk. 436, Luc.Tim.17;

τέκνων ἀρότοισιν E.Hyps.Fr.1iii 25

.

II season of tillage, seed-time, Hes.Op. 450, Thphr.HP8.1.2, Arat.267, etc.: hence, season, year,

τὸν παρελθόντ' ἄ. S.Tr.69

; δωδέκατος ἄ. ib. 825 (lyr.).

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to sow, to seed', also (esp. w. prefix) `to spread, to scatter, to distribute'.

Other forms: Aor. σπεῖραι, fut. σπερῶ, aor. pass. σπαρ-ῆναι, fut. - ήσομαι, perf. midd. ἔσπαρμαι (IA), act. ἔσπαρκα (late.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. pemo, pema.

Compounds: often w. prefix, e.g. δια-, κατα-.

Derivatives: A. With full grade: 1. σπέρμα n. `seed, sowing, stem, sprout' ( ε 490); as 1. member also with transition in the o-stems, e.g. σπερμο-λόγος "picking up corn", `rook' (Ar., Arist. etc.; Schmid Phil. 95, 82), `chatterbox' (D. etc., MLat. spermologus; Silvestre Arch. Lat. Med. Aevi 30, 155 ff.). From it σπερ-μάτιον n. dimin. (Thphr. a. o.), - ματίας ( σικυός) m. `seed bearer' (Cratin.), - ματίτης, - ματῖτις `bearing, bringing forth seed' (late; Redard 102), - ματικός `to hold, to bring forth seed' (Arist. etc.), - ματώδης `seed-like' (late); - μαίνω `to sow, to bring forth' (Hes., Call., Plu. a. o.), - ματίζω `to sow, to bear seed', - ματίζομαι `to be sown, pregnant' with - ματισμός m. (LXX, Thphr.), - ματόομαι `to come to seed' (Thphr.) with - μάτωσις (Phan. Hist.). -- 2. σπέραδος n. = σπέρμα (Nic.; like χέραδος). -- B. With o-ablaut: 1. σπόρος m. `seed, sowing' (Att.) with - ιμος `fit for sowing', τὰ -α `sowing fields' (X.. Thphr., LXX a. o.; Arbenz 46 a. 48). 2. σπορά f. `sowing, seed, procreation, descent' (Trag., Pl., Thphr. a. o.) with - αῖος `sown' (Babr.); often to the prefixcompp., e.g. διασπορά f. `dispersal, exile' (LXX, Ph., Plu. a. o.). 3. From σπόρος or σπορά: ὁμό-σπορος `of the same seed, kindred' (poet. h. Cer.); σπορ-εύς ( κατα-. δια-) m. `sower, begetter' (X., pap. a.o.; Bosshardt 53). 4. σπορητός m. `sowing, seed' (A., X., Thphr.; after ἀλοητός, ἄμητος a. o.; not with Bosshardt l. c. from *σπορέω). 5. σποράς, - άδος `dispersed' (IA.), αἱ Σποράδες group of islands, with - άδην `dispersed' (Att. etc.), - αδικός `id.' (Arist.), - άσαι aor. `to disperse' (inscr.). 6. ἐπισπορ-ίη f. `after-seed, second seed' (Hes.; ἐπίσπορος A.), περισπόρ-ια n. pl. `suburbs' (LXX). -- C. With zero grade: 1. σπαρ-τός `sown' (A. a. o.); οἱ Σπαρτοί m.. pl. "the sown ones", of the dragonseed of Kadmos (Pi. a.o.); 2. σπαρνός (s. v.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [993] * sper- `strew, sow, sprinkle'

Etymology: As agricultural term for sowing σπείρω belongs exclusively to Greek. In the west, including Balto-Slavic, appear for it representatives of sē-: sh₁- (Lat. sēmen etc.); s. Ernout-Meillet and W.-Hofmann s. 1. serō (cf. also above on ἵημι). Also in the supposedly older meaning `strew' the other languages provide nothing, that can be identified with σπείρω. Nearest cognate Armenian has in sp'iṙ `strews' with sp`r̄em `spread out' and in p`arat `spread out, separated' with p`aratem `spread out, remove' words which, not to speak of the "rolling" r̄ and the vowel (IE ē or i) in sp`iṙ, in anlaut (IE ( s)ph-?) differ from σπείρω. Arm. spar̄nam `threaten' (Meillet BSL 31, 52) differs semantically strongly. The last word leads to the s. σπαίρω adduced Skt. sphuráti, Lat. spernō etc. Thus we retain two IE groups sp(h)er- with the general meaning `strew, sprinkle, spatter' resp. `draw out, kick with the foot, sprawl, (Gm.) hurry', which, cannot well be distinguished and as popular-expressive expressions may have formed the starting point for σπείρω". Cf. the lit. on σπαίρω. -- Hitt. išpar-iya-zi (beside išpar-i) `he folds out, stretches out', wit σπείρω formally comparable, gives some doubts (Benveniste BSL 33, 139).

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καταβολή, ῆς, ἡ (s. καταβάλλω; Hippocr., Demosth. et al.; ins, pap, 2 Macc 2:29; AssMos Fgm. a=Tromp p. 272; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Just., D. 102, 4 τῇ ἐπὶ τοῦ πύργου καταβολῇ [s. καταβάλλω 2]; Ath., R. 17 p. 69, 6).

① the act of laying someth. down, with implication of providing a base for someth., foundation. Readily connected with the idea of founding is the sense beginning (Jos., Bell. 2, 260 ἀποστάσεως καταβολή) τ. καταβολὴν τ. στάσεως ποιεῖν be responsible for beginning the dissension (cp. Polyb. 13, 6, 2 καταβολὴν ἐποιεῖτο τυραννίδος) 1 Cl 57:1. Esp. καταβολὴ κόσμου (Plut., Mor. 956a ἅμα τῇ πρώτῃ καταβολῇ τ. ἀνθρώπων): ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου from the foundation of the world (Theoph., Ant. 3, 26 [p. 258, 27]; difft., Polyb. 1, 36, 8; 24, 8, 9; Diod S 12, 32, 2—all three ἐκ καταβολῆς) Mt 13:35; 25:34; Lk 11:50; Hb 4:3; 9:26; Rv 13:8; 17:8; B 5:5. πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου (AssMos Fgm. a) J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20.—OHofius, ZNW 62, ’71, 123–38. Also abs. (without κόσμου, s. κόσμος 3; cp. EpArist 129) Mt 13:35 v.l. This may be the mng. of Hb 11:11, where it is said of Sarah δύναμιν εἰς καταβολὴν σπέρματος ἔλαβεν she received the ability to establish a posterity (s. NRSV mg.). But

② κ., a t.t. for the sowing of seed, used of begetting (τοῦ σπέρματος [εἰς γῆν ἢ μήτραν M. Ant. 4, 36]: Plut., Mor. 320b σπορὰ κ. καταβολή of the procreation of Romulus by Ares and Silvia; 905e; Ps.-Lucian, Amor. 19; Galen, Aphorism. 4, 1, XVII/2, 653 K.; cp. Philo, Op. M. 132; Epict. 1, 13, 3; Herm. Wr. 9, 6; Ath., R. 17 p. 69, 6 σπερμάτων καταβολήν; s. Field, Notes 232). If this mng. is correct for Hb 11:11, there is prob. some error in the text, since this expression could not be used of Sarah, but only of Abraham (e.g. αὐτῇ Σάρρᾳ=‘together w. Sarah’ is read by W-H. margin; Riggenbach; Michel; B-D-F §194, 1. This use of the dat. is found in Thu., X. et al., also Diod S 20, 76, 1; Appian, Samn. 7 §2; Polyaenus 6, 18, 2; 7, 15, 3; 8, 28; Theod. Prodr. 6, 148 H. αὐτῇ Ῥοδάνῃ). Windisch, Hdb. ad loc. and s. αἷμα 1a.—MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 83–89.—DELG s.v. βάλλω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

παῖς, παιδός, ὁ or ἡ (Hom. et al.) child.

① a young pers. normally below the age of puberty, w. focus on age rather than social status, boy, youth (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Philo, Op. M. 105; Jos., Ant. 12, 210; Just., D. 78, 2 and 7; s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 199–210 on age-classes) Mt 17:18; Lk 9:42; Ac 20:12. Ἰησοῦς ὁ παῖς Lk 2:43. In ref. to Jesus GJs 20:4; 22:2.—Pl. (as פְּדַיָּא a loanw. in rabb.) Mt 2:16; 21:15; B 8:3f.—ἐκ παιδός from childhood (Diod S 1, 54, 5; 1, 73, 9; 1, 92, 5; 19, 40, 2 al. Simplicius in Epict. p. 129, 26; UPZ 144, 19 [165 B.C.] τῆς ἐκ παιδὸς φιλίας; cp. Just., A I, 15, 6 ἐκ παίδων) Mk 9:21 D.

② one’s own immediate offspring, child as ‘son’ or ‘daughter’

ⓐ of a son ὁ παῖς (Hom.+; Diod S 20, 22, 1 οἱ παῖδες αὐτοῦ; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 19 [Stone p. 16]; JosAs 23:9; ApcMos 42; Jos., Bell. 4, 646, Ant. 20, 140 al.; Just., A II, 2, 16 al.; Tat. 41, 1; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7, P. 53, 389; Ath. 20, 2 al.) ὁ παῖς αὐτοῦ J 4:51 (=υἱός vss. 46f, 50; υἱός v.l. for παῖς vs. 51). This sense is also poss. in Mt 8:6, 8, 13, but these pass. prob. belong in 3a.

ⓑ of a daughter ἡ παῖς (for the feminine term, but not limited to ‘daughter’, s. Pind., Fgm. 107, 7 [122 Sch.] ὦ παῖδες=girls!; Hyperid., Fgm. 144; Phalaris, Ep. 142, 1; Chariton 1, 8, 2; Philostrat., Her. 19, 11 p. 204, 31; Gen 24:28; 34:12; TestJob 7:7f; Jos., Ant. 1, 254; 5, 266 al.; Tat. 8, 3; 33, 2) Lk 8:51; GJs fifteen times for Mary. ἡ παῖς (my) child (nom. w. art. for voc.; s. B-D-F §147, 3; Rob. 465f; 769) Lk 8:54.

③ one who is committed in total obedience to another, slave, servant

ⓐ of slaves and personal attendants slave, servant (since Hipponax [VI B.C.] 16 D.³; Aeschyl., Cho. 652. Also HUsener, Epicurea 1887 p. 168, 10; Plut., Alcib. 193 [4, 5], Mor. 65c; 70e; SIG 96, 26. Oft. pap. and LXX; TestAbr B; JosAs 99:3 al.; AscIs 3:5; Jos., Ant. 18, 192, Vi. 223.—Even an especially trusted male servant is termed ὁ παῖς: Diod S 15, 87, 6 Epaminondas’ armor-bearer; Appian, Iber. 27, 107 Scipio’s groom; Gen 24:2ff Abraham’s chief servant, vs. 5 ὁ παῖς) Lk 7:7 (=δοῦλος vss. 2f, 10); 15:26; AcPt Ox 849, 15 [Aa I 73, 21 Lat.]. W. παιδίσκη (q.v.) 12:45. Prob. Mt 8:6, 8, 13 also belong here (s. 2a).—Of those at a ruler’s court οἱ παῖδες courtiers, attendants (Diod S 17, 36, 5; Gen 41:10, 37f; 1 Km 16:17; Jer 43:31; 44:2; 1 Macc 1:6, 8) Mt 14:2.

ⓑ of special relationships

α. humans as God’s servants, slaves (Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 152 D.: θεῶν παῖδες [or ‘sons of gods’ as Polyb. 3, 47, 8; Chariton 2, 1, 5 and Diog. L. 9, 72]; LXX; ParJer 6:24 [Jeremiah]) Israel (Is 41:8f; PsSol 12:6; 17:21) Lk 1:54. David (Ps 17:1; Is 37:35) 1:69; Ac 4:25; D 9:2a.—Of guileless pers. τοὺς κατὰ θεὸν ἀκακίαν ἀσκοῦντας παῖδας ἐκάλουν, ὡς καὶ Παπίας δηλοῖ as Papias points out, those who led a godly life without guile were called children Papias (8).

β. angels as servants of God (God) does not trust his servants 1 Cl 39:4 (Job 4:18). Of the young man from heaven who released Paul from his chains παῖς λείαν (=λίαν) εὐειδὴς ἐν χάριτι AcPl Ha 3, 13f.

γ. of Christ in his relation to God. In this connection it has the mng. servant because of the identification of the ‘servant of God’ of certain OT pass. w. the Messiah (Is 52:13 et al.; BJanowski/PStuhlmacher, edd., Der Leidende Gottesknecht ’96 [lit.]; DBS XII 1000–1016) Mt 12:18 (cp. Is 42:1); B 6:1; B 9:2 (on the last two cp. Is 50:10). So prob. also D 9:2b (because of the immediate proximity of Δαυὶδ ὁ παῖς σου 9:2a); 9:3; 10:2f.—In other places (cp. Ath. 10, 2; 12, 2 al.; Iren. 3, 12, 5 [Harv. II 58, 8]) the mng. son is certainly to be preferred (παῖς was so understood in the Gk. world, when it expressed a relationship to a divinity: Il. 2, 205 Κρόνου παῖς; Sappho 1, 2 Diehl; Alcaeus 1; Bacchylides 17, 70 Minos, a παῖς of Zeus; Hermocles [IV/III B.C.] p. 174 Coll. Alex.=Athen. 6, 63, 253d: Demetrius Poliorcetes as π. Ποσειδῶνος θεοῦ; Diod S 17, 51, 1 the god Ammon has his prophet address Alexander thus χαῖρε, ὦ παῖ; what follows makes it clear that procreation is meant; Plut., Mor. 180d; Maximus Tyr. 14, 1d; Paus. 2, 10, 3 Ἄρατος Ἀσκληπιοῦ π.; Diogenes, Ep. 36, 1; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 7, 24 p. 279, 4; Porphyr., Vi. Plot. 23; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 2, 10; IG IV², 128, 50 [280 B.C.] and oft.; Sb 8314, 9 Hermes conducts the dead man to the Elysian fields ἅμα παισὶ θεῶν. S. above bα the παῖδες θεῶν. Cp. also Herm. Wr. 13, 2 ὁ γεννώμενος θεοῦ θεὸς παῖς; 13, 4; 14; Rtzst., Poim. 223f.—Celsus 7, 9) παῖς αὐτοῦ ὁ μονογενὴς Ἰησοῦς Χρ. MPol 20:2. God as ὁ τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ κ. εὐλογητοῦ παιδὸς Ἰησοῦ Χρ. πατήρ 14:1. Corresp. Christ as God’s ἀγαπητὸς παῖς 14:3; Dg 8:11. The same is true of the other pass. in Dg: 8:9; 9:1.—In the case of the rest of the pass. it is hardly poss. to decide which mng. is better: Ac 3:13, 26; 4:27, 30 (unless the παῖς σου your servant of 4:25 should demand the same transl. for the other pass. as well; JMénard, CBQ 19, ’57, 83–92 [Acts]); 1 Cl 59:2–4 (in wordplay w. παιδεύω; but here the word ἠγαπημένος repeated in vss. 2 and 3 [cp. the magical pap of c. 300 A.D. in TSchermann, TU 34, 2b, 1909, 3: Christ as ἠγαπημένος παῖς] could suggest the transl. son).—WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 56f; AvHarnack, Die Bezeichnung Jesu als ‘Knecht Gottes’ u. ihre Geschichte in d. alten Kirche: SBBerlAk 1926, 212–38; Jeremias, ZNW 34, ’35, 115–23; KEuler, D. Verkündigung v. leidenden Gottesknecht aus Jes 53 in d. griech. Bibel ’34; PSeidelin, D. ˓Ebed J. u. d. Messiasgestalt im Jesajatargum: ZNW 35, ’36, 194–231; HWolff, Jes 53 im Urchristent. ’50²; EMcDowell, Son of Man and Suffering Servant ’44; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 2–8; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 268f; OCullmann, Dieu Vivant 16, ’50, 17–34; HHegermann, Jes 53 in Field, Hexapla, Targum u. Peschitta ’54; ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes: ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; OCullmann, Die Christologie des NT ’57; JPrice, Interpretation 12, ’58, 28–38 (Synoptics); MHooker, Jesus and the Servant ’59; BvanIersel, ‘D. Sohn’ in d. synopt. Jesusworten, ’61, 52–65 (bibliog.); HOrlinsky, The So-called Suffering Servant in Isaiah 53, ’64 (s. review in CBQ 27, ’66, 147); EKränkl, Jesus der Knecht Gottes, ’72 (Acts); FDanker, Proclamation Comm.: Luke ’87, 82–86. WZimmerli/JJeremias, The Servant of God (tr. HKnight), ’65=Studies in Bibl. Theol. 20.—B. 87f. Schmidt, Syn. II 422–31. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σπορά, ᾶς, ἡ (s. σπείρω and two next entries; Aeschyl. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 5:3 P; TestReub 2:8; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 11, 1; Ath. 22, 6 and R. 1 p. 48, 6) prim. ‘the activity of sowing’ and fig. ‘procreation’, then by metonymy ‘that which is sown’ (Eur., Andr. 637; pap; 1 Macc 10:30; Jos., Ant. 2, 306), whence it also comes to mean seed (SIG 826c, 15 [117 B.C.] μήτε σπορῶν μήτε καρπῶν; Herm. Wr. 13:2; PGM 1, 32; 13, 176), which is generally accepted for 1 Pt 1:23 (cp. θεοῦ σπορά Ps.-Callisth. 1, 10; 13), though ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 307 prefers origin or sowing.—DELG s.v. σπείρω. M-M. TW.