493a

θνῄσκω (with ι IG2.2477.7, 10,2494, Ἀρχ.Ἐφ.1910.73;

A

θνείσκ- IG 2.4040b

; [

ἀποθν]ήισκειν Pl.Phdr.

in PPetr.1p.18 (iii B.C.), but

θνήσκω Did.

ap. EM452.29, freq. in codd.), [dialect] Aeol. [full] θναίσκω Hdn.Gr.2.79, [dialect] Dor. [full] θνᾴσκω Sammelb.6754.22 (iii B.C.): [tense] fut.

θᾰνοῦμαι Simon.85.9

, S.Ant. 462, etc.; [dialect] Ep. inf.

- έεσθαι Il.4.12

; later

θνήξομαι AP9.354

(Leon.), Polyaen.5.2.22 codd.: [tense] aor. 2 ἔθᾰνον, [dialect] Ep.

θάνον Od.11.412

, al.; inf. [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. θανέειν, as always in Hom., exc. Il.7.52,

θανέμεν Pi.P.4.72

: [tense] pf.

τέθνηκα Il.18.12

, etc.; subj.

τεθνήκω Th.8.74

: [tense] plpf.

ἐτεθνήκειν Antipho 5.70

, Lys.19.48; [ per.] 3pl.

- ήκεσαν And.1.52

: short forms of [tense] pf., [ per.] 3 dual

τέθνᾰτον X.An.4.1.19

, [ per.] 1pl.

τέθνᾰμεν Pl.Grg. 493a

, [ per.] 3pl.

τεθνᾶσι Il.22.52

, etc.; [ per.] 3pl. [tense] plpf.

ἐτέθνᾰσαν Antipho 5.70

, And.1.59, X.HG6.4.16; imper.

τέθνᾰθι Il.22.365

,

τεθνάτω 15.496

, IG12.10, Pl. Lg. 933e, etc.; opt.

τεθναίην Il.18.98

, etc.; inf. τεθνάναι [ᾰ] Semon. 3, Hdt.1.31, Ar.Ra. 1012, Pl.Com.68, Th.8.92, etc., τεθνᾶναι dub.l. in Mimn.2.10, A.Ag. 539; [dialect] Ep. τεθνάμεναι, -άμεν, Il.24.225, 15.497, etc.; [dialect] Aeol.

τεθνάκην Sapph.2.15

; part.

τεθνεώς Hdt.9.120

, Ar.Av. 476, etc., fem.

τεθνεῶσα Lys.31.22

, D.40.27 (

τεθνηκυῖα Hippon.29

, E. Or. 109), neut.

τεθνεός Hdt.1.112

, Hp.Nat.Mul.32 (

τεθνηκός Pl.Phd. 71d

, pl.

τεθνεῶτα 72c

); gen. τεθνεῶτος, etc., Hdt.5.68, etc. (once in Hom., dat.

τεθνεῶτι Od.19.331

); poet. τεθνεότος Archel. ap. Antig. Mir.89, Q.S.7.65; [dialect] Dor.

τεθνᾰότα Pi.N.10.74

; [dialect] Ep. τεθνηώς (v.l. -ειώς) Il.17.161,

- ηυῖα Od.4.734

, ([etym.] κατα-) 11.141; gen.

τεθνηῶτος Il.9.633

, etc.; also

τεθνηότος 17.435

, Od.15.23, al. [ τεθνεῶτι is trisyll. Od.19.331,

τεθνεώτων E.Supp. 272

(hex.): disyll. forms are written in later Gr., nom.

τεθνώς BCH18.438

([place name] Argilus); gen. sg.

τεθνῶτος SIG799.13

(Cyzicus, i A.D.); dat. sg.

τεθνῶτι

Papers of the Amer. School

3.334

(Pisid.); fem. τεθνώσῃ (and gen. pl. τεθνήτων) Ath.Mitt. 50.134 ([place name] Macedonia); acc. pl. fem.

τεθνώσας Babr.45.9

]: from τέθνηκα arose [tense] fut.

τεθνήξω Ar.Ach. 325

, A.Ag. 1279 (censured as archaic by Luc.Sol.7), later

τεθνήξομαι Diogenian.Epicur.1.28

, 3.52, Luc.Pisc. 10, Ael.NA2.46; part.

τεθνηξόμενος Lib.Ep.438.7

.—The simple Verb is regularly used in early Prose in [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf.; for [tense] pres., [tense] fut., and [tense] aor. the compd. ἀποθνῄσκω is substituted: θνῄσκει v.l. in Hp. Mul.1.9,

σάρκες θνῄσκουσι Art.69

,

ἔθνῃσκον Th.2.47

, al., θνῃσκόντων ib.53,

θνῄσκοι Pl.Phd. 72d

,

θνῄσκομεν Epicur.Ep.1p.20U.

: [tense] aor. part. θανών, subj. θάνῃ, IG12(5).593.2,20,23 (Iulis, v B.C.), Berl.Sitzb. 1927.166 ([place name] Cyrene), Phld.Herc.1649.4: [tense] aor. inf. θανεῖν ib.1418.13:—in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., die, as well of natural as of violent death; in [tense] aor. and [tense] pf., to be dead (cf. τί τοὺς θανὅντας οὐκ ἐᾷς τεθνηκέναι; Eup.12.3 D.;

τέθνηκ' ἔγωγε πρὶν θανεῖν κακῶν ὕπο E.Hec. 431

),

θανεῖν καὶ πότμον ἐπισπεῖν Il.7.52

, etc.; ζωὸς ἠὲ θανών alive or dead, Od.4.553, cf. 15.350;

ἦ ἤδη τέθνηκε 4.834

;

ὡς ἄμεινον εἴη τεθνάναι μᾶλλον ἢ ζώειν Hdt.1.31

, cf. 7.46;

τεθνάναι κρεῖττον ἤ.. D.9.65

, cf. 10.25;

ἄξιος τεθνάναι Ar.Ra. 1012

, etc.; τεθνάτω let him be put to death, IG12.10.29; ἄτιμος τεθ. Lex ap.D.9.44: freq. in part.,

νέκυος πέρι τεθνηῶτος Il.18.173

; νεκρὸν.. τεθνηῶτα a dead corpse, Od.12.10; οἱ τεθνηκότες, οἱ θανόντες, the dead, E.Hec. 278, Eup. l.c., etc.;

οὔτε τεθνεῶτα οὔτε ζῶντα Hdt.4.14

; οἴχεται θανών (v. οἴχομαι) ; θανὼν φροῦδος (v. φροῦδος)

; θανόντι συνθανεῖν S.Tr. 798

,Fr. 953, cf. E.Supp. 1007(lyr.); ὁ θανών, opp. ὁ κτανών, S. Ph. 336: [tense] pres. with [tense] pf. sense, θνῄσκουσι γάρ, for τεθνήκασι, Id.OT 118, cf. E.Hec. 695 (lyr.),Ba. 1041 (lyr.), etc.

2 used like a pass. Verb, χερσὶν ὑπ' Αἴαντος θανέειν to fall by his hand, Il.15.289;

θ. ὑπό τινος Pl.Ep. 329c

, Arist.HA 625a16;

ἔκ τινος Pi.P.4.72

, S.OT 1454; πρός τινος ib. 292, E.Hec. 773;

θεοῖς τέθνηκε S.Aj. 970

: freq. c. dat. instrumenti, θ. χερί, δορί, Id.OC 1388, A.Th. 959(lyr.);

φαρμάκοισι E. Fk.464

; also

ἐν βρόχῳ A.Ch. 558

; τεθνάναι τῷ δέει, τ. τῷ φόβῳ, c. acc., to be in mortal fear of, D.4.45, 19.81, cf. Arr.An.7.9.4;

προοίμιον σκοτεινὸν καὶ τεθνηκὸς δειλίᾳ Aeschin.2.34

; θ. ἐπί τινι to die leaving one as heir, Luc.DMort.7.1.

II metaph., of things, perish,

θνᾴσκει σιγαθὲν καλὸν ἔργον Pi.Fr. 121

;

ἐσλῶν ὑπὸ χαρμάτων πῆμα θνᾴσκει.. δαμασθέν Id.O.2.19

;

λόγοι θνῄσκοντες μάτην A.Ch. 846

;

θ. πίστις S. OC 611

;

τὸ τρύβλιον τέθνηκέ μοι Ar.Ra. 986

(lyr.): in Prose,

τέθνηκε τὸ τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας μισεῖν D.19.289

;

τεθνηκός τι φθέγξασθαι D.C.40.54

;

τεθνηκὸς ὁρᾶν Callistr.Stat.14

; τὸ τεθνηκὸς ὁ λίθος ὑπεδύετο ib.2.

κομψ-ός, ή, όν,

A nice, refined, gentlemanly, ἐσμὲν ἅπαντα κομψοὶ ἄνδρες we are perfect gentlemen, Eup.159, cf. Ar.V. 1317;

κ. ἐν συνουσίᾳ Id.Nu. 649

; τὸ θῆλυ τοὺς πόδας ἔχει κομψοτέρους more delicate, finer, Arist.Phgn. 809b9.

2 smart, clever, ingenious, of persons or their words and acts,

ὁ πρῶτος εὑρὼν κ. ἦν τραγήματα Alex.185

;

κ. θεαταί Cratin.169

, cf. 307;

Θηραμένης ὁ κ. Ar.Ra. 967

;

Σικελὸς κ. ἀνήρ Timocr.6

, cf. Pl.Grg. 493a; κ. περί τι clever about.., Id.R. 495d ([comp] Sup.), Cra. 405d; of a dog's instinct,

κ. τὸ πάθος αὐτοῦ τῆς φύσεως Id.R. 376a

; μὰ γῆν.., μὴ 'γὼ νόημα κομψότερον ἤκουσά πω a more ingenious device.., Ar.Av. 195; τὸ πρᾶγμα κ. [ἐστι] Id.Th.93, cf. 460 (lyr., [comp] Comp.), Dionys.Com.3.1; esp. in a sneering sense, over-ingenious,

κομψός γ' ὁ κῆρυξ καὶ παρεργάτης λόγων E.Supp. 426

; τρίβων γὰρ εἶ τὰ κομψά versed in subtleties, Id.Rh. 625;

μή μοι τὰ κομψὰ ποικίλοι γενοίατο, ἀλλ' ὧν πόλει δεῖ Id.Fr.16

; τὸ κ. refinement, subtlety, Arist.Pol. 1265a12;

τῶν ἰατρῶν ὅσοι κ. ἢ περίεργοι Id.Resp. 480b27

;

κ. σοφίσματα E.Fr. 188.5

; τοῦτ' ἔχει -ότατον this is the subtlest part of it, Pl.Tht. 171a; κομψότερος.. ὁ λόγος ἢ κατ' ἐμέ too subtle for me, Id.Cra. 429d:—but in Pl. and Arist., usu. clever, esp. skilful in technique, with at most a slight irony (κομψοὺς Πλάτων οὐ τοὺς πανούργους, ἀλλὰ τοὺς βελτίστους Moer.p.206 P.).

3 more generally, nice, good, pleasant,

πάντων δὲ κομψότατον τὸ τῆς πόας Pl.Phdr. 230c

; τὰ κ. ταῦτα χλανίσκια that nice suit of yours, Aeschin.1.131.

II Adv. - ψῶς cleverly, Ar.Ach. 1016 (lyr.), Pl.Cra. 399a, etc.: [comp] Comp. - οτέρως Isoc. 15.195; κ. ἔχειν to be well, 'nicely' in health, PPar.18.3 (ii B.C.), cf. PLond. ined. 2126 (ii/iii A.D.), etc.; κομψότερον σχεῖν to get better in health, Ev.Jo.4.52, cf. Arr.Epict.3.10.13, POxy.935.5 (iii A.D.): [comp] Sup. - ότατα nicely, Ar.Lys.89; λέγεσθαι κομψότατα most cleverly, Pl.Tht. 202d.— Chiefly found in [dialect] Att. Com. and Prose; Trag. only in E. (Orig. sense uncertain; = στρεβλός, Erot. (citing Euripides); = στρογγύλος, Hsch.)

μεταπίπτω, used as [voice] Pass. of μεταβάλλω,

A fall differently, undergo a change,

a in form, Heraclit.88, Meliss.8, Pl.Cra. 440a, etc.;

πολλαχῶς μ. Diog.Apoll.2

;

μ. τὸ εἶδος Hdt.6.61

;

μ. εἰς ἄλλο εἶδος Pl.Cra. 440b

;

ἐκ γυναικὸς ἐς ὄρνεον Luc.Philops.2

: Gramm.,

τὸ ᾱ μ. εἰς τὸ ο ¯ A.D.Adv.188.25

; fall into disrepair, PSI4.444.3 (iii B. C.).

b in mind, change one's opinion suddenly,

τὸν ὁμόθεν πεφυκότα στέργων μετέπεσον E.IA 502

;

ἐξ ἐχθίστου μ. Ar.Av. 627

: abs., Isoc.9.50, Plb.5.49.7, PRyl.118.4 (i B. C.); also

μ. εἰς τἀναντία τῆς γνώμης Plb.21.7.7

.

2 of place, migrate, be transferred, Arist. Mete. 360b18, al.; of votes,

εἰ τριάκοντα μόναι μετέπεσον τῶν ψήφων Pl. Ap. 36a

, cf. Aeschin.3.252; but ὀστράκου μεταπεσόντος on the fall of the sherd with the other side uppermost, prov., of a sudden change (borrowed from the game ὀστρακίνδα), Pl.Phdr. 241b, cf. Sch.

3 of conditions, circumstances, etc.,

μεταπίπτοντος δαίμονος E.Alc. 913

(anap.);

μ. ἄνω κάτω Pl.Grg. 493a

;

τοὐναντίον μεταπέπτωκεν Id.Tht. 162d

;

τὰ μὲν [πάθη] ταχὺ μεταπίπτειν εἴθισται D.26.18

;

τὸ τῆς τύχης γὰρ ῥεῦμα μ. ταχύ Men.Georg.Fr.2

; freq. of political changes, undergo revolution, Th.8.68, Pl.Ep. 325a; μετεπεπτώκει τὰ πράγματα a revolution had taken place, Lys.20.14;

ἡ Ῥωμαίων δυναστεία μετέπεσεν εἰς μοναρχίαν Hdn.1.1.4

; also

ἀρχὴ -πεσοῦσα εἰς ἄνδρα ἐξ ἀσήμου γένους Id.2.3.1

: generally, change for the worse,

ἐξ εὐπορίης εἰς πενίην Democr.101

;

εἰς δουλείαν Lycurg.50

;

ἐξ εὐτυχίας εἰς δυστυχίαν Arist. Po. 1453a2

; also, for the better,

μ. ἐκ τοῦ κακῶς πράττειν Lycurg.60

;

μεταπέσοι βελτίονα E. Ion 412

;

τοῦ πυκνὰ μεταπίπτοντος κριτηρίου Epicur.Fr. 230

; of a person, to be variable,

μ. καὶ μεταρριπίζεσθαι Arr. Epict.1.4.19

.

b μεταπίπτοντες λόγοι fallacies due to a change in meaning of terms, ib.1.7.1; συλλογισμοὶ μ. ib.2.17.27.

II c. gen. rei, fall from, fail of..,

εἰ ἡ γνῶσις τοῦ γνῶσις εἶναι μὴ μεταπίπτει Pl. Cra. 440a

.

III of property, to be transferred,

εἴς τινα ἐξ ὀνόματός τινος Stud.Pal.4.114.14

(ii A.D.).

πῐθᾰν-ός, ή, όν, ([etym.] πείθω) of persons,

A persuasive, plausible, esp. of popular speakers,

πιθανώτατος τοῖς πολλοῖς Th.6.35

; τῷ δήμῳ παρὰ πολὺ.. -ώτατος, of Cleon, Id.3.36, cf. 4.21; ἐν ὄχλῳ π. Pl.Grg. 458e;

- ώτατος πάντων ἀνθρώπων D.37.48

;

- ώτεροι οἱ ἀπαίδευτοι τῶν πεπαιδευμένων ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις Arist.Rh. 1395b27

;

- ώτατοι οἱ ἐν τοῖς πάθεσιν Id.Po. 1455a30

;

π. καὶ πανοῦργος Plu.2.26a

;

π. συνταγματάρχης Luc. Bacch.2

: c. inf.,

- ώτατοι λέγειν Pl.Grg. 479c

; π. περιβαλεῖν τινα κακῷ apt at.., E.Or. 906;

πιθανώτατος στρατηγῆσαί τε καὶ προσαγαγέσθαι App.Hisp.15

, etc.: with a Prep., π. ἐς στρατηγίαν, ἐς ἐνέδρας, Id.Mith.51, Pun. 108, etc.

2 of arguments, plausible, Ar.Th. 464 (lyr.);

λέγων πιθανώτατ' Id.Eq. 629

; λόγος, φωναὶ π., Pl.Phd. 88d, R. 568c; λόγοι θαυμασίως ὡς π. D.35.16; τὸ περὶ λόγους π., = πιθανότης, Pl.Tht. 178e : freq. in Arist.Rh., as 1356b26, 1403b20;

μόνον ἐφρόντισαν τοῦ π. τοῦ πρὸς αὑτούς Id.Metaph. 1000a10

.

3 of manners, winning, plausible,

τὸ -ώτατον ἦθος X.Mem.3.10.3

;

τὸ π. ἰσχὺν τῆς ἀληθείας ἔχει μείζω Men.622

codd. Stob.;

οὐ π. ἔσχεν ὄχλῳ τὸ ἦθος Plu.Phoc.3

.

4 of reports, etc., plausible, specious, credible,

λόγος πιθανώτατος Hdt.1.214

, cf. 2.123;

π. τινί Pl.Lg. 677a

: c. inf., πιστεύεσθαι πιθανά ib. 782d; πιθανόν [ἐστι] c. inf., it is probable that.., Arist. Top. 151a29.

5 of works of art, producing illusion, true to nature, X.Mem.3.10.7 ([comp] Comp.).

II [voice] Pass., easy to persuade, credulous, A. Ag. 485 (lyr.), Pl.Grg. 493a.

2 obedient, docile, X.Cyr.2.2.10, Oec. 13.9 ([comp] Comp.).

III Adv. - νῶς persuasively, plausibly, Ar.Th. 268, Pl.Phdr. 269c, al.: [comp] Comp.

- ώτερον Id.Phd. 63b

, Grg. 456c, Arist.EN 1096b5.

πίθος [ῐ], ὁ,

A large wine-jar, Il.24.527, Od.2.340, 23.305, Hes.Op. 98, 368, IG12.328.2, etc.: usu. of earthenware,

π. κεράμινοι Hdt.3.96

, cf. Ar. Pax 703, Pl.La. 187b, Grg. 493a; π. ἀργύρεοι, sent by Croesus to Delphi, Hdt.1.51; but π. ξύλινοι casks, Str.5.1.12, cf. Hdn.8.4.5.

2 prov., εἰς τὸν τετρημένον π. ἀντλεῖν, of the task of the Danaids, i.e. of labour in vain, X.Oec.7.40, cf. Philetaer.18.5, Luc.Herm.61, DMort.11.4; applied to insatiable appetites, Pl.Grg. 493b; to largesses made by demagogues, Arist.Pol. 1320a32, cf. Oec. 1344b25; ἐκ πίθω ἀντλεῖς you have wine by the caskful, i.e. your purse is deep, Theoc. 10.13; ἐν πίθῳ ἡ κεραμεία γιγνομένη 'trying to run before you can walk', Pl.La. 187b, cf. Grg. 514e, Ar.Fr. 469; ζωὴ πίθου a Cynic's life, like that of Diogenes, Zen.4.14; π. φρενῶν a cask full of wit, Men.Mon. 240 ( = IG14.699), expld. with ref. to Diogenes by Eust. 1363.40.

II = πιθίας, Arist.Mu. 395b12, Ptol.Tetr.90. (Cf. Lat. fidelia.)

σῆμα, [dialect] Dor. [full] σᾶμα Berl.Sitzb.1927.161 ([place name] Cyrene), etc.: ατος, τό:—

A sign, mark, token, Il.10.466, 23.326, Od.19.250, etc.; of the star on a horse's forehead, Il.23.455;

ἥβης σήματα γεινομένης Sol.27.4

;

νέφος σ. χειμῶνος Archil.54

; esp.

1 sign from heaven, omen, portent, in phrases,

σήματα φαίνω Il.2.353

, cf. 308;

κτύπε Ζεύς, σ. τιθεὶς Τρώεσσι 8.171

;

δεικνὺς σ. βροτοῖσι 13.244

;

θεοῦ σάμασιν πιθόμενοι Pi. P.4.200

, cf. 1.3; φλογωπὰ ς. A.Pr. 498, cf. Ch. 259; of things heard as well as seen,

ἔπος φάτο σ. ἄνακτι Od.20.111

.

2 generally, sign to do or begin something,

τόδε σ. τετύχθω 21.231

;

σ. ἀροτοῖο Hes. Op. 450

; esp. watchword,

τί τὸ σῆμα; θρόει E.Rh.12

(anap.), cf. 688; battle-sign, signal,

σ. μάχης Id.Ph. 1378

.

3 sign by which a grave is known, mound, cairn, barrow, Il.2.814, etc.;

τοῦ δὲ τάφον καὶ σῆμ' ἀϊδὲς ποίησεν Ἄναυρος Hes.Sc. 477

; ἐπὶ σῆμ' ἔχεεν raised a mound, Il.6.419, etc.;

σ. κυνός E.Hec. 1273

: c. dat. pers.,

σῆμά τέ οἱ χεύω Od. 2.222

;

σῆμά τέ μοι χεῦαι.. ἀνδρὸς δυστήνοιο 11.75

;

σάματι πὰρ Πέλοπος Pi.O.10(11).24

; grave, tomb, Hdt.1.93, 4.72, Berl.Sitzb. l.c., etc.; τὸ δημόσιον ς. Th.2.34;

στῆλαι ἀπὸ σημάτων Id.1.93

, cf. Ar.Th. 886, 888, etc.; ἤδη του.. ἤκουσα τῶν σοφῶν ὡς τὸ μὲν σῶμά ἐστιν ἡμῖν ς. Pl.Grg. 493a, cf. Cra. 400c.

4 mark to show the cast of a quoit or javelin,

ὑπέρβαλε σήματα πάντων Il.23.843

;

ὑπέρπτατο σ. πάντων Od.8.192

; also, boundary, D.P.18.

5 token by which any one's identity or commission was certified,

μιν ἐρέεινε καὶ ᾔτεε σ. ἰδέσθαι Il.6.176

, cf. 178; σ. λυγρά, of written characters or symbols, ib. 168; mark, token on the lot of Ajax, 7.189; so, device or bearing on a shield, by which a warrior is known, freq. in A.Th., as 387, 404, E.El. 456 (lyr.); of the seal set on a box, τῶνδ' ἀποίσεις ς. S.Tr. 614; mark made by an illiterate person, PMasp.163.37 (vi A.D.).

6 constellation, mostly in pl., heavenly bodies, S.Fr. 432; also λαμπρότατος μὲν ὅ γ' ἐστί, κακὸν δέ τε σῆμα τέτυκται, of Sirius, Il.22.30. (Perh. cogn. with Skt. dhyāti 'thinks'.)

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Arc. dat. pl.

A

σωμάτεσι IG5(2).357.156

(Stymphalus, iii B.C.)), body of man or beast, but in Hom., as Aristarch. remarks (v. Apollon.Lex.), always dead body, corpse (whereas the living body is δέμας)

, ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας Il.3.23

, cf. 18.161; [full] ς.

δὲ οἴκαδ' ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν 7.79

;

σ. κατελείπομεν ἄθαπτον Od.11.53

;

ὦν.. σώματ' ἀκηδέα κεῖται 24.187

; so also in Hes.Sc. 426, Simon.119, Pi.O.9.34, Hdt.7.167, Posidon.14 J., Ev.Marc.15.43, etc.;

τὸ σ. τοῦ τεθνεῶτος Pl.R. 469d

, cf. Grg. 524c, D.43.65;

σ. νεκρόν POxy.51.7

(ii A.D.); νεκρὸν ς. Gal.18(2).93, cf.

νεκρός 11.1

; μέγιστον σ... σποδου, = σ. μέγιστον ὃ νῦν σποδός ἐστι, S.El. 758; also later, Wilcken Chr. 499 (ii/iii A.D.).

2 the living body, Hes.Op. 540, Batr.44, Thgn.650, Pi.O.6.56, P.8.82, Hdt.1.139, etc.;

δόμοι καὶ σώματα A.Th. 896

(lyr.); γενναῖος τῷ ς. S.Ph.51; εὔρωστος τὸ ς. X.HG6.1.6; τὸ σ. σῴζειν or - εσθαι save one's life, D.22.55, Th.1.136; διασῴζειν or

- εσθαι Isoc.6.46

, X.An.5.5.13;

περὶ πολλῶν σ. καὶ χρημάτων βουλεύειν Th.1.85

; περὶ τοῦ σ. ἀγωνίζεσθαι for one's life, Lys.5.1; ἔχειν τὸ σ. κακῶς, ὡς βέλτιστα, etc., to be in a bad, a good state of bodily health, X.Mem.3.12.1, 3.12.5.

3 body, opp. spirit ([etym.] εἴδωλον), Pi.Fr. 131; opp. soul ([etym.] ψυχή), Pl.Grg. 493a, Phd. 91d; τὰ τοῦ σ. ἔργα bodily labours, X.Mem. 2.8.2; αἱ τοῦ σ. ἡδοναί, αἱ κατὰ τὸ σ. ἡδ., ib.1.5.6, Pl.R. 328d; τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. τιμήματα bodily punishments, Aeschin.2.139;

τὰ εἰς τὸ σ. ἀδικήματα PHal.1.193

(iii B.C.).

4 animal body, opp. plants, Pl.R. 564a (pl.); but of plants, 1 Ep.Cor.15.38.

5 civic rights (like Lat. caput), Lys.23.12; ἄτιμοι τὰ ς. And.1.74; μέρος ἠτιμῶσθαι τοῦ ς. D.51.12.

6 in NT, of the sacramental body of Christ,

τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ σ. μου Ev.Matt.26.26

, cf. 1 Ep.Cor.10.16.

b of the body of Christ's church,

οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σ. ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ep.Rom.12.5

; ἡ ἐκκλησία ἥτις ἐστὶ τὸ σ. [τοῦ Χριστοῦ] Ep.Eph.1.23.

II periphr., ἀνθρώπου σ. ἓν οὐδέν, = ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ εἷς, Hdt.1.32; esp. in Trag., σῶμα θηρός, = θήρ, S.OC 1568 (lyr.); τεκέων σώματα, = τέκνα, E.Tr. 201 (lyr.); τὸ σὸν σ., = σύ, Id.Hec. 301; rarely in sg. of many persons,

σῶμα τέκνων Id.Med. 1108

(anap.).

2 a person, human being, τὰ πολλὰ σ., = οἱ πολλοί, S.Ant. 676; λευκὰ γήρᾳ ς. E. HF 909 (lyr.);

σ. ἄδικα Id.Supp. 223

, cf. Pl.Lg. 908a, PSI 4.359.9 366.7 (iii B.C.), etc.; ἑκάστου τοῦ σώματος, IG12.22.14;

κατὰ σῶμα

per person,

PRev.Laws50.9

(iii B.C.);

καταστήσαντες τὸ σ. ἀφείσθωσαν τῆς ἐγγύης PMich.Zen.70.12

(iii B.C.); ἐργαζομένη αὑτῇ τῷ ἰδίῳ ς. working for her self, earning her own living, PEnteux.26.7 (iii B.C.); τὰ φίλτατα ς., of children, Aeschin.3.78; freq. of slaves, αἰχμάλωτα ς. D.20.77, IG12(7).386.25 (Amorgos, iii B.C.), SIG588.64 (Milet., ii B.C.), etc.; οἰκετικὰ ς. Lexap.Aeschin.1.16, cf. SIG633.88 (Milet., ii B.C.);

δοῦλα Poll.3.78

; ἐλεύθερα ς. X.HG2.1.19, Plb.2.6.6, etc.; later, σῶμα is used abs. for a slave, PHib.1.54.20 (iii B.C.), Plb.12.16.5, Apoc.18.13, etc.;

σ. γυναικεῖον, ᾇ ὄνομα.. GDI2154.6

(Delph., ii B.C.); a usage censured by Poll.l.c. and Phryn.355; also of troops,

τὴν τῶν σ. σύνταξιν Aen.Tact.1.1

;

μηχανήμασιν ἢ σώμασιν ἐναντιοῦσθαι ὧδε Id.32.1

.

III generally, a body, i.e. any corporeal substance, δεῖ αὐτὸ (sc. τὸ ὄν)

σ. μὴ ἔχειν Meliss.9

;

ἢ μέγεθός ἐστιν ἢ σ. ἐστιν Gorg.3

; σ. ἄψυχον, ἔμψυχον, Pl.Phdr. 245e, cf. Plt. 288e, Arist.Ph. 265b29, al.;

ὁ λίθος σ. ἐστι Luc.Vit.Auct.25

;

φασὶν οἱ μὲν σ. εἶναι τὸν χρόνον, οἱ δὲ ἀσώματον S.E.M.10.215

; κυκλικὸν ς., of one of the spheres, Jul.Or.5.162b, al.; τὸ πέμπτον ς. the fifth element, Philol.12, Placit.1.3.22, Jul.Or.4.132c; metallic substance, Olymp. Alch.p.71 B.

2 Math., figure of three dimensions, solid, opp. a surface, etc., Arist.Top. 142b24, Metaph. 1020a14, al.

IV the body or whole of a thing, esp. of complete parts of the body,

τὸ σ. τῶν νεφρῶν Id.HA 497a9

;

τὰ σ. τῶν αἰσθητηρίων Id.GA 744b24

; τὸ σ. τῆς γαστρός, τῆς κοιλίας, Gal.15.667,806;

σ. παιδοποιόν Ael.NA17.42

: generally, the whole body or frame of a thing,

ὑπὸ σώματι γᾶς A.Th. 947

(lyr.); τὸ σ. τοῦ παντός, τοῦ κόσμου, Pl.Ti. 31b. 32c; ὕδωρ, ποταμοῦ ς. Chaerem.17; τὸ σ. τῆς πίστεως the body of the proof, i.e. arguments, Arist.Rh. 1354a15;

τῆς λέξεως Longin.Rh.p.188

H.; of a body of writings, Cic.Att.2.1.4; text of a document, opp. ὑπογραφή, BGU187.12 (ii A.D.), cf. PFay.34.20 (ii A.D.); of a will, POxy.494.30 (ii A.D.).

2 ξύλα σώματα logs, opp. κλάδοι, POxy.1738.3 (iii A.D.);

σ. μέγα περσέας CPHerm. 7 ii 27

, cf. iii 8 (iii A.D.).

ἀμύ-ητος, ον,

A uninitiated, profane, And.1.12, Lys.6.51;

ἀ. καὶ ἀτέλεστος Pl.Phd. 69c

: c. gen., ἀ. Ἀφροδίτης not admitted into mysteries of Aphrodite, Aristaenet.1.14; ὠδίνων, of Artemis, Orph.H.36.4.

2 μυήσεις ἀ. no true initiations, Ph.1.156.

II not closed, open, Philostr.Gym.29 codd.; with play on both meanings, leaky, Pl.Grg. 493a, 493b.

ἀντίτεχν-ος, ον,

A rival in an art or craft, Ar.Ra. 816, Pl.R. 493a, etc.;

οὐκ ἐκείνῳ οὐδὲ τοῖς ποιήμασιν αὐτοῦ Id.Phd. 60d

, cf. Lg. 817b;

ἀ. καὶ ὁμότεχνος τοῖς ποιηταῖς D.Chr.12.46

: c. gen.,

τῆς μαγγανείας αὐτοῦ Luc.Alex.43

.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀκροβυστία, ας, ἡ (prob. from ἀκροποσθία [Hippocrates, Aph. 6, 19; Aristot., HA 1, 13, 493a, 29], connected by popular etymology w. βύειν; B-D-F §120, 4; Mlt-H. 277; found only in Bibl. and eccl. Gk.; Etym. Magn. p. 53, 47; Lampe).

① lit. prepuce, foreskin (opp. περιτομή). ἄνδρες ἀ. ἔχοντες uncircumcised people (=gentiles; cp. Gen 34:14) Ac 11:3.—1 Cor 7:18f. ἀπερίτμητος ἀκροβυστίᾳ w. uncircumcised foreskin B 9:5.

② fig. uncircumcision as a state of being Ro 2:25ff; Gal 5:6; 6:15. πιστεύειν διʼ ἀκροβυστίας to believe as an uncircumcised man, i.e. as a non-Judean or gentile Ro 4:11; B 13:7; cp. Ro 4:10–12. W. ref. to the sins of the gentile world νεκροὶ … τῇ ἀ. τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν dead through your uncircumcised (i.e. full of vice, in the gentile manner) flesh Col 2:13 (cp. Gen 17:11 σὰρξ τῆς ἀ.).

③ abstr. for concr. noncircumcised, gentiles i.e. non-Judeans (beside περιτομή) Ro 3:30; 4:9; Col 3:11; Eph 2:11. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀ. the gospel for the gentile world (gospel of/about uncircumcision is less prob., for the corresponding statement about Peter would call for an unlikely emphasis on circumcision by Peter, and vs. 8 balances ἔθνη against περιτομή) Gal 2:7.—DELG s.v. ἀκ-44. M-M (no pap examples). TW.

ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ (Hes. et al. in the sense of ‘temperament’; also ‘anger, indignation, wrath’ (so Trag., Hdt.+)

① state of relatively strong displeasure, w. focus on the emotional aspect, anger GPt 12:50 (s. φλέγω 2). W. πικρία and θυμός Eph 4:31; cp. Col 3:8 (on the relationship betw. ὀργή and θυμός, which are oft., as the product of Hebrew dualism, combined in the LXX as well, s. Zeno in Diog. L. 7, 113; Chrysipp. [Stoic. III Fgm. 395]; Philod., De Ira p. 91 W.; PsSol 2:23; ParJer 6:23). W. διαλογισμοί 1 Ti 2:8. W. μερισμός IPhld 8:1. ἡ ἀθέμιτος τοῦ ζήλους ὀρ. the lawless anger caused by jealousy 1 Cl 63:2. ἀπέχεσθαι πάσης ὀρ. refrain from all anger Pol 6:1. μετʼ ὀργῆς angrily (Pla., Apol. 34c; Esth 8:12x; 3 Macc 6:23; JosAs 4:16 μετὰ ἀλαζονείας καὶ ὀργῆς) Mk 3:5; βραδὺς εἰς ὀρ. slow to be angry Js 1:19 (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 56 Socrates is called τραχὺς εἰς ὀργήν; but s. Pla., Phd. 116c, where S. is called πρᾳότατο ‘meekest’). ἐλέγχετε ἀλλήλους μὴ ἐν ὀρ. correct one another, not in anger D 15:3 (ἐν ὀργῇ Is 58:13; Da 3:13 Theod.). Anger ἄφρονα ἀναιρεῖ 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:2); leads to murder D 3:2. δικαιοσύνην θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται Js 1:20; originates in θυμός and results in μῆνις Hm 5, 2, 4.—Pl. outbursts of anger (Pla., Euthyphro 7b ἐχθρὰ καὶ ὀργαί, Rep. 6, 493a; Maximus Tyr. 27, 6b; 2 Macc 4:25, 40; Jos., Vi. 266) 1 Cl 13:1; IEph 10:2 (B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d). JStelzenberger, D. Beziehgen der frühchristl. Sittenlehre zur Ethik der Stoa ’33, 250ff. S. also Ps.-Phocyl. 57f; 63f and Horst’s annotations 153, 155–57.

② strong indignation directed at wrongdoing, w. focus on retribution, wrath (Πανὸς ὀργαί Eur., Med. 1172; Parmeniscus [III/II B.C.] in the schol. on Eur., Medea 264 Schw. τῆς θεᾶς ὀργή; Diod S 5, 55, 6 διὰ τὴν ὀργήν of Aphrodite; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 6, 29; SIG 1237, 5 ἕξει ὀργὴν μεγάλην τοῦ μεγάλου Διός; OGI 383, 210 [I B.C.]; LXX; En 106:15; TestReub 4:4; ApcEsdr 1:17 p. 25, 11 Tdf.; ApcrEzk pap. Fgm. 1 recto, 6 [Denis, p. 125]; SibOr 4, 162; 5, 75f; Philo, Somn. 2, 179, Mos. 1, 6; Just., D. 38, 2; 123, 3; oft. Jos., e.g. Ant. 3, 321; 11, 127; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21].—EpArist 254 θεὸς χωρὶς ὀργῆς ἁπάσης) as the divine reaction toward evil (παιδεύει ἡ καλουμένη ὀρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 4, 72, 4) it is thought of not so much as an emotion (οὐ πάθος δʼ αὐτοῦ αὐτὴν [sc. ὀργὴν] εἶναί φαμεν Orig., C. Cels. 4, 72, 1) as the outcome of an indignant frame of mind ( judgment), already well known to OT history (of the inhabitants of Nineveh: οἳ τὴν ὀρ. διὰ μετανοίας ἐκώλυσαν Did., Gen. 116, 22), where it somet. runs its course in the present, but more oft. is to be expected in the future, as God’s final reckoning w. evil (ὀρ. is a legitimate feeling on the part of a judge; s. RHirzel, Themis 1907, 416; Pohlenz [s. below, b, end] 15, 3; Synes. Ep. 2 p. 158b).—S. Cat. Cod. Astr. V/4 p. 155.

ⓐ of the past and pres.: of judgment on the desert generation ὤμοσα ἐν τῇ ὀργῇ μου (Ps 94:11) Hb 3:11; 4:3. In the present, of Judeans ἔφθασεν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡ ὀρ. the indignation (ὀργή abs.= ὁρ. θεοῦ also Ro 12:19—AvanVeldhuizen, ‘Geeft den toorn plaats’ [Ro 12:19]: TSt 25, 1907, 44–46; [on 13:4; 1 Th 1:10]. Likew. Jos., Ant. 11, 141) has come upon them 1 Th 2:16 (cp. TestLevi 6:11; on 1 Th 2:13–16 s. BPearson, HTR 64, ’71, 79–94). Of God’s indignation against sin in the pres. ἀποκαλύπτεται ὀρ. θεοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν Ro 1:18 (JCampbell, ET 50, ’39, 229–33; SSchultz, TZ 14, ’58, 161–73). Of God’s indignation against evildoers as revealed in the judgments of earthly gov. authorities 13:4f (here ὀρ. could also be punishment, as Demosth. 21, 43). The indignation of God remains like an incubus upon the one who does not believe in the Son J 3:36 (for ἡ ὀρ. μένει cp. Wsd 18:20). Of the Lord’s wrath against renegade Christians Hv 3, 6, 1. The Lord ἀποστρέφει τὴν ὀρ. αὐτοῦ ἀπό τινος turns away (divine) indignation from someone (ἀποστρέφω 2a) Hv 4, 2, 6.—Of the wrath of God’s angel of repentance Hm 12, 4, 1.

ⓑ of God’s future judgment specifically qualified as punitive (ἐκφυγεῖν τὴν ὀρ. καὶ κρίσιν τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 16]) ἔσται ὀρ. τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ Lk 21:23; ἡ μέλλουσα ὀρ. Mt 3:7; Lk 3:7; IEph 11:1. ἡ ὀρ. ἡ ἐρχομένη 1 Th 1:10; cp. Eph 5:6; Col 3:6. σωθησόμεθα ἀπὸ τῆς ὀρ. Ro 5:9. οὐκ ἔθετο ἡμᾶς ὁ θεὸς εἰς ὀρ. God has not destined us for punitive judgment 1 Th 5:9. θησαυρίζειν ἑαυτῷ ὀργήν (s. θησαυρίζω 2b and PLond VI 1912, 77–78 ταμιευόμενος ἐμαυτῷ … ὀργήν and 81 εἰς ὀργὴν δικαίαν [opp. internal hostility, line 80]; s. SLösch, Epistula Claudiana 1930, 8. Claudius reserves to himself punitive measures against ringleaders of civil unrest; the par. is merely formal: in our pass. it is sinners who ensure divine indignation against themselves) Ro 2:5a. This stored-up wrath will break out ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς (s. ἡμέρα 3bβ) vs. 5b. Elsewhere, too, the portrayal of the wrath of God in Paul is predom. eschatological: ὀρ. καὶ θυμός (s. θυμός 2) Ro 2:8 (cp. 1QS 4:12); cp. 1 Cl 50:4; δότε τόπον τῇ ὀρ. Ro 12:19 (s. 2a above; τόπος 4). Cp. 9:22a. ἐπιφέρειν τὴν ὀργήν inflict punishment 3:5 (s. 13:4f under a above; s. Just., A I, 39, 2). Humans are τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς by nature children of wrath, i.e. subject to divine indignation Eph 2:3 (JMehlman, Natura Filii Irae etc. ’57). τέκνα ὀργῆς AcPlCor 2:19 (on gnostic opponents of Paul). Cp. σκεύη ὀργῆς κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν objects of wrath prepared for destruction Ro 9:22b. Of the law: ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται it effects/brings (only) wrath 4:15.—In Rv the term is also used to express thoughts on eschatology 6:16; 11:18. ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀρ. αὐτῶν the great day of their (God’s and the Lamb’s) wrath (s. above) 6:17. On τὸ ποτήριον τῆς ὀρ. αὐτοῦ the cup of his wrath 14:10 and οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀρ. τοῦ θεοῦ 16:19; 19:15, s. θυμός 1 and 2 (AHanson, The Wrath of the Lamb, ’57, 159–80).—ARitschl, Rechtfertigung u. Versöhnung II⁴ 1900, 119–56; MPohlenz, Vom Zorne Gottes 1909; GWetter, D. Vergeltungsgedanke bei Pls1912; GBornkamm, D. Offenbarung des Zornes Gottes (Ro 1–3): ZNW 34, ’35, 239–62; ASchlatter, Gottes Gerechtigkeit ’35, 48ff; GMacGregor, NTS 7, ’61, 101–9; JHempel, Gottes Selbstbeherrschung, H-WHertzberg Festschr., ’65, 56–66. S. also κρίσις, end: Braun 41ff and Filson.—B. 1134. DELG 1 ὀργή. M-M. DLNT 1238–41. EDNT. TW.