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1 ἕ
ἕ, ἑGrammatical information: refl. pron.Meaning: `se', ep. also `eum, eam, id', 3. pers. sing. acc. of the reflexive and (enclitic) anaphoric pronoun; (pl. see σφε)Other forms: Lesb. Ϝε, Pamph. Ϝhε, ep. auch ἑέ; gen. οὗ (οὑ), ep. ἕο ( εἷο), εὗ (ἑο, εὑ), ἕθεν, Lesb. Ϝέθεν, Locr. Ϝέος; dat. (and gen.; Schwyzer-Debrunner 189 m. Lit.; cf. Latte Glotta 35, 296) οἷ (οἱ), ep. also ἑοῖ, Lesb. etc. Ϝοῖ, Cret. (Gortyn) etc. Ϝιν, Boeot. (Korinna) ἑίν.Derivatives: From it the possessive ὅς, ep. also ἑός, Dor. etc. Ϝός `suus, own' (also referring to 1. and 2. pers.), `eius'.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [282] *se, su̯e `himself'Etymology: The ep. forms ἑ, εὑ, ἕθεν, οἱ can, if there is no trace of digamma (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 146ff.), go back to an IE reflexive stem * se-, seen in Lat. sē, OCS sę `sē', Germ., e. g. Goth. si-k; with οἱ \< * soi = OP šay, Av. hē, Prakr. se; ἑο aus * se-so, cf. τέο from τίς (s. v.). It is now maintained that IE only had *su̯e, Petit * Swe en grec ancien 1999, 126-8. Beside it we find Ϝhε, Ϝοῖ \< *su̯e, *su̯oi = Skt. sva- `himself', only in derivations and in compounds, e. g. sva-taḥ `from himself, of his own' (cf. ἐτός), sva-já- `born from himself'; a disyllabic (full grade) variant seems found in ἑέ \< *seu̯e. - Adjectivized *su̯e, *seu̯e gave the possessive *su̯o-s, *seu̯o-s, which gave Ϝός, ἑός = Skt. svá- `suus', OLat. sovos \> Lat. suus. - Further see Schwyzer 600ff. (Strange idea in Szemerényi, Gnomon 43(1971) 665f. that *su̯e indicated the extended family.) Cf. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑκάς, ἕκαστος, σφε und σύ.Page in Frisk: 1,431-432Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕ
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2 ἑ
ἕ, ἑGrammatical information: refl. pron.Meaning: `se', ep. also `eum, eam, id', 3. pers. sing. acc. of the reflexive and (enclitic) anaphoric pronoun; (pl. see σφε)Other forms: Lesb. Ϝε, Pamph. Ϝhε, ep. auch ἑέ; gen. οὗ (οὑ), ep. ἕο ( εἷο), εὗ (ἑο, εὑ), ἕθεν, Lesb. Ϝέθεν, Locr. Ϝέος; dat. (and gen.; Schwyzer-Debrunner 189 m. Lit.; cf. Latte Glotta 35, 296) οἷ (οἱ), ep. also ἑοῖ, Lesb. etc. Ϝοῖ, Cret. (Gortyn) etc. Ϝιν, Boeot. (Korinna) ἑίν.Derivatives: From it the possessive ὅς, ep. also ἑός, Dor. etc. Ϝός `suus, own' (also referring to 1. and 2. pers.), `eius'.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [282] *se, su̯e `himself'Etymology: The ep. forms ἑ, εὑ, ἕθεν, οἱ can, if there is no trace of digamma (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 146ff.), go back to an IE reflexive stem * se-, seen in Lat. sē, OCS sę `sē', Germ., e. g. Goth. si-k; with οἱ \< * soi = OP šay, Av. hē, Prakr. se; ἑο aus * se-so, cf. τέο from τίς (s. v.). It is now maintained that IE only had *su̯e, Petit * Swe en grec ancien 1999, 126-8. Beside it we find Ϝhε, Ϝοῖ \< *su̯e, *su̯oi = Skt. sva- `himself', only in derivations and in compounds, e. g. sva-taḥ `from himself, of his own' (cf. ἐτός), sva-já- `born from himself'; a disyllabic (full grade) variant seems found in ἑέ \< *seu̯e. - Adjectivized *su̯e, *seu̯e gave the possessive *su̯o-s, *seu̯o-s, which gave Ϝός, ἑός = Skt. svá- `suus', OLat. sovos \> Lat. suus. - Further see Schwyzer 600ff. (Strange idea in Szemerényi, Gnomon 43(1971) 665f. that *su̯e indicated the extended family.) Cf. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑκάς, ἕκαστος, σφε und σύ.Page in Frisk: 1,431-432Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἑ
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3 ὀλοός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `destructive, sinister, ominous' (Il.).Other forms: Also ὀλοιός (A 342, Χ 5, h. Ven. 224), ὀλώιος (Hes. Th. 591, Nonn.), οὑλοός (A. R.), voc. ὀλέ (Alcm. 55), ὀλόεις (S. Tr. 521, lyr.).Compounds: As 1. member in ὀλοό-φρων `of ruinous intention, pondering on evil', of ὕδρος, λέων, σῦς κάπρος (Il.), also of Ἄτλας, Αἰήτης, Μίνως (Od.); see Tièche Mus. Helv. 2, 69 f., Armstrong ClassRev. 63, 50; also ὀλο-εργός, - εργής `having a destructive effect' (Nic., Man.) with ο pushed out (cf. Schwyzer 252 f.).Etymology: To ὀλέ-σαι, ὄλε-θρος etc. (s. ὄλλυμι), so prob. through *ὀλε-Ϝός \> *ὀλο-Ϝός (J. Schmidt KZ 32, 332f., 337, Schwyzer 472 w. lit.). -- The formal variants are all secondary: ὀλοιός with οι for ο (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 168; cf. on οἰέτεας), οὑλοός with metr. lengthening and after οὖλος, ὀλώϊος after ὀλοφώϊος. ὀλόεις with poetical enlargement (Schw. 528 w. lit.), ὀλέ (voc.) from *ὀλοέ (or *ὀλε[F]έ?) with vowelloss; cf. ὤ μέλε and Hdn. 1, 154, 14.Page in Frisk: 2,380-381Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀλοός
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4 οὖλος 3
οὖλος 3.Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `baneful' adjunct of Ares and Achilles, also of Ὄνειρος (Il.; cf. below); of Eros (A. R.), also of χεῖμα (Bion), of στόμιον (Nic.); prob. also in οὖλον κεκλήγοντες (P 756, 759; after the sch. and McKenzie ClassQuart. 21, 206 `thick, loud, violent'; to 2.).Derivatives: With ιο-sufflx in the same meaning οὔλιος of ἀστήρ (Λ 62), of Ares a.o. (Hes. Sc., Pi., S.); also of Apollon a. Artemis (Delos, Miletos), prob. orig. as bringer of pest and death ( = λοίμιος), later connected with Apollon as healing god and connected with ὅλος (whence Άπ. Ὄλιος in Lindos; cf. on ὅλος). (On οὔλαφος s.v.)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Mostly derived from ὄλλυμι, but in detail unclear; perh. from *ὄλ-Ϝος (prop. subst.?), as ὀλοός \< *ὀλε-Ϝός (Bechtel Lex. with Fick); other attempts by Brugmann IF 11, 266 ff. (s. Bq); so the etym. rests uncertain. -- As adjunct of Ὄνειρος οὖλος is by Fick and Bechtel Lex. 259 f. taken as `deceiving' and connected with Lith. vìlti `deceive', which Frisk calls "verlockend aber überflüssig". Diff. on οὖλος Ὄ. Thieme Studien 12A.1 (hesitating: prop. `transitory'?).Page in Frisk: 2,445Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖλος 3
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5 γλοιός
γλοιός, ὁ,A any glutinous substance, gum, Hdt.3.112;ὁ γλισχρότατος γ. Arist.Mir. 844a14
, cf. Sor.2.11, Gp.20.13, POxy.1220.16 (iii A. D.; γλυοῦ Pap.); esp. oil and dirt scraped off the wrestler's skin with the στλεγγίς, Sch.Ar.Nu. 449: generally, oily sediment in baths, Semon.8, Telesp.41H.; γ. παιδικός substitute for butter in ointments, Hippiatr.69.II as Adj. [full] γλοιός, ά, όν, slippery, knavish, Ar.Nu. l.c. -
6 μανός
A loose or open in texture, rare, opp. πυκνός, Emp.75.1, Hp.VM22, etc.; μ. ὀστοῦν, σάρκες, Pl.Ti. 75c, 79c; τὰ μ. καὶ κοῦφα, opp. πυκνὰ καὶ βαρέα, ib. 53a; of the tongue,σὰρξ μ. καὶ σομφή Arist.HA 492b33
; of the female breasts, ib. 493a14; of the lungs,μ. καὶ πολύτρητος ὁ πνεύμων Aret.SD1.10
.II rare, sparse, infrequent, of hare-tracks, X.Cyn.5.4 ([comp] Sup.); of pleasures and pains, Pl.Lg. 734c ([comp] Comp.); of hair, Arist.HA 498b25; of plants, growing far apart, Thphr.HP1.8.2; but of trees or plants, spreading, ib.3.11.5, al.2 happening rarely or at intervals, in Adv. -νῶς, τοσούτῳ μανότερον so much the less often, X.Cyr.7.5.6;τῇ ἀναπνοῇ χρῆται μανότερον Arist.Resp. 475b25
, cf. Thphr.Sign.32.—[dialect] Att. for ἀραιός, acc. to Phryn.PSp.89B. [[pron. full] ᾰ Telecl.61, cf. Hdn.Gr.2.13, and v. μανόστημος: [pron. full] ᾱ Emp.l.c. (prob. only [dialect] Ion. in spite of Phryn. l.c.): [comp] Comp. μανότερος Pl.l.c., Arist.Ph. 217a6, GA 782a34 (laterμανώτερος Gal.18(1).83
): [comp] Sup. μανότατος X.l.c.] (Perh. for μᾰν ϝός, cf. μάνυ, OIr. menb 'small'.) -
7 μόνος
μόνος, η, ον, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] μοῦνος, the only form used by Hom. (as in all derivs. exc. μονόω), Hes., and Hdt., also by Pi.P.9.27, I.5(4).12, B.3.80, al., by S. both in iamb. and lyr., by A. only in compd. μουνώψ, by E. only in μούναρχος: [dialect] Dor. [full] μῶνος Theoc.2.64, 20.45:—A alone, solitary,μοῦνος ἐὼν πολέσιν μετὰ Καδμείοισιν Il.4.388
;ἢ ὅ γε μοῦνος ἐών Od.3.217
;μούνω ἄνευθ' ἄλλων 16.239
: joined with ἐρῆμος, S. Ant. 887, Ph. 470;μόνοι γὰρ ἐσμέν Luc.JTr.21
;ἄνθρωπος πρεσβύτης καὶ μ. BGU180.23
(ii A.D.);φυγὴ μόνου πρὸς μόνον Plot.6.9.11
.2 c. gen., σοῦ μόνος bereft of thee, without thee, S.Aj. 511; alsoμοῦνος ἀπ' ἄλλων h.Merc. 193
, S.Ph. 183 (lyr.);ἑτάρων ἄπο μ. A.R.3.908
.II only,μοῦνον Λαέρτην Ἀρκείσιος υἱὸν ἔτικτε, μοῦνον δ' αὖτ' Ὀδυσῆα πατὴρ τέκεν Od.16.118
, cf. Il.9.482;μόνης γὰρ σοῦ κλύων ἀνέξεται A.Pers. 838
, cf. 632 (anap.), Pr. 425 (lyr.), etc.; χοίνικος μόνας ἁλῶν for a gallon of salt only, Ar.Ach. 814; single,οὐκ ἄρα μοῦνον ἔην Ἐρίδων γένος, ἀλλὰ.. δύω Hes.Op.11
, cf. S.OT 1280; εἷς μοῦνος or μόνος, Hdt.1.38, S. OT63: once in Hom.,μία μούνη Od.23.227
: joined withαὐτός, αὐτὼ μόνω Pl.Ly. 211c
;αὐτοὶ καθ' αὑτοὺς μόνοι Id.Plt. 307e
.2 c. gen., μοῦνος ποταμῶν alone of rivers, Hdt.2.25, cf. 29;μ. θεῶν γὰρ Θάνατος οὐ δώρων ἐρᾷ A.Fr. 161
;μ. τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν Lycurg.102
; but μοῦνος πάντων ἀνθρώπων he and no other of all men, Hdt.1.25; ἀνδρῶν γε μοῦνος he and no other, S.OC 1250, cf. El. 531;ὦ μόνα ὦ φίλα γυναικῶν E.Alc. 460
(lyr.).3 freq. repeated in the same clause,ξυμπεσὼν μόνος μόνοις S.Aj. 467
; Ἕκτορος μόνος μόνου.. ἐναντίος ib. 1283;σὺν τέκνοις μόνη μόνοις E.Med. 513
;μόνος μόνῳ D.18.137
.4 expressing rhetorically pre-eminence in an action or quality, μόνα κατέχεσθαι ποιεῖ are unique for causing possession, Pl.Smp. 215c, cf. 222a, S.OC 261, OT 299, Isoc.14.57; [ἐπέδειξε] σαφέστατα μόνος ἀνθρώπων Lys.24.9
.III [comp] Sup. μονώτατος one above all others, Ar. Eq. 352, Pl. 182, Lycurg.89, Theoc.15.137, Phld.Rh.1.350 S.B Adv. [full] μόνως, on one condition only, folld. by εἰ, Th.8.81, X. Mem.1.5.5, Cyr.3.2.23; in one way only, Them.in Ph.29.22, al.; in a unique manner, Dam.Pr.98: later, simply, only, Phld.Oec.p.53 J., Ph. 1.559, AP12.254 (Strat.), Iamb.Myst.4.7, Procl.in Prm.p.479 S.II neut. as Adv., μόνον alone, only,οὐχ ἅπαξ μ. A.Pr. 211
, etc.: freq. with imper.,μ. φύλαξαι Id.Supp. 1012
;ἀποκρίνου μ. Pl.Grg. 494d
; soμ. Κράτος συγγένοιτό σοι A.Ch. 244
;μὴ 'μὲ καταπίῃς μ. E.Cyc. 219
, etc.; ἐὰν μ. if only, Arist.Pol. 1292a3; οὐσίαν.., οὐ χωριστὴν μ. only not separable, Id.Metaph. 1025b28.2 οὐ μόνον.., ἀλλὰ καὶ .. Ar. Eq. 1282, X.Cyr.1.6.17, etc.; οὐ μ., ἀλλὰ .. S.Ph. 555: μόνον is sts. omitted,μὴ τοὺς ἐγγύς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄπωθεν Th.4.92
, cf. E.Hipp. 359, Ph. 1480 (lyr.).3 μόνον οὐ all but, well nigh, Ar.V. 516, D.19.220, etc.; : in codd. freq. written μονονού, Plb.3.109.2, etc.;μονονουχί D.1.2
, Plb.3.102.4.III κατὰ μόνας alone, Th.1.32, 37, Is.7.38, Arist.Pol. 1281b34, etc.IV μόνῃ, = μόνον, Plu.2.583d codd. (Prob.from Μόν ϝος.) -
8 ναός
νᾱός, ὁ, [dialect] Dor., Thess., etc. form, Leg.Gort.1.42, IG9(2).517.45 (Larissa, iii B.C.), etc., used also in Trag. (even dialogue) to the exclusion of νεώς, S.El.8, E.Hipp.31, al., exc. A.Pers. 810, rare in [dialect] Att. Prose and Com., Pl.R. 394a, Lg. 738c, 814b, Arist.EN 1174a24, Posidipp. 29.1, more freq. in X., HG2.3.20, An.5.3.9, al., found in [dialect] Att. Inscrr.from iii B.C., IG22.1314.18, 1315.28, etc., and in Hellenistic and later Gr. (along with νεώς), SIG277 (Priene, iv B.C.), 214 (Phanagoria, iv B.C.), 494.3 (Delph., iii B.C.), LXX 1 Ki.1.9, al. ( νεώς only inA 2 Ma.), UPZ6.22 (ii B.C.), Plb.9.30.2 (νεώς Plb. 10.4.4
), etc.; [dialect] Ion.[full] νηός, always in Hom. and Hdt. (v. infr.), but gen. νε[ώ] IG12(7).1.4 (Amorgos, v B.C.); dat. (Samos, iv B.C.); [dialect] Att. [full] νεώς (Attic Inscrr. of v-iii B.C. (v. infr.), once in Trag. (v. supr.), freq. in Prose authors and found in Com. (v. infr.)); declension, nom.νεώς X.HG 1.6.1
; gen.νεώ IG12.4.9
,80.6, Ar.Pl. 733, IG22.1524.45, SIG1219.32 (Gambreum, iii B.C.); dat.νεῴ IG12.6.122
, 256.4, Antipho6.39, Alex.40.3, IG22.1504.7; acc. νεών ib.12.24.13, al., X.HG6.5.9, Ar. Nu. 401, Pl. 741, Philem.139, f.l. in E.HF 340, laterνεώ IG22.212.35
(iv B.C.), al., LXX 2 Ma.6.2, al., D.S.16.58 (v.l. νεών), SIG 877A10 (ii/ iii A.D.), v.l. in D.H.4.26, butνεών Aristid.Or.27(16).19
(v.l. νεώ), Ach.Tat.3.6 (v.l. νεώ Bast Epist.Crit.p.176), etc.: pl. nom.νεῴ X. HG6.4.7
; acc. , Isoc.5.117, Plb.10.4.4; dat.νεῴς IG12.384
; on the accent v. Hdn.Gr.1.8: [dialect] Aeol. [full] ναῦος Alc.9, IG12 (2).60.27 (Mytil.); Spartan [full] ναϝός ib.5(1).1564 (pl., found at Delos, v/iv B.C.):— temple, Il.1.39, al., Pi.O.13.21 (pl.), etc.II inmost part of a temple, shrine containing the image of the god, Hdt.1.183, 6.19, X.Ap.15, UPZl.c.;ἐν παντὶ ἱερῷ ὅπου ναός ἐστι PGnom.79
(ii A.D.).IV metaph., of Christians,ν. θεοῦ ἐστε 1 Ep.Cor. 3.16
; of the body of Christ, Ev.Jo.2.19,21. [ νᾰόν and iv (Phaestus, ii B.C.); elsewh. [pron. full] ᾱ.] (Perh. fr. νᾰς-ϝός, cf. ναίω.)------------------------------------A v. Νάϊος. -
9 ἀρά
A prayer, Il.15.378, 598, 23.199, Hes.Op. 726, Pi.I. 6(5).43; ἀρὴν ἐποιήσαντο παῖδα γενέσθαι Ἀρίστωνι offered prayers that a child should be born, Hdt.6.63.2 vow, Inscr.Cypr.83, 147H.3 curse, imprecation,ἐξ ἀρέων μητρὸς.. ἥ ῥα θεοῖσι πόλλ' ἀχέουσ' ἠρᾶτο Il.9.566
; freq. in Trag., mostly in pl., A.Pr. 910, S.OT 295; ἀρὰς ἀρᾶσθαι,προστιθέναι, ἐξανιέναι, E.Ph.67, S.OC 952, 154(lyr.), 1375;ἐπεύχεσθαι Pl.Criti. 119e
;θέσθαι ἐπί τινας Plu.Cam.13
: also in sg.,πατρὸς δ' ἀ. κρανθήσεται A.Pr. 910
, cf. Ag. 457 (lyr.), etc.;ἡ τοῦ νόμου ἀ. Pl.Lg. 871b
; ἀρᾷ.. ἔνοχος ἔστω ib. 742b, etc.: in pl., imprecations, freq. in Inscrr. on those who shall mutilate or remove them, Inscr.Magn.105.53 (ii B. C.), IG3.1417 sqq.II Ἀρά personified as the goddess of destruction and revenge, III;δεινόπους Ἀρά Id.OT 418
; but in A.Eu. 417 the Erinyes say that Ἀραί is their own nameγῆς ὑπαί; Ἀρά τ' Ἐρινὺς πατρὸς ἡ μεγασθενής Id.Th.70
;Ἀρᾶς ἱερόν Ar.Fr. 575
. (Hence the Verb ἀράομαι.) [[dialect] Ep. always ᾱρ, [dialect] Att. always ᾰρ.] (From ἀρϝᾱ, cf. κάταρ ϝος.) -
10 ἧλιξ
A of the same age, καταίθουσα παιδὸς.. δαλὸν ἥλικ', of Meleager's torch, A.Ch. 608;δρῦς A.R.2.479
;Πηλῆος.. ἥ. χαίτην Tryph.637
: mostly in pl.,βόες.. ἥλικες ἰσοφόροι Od.18.373
;ἅλικες οἷα παρθένοι Pi.P.3.17
; ὦνδρες ἥ. Ar.V. 245;ὑφ' ἡλίκων νεανίδων Id.Th. 1030
(lyr.); ἐν ἅλικι χρόνῳ in equal time, B.7.45.2 Subst., fellow, comrade,οἱ ἥλικες Hdt.1.34
, 2.32;ἥλικές θ' ἥβης ἐμῆς A.Pers. 681
;τὸν ἥλικα τόνδε Ar.Ach. 336
codd. (sed leg. ὁμήλικα) μετὰ τῶν ἡ. Antipho 3.2.3; prov.,ἧλιξ ἥλικα τέρπει Pl.Phdr. 240c
, cf. Arist.EN 1161b34. (Fr. ϝᾶλιξ, cf. βαλικιώτης: compd. of swo- 'one's own' (cf. ϝός, Lat. suus) and - āli- 'size', 'growth' (cf. Lat. alo, aequ-āli-s, Gr. ὁμ-ᾶλι-ξ), with suffix - κ-.) -
11 ὅς
ὅς [(A)], ἥ, ὅ, gen. οὗ, ἧς, οὗ, etc. ; dat. pl. οἷς, αἷς, οἷς, etc.: [dialect] Ep. forms, gen. ὅου (prob. replacing Οο) in the phrasesAὅου κλέος οὔ ποτ' ὀλεῖται Il.2.325
, h.Ap. 156 ;ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον Od.1.70
(elsewh.οὗ Il. 7.325
, al., never οἷο); fem.ἕης Il.16.208
(perh. imitation of ὅου; elsewh. onlyἧς 5.265
, al.); dat. pl. οἷς, οἷσι, ᾗς, ᾗσι (never αἷς or αἷσι in Hom.):—Pron. used,A as demonstr. by the side of οὗτος, ὅδε, and the Art. ὁ, ἡ, τό : in post-Homeric Gr. this use survived only in a few special phrases.B as a Relat. by the side of the Art. ὅ, ἥ, τό (v. ὁ, ἡ, τό, c):—this demonstr. and Relat. Pron. must not be confounded with the Possess. ὅς, ἥ, ὅν. (With Gr. Relat. ὅς, ἥ, ὅ cf. Skt. Relat. yas, yā, yad, Lith. jis, ji (he, she), Oslav. i, ja, je (he, she, it).)I Homeric usage: this form only occurs in the nom. masc. and neut. ὅς, ὅ, and perh. nom. fem. ἥ and nom. pl. οἵ, the other cases being supplied by ὁ, ἡ, τό ([etym.] ὅ, ἡ, τό); most codd. have ἥ in Il.17.551, Od. 24.255, al., and this (as also οἵ ) can be referred equally to either (on the accent v. ὁ, ἡ, τό): with γάρ orκαί, ὃς γὰρ δεύτατος ἦλθεν 1.286
;ἀλλὰ καὶ ὃς δείδοικε Il.21.198
;ὃ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ θανόντων Od.24.190
, Il.23.9, cf. 12.344 : freq. used emphatically in apodosi, mostly with οὐδέ or μηδέ before it,μηδ' ὅν τινα γαστέρι μήτηρ κοῦρον ἐόντα φέροι, μηδ' ὃς φύγοι Il.6.59
, cf. 7.160, Od.4.653 : after a part., εἰς ἕτερον γάρ τίς τε ἰδών.., ὃς σπεύδει (for ὅστις ἂν ἴδῃ, ὃς σπεύδει) Hes.Op.22.II in later Gr. this usage remained in a few forms:1 at the beginning of a clause, καὶ ὅς and he, Hdt.7.18, X.Smp.1.15, Pl. Phd. 118, Prt. 310d ; καὶ ἥ and she, καὶ οἵ and they, Hdt.8.56,87, Pl. Smp. 201e, X.An.7.6.4.4 in oppositions, where it sts. answers to the Art.,Λέριοι κακοί· οὐχ ὁ μέν, ὃς δ' οὔ.. Phoc.1
;ὃς μὲν.., ὃ δὲ.. Mosch.3.76
;ὃ μὲν.., ὃς δὲ.., ὃ δὲ.., ὃς δὲ.. Bion 1.81
; soτῷ μὲν.., ᾧ δὲ.., ᾧ δὲ.. AP6.187
(Alph.); ὃ μὲν.., ὃ δὲ.., ὃ δὲ.. (neut.) Ev.Matt.13.8 ;ἂ μὲν.., ἃ δὲ.. Heraclit.102
, Archyt. ap. Stob.3.1.110 ;ὧν μὲν.., ὧν δὲ.. Philem.99
;πόλεις ἃς μὲν.., ἃς δὲ.. D.18.71
(as v. l.): so in [dialect] Dor. dat. fem. as Adv.,ᾇ μὲν.., ᾇ δὲ.. Tab.Heracl.1.81
;ἐφ' ὧν μὲν.., ἐφ' ὧν δὲ.. Arist.EN 1109a1
: very freq. in late Prose, Arr.Epict.3.25.1, etc.: also answering to other Prons.,ἑτέρων.., ὧν δὲ.. Philem.31.6
;ἐφ' ᾧ μὲν.., ἐπὶ θατέρῳ δὲ.. Arist. HA 564a21
, etc.B RELAT. PRON., who, which.—By the side of the simple Relat., ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (in Hom. also ὁ, ἡ, τό), we find in common use the compd. forms ὅστε, ὅστις and ὅτις, ὅσπερ and ὅπερ, ὅς γε (q. v.).0-0USAGE of the Relat. Pron. (the foll. remarks apply to ὅς γε, ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις, as well as to ὅς, and to ὁ, ἡ, τό as relat.):I in respect of CONCORD.—Prop. it agrees in gender and number with the Noun or Pron. in the antec. clause.—But this rule admits of many exceptions:1 the Relat. mayagree with the gender implied, not expressed, in the antec.,φίλον θάλος, ὃν τέκον αὐτή Il.22.87
;τέκνων, οὓς ἤγαγε E.Supp.12
: so after collective Nouns, the Relat. is freq. put in pl. in the gender implied in the Noun,λαόν.., οὕς.. Il.16.369
; στρατιάν.. τοιαύτην.., οἵ τινες.., τὸ ναυτικόν, οἵ.., Th.6.91,3.4 ;πλήθει, οἵπερ.. Pl.Phdr. 260a
; esp. after the names of countries or cities, Τηλέπυλον Λαιστρυγονίην ἀφίκανεν, οἳ.. (i. e. to Telepylos of the Laestrygonians, who..) Od.23.319 ;τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε.. Hdt.7.8
.β' ; Μέγαρα.., οὓς.. Th.6.94
: it also may agree with the Noun or Pron. implied in an Adj., Θηβαίας ἐπισκοποῦντ' ἀγυιάς, τάν.. the streets of Thebes, which.., S.Ant. 1137 (lyr.); τοὺς Ἡρακλείους παῖδας, ὃς.. the children of Heracles, who.., E.HF 157;τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπεισόδου, ὅν..
of me whom..,S.
OC 731; τὸν ἥμισύν ἐστ' ἀτελὴς τοῦ χρόνου· εἶθ' ἧς πᾶσι μέτεστι.., where ἧς agrees with ἀτελείας implied in ἀτελής, D.20.8.2 when the antec. Noun in sg. implies a class, the Relat. is sts. in pl., ἦ μάλα τις θεὸς ἔνδον, οἳ.. ἔχουσιν (for τις θεῶν, οἵ.. ) Od.19.40 ;κῆτος, ἃ μυρία βόσκει.. Ἀμφιτρίτη
one of the thousands, which..,12.97
;αὐτουργός, οἵπερ..
one of those who..,E.
Or. 920: rare in Prose,ἀνὴρ καλός τε κἀγαθός, ἐν οἷς οὐδαμοῦ σὺ φανήσει γεγονώς D.18.310
, cf. Lys.1.32.3 reversely, the sg. Relat. may follow a pl. antec., where the relat. clause refers to each individual ; but in this case ὅστις or ὃς ἄν is mostly used, ἀνθρώπους τίνυσθον, ὅ τις κ' ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ, for ἀνθρώπων τινά, ὅς κε.., Il.3.279 ; πάντα.., ὅ τι νοοίης, i.e. anything which.., Ar.Nu. 1381 : rarely ὅς alone, τὰ λίνεα [ ὅπλα], τοῦ τάλαντον ὁ πῆχυς εἷλκε a cubit's length where of.., Hdt.7.36.4 the Relat. is sts. in the neut., agreeing rather with the notion implied in the antec. than with the Noun itself, διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν, ὃ πᾶσα φύσις διώκειν πέφυκεν for profit's sake—a thing which.., Pl.R. 359c, cf. Lg. 849d;τοὺς Φωκέας, ὃ σιωπᾶν εἰκὸς ἦν
a name which..,D.
19.44 ; γυναῖκας, ἐφ' ὅπερ.. women, for dealings with whom, E.Ba. 454.5 with Verbs of naming, the Relat. freq. agrees with the name added as a predicate, rather than with the antec.,ξίφος, τὸν ἀκινάκην καλέουσι Hdt.7.54
;τὴν ἄκρην, αἳ καλεῦνται Κληΐδες Id.5.108
, cf. 2.17, 124, etc.II in respect of CONSTRUCTION.—Prop., the Relat. is governed by the Noun or Verb in its own clause.—But it is freq. thrown by attraction into the case of the antec. (prob. not in Hom., ἧς in Il.5.265, cf. 23.649, can be expld. otherwise), ἀπὸ παιδεύσιος, τῆς ἐπεπαίδευτο (for τῇ or τήν) Hdt.4.78; freq. in [dialect] Att., Th.7.21, etc.: esp. where a Demonstr. Pron. is unexpressed, while the Relat. takes its case, οὐδὲν ὧν λέγω (for οὐδὲν τούτων ἃ λ.) S.El. 1048, 1220, etc.; ξὺν ᾧπερ εἶχον οἰκετῶν (for ξὺν τούτῳ ὅνπερ) Id.OC 334 ; ἀνθ' ὧν ἂν ἐμοὶ δανείσῃς (for ἀντὶ τούτων ἅ.. ) X.Cyr.3.1.34 ; πρὸς οἷς ἐκτήσαντο (for πρὸς τούτοις ἅ.. ) Pl.Grg. 519a, etc.: the Demonstr. Pron. sts follows,ἀφ' ὧν ἐγένεσθε ἀγαθοί, ἀπὸ τούτων ὠφελεῖσθαι Th.3.64
, cf. D.8.23,26.—This attraction is rare, exc. when the acc. passes into the gen. or dat. (v. supr.): sts. nom. is so attracted, οὐδὲν εἰδότες τῶν ἦν (for τούτων ἃ ἦν) Hdt.1.78; ἀφ' ὧν παρεσκεύασται (for ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ π.) Th.7.67: also dat., ὧν ἐγὼ ἐντετύχηκα οὐδείς (for τούτων οἷς.. ) Pl.Grg. 509a.b reversely the antec. passes into the case of the Relat., φυλακὰς δ' ἃς εἴρεαι.., οὔτις (for φυλακῶν.. οὔτις) Il.10.416; τὰς στήλας, τὰς ἵστα, αἱ πλεῦνες.. (for τῶν στηλῶν.. αἱ πλεῦνες) Hdt.2.106: so also when the Noun follows the Relat. clause, it may be put in apposition with the Relat.,Κύκλωπος κεχόλωται, ὃν ὀφθαλμοῦ ἀλάωσεν, ἀντίθεον Πολύφημον Od.1.69
, cf. 4.11, Il.3.123, A.Th. 553, E.Hec. 771, 986, Hipp. 101, etc.2 the Demonstr. Pron. or the Noun with an Art. is sts. transferred to the Relat. clause, Ἰνδὸν ποταμόν, ὃς κροκοδείλους δεύτερος οὗτος.. παρέχεται the river Indus, being the second river which.., Hdt.4.44;σφραγῖδα.., ἣν ἐπὶ δέλτῳ τήνδε κομίζεις E.IA 156
(anap.);φοβούμεθα δέ γε.. δόξαν.., ὃν δὴ καὶ καλοῦμεν τὸν φόβον ἡμεῖς γε αἰσχύνην Pl.Lg. 647a
.3 the Relat. in all cases may govern a partit. gen., ἀθανάτων ὅς τίς σε.. any one of the immortals who.., Od.15.35, cf. 25,5.448, etc.;οἳ.. τῶν ἀστῶν Hdt.7.170
;οὓς.. βαρβάρων A.Pers. 475
;ᾧ.. τῶν ἡνιόχων Pl. Phdr. 247b
: freq. in neut., ἐς ὃ δυνάμιος to what a height of power, Hdt.7.50 ; οἶσθ' οὖν ὃ κάμνει τοῦ λόγου; what part of thy speech, E. Ion 363; ᾧπερ τῆς τέχνης ἐπίστευον in which particular of their art.., Th. 7.36 ; τὰ μακρὰ τείχη, ἃ σφῶν.. εἶχον which portion of their territory, Id.4.109, etc.: rarely in such forms as ἕξουσι δ' ἣν λάβωσιν ἐν ταφῇ χθονός (for ὃ χθονός) A.Th. 819 ( χθόνα cj. Brunck).III in respect of the Moods which follow the Relat.:1 when the Relat. is equivalent to καί + demonstr. (ὅς = and he..) any mood may follow which may be found in independent clauses: ἦλθε τὸ ναυτικὸν τὸ τῶν βαρβάρων, ὃ τίς οὐκ ἂν ἰδὼν ἐφοβήθη; Lys.2.34 ;ὁ δ' εἰς τὸ σῶφρον ἐπ' ἀρετήν τ' ἄγων ἔρως ζηλωτὸς ἀνθρώποισιν· ὧν εἴην ἐγώ E.Fr. 672
;ἐλπίς, ᾗ μόνῃ σωθεῖμεν ἄν Id.Hel. 815
; εἰς καλὸν ἡμῖν Ἄνυτος ὅδε παρεκαθέζετο, ᾧ μεταδῶμεν τῆς σκέψεως to whom let us.., Pl.Men. 89e ; ὃν ὑμεῖς.. νομίσατε which I would have you think.., Lys.19.61: so the inf. in orat. obliq., ἔτι δὲ.. προσετίθει χρήματα οὐκ ὀλίγα, οἷς χρήσεσθαι αὐτούς (sc. ἔφη) Th.2.13: for the inf. after ἐφ' ᾧ τε, v. ἐπί B. 111.3.2 after ὅς, ὅστις, = whoever, in collective hypothetical sense (= if A + if B + if C..), the same moods are used as after εἰ:a [tense] pres. ind.,τῷδ' ἔφες ἀνδρὶ βέλος.. ὅς τις ὅδε κρατέει Il.5.175
;κλῦθι, ἄναξ, ὅτις ἐσσί Od.5.445
; δουληΐην.., ἥτις ἐστί (as we say) whatever it is, Hdt.6.12 ; ὅ τι ἀνὴρ καὶ γυνή ἐστι πλὴν παιδίων all that are man and woman, Id.2.60 ;Ζεύς, ὅστις ποτ' ἐστίν A.Ag. 160
(lyr.): also afterὅς, ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὃς πενίῃ εἴκων ἀπατήλια βάζει Od.14.157
, etc.b subj. with ἄν ([etym.] κεν) or, in poetry, without ἄν:ξυνίει ἔπος ὅττι κεν εἴπω 19.378
;οὐ δηναιὸς ὃς ἀθανάτοισι μάχηται Il.5.407
:—in such cases the opt. is used after secondary tenses,Τρῶας ἄμυνε νεῶν, ὅς τις φέροι ἀκάματον πῦρ 15.731
, cf. Hes.Sc. 480 ;πάντας ἑξῆς, ὅτῳ ἐντύχοιεν,.. κτείνοντες Th.7.29
, cf. Pl.Ap. 21a, etc.c sts. opt. without ἄν after a primary tense,ὃν πόλις στήσειε, τοῦδε χρὴ κλύειν S.Ant. 666
; after an opt., .IV peculiar Idioms:1 in Homer and correct writers, when two coordinate Relat. clauses were joined by καί or δέ, the Relat. Pron. was freq. replaced in the second clause by the demonstr. even though the case was changed, ἄνδρα.., ὃς μέγα πάντων Ἀργείων κρατέει καί οἱ πείθονται Ἀχαιοί (for καὶ ᾧ) Il.1.78 ; ὅου κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον.. · Θόωσα δέ μιν τέκε νύμφη (for ὃν τέκε) Od.1.70, cf. 14.85, etc. ; and this sts. even without the demonstr. being expressed, δοίη δ' ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι καί οἱ κεχαρισμένος ἔλθοι (for καὶ ὅς οἱ) 2.54, cf. 114 ; οὕς κεν ἐΰ γνοίην καί τ' οὔνομα μυθησαίμην (for καὶ ὧν) Il.3.235 ; ᾗ χαλκὸς μὲν ὑπέστρωται, χαλκὸν δ' ἐπίεσται (nom. supplied) Orac. ap. Hdt.1.47 ;ἃς ἐπιστήμας μὲν προσείπομεν.., δέονται δὲ ὀνόματος ἄλλου Pl.R. 533d
.2 the neut. of the Relat. is used in [dialect] Att. to introduce a clause qualifying the whole of the principal clause which follows: the latter clause is commonly introduced by γάρ, ὅτι, εἰ, ἐπειδή, etc.,ὃ δὲ δεινότατόν γ' ἐστὶν ἁπάντων, ὁ Ζεὺς γὰρ.. ἕστηκεν κτλ. Ar.Av. 514
, cf. D.19.211, etc.;ὃ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον, εἰ.. βουλευσόμεθα Isoc.6.56
;ὃ μὲν πάντων θαυμαστότατον ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι.. Pl. R. 491b
, cf.Ap. 18c: also without any Conj.,ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατόν ἐστι, τοιοῦτος ὢν κτλ. And.4.16
;ὃ δ' ἠπάτα σε πλεῖστον.., ηὔχεις κτλ. E.El. 938
: c. inf.,ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, τὴν ἀδελφὴν ὑποδέξασθαι Lys.19.33
(but ὑποδέξασθαι < δεῖ> is prob. cj.), etc.:—so also the neut. pl. ἅ may mean with reference to that which, ἃ δ'.. ἐστί σοι λελεγμένα, πᾶν κέρδος ἡγοῦ.. as to what has been said.., E.Med. 453, cf. Hdt.3.81, S.OT 216, Ar.Eq. 512, etc.3 in many instances the Gr. Relat. must be resolved into a Conj. and Pron., θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, ὃς ἡμῖν οὐδὲν δίδως (= ὅτι σὺ) X.Mem.2.7.13, cf. Lys.7.23 codd., Pl.Smp. 204b, etc.: very freq. in conditional clauses, for εἴ orἐάν τις, βέλτερον ὃς... προφύγῃ κακόν, ἠὲ ἁλώῃ Il.14.81
, cf. Hes.Op. 327 ;συμφορὰ δ', ὃς ἂν τύχῃ κακῆς γυναικός E.Fr. 1056
;τὸ δ' εὐτυχές, οἳ ἂν.. λάχωσι κτλ. Th.2.44
;τὸ καλῶς ἄρξαι τοῦτ' εἶναι, ὃς ἂν τὴν πατρίδα ὠφελήσῃ Id.6.14
.4 the Relat. freq. stands where we should use a final Conj. or the inf., ἄγγελον ἧκαν, ὃς ἀγγείλειε sent a messenger to tell.., Od. 15.458 ;κλητοὺς ὀτρύνομεν, οἵ κε τάχιστα ἔλθωσ'
that they may..,Il.
9.165 : and freq. with [tense] fut. ind., πρέσβεις ἄγουσα, οἵπερ φράσουσι (v.l. φράσωσι) to tell.., Th.7.25 ;πέμψον τιν', ὅστις σημανεῖ E.IT 1209
(troch.), cf. X.HG2.3.2, Mem.2.1.14: so with [tense] fut. opt.,ὀργάνου, ᾧ τὴν τροφὴν δέξοιτο Pl.Ti. 33c
: also for ὥστε, after οὕτω, ὧδε, etc., οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτω μῶρος, ὃς θανεῖν ἐρᾷ (for ὥστε ἐρᾶν) S.Ant. 220, cf. Hdt.4.52, E.Alc. 198, Ar.Ach. 737, etc.5 ὅς is freq. used where we should expect οἷος, as μαθὼν ὃς εἶ φύσιν what thou art, S.Aj. 1259, cf. E.Alc. 640, Pl. Euthd. 283d, etc.6 ὅς is sts. = ὅστις or τις in indirect clauses,γνώσῃ.. ὅς.. ἡγεμόνων κακὸς ἠδ' ὅς κ' ἐσθλὸς ἔῃσι Il.2.365
(perh. felt as Relat.); ὃς ἦν ὁ ἀναδέξας, οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν I cannot tell who it was that.., Hdt.6.124 ;γενομένης λέσχης ὃς γένοιτο.. ἄριστος Id.9.71
(in 4.131,6.37,7.37, τί θέλει ([etym.] θέλοι ) has been conjectured for τὸ of the Mss.); so in [dialect] Att.,ἐγῷδ' ὅς ἐστι, Κλεισθένης ὁ Σιβυρτίου Ar.Ach. 118
, cf. 442, Av. 804, Pl.59, 369, S.OT 1068, OC 1171 ;πέμπει πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον, εἰπὼν ὃς ἦν X.Cyr.6.1.46
, cf. D.52.7;δηλώσας ὃς ἦν Arist.Po. 1452a26
;γράψας παρ' οὗ κομιούμεθα PCair.Zen.150.11
(iii B. C.).b later ὅς = τίς even in direct questions, ἐφ' ὃ πάρει ; Ev.Matt.26.50 ; ἣν δοκεῖς; Arr.Epict.4.1.120 (both dub.).7 in exclamations,ὦ Ἡράκλεις, ἃ πέπονθα Men.Epit. 146
. 0-1A a. the Relat. Pron. joined with Particles or Conjs.:I ὅς γε, v. ὅσγε.II ὃς δή, v. δή 11.2 ; ὃν δήποτε τρόπον in some way or other, Arist.Metaph. 1090a6 ; ὁδήποτε, ἁδήποτε, anything or things whatever, Id.EN 1167a35, 1164a25 ; [full] ὁσδηποτοῦν, Euc.Phaen.p.10 M., Dsc.5.10, Jul.Or.1.18c, IG22.1121.30 (iv A. D.); [full] ὁσδηποτεοῦν, IGRom. 4.915 (Cibyra, i A. D.), IG22.1368.133 (ii A. D.); [full] ὁσδητισοῦν (in [dialect] Boeot. form ὁσδειτισῶν), ib.7.3081.5 (Lebad.) ; [full] ὁσποτοῦν, Dicaearch.2.4.III ὃς καί, v. καί B. 6; but καὶ ὅς and who (which), D.23.68.2 , called also Ph., Wilcken Chr.11 A52 (ii B. C.), etc.: for nom. sg. masc. v. καί B. 2.2 ὅς κε is also used so as to contain the antec. in itself, much like εἴ τις as νεμεσσῶμαί γε μὲν οὐδὲν κλαίειν, ὅς κε θάνῃσι I am not wroth that men should weep for whoever be dead, Od.4.196: ὅστις is also used in this way, cf.ὅστις 1
.V ὅσπερ, ὅστε, ὅστις, v. sub vocc. 0-2A b. abs. usages of certain Cases of the Relat. Pron.:I gen. sg. οὗ, of Place,1 like ὅπου, where, A.Pers. 486, S.OC 158 (lyr.), etc.; , v.l. in Pl.Phdr. 248b, etc.; , S. Aj. 1237, OC77, etc.; also of circumstances,οὗ γὰρ τοιούτων δεῖ, τοιοῦτός εἰμ' ἐγώ Id.Ph. 1049
;εἰ γένοιο οὗ νῦν εἰμί Pl.Smp. 194a
, etc.; in some places,E.
Or. 638 ;οὗ μέν.., οὗ δέ..
in some places.., in others..,Arist.
Oec. 1345b34 : c. gen., οὐκ εἶδεν οὗ γῆς εἰσέδυ in what part of the earth, E.IA[ 1583];ἐννοεῖς οὗ ἐστὶ.. τοῦ ἀναμιμνήσκεσθαι Pl.Men. 84a
;συνιδὼν οὗ κακῶν ἦν Luc.Tox.17
.2 in pregnant phrases, μικρὸν προϊόντες..,οὗ ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο (for ἐκεῖσε οὗ) X.An.2.1.6 ; soοὗπερ προσβεβοηθήκει Th.2.86
, cf. 1.134 ; ἀπιὼν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὗ κατέφυγε (for οἷ κατέφυγε καὶ οὗ ἦν) X.Cyr.5.4.14 (dub. l.);ἐπειδὰν ἱζήσωμεν οὗ ἄγεις Philostr.Her.Prooem.13
: in later Gr. οὗ was used simply for οἷ, οὗπερ ἂν ἔλθῃ Tim069, cf. Ev.Luc.10.1, etc.: but in early writers this is f. l., as in D.21.74, etc.II dat. fem. ᾗ, [dialect] Dor. ᾇ, of Place, where, or Manner, as, v. ᾗ.2 old abl. (?) ὧ, in [dialect] Dor. (cf. ϝοίκω), τηνῶθε καθεῖλον, ὧ ( whence)μ' ἐκέλευ καθελεῖν τυ Theoc.3.11
;ἐν τᾷ πόλι, ὧ κ' ᾖ, καρῡξαι ἐν τἀγορᾷ IG9(1).334.21
([dialect] Locr., v B. C.).IV acc. sg. neut. ὅ, very freq. = ὅτι, that, how that, , al.; and so also, because, ,al.2 in [dialect] Att. ὅ, for which reason, E.Hec.13, Ph. 155, 263, Ar.Ec. 338: also acc. neut. pl. ἅ in this sense, S.Tr. 137 (lyr.), Isoc.8.122.3 whereas, Th.2.40,3.12, Ep.Rom.6.10, Ep.Gal.2.20.VI ἐφ' ᾧ, v. ἐπί B. 111.3.------------------------------------ὅς [(B)], ἥ, ὅν (not ὅ, v. Il.1.609,21.305, Od.11.515), gen.Aοἷο Il.3.333
, Od.1.330, al.,οὗ 23.150
, al. ; Cret. [full] ϝός Leg.Gort.1.18,al., SIG 1183 ; so in [dialect] Aeol., Sapph.Supp.1.6, Lyr.Adesp.32, cf. A.D.Pron. 107.11 :—POSSESS. PRON.:I of the 3 pers., his, her, put either before or after its Noun, ᾧ πενθερῷ, ὃν θυμόν, etc., Il.6.170, 202, etc. ;ἧς ἀρχῆς IG12.761
; πόσιος οὗ, πατέρι ᾧ, Od.23.150,3.39, etc.: sts. also with Art.,τὰ ἃ κῆλα Il.12.280
;τὰ ἃ δώματα Od.14.153
, etc.; also in Lyr., Pi.O.5.8, P.6.36 (elsewh. Pi. prefers ἑός), B.5.47: sts. in Trag., (lyr.); (iamb.);ἐκγόνοισιν οἷς E.Med. 955
(iamb.): with Art.,λιτῶν τῶν ὧν A.Th. 641
;ὅπλων τῶν ὧν S.Aj. 442
;τῶν ὧν τέκνων Id.Tr. 266
, cf. 525 (lyr.);τοῖς οἷσιν αὐτοῦ Id.OT 1248
: so in Cret. Prose,τὰ ϝὰ αὐτᾶς Leg.Gort. 2.46
; in Thgn.1009, ὧν αὐτοῦ κτεάνων is to be restd. for τῶν.. from IG12.499 ; once in Hdt.,γυναῖκα ἥν 1.205
; never in [dialect] Att. Prose.II of the 2 pers., for σός, thy, thine, Hes.Op. 381, AP7.539 (Pers.), Mosch.4.77(dub. in Hom., v. infr.); andIII of the I pers., for ἐμός, my, mine, Od.9.28,13.320, A.R.4.1015, 1036.—Signfs. II and III were denied for Homer by Aristarch., see esp. A.D.Pron.109.20 ; in Od.9.28 and 34 he (or at least A. D. l.c.) rendered ἧς γαίης and πατρίδος 'a man's own fatherland', and athetized Od.13.320: in Il.14.221, 264,16.36,19.174, al., φρεσὶ σῇσιν has better Ms. authority than φρεσὶν ᾗσιν; and in Od.15.542, cf. 1.402, δώμασι σοῖσιν than δώμασιν οἷσιν; v. ἑός. (Cogn. with Skt. σϝάς 'his (my, thy) own', Slav. stem. svo- (used of all 3 persons, as in Skt.): I.-E. swo- was related to I.-E. sewo-, v. ἑός.) -
12 ὡς
ὡς:—Summary:A as ADVERB of Manner.Aa ὧς and ὥς (with accent), so, thus.Ab ὡς (without accent) of the Relat. Pron. ὅς, as.Acὡς Relat. and Interrog., how.Ad ὡς temporal, when.Ae ὡς Local, where,B ὡς, as CONJUNCTION.C, D various usages.A ADVERB of Manner:Aa [full] ὥς, Demonstr., = οὕτως, so, thus, freq. in Hom., Il.1.33, al.;ὢς εἶπ' Sapph.Supp.20
a.11 (Epic style); in [dialect] Ion. Prose, Hdt.3.13, al.; rare in [dialect] Att., and almost confined to certain phrases, v. infr. 2, 3; ὥς simply = οὕτως, A.Ag. 930, Th.3.37, Pl.Prt. 338a;ἀλλ' ὣς γενέσθω E.Hec. 888
, al.2 καὶ ὧς even so, nevertheless, Il.1.116, al.; οὐδ' ὧς not even so, 7.263, Od.1.6, al., Hdt.6.76;οὐδέ κεν ὧς Il.9.386
: the phrases καὶ ὧς, οὐδ' ὧς, μηδ' ὧς, are used in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 1042, Th.1.74, 7.74; also later, PCair.Zen.19.10 (iii B. C., unaccented), UPZ146.40 (ii B. C.), GDI 1832.11 (Delph., ii B. C.), IG22.850.17 (iii B. C.);κἂν ὧς, εἴπερ μέλει σοι, ἀπόστειλόν μοί τινα POxy.120.11
(iv A. D.); (Delph., ii B. C.); Thess.καὶ οὗς IG9(2).234.1
(iii B. C.); for this phrase the accentuation ὧς is prescribed by Hdn.Gr.2.932, al., cf. A.D.Synt.307.16, and is found in good Mss. of Homer; for the remaining uses under this head (Aa. 1, 3, 4 ) the accentuation ὥς is prescribed by the same grammarians.3 in Comparisons, ὥς.., ὡς .., so.. as.., etc.; and reversely ὡς.., ὣς .., as.. so, Il.1.512, 14.265, etc.; in [dialect] Att., Pl.R. 530d; also ὥς τε.. ὣς .., as.. thus.., h.Cer. 174-6, E.Ba. 1066-8;οἷα.. ὥς Id.El. 151
-5; ὥσπερ.., ὣς δὲ .. (in apodosi) Pl.Prt. 326d.Ab [full] ὡς, Relat., as, Hom., etc.; prop. relat. to a demonstr. Adv., which is freq. omitted, κινήθη δ' ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης, i. e. οὕτως, ὡς .., Il.2.144 (φὴ Zenod.
): it is relat. not only to the regular demonstr. Advs. ὥς (ὧς), τώς, ὧδε, οὕτως, αὕτως, but also to ταύτῃ, Pl.R. 365d, etc. We find a collat. [dialect] Dor. form ὥ (q. v.); cf. ὥτε. Usage:I in similes, freq. in Hom., Il.5.161, al.; longer similes are commonly introduced byὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ' ὅτε, ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε πύργος [ἤριπε] 4.462
:ἤριπε δ', ὡς ὅτε τις δρῦς ἤριπε 13.389
, cf. 2.394; so later, Emp.84.1, etc.;ὡς ὅτε θαητὸν μέγαρον, πάξομεν Pi.O.6.2
: ὡς ὅτε is rare in short similes, Od.11.368: ὡς is folld. by indic. [tense] pres., Il.9.4, 16.364: also by [tense] aor., 3.33 sq., 4.275, 16.823, al.; also by subj. [tense] pres. or [tense] aor., 5.161, 10.183, 485, 13.334 (sts. ὡς δ' ὅτ' ἄν, 11.269, 17.520); cf. ὥστε A:—the Verb is sts. omitted with ὡς, but may be supplied from the context, ἐνδούπησε πεσοῦσ', ὡς εἰναλίη κήξ (sc. πίπτει) Od.15.479, cf. 6.20;θεὸς δ' ὣς τίετο δήμῳ Il.5.78
;οἱ δὲ φέβοντο.., βόες ὣς ἀγελαῖαι Od.22.299
: where ὡς follows the noun to which it refers, it takes the accent; so in Com.,Ἀριστόδημος ὥς Cratin.151
, cf. Eub.75.6; v. infr. H.2 like as, just as,ὡς οὗτος κατὰ τέκν' ἔφαγε.., ὣς ἡμεῖς κτλ. Il.2.326
, v. supr. Aa. 3.3 sts. in the sense as much as or according as, ἑλὼν κρέας ὥς (i. e. ὅσον)οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον Od.17.344
; ὦκα δὲ μητρὶ ἔννεπον ὡς (i. e. ὅσα)εἶδόν τε καὶ ἔκλυον h.Cer. 172
;τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι.. ὡς ἑνός Od.4.105
;τόσον.. ὡς Il.4.130
; so in Trag., ; ; in Prose, ὡς δύναται as much as he can, Democr.278;τὸ ῥῆμα μέμνημαι ὡς εἶπε Aeschin.3.72
; ὡς μή = ὅσον μή, νέμεν ὅτι ἃν ( = ἂν)βόλητοι ὡς μὴ ἰν τοῖ περιχώροι IG5(2).3.9
(Tegea, iv B. C.); cf. Ab. 11.2 infr.4 sts. after [comp] Comp., compared with, hence than, μᾶλλον πρέπει οὕτως ὡς .. Pl.Ap. 36d;ἅ γε μείζω πόνον παρέχει.. οὐκ ἂν ῥᾳδίως οὐδὲ πολλὰ ἂν εὕροις ὡς τοῦτο Id.R. 526c
; οὐδενὸς μᾶλλον φροντίζειν ὡς .. Plb.3.12.5, cf. 7.4.5, 11.2.9, Plu.Cor.36: μᾶσσον ὡς is dub. in A.Pr. 629, and <ἢ> shd. perh. be inserted in Lys.7.12,31; cf. ὥσπερ IV.II with Adverbial clauses:1 parenthetically, in qualifying clauses, ὡς ἔοικε, etc., Pl. Smp. 176c, etc.: in these cases γε or γοῦν is freq. added, ὡς γοῦν ὁ λόγος σημαίνει as at any rate the argument shows, Id.R. 334a; in some phrases c. inf., v. infr. B. 11.3. An anacoluthon sts. occurs by the Verb of the principal clause being made dependent on the parenthetic Verb, ὡς δὲ Σκύθαι λέγουσι, νεώτατον ἁπάντων ἐθνέων εἶναι (for ἦν)τὸ σφέτερον Hdt.4.5
, cf. 1.65;ὡς ἐγὼ ἤκουσα, εἶναι αὐτόν Id.4.76
; ὡς γὰρ.. ἤκουσά τινος, ὅτι .. X.An.6.4.18 codd.; ἁνὴρ ὅδ' ὡς ἔοικεν οὐ νεμεῖν (for οὐ νεμεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε), S.Tr. 1238.2 in elliptical phrases, so far as.. (cf. supr. Ab.1.3) (lyr.); soὥς γε ἐμοὶ κριτῇ Ael.VH2.41
andὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801
;ὡς ἐμῇ δόξῃ X.Vect.5.2
; ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων (sc. εἰκάσαι) to judge by eyesight, S.OC15: esp. in such phrases asοὐκέτι πολλὸν χωρίον, ὡς εἶναι Αἰγύπτου Hdt.2.8
; οὐδὲ ἀδύνατος, ὡς Αακεδαιμόνιος for a Lacedaemonian, Th.4.84, cf. D.H.10.31; ; φρονεῖ.. ὡς γυνὴ μέγα for a woman, S.OT 1078; πιστός, ὡς νομεύς, ἀνήρ ib. 1118;μακρὰν ὡς γέροντι.. ὁδόν Id.OC20
, cf. 385, Ant.62, etc.;ὡπλισμένοι ὡς ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἱκανῶς X.An.4.3.31
; also withἄν, μεγάλα ἐκτήσατο χρήματα, ὡς ἂν εἶναι Ῥοδῶπιν Hdt.2.135
codd. (ἂν secl. Krüger, Ῥοδώπιος cj. Valck.):—for ὡς εἰπεῖν and the like , v. infr. B. 11.3.3 ὡς attached to the object of the Verb, as,ἑωυτὸν ὡς ἐχθρὸν λυπέει Democr.88
;ἔλαβεν ἀμφοτέρους ὡς φίλους ἤδη X.Cyr.3.2.25
;ἐν οἰκήματι ᾧ ὡς ταμιείῳ ἐχρῆτο Pl.Prt. 315d
.— For the similar usage of ὡς with Participles and Prepositions, v. infr. c.III with Adverbs:a with the Posit., truly,Pl.
Phdr. 234e (cf.ἀληθής 111.1b
: as if Adv. of τὸ ἀληθές) ; ὡς ἑτέρως in the other way, ib. 276c, D.18.212 (Adv. of ὁ ἕτερος; v. ἕτερος v. 2) (v. infr. D.1.1); ὡς ἠπίως, ὡς ἐτητύμως, S.El. 1438 (lyr.), 1452; (Istropolis, ii B. C.), LXX 4 Ma.5.21, 1 Enoch5.3, IG7.2725.16 (Acraeph., ii A. D.);ὡς ἐναλλάξ Vett.Val. 215.9
, 340.2;ὡς παντελῶς Id.184.26
;ὡς ἄλλως Is.7.27
, D.6.32;ὡς ἐνδεχομένως PPetr.2p.53
(iii B. C.); in ὣς αὔτως (v. ὡσαύτως ) we have the Adv. of ὁ αὐτός, but the ὥς retains its demonstr. force, as does ὁ in Homer; ὡς ἀληθῶς, ὡς ὁμοίως, and ὡς παντελῶς may be modelled on ὣς αὔτως, with which they are nearly synonymous; so also ὡς ἑτέρως and ὡς ἐναλλάξ, which are contrasted with it.b with Advbs. expressing anything extraordinary, θαυμαστῶς or θαυμασίως ὡς, ὑπερφυῶς ὡς, v. sub vocc.; ὡς is sts. separated by several words from its Adv., as ;ὑπερφυῶς δὴ τὸ χρῆμα ὡς δύσγνωστον φαίνεται Id.Alc.2.147c
, cf. Phd. 99d.c with the [comp] Sup., as much as can be,ὡς μάλιστα Th.1.141
, etc.: ὡς ῥᾷστα as easily as possible, A.Pr. 104;ὡς πλεῖστα Democr. 189
; ὠς τάχιστα as quickly as possible, Alc.Supp.4.15, etc.; more fully expressed,ὡς δυνατὸν ἄριστα Isoc.12.153
;ὡς ἐδύναντο ἀδηλότατα Th.7.50
;μαχομένους ὡς ἂν δυνώμεθα κράτιστα X.An.3.2.6
;ὡς οἷόν τε βελτιστον Pl.R. 403d
; ὡς ἀνυστὸν κάλλιστα Diog.Apollon.3: ὡς and ὅτι are sts. found together, where one is superfluous,ὡς ὅτι μάλιστα Pl.Lg. 908a
;βοῦν ὡς ὅτι κάλλιστον IG22.1028.17
(ii/i B. C.); v. infr. G.e in the phrases ὡς τὸ πολύ, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, Pl.R. 330c, 377b; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλεῖον for the more part, commonly,ὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον Th.2.34
; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος, ὡς πλήθει, Pl.R. 364a, 389d;ὡς τὸ ἐπίπαν Hdt.7.50
, etc.;ὡς τὰ πολλά Ael.NA12.17
.2 with Adjs.,a Posit.,ὑπερφυεῖ τινι.. ὡς μεγάλῃ βλάβῃ Pl.Grg. 477d
.b with [comp] Sup.,ὡς ἄριστοι τὰς φύσεις Id.Ti. 18d
;ὅπως ὡς βέλτισται ἔσονται Id.Grg. 503a
;ὡς ὅτι βέλτιστον Id.Smp. 218d
.c separated from the Adj. by a Prep.,ὡς ἐς ἐλάχιστον Th.1.63
, cf. D.18.246;ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτοις Antipho 1.18
;ὡς ἐν ἐχυρωτάτῳ ποιεῖσθαι X.Cyr. 1.6.26
, etc.Ac Relat. and Interrog., how,μερμήριζε.. ὡς Ἀχιλῆα τιμήσειε Il. 2.3
, cf. Pl.R. 365a;ἐβουλεύοντο ὡς.. στήσονται Hdt.3.84
, etc.;οἷα δεῖ λέγειν καὶ ὥς Arist.EN 1128a1
; ὡς πέπραται how, i. e. at what price the goods have been sold, PCair.Zen. 149 (iii B. C.); so οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς .. (for the more usu. ὅπως ) nowise can it be that.., S.Ant. 750; οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς οὐ .., Id.Ph. 196 (anap., Porson for οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως ου) ; οἶσθ' ὡς πόησον; by a mixture of constructions for ὡς χρὴ ποιῆσαι or ὡς ποιήσεις, Id.OT 543, cf. Hermipp.43, Men.916; οἶσθ' ὡς μετεύξει is f.l. in E.Med. 600 ( μέτευξαι Elmsley); similarly,οἶσθα.. ὡς νῦν μὴ σφαλῇς S.OC75
.2 ὡς ἂν ποήσῃς however ( in whatever way) thou mayest act, Id.Aj. 1369, cf. Pl.Smp. 181a;αὐτῷ ὥς κεν ἅδῃ, τὼς ἔσσεται A.R.3.350
.Ad Temporal, when, with past tenses of the indic.,ἐνῶρτο γέλως.., ὡς ἴδον Il.1.600
: with opt., to express a repeated action, whenever,ὡς.. ἐς τὴν Μιλησίην ἀπίκοιτο Hdt.1.17
: rarely c. subj., to denote what happens under certain conditions,τῶν δὲ ὡς ἕκαστός οἱ μειχθῇ, διδοῖ δῶρον Id.4.172
, cf. 1.132; later, ὡς ἄν c. subj., when, PCair.Zen.251 (iii B. C.), 1 Ep.Cor.11.34, etc.;ὥς κα Berl.Sitzb.1927.170
([place name] Cyrene); ὡς ἂν τάχιστα λάβῃς τὴν ἐπιστολήν as soon as.. PCair.Zen.241.1 (iii B. C.), cf. LXX 1 Ki.9.13, Jo.3.8: in orat. obliq. c. inf., Hdt.1.86, 96, al.: expressed more forcibly by ὡς.. τάχιστα, some word or words being interposed, ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε τάχιστα as soon as ever.., Id.1.65;ὡς δὲ ἀφίκετο τάχιστα X.Cyr.1.3.2
: less freq. ὡς τάχιστα stand together, Aeschin.2.22: but this usage must be distd. from signf. Ab.111.1c: folld. by demonstr.,ὡς εἶδ', ὣς ἀνεπᾶλτο Il.20.424
;ὡς ἴδεν, ὥς μιν ἔρως πυκινὰς φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν 14.294
; alsoὡς.., ἔπειτα 3.396
;Κρονίδης ὥς μιν φράσαθ' ὣς ἐόλητο θυμὸν ἀνωΐστοισιν ὑποδμηθεὶς βελέεσσι Κύπριδος Mosch.2.74
; the second ὣς is repeated,ἁ δ' Ἀταλάντα ὡς ἴδεν, ὣς ἐμάνη, ὣς ἐς βαθὺν ἅλατ' ἔρωτα Theoc.3.41
(ὣς = εὐθέως, Sch.vet.), cf. 2.82; in Bion 1.40 the clauses with ὡς all belong to the protasis.2 ὡς appears to be f.l. for ἕως inὡς ἂν αὑτὸς ἥλιος.. αἴρῃ S.Ph. 1330
,ὡς ἂν ᾖς οἷόσπερ εἶ Id.Aj. 1117
; cf.ὥσπερ 111.1
: but in later Gr. = ἕως, while,ὡς τὸ φῶς ἔχετε Ev.Jo.12.35
, 36;ὡς καιρὸν ἔχομεν Ep.Gal.6.10
, cf. Epigr.Gr.646a5 (p.529); also until,τίθεται ἐπὶ ἀνθράκων ὡς ἀναξηρανθῇ PLeid.X.89
B.; ἔα ἀφρίζειν τὴν πίσσαν ὡς οὗ ἐκλείπῃ ib.37B.; cf. EM824.43 (conversely ἕως for ὡς final, v. ἕως (B) A. 1.4).Ae Local, where, in dialects, Theoc.1.13, 5.101, 103, IG9(2).205.4 (Melitea, iii B. C.), SIG685.63, al. (Cretan, ii B. C.), IG12(1).736.5 ([place name] Camirus), GDI5597.8 (Ephesus, iii B. C.).B [full] ὡς as CONJUNCTION:I with Substantive clauses, to express a fact, = ὅτι, that.II with Final clauses, to express an end or purpose, = ἵνα, ὅπως, so that, in order that.IV Causal, since, because.I with Substantive Clauses, with verbs of learning, saying, etc., that, expressing a fact,γνωτὸν.., ὡς ἤδη Τρώεσσιν ὀλέθρου πείρατ' ἐφῆπται Il.7.402
, cf. Od.3.194, etc.: in commands,προεῖπεν ὡς μηδεὶς κινήσοιτο X.HG2.1.22
: with Verbs of fear or anxiety, c. [tense] fut. indic.,μηκέτ' ἐκφοβοῦ, μητρῷον ὥς σε λῆμ' ἀτιμάσει ποτέ S.El. 1427
, cf. X.Cyr.6.2.30; μὴ φοβοῦ ὡς ἀπορήσεις ib.5.2.12, cf. D.10.36; a sentence beginning with ὡς is sts., when interrupted, resumed by ὅτι, and vice versa, X.Cyr.5.3.30, Pl.R. 470d, Hp.Ma. 281c; so ὡς with a finite Verb passes into the acc. and inf., Hdt.1.70, 8.118: both constructions mixed in the same clause, ἐλογίζετο ὡς.. ἧττον ἂν αὐτοὺς ἐθέλειν .. X.Cyr.8.1.25, cf. HG3.4.27: after primary tenses (incl. historic [tense] pres.) ὡς is folld. by indic., after historic tenses by opt. (sts. by indic., both constructions inὑπίσχοντο.. ἀμυνέειν, φράζοντες ὡς οὔ σφι περιοπτέη ἐστὶ ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἀπολλυμένη.. ἀλλὰ τιμωρητέον εἴη Hdt.7.168
): sts. c. opt. after a primary tense,κατάπτονται.. λέγοντες ὡς Ἀρίστων.. οὐ φήσειε Id.6.69
, cf. 1.70, Th.1.38, Pl.Chrm. 156b.2 with Verbs of feeling,χαίρει δέ μοι ἦτορ, ὥς μευ ἀεὶ μέμνησαι Il.23.648
;ἄχος ἔλλαβ' Ἀχαιοὺς ὡς ἔπεσ' 16.600
.II with Final Clauses, that, in order that; in this sense ὡς and ὡς ἄν, [dialect] Ep. ὥς κεν, are used with the subj. after primary tenses of the indic., and with the opt. after the past tenses,βουλὴν ὑποθησόμεθ'.., ὡς μὴ πάντες ὄλωνται Il.8.37
;τύμβον χεύαμεν.., ὥς κεν τηλεφανὴς.. εἴη Od. 24.83
;ἡμεῖς δ' ἴωμεν ὡς, ὁπηνίκ' ἂν θεὸς πλοῦν ἡμὶν εἴκῃ, τηνικαυθ' ὁρμώμεθα S.Ph. 464
;[νέας] διηκοσίας περιέπεμπον.. ὡς ἂν μὴ ὀφθείησαν Hdt.8.7
. b. rarely c. [tense] fut. indic., ὡς μὴ ὦν αὐτοὶ τε ἀπολέεσθε (cj. Cobet for ἀπόλεσθε)κἀμὲ τρώσετε, ἐς ἄλλον τινὰ δῆμον ἀποίχεσθε Hecat. 30J.
2 ὡς is also used with past tenses of the indic. to express a purpose which has not been or cannot be fulfilled, τί μ' οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς ἔδειξα μήποτε .. ; so that I never should.., S.OT 1392;ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ' εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν X.An. 7.6.23
; cf.ἵνα B. 1.3
,ὅπως B. 1.3
.3 ὡς c. inf., to limit an assertion,ὡς μὲν ἐμοὶ δοκέειν Hdt.6.95
, cf. 2.124; ὡς εἰπεῖν λόγῳ ib.53; or ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν, cf.ἔπος 11.4
; ὡς συντόμως, or ὡς συνελόντι εἰπεῖν to speak shortly, to be brief, X.Oec.12.19, Mem.3.8.10; ὡς εἰκάσαι to make a guess, i.e. probably, Hdt.1.34, etc.;ὡς μικρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι Th.4.36
(so withoutὡς, οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν Hdt. 1.61
), v. supr. Ab. 11.1, 2.III to express Consequence, like ὥστε, so that, freq. in Hdt., εὖρος ὡς δύο τριήρεας πλέειν ὁμοῦ in breadth such that two triremes could sail abreast, Hdt.7.24;ὑψηλὸν οὕτω.., ὡς τὰς κορυφὰς αὐτοῦ οὐκ οἷά τε εἶναι ἰδέσθαι 4.184
; so in Trag. and Prose, A.Pers. 437, al., S.OT84, X.An.3.5.7, etc.;ἀπέχοντας ἀπ' ἀλλάλων ὡς ἦμεν Ϝικατίπεδον ἄντομον Tab.Heracl.1.75
;οὕτως.. ὡς ὁμολογεῖν Jul.Or.5.164d
;ὡς καὶ τοὺς τεχνίτας λανθάνειν PHolm. 9.13
; also, like ὥστε, with Indic.,οὕτω κλεινὴ ἐγένετο, ὡς.. ἐξέμαθον Hdt.2.135
, cf. S.Tr. 590, X.HG4.1.33.2 ἢ ὡς after a [comp] Comp.,μάσσον' ἢ ὡς ἰδέμεν Pi.O.13.113
;μαλακώτεροι.. ἢ ὡς κάλλιον αὐτοῖς Pl.R. 410d
; cf.ὥστε B. 1.2
: with words implying comparison, ὀλίγοι ἐσμὲν ὡς ἐγκρατεῖς εἶναι αὐτῶν too few to.., X.Cyr.4.5.15, γραῦς εἶ, ὦ Ἐλπινίκη, ὡς τηλικαῦτα διαπράττεσθαι πράγματα too old to.. Stesimbr. 5J.3 ὡς is sts. omitted where the antecedent demonstrative is expressed, οὕτω ἰσχυραί, μόγις ἂν διαρρήξειας so strong, you could hardly break them, Hdt.3.12;ῥώμη σώματος τοιήδε, ἀεθλοφόροι τε ἀμφότεροι ἦσαν Id.1.31
.IV Causal, inasmuch as, since,τί ποτε λέγεις, ὦ τέκνον; ὡς οὐ μανθάνω S.Ph. 914
, cf. E.Ph. 843, 1077, Ar.Ra. 278: c. opt.,μὴ καὶ λάθῃ με προσπεσών· ὡς μᾶλλον ἂν ἕλοιτο μ' ἢ τοὺς πάντας Ἀργείους λαβεῖν S.Ph.46
.C [full] ὡς beforeI Participles;II Prepositions; andIII ὡς itself as a Preposition.I with Participles in the case of the Subject, to mark the reason or motive of the action, as if, as,ὡς οὐκ ἀΐοντι ἐοικώς Il.23.430
(v. infr. G); ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι (i. e. ἡγούμενοι μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερῆσθαι), Pl.R. 329a: most freq. c. part. [tense] fut.,διαβαίνει.., ὡς ἀμήσων τὸν σῖτον Hdt.6.28
, cf. 91; , etc.;δηλοῖς ὥς τι σημανῶν νέον S.Ant. 242
;ὡς τεθνήξων ἴσθι νυνί Ar.Ach. 325
(troch.): in questions,παρὰ Πρωταγόραν νῦν ἐπιχειρεῖς ἰέναι, ὡς παρὰ τίνα ἀφιξόμενος; Pl.Prt. 311b
;ὡς τί δὴ θέλων; E.IT 557
; with vbs. of knowing,ἐπιστάσθω Κροῖσος ὡς ὕστερον.. ἁλοὺς τῆς πεπρωμένης Hdt.1.91
; ὡς μὴ 'μπολήσων ἴσθι .. S.Ant. 1063.2 with Participles in oblique cases, λέγουσιν ἡμᾶς ὡς ὀλωλότας they speak of us as dead, A.Ag. 672; ; ; , cf. Hdt.5.85, 9.54;νῦν δέ σου τὰ ἔργα φανερὰ γεγένηται οὐχ ὡς ἀνιωμένου ἀλλ' ὡς ἡδομένου τοῖς γιγνομένοις Lys.12.32
; (lyr.); ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ ἐποιοῦντο, ὡς, ὅταν ἐξέλθωσιν, ἢ οὐχ ὑπομενοῦντας σφᾶς ἢ ῥᾳδίως ληψόμενοι βίᾳ made light of the matter, in the belief that.., Th.4.5.—Both constructions in one sentence,τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαίρειν ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄντας καὶ πλέον θάτερον ἡγησάμενος ἀπεργάζεσθαι Pl.Phd. 114e
, cf. X.Cyr.1.5.9.3 with Parts. put abs. in gen.,νῦν δέ, ὡς οὕτω ἐχόντων, στρατιὴν ἐκπέμπετε Hdt.8.144
; ἐρώταὅτι βούλει, ὡς τἀληθῆ ἐροῦντος X.Cyr.3.1.9
; , cf. 904, A.Pr. 760, E.Med. 1311, Th.7.15, X.An.1.3.6: so also in acc.,μισθὸν αἰτοῦσιν, ὡς οὐχὶ αὐτοῖσιν ὠφελίαν ἐσομένην ἐκ τοῦ ἄρχειν Pl.R. 345e
, cf. E.Ph. 1461: with both cases in one sentence,ὡς καὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων προσδοκίμων ὄντων ἄλλῃ στρατιᾷ καὶ.. διαπεπολεμησόμενον Th.7.25
, cf. Pl.R. 604b.II ὡς before Preps., ἀνήγοντο ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίαν (v.l. -ίᾳ) Th.1.48, cf. X. HG2.1.22;φρύγανα συλλέγοντες ὡς ἐπὶ πῦρ Id.An.4.3.11
; κατέλαβε τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ὡς ἐπὶ τυραννίδι, expressing the purpose, Th.1.126;ἀπέπλεον.. ὡς ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας Id.6.61
;πλεῖς ὡς πρὸς οἶκον S.Ph.58
;τὸ βούλευμ' ὡς ἐπ' Ἀργείοις τόδ' ἦν Id.Aj.44
: in these passages ὡς marks an intention; not so in the following:ἀπαγγέλλετε τῇ μητρὶ [χαίρειν] ὡς παρ' ἐμοῦ X.Cyr.8.7.28
; alsoὡς ἀπὸ τῆς πομπῆς Pl.R. 327c
;ὡς ἐκ κακῶν ἐχάρη Hdt.8.101
.b later, in geographical expressions, of direction,προϊών, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸν Πηνειόν Str.9.5.8
, cf. 13.1.22;ὡς πρὸς ἕω βλέπων Id.8.6.1
, cf. 7.6.2; ὡς εἰς Φηραίαν (leg. Ἡραίαν)ἰόντων Id.8.3.32
.III ὡς as a Prep., prop. in cases where the object is a person, not a place: once in Hom., (v.l. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον, cf.αἶνος Ὁμηρικός, αἰὲν ὁμοῖον ὡς θεός.. ἐς τὸν ὁμοῖον ἄγει Call.Aet.1.1.10
; ἔρχεται.. ἕκαστον τὸ ὅμοιον ὡς τὸ ὅ., τὸ πυκνὸν ὡς τὸ πυκνόν κτλ. (with v.l. ἐς) Hp.Nat.Puer.17), but possibly ὡς.. ὥς as.. so, in Od. l.c.; also in Hdt.,ἐσελθεῖν ὡς τὴν θυγατέρα 2.121
.έ: freq. in [dialect] Att.,ὡς Ἆγιν ἐπρεσβεύσαντο Th.8.5
, etc.; ;ἀπέπλευσαν ἐς Φώκαιαν.. ὡς Ἀστύοχον Id.8.31
; ναῦς ἐς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὡς Φαρνάβαζον ἀποπέμπειν ib.39;ὡς ἐκεῖνον πλέομεν ὥσπερ πρὸς δεσπότην Isoc. 4.121
; the examples of ὡς with names of places are corrupt, e.g.ὡς τὴν Μίλητον Th.8.36
(ἐς cod. Vat.); ὡς Ἄβυδον one Ms. in Id.8.103;ὡς τὸ πρόσθεν Ar.Ach. 242
: in S.OT 1481 ὡς τὰς ἀδελφὰς.. τὰς ἐμὰς χέρας is equiv. to ὡς ἐμὲ τὸν ἀδελφόν; in Id.Tr. 366 δόμους ὡς τούσδε house = household.D [full] ὡς in independent sentences:I as an exclamation, how, mostly with Advbs. and Adjs., ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες how silly a heart hadst thou! Il.21.441; ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα λιπέσθαι how good is it.., Od.3.196, cf. 24.194;φρονεῖν ὡς δεινόν S.OT 316
; ὡς ἀστεῖος ὁ ἄνθρωπος how charming he is! Pl.Phd. 116d;ὡς ἐμεγαλύνθη τὰ ἔργα σου, Κύριε LXX Ps.91(92).6
, 103(104).24; in indirect clauses, ἐθαύμασα τοῦτο, ὡς ἡδέως.. ἀπεδέξατο marvelled at seeing how.., Pl. Phd. 89a.2 with Verbs, ὥς μοι δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ αἰεί how constantly.., Il.19.290, cf. 21.273; ὡς οὐκ ἔστι χάρις μετόπισθ' εὐεργέων how little thanks remain! Od.22.319; ὡς ὄχλος νιν.. ἀμφέπει see how.., E.Ph. 148; ὡς ὑπερδέδοικά σου how greatly.., S.Ant.82; so perh.ὡς οἰμώξεται Ar.Ra. 279
; (troch.).II to mark a wish, oh that! c. opt. alone,ὡς ἔρις.. ἀπόλοιτο Il.18.107
;ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος Od.1.47
, cf. S.El. 126 (lyr.); also ὡς ἄν or κε with opt., ;ὥς κέ οἱ αὖθι γαῖα χάνοι 6.281
.2 joined with other words of wishing,ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθ' ὀλέσθαι 3.428
;ὡς δὴ μὴ ὄφελον νικᾶν Od.11.548
.E [full] ὡς with numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a round number, as it were, about, nearly,σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς εἴκοσι X.An.3.3.5
; also ὡς πέντε μάλιστά κῃ about five (v.μάλα 111.5
), Hdt.7.30:—also with words compounded with numerals,δέπας.. ὡς τριλάγυνον Stesich.7
; παῖς ὡς ἑπτέτης of some seven years, Pl. Grg. 471c;δρέπανα ὡς διπήχη X.Cyr.6.1.30
, cf. An.5.4.12; cf. .F [full] ὡς in some elliptical (or apparently elliptical) phrases:1 ὡς τί δὴ τόδε (sc. γένηται); to what end? E.Or. 796 (troch.); cf.ἵνα B.11.3c
.2 know that (sc. ἴσθι), ὡς ἔστιν ἀνδρὸς τοῦδε τἄργα ταῦτά σοι S.Aj.39
; ; , cf. Med. 609, Ph. 720; ὡς τάχ' οὐκέθ' αἱματηρὸν.. ἀργήσει ξίφος ib. 625 (troch.); so in Com.,ὡς ἔστ' ἐν ἡμῖν τῆς πόλεως τὰ πράγματα Ar.Lys.32
, cf. 499 (anap.), Ach. 333 (troch.), Nu. 209; also .3 ὡς ἕκαστος, ἕκαστοι, each severally (whether in respect of time, place, or other difference),ξυνελέγοντο.. Κορίνθιοι δισχίιοι ὁπλῖται, οἱ δ' ἄλλοι ὡς ἕκαστοι, Φλειάσιοι δὲ πανστρατιᾷ Th.5.57
, cf. 1.107, 113; πρώτη τε αὕτη πόλις ξυμμαχὶς παρὰ τὸ καθεστηκὸς ἐδουλώθη, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὡς ἑκάστη [ξυνέβη] (ξ. secl. Krüger: ἀπὸ κοινοῦ ἐδουλώθη Sch.l.c.) Id.1.98; ἄλλοι τε παριόντες ἐγκλήματα ἐποιοῦντο ὡς ἕκαστοι ib.67, cf. 7.65; χρησμολόγοι τε ᾖδον χρησμοὺς παντοίους, ὧν ἀκροᾶσθαι ὡς ἕκαστος ὥρμητο, i. e. different persons ran to listen to different prophecies, Id.2.21; τὰς ἄλλας ὡς ἑκάστην ποι ἐκπεπτωκυῖαν ἀναδησάμενοι ἐκόμιζον ἐς τὴν πόλιν they made fast to the rest wherever each (ship) had been run ashore, Id.7.74; οἱ δ' οὖν ὡς ἕκαστοι Ἕλληνες κατὰ πόλεις τε ὅσοι ἀλλήλων ξυνίεσαν καὶ ξύμπαντες ὕστερον κληθέντες οὐδὲν πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν.. ἁθρόοι ἔπραξαν the various peoples that were later called by the common name of Greeks, Id.1.3;ὡς ἑκάστῳ ἔργον προστάσσων Hdt.1.114
; ὡς ἑκάστην ( one by one) αἱρέοντες (sc. τὰς νήσους) , cf. 79;ὡς ἑκασταχόσε D.C.41.9
, al.; rarely with a Verb,ὡς ἕκαστος ἀπικνέοιτο Hdt.1.29
, cf. Th.6.2: later ὡς followsἕκαστος, ἑκάστῳ ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως Ep.Rom.12.3
:—for the etymology v. infr. H; alsoὡς ἑκάτεροι Th.3.74
(v. infr. H).G [full] ὡς pleonast. inὡς ὅτι D.H. 9.14
, 2 Ep.Cor.11.21, Sch.A Il.1.264, 129, 396, 3.280, AP9.530, dub.l. in Str.15.1.57.H Etymology: this word is in origin five distinct words: (1) ὡς 'as' is the Adv. fr. the Relat. ὅς (I.-E. stem yo-); with ὡς βέλτιστος cf. Skt. yācchrē[snull ][tnull ]á[hudot ] 'the best possible': (2) ὧς ' thus' is the Adv. of a Demonstr. stem so- found in Skt. sa, Gr. ὁ, Lat. sō-c (Gloss. = ita, cf. Umbr. esoc); (3) ὡς postpositive (ὄρνιθες ὥς, etc.) constantly makes a preceding short closed syll. long in Hom., and must therefore have been ϝως; it may perh. be related to Skt. vā, a form of va, iva ( = (1) or (2) like), Lat. ve, Gr. ἦ[ϝ] ε; (4) ὡς prep. 'to' is of doubtful origin (perh. fr. Ως, cogn. with Lat. ōs 'face', Skt. ās: Ως τινα ἐλθεῖν like τί δέ δε φρένας ἵκετο πένθος;); (5) ὡς F.3 is prob. ϝως, Adv. of ϝός the reflexive Adj., and means lit. in his (their) own way (or place); it is idiomatically placed before ἕκαστος ([etym.] ἑκάτερος), cf.ϝὸν ϝεκάτερος Leg.Gort.1.18
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13 ἀγαυός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `admirable, noble' (Il.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Acc. to Schwyzer IF 30, 430ff., Aeolic = ἀγα-Ϝός; perhaps to ἄγαμαι. Ruijgh Lingua 25, 1970, proposes expressive gemination of the F. But a (IE or Greek) suffix -u̯o- is doubtful (Chantr. Form. 124: "le suffixe était mort en grec"); so perhaps the word is Pre-Greek. Differently Curtius 172, Solmsen KZ 29, 111, Burger REIE 1, 447ff.Page in Frisk: 1,7Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀγαυός
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14 γιγνώσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `come to know, perceive' (Il.).Other forms: Ion. etc. γῑνώσκω (cf. γί̄νομαι beside γίγνομαι), Epidaur. γνώσκω, aor. γνῶναι, perf. ἔγνωκα, fut. γνώσομαι, with analog. - σ- γνωσθῆναι, ἔγνωσμαι, later σ-aor. γνώσασθαι (Man.)Compounds: Many compounds on which see the dictionaries.Derivatives: γνῶσις `inquiry, knowledge' (Ion.-Att.), often in comp., e.g. ἀνά-γνωσις `recognizing' to ἀνα-γιγνώσκω `recognize'; γνώμη `thought, judgement' (Thgn.); rare γνῶμα `token, opinion' (Hdt.); usual γνώμων m. (f.) `interpreter, expert etc.' (Ion.-Att.; from there Lat.-Etr. grōma, Lat. norma); - γνωτός `known' (Il.), often with - σ- γνωστός (A.; ἄγνωστος Od.) as in γνωστήρ `surety, witness' (X.), γνώστης `id.' (LXX), etc. - Separate with ρ-suffix γνώριμος `well-known, familiar' (Od.), γνωρίζω `make known, become acquainted with' (Ion.-Att.), γνώρισις, γνώρισμα, γνωρισμός, γνωριστής etc. - With unexplained vocalism ἀγνοέω `not perceive, recognize' (Il.; ἠγνοίησα with `false' - οι-; s. Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 99) with ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοιᾰ (Att.), after νοέω and compounds?, ἀνοίᾱ, ἄνοιᾰ etc.; not from *ἄγνο-Ϝος beside ἀγνώς, ἀγνῶτος `unknown' (Od.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [376] *ǵenh₃- `recognize, get to know'Etymology: γιγνώσκω resembles Lat. ( g)nōscō, OP xšnāsa- in xšnāsāhiy `you shall recognize' (subj.) etc., also Alb. ńoh, but these have full grade *ǵneh₃- whereas Greek probably has zero *ǵn̥h₃-sk-; so γνωτός resembles Lat. nōtus, Skt. jñātá- (and OIr. gnāth `known', Toch. B a-knātse `unknowing'), but the Greek form is rather *ǵn̥h₃tos. Cf. further OCS znajǫ, znati `recognize'. On ἀγνοέω s. above; on γέγωνα s. v. Old ablaut e.g. in Goth. kann, pl. kunnum, ptc. kunÞs `known' (*ǵnh₃-to); (unclear OE. cnāwan `know'); Lith. žénklas `token' (with acute from *ǵenh₃-), pa-žìntas `known', Arm. aor. can-eay `I recognized' (zero grade). - With γνώριμος cf. Lat. gnārus \< *ǵnh₃-ro. - γνῶσις = Lat. nōti-ō = Skt. -jñāti- can be independent formations.Page in Frisk: 1,308-309Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γιγνώσκω
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15 θοῦρος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `rushing, impetuous, furious' (Il.),Derivatives: θοῦρις, - ιδος f. (Hom., H.), θουράς (Nic., Lyc.; cf. Chantraine Formation 354f.); formal lengthening θούριος `id.' (trag.; Chantraine 37); also θουραῖος, θουρήεις a. o. (H.); denomin. ptc. pl. f. θουρῶσαι ( θουράω) with acc. `rushing towards' (Lyc. 85).Etymology: From *θόρ-Ϝος, either directly from the aorist θορεῖν or as transformation of an u-stems *θόρ-υ-ς (cf. μανός \< *μαν-Ϝ-ός, στενός \< *στεν-Ϝ-ός a. o.); s. Bechtel Lex. s. v. - Not to ἀθύρω (s. v.) (Persson Stud. 59); or to θύω (Ehrlich KZ 39, 571).Page in Frisk: 1,678Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θοῦρος
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16 ἴσος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `equal' in number, strength, size, status etc. (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e. g. ἰσό-θεος `god-like' (Il.), hypostasis of ἴσος θεῳ̃ or bahuvrihi `having gods as equals' (Risch 170; cf. Sommer IF 55, 195 n. 2), ἰσό-πεδον `plain' (Il.), ἰσό-πεδος `with the same level, as high' (Hdt., Hp.; cf. Risch IF 59, 15), ἰσ-ηγορίη, - ία `equal richt to speak, equal civil rights' (IA; compound of ἴσον ἀγορᾶσθαι); on ἰσοφαρίζω s. v.; as 2. member e. g. in ἄ(ν)-ισος `unequal, unfair' (IA).Derivatives: ἰσότης `equality' (Pl., Arist.), ἰσάκις `as often' (Pl.), ἰσαχῶς `in as many ways' (Arist.); denomin. verbs: ἰσάζω `make, be equal' (Il.) with ἰσασμός (Epicur.) and ἰσαστικός (Eust.); ἰσόομαι, - όω `become, make equal' (since η 212); ἰσαίομαι `be (made) equal' (Nic., Arat.); on the denomin. Schwyzer 727 a. 734.Etymology: As to the formation ϜίσϜος, from which ep. ἶσος (cf. on the digamma Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 144; the apparent vowel-prothesis ἐ-(Ϝ)ίση is artificial, Beekes Development 65f), Att. ἴσος, agrees with *μόνϜος (\> μοῦνος, μόνος), *ὅλϜος (\> οὖλος, ὅλος) a. o.; further analysis is uncertain. As IE -su̯- was not retained in Greek, the comparison with Skt.viṣu- `to several sides' (Curtius 378) must be given up. Phonetically a basic *Ϝιτσ-Ϝος (cf. Schwyzer 308) would do but the morphological connection to a zero grade *Ϝιδσ- from εἶδος `shape' (Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 1, 205) is hypothetical. - Diff. Meillet BSL 26, 12f. (to δύω; against this Kretschmer Glotta 16, 195), Jacobsohn Hermes 44, 88ff. (to u̯ei-s- `bow, bend'; against this Brugmann IF 28, 365ff.).Page in Frisk: 1,737-738Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴσος
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17 καλός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `beautiful, noble, good' (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.Other forms: Primary comp. καλλίων (Alc. ntr. κάλιον [s. below], El. καλιτερος [graphic?], rarely καλώτερος, καλλιώτερος), κάλλιστος; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) καλλά; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. κᾱλός, Boeot. καλϜοςCompounds: As 1. member rare (for καλλι-, εὑ-), e. g. καλό-φυλλος `with beautiful leaves' (Thphr.; after μακρό-, λειό-φυλλος etc.); as 2. member e. g. ἀπειρό-καλος `not knowing what is beautiful' (Pl.; from τὸ καλόν). Note esp. καλοκἀγαθία (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of καλὸς κ(αὶ) ἀγαθός (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)Derivatives: καλότης `beauty' (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. κάλλος n. `beauty' (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in περι-καλλής `very beautiful' (Il., bahuvrihi); from there κάλλιμος `beautiful' (Od., h. Hom.; after κύδιμος, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 10ff.), καλλύνω `give beauty, make beautiful, sweep' (S., Pl., Arist.) with καλλυντής `sweeper' (pap. IIa), κάλλυντρον `broom', also name of a shrub (Arist.), κάλλυνθρον `duster' (LXX, pap.), καλλυντήρια n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), καλλύσματα pl. `dust' (Keos). Fom κάλλος further καλλονή `id.' (cf. ἡδονή), καλλοσύνη `id.' (E.). - 2. compar. καλλίων, κάλλιστος (Il.); from there καλλιόομαι `be made more beautiful' (LXX), καλλιστεύω, - ομαι `be the most beautiful' (Ion.) with καλλιστεῖον, καλλίστευμα `sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour' (S., E., inscr.). - 3. καλλι- as 1. member (Il.); e. g. καλλι-γύναικ-α, - ος, -ι `with beutiful women' (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like Καλλίας etc.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Att. κᾰλός and Ion. κᾱλός, both from καλϜός (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun κάλλος, the compar. forms καλλίων, κάλλιστος and the 1. member καλλι- through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for κάλλος (and καλλίων, κάλλιστος, cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical καλλι- ?) proposed basis *κάλ-νος or *κάλ-ι̯ος (hardly to Skt. kalya-, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as κάλλος seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For καλλι- too there is no good explanation. Beside καλ-Ϝός with old u̯o-suffix one would expect as 1. member καλι- (retained in κάλιον [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. kaly-ā́ṇa- `beautiful' (prop. `with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος'?; cf. on ὠλένη); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. kalyaḥ1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 καλλ- would come from antevocalic *καλι̯-, from where καλλι- and as backformation κάλλος etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a: - λλ- from a comparative *κάλλων \< *καλι̯ων, from where κάλλιστος etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. *κάλλον \< *κάλι̯ον was considered as positive and resulted in κάλλιον, καλλίων (from where κάλλιστος etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. kalyā́ṇa-, with ep. class. kalya- `robust, prepared'. The Germanic words, ONo. hǫldr and OHG helid `warrior, Held' must be kept separated.Page in Frisk: 1,766-767Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καλός
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18 κεραΐζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `destroy' (Il.).Other forms: aor. κεραΐσαι (Hdt.), - ΐξαι (Nonn.), fut. inf. κεραϊξέμεν (Π 830 after Bekker for κεραϊζέμεν),Compounds: also with ἐκ- (Call., AP),Derivatives: κεραϊστής `destroyer' (h. Merc. 336; Zumbach Neuerungen 7), κεραϊσμός `destruction' (D. H.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [578] *ḱerh₂- `damage, intr. fall apart'Etymology: The secondary present κεραΐζω, the basis of the group, may have replaced an older primary verb, which is retained in the nasalpresents Skt. śr̥ṇā́ti `breaks', OIr. ar-a-chrin `fall into decay'. The disyll. stem κερα- has an exact counterpart in Skt. aorist a-śarī-t (length of the ī secondary) and in the OIr. preterite do-cer `he fell' (IE. ḱerh₂-). In Greek he is still seen in ἀ-κέρα-ιος `unhurt', perhaps also in ἀ-κήρα-τος `id.' (η metr. lengthening?, cf. s. v.). An intermediate noun *κερα-Ϝός (Bechtel Lex. s. v.; cf. also Schwyzer 735) is improbable and unecessary. - Independent formations are κεραυνός; not here κήρ; s. vv.Page in Frisk: 1,822Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεραΐζω
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19 κρῑός
κρῑόςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `ram' (Od.; on the meaning as opposed to ἀρνειός Benveniste BSL 45, 103), often metaph., esp. = `battering ram' (X., Plb., hell. inscr.); also name of a plant, `kind of chickpea' (Thphr., hell. pap., Dsc.; s. below), and a sea-monster (Ael., Opp.; Strömberg Fischnamen 102).Compounds: Compp., e.g. κριο-πρόσωπος `with a ram's face' (Hdt.), ἀντί-κριος `enemy batt. ram' (Aen. Tact.).Derivatives: κριώδης `ram-like' (Ph.); κρίωμα `kind of ship' (Aq.), also `batt. ram' (Apollod. Poliorc.?);Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: On the formation Chantraine Formation 187. Generally as *κρῑ-Ϝός connected with κέρας `horn', but this is impossible because of the laryngeal (*ḱerh₂-). Connection was sought esp. with the Germanic name of the reindeer, OWNo. hreinn, OE hrān (IE *ḱroi-no-) (Persson Beitr. 2, 774; 891; 910 and Specht Ursprung 127 a. 138). Formally closer are some Balto-Slavic words for `curb etc.', e.g. ORuss. Csl. krivъ ' σκολιός', Lith. kreĩvas, Eastlith. kraĩvas `oblique, curbed, bent' (cf. on κροιός); the ram would then have been called after his crooked horns. - As name of a kind of chickpea κριός has nothing to do with Lat. cicer (Bq, Pok. 598); the plant has rather its name from its curbed shells, s. Strömberg Theophrastea 50. - Forssman, IF 101 (1996) 304 suggests connection with Goth. hrisjan `shake, dally', from * kris-.Page in Frisk: 2,21-22Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρῑός
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20 λᾶας
Grammatical information: m. (late also f.),Meaning: `stone'; as GN (Laconia) Λᾱ̃ς and Λᾶ (Th., Paus., St.Byz. a.o.; acc. Λᾰ́ᾱν Β 585).Other forms: gen. etc. λᾱ̃-ος, -ι, - αν (-α Call.), pl. λᾶ-ες etc. (Il.); also as ο-stem λᾶος, - ου etc. (Hes.Fr. 115[?], S., Cyrene, Gortyn; details in Schwyzer 578),Compounds: Compp., e. g. λᾱ-τόμος (beside uncontracted or restored λαο-) `stone-cutter' with λᾱτομ-ίαι `quarry' (= Lat. lātomiae beside lautumiae \< *λαο-; s.W.-Hofmann s. v.), Arg., Syracus., hell. (Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 125f.); λα(ο)-ξό(ο)ς with λαξεύω etc. (Georgacas Glotta 36, 165 f.), λατύπος; as 2. member in κραταί-λεως (\< -*ληϜος or -*λᾱϜος; cf. below) `with hard rock' (A., E.), prob. also in ὑπο-λαΐς, - ίδος (H. also - ληΐς) f. name of an unknown bird (Arist.); cf. Thompson Birds s.v.; s. also 2. λαιός.Derivatives: λάϊγγες f. pl. `small stones' (Od., A. R.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 399; wrong Specht Ursprung 127; s. also below); λάϊνος, - ΐνεος `(of) stone' (Il.); uncertain λαιαί f. pl. (Arist.), λεῖαι (Gal.), sg. λεία (Hero) `the stones used as weights hanging from the upright loom'; unclear λαίεται καταλεύεται H. and λαυστήρ μοχθηρός... η οἴκου λαύρα, λαύστρανον τινες λύκον, τινες φρέατος ἅρπαγα H.; hypotheses by Jokl Rev. int. ét. balk. 1,46ff.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: On λαύρα and λεύω s. vv. The unique stemformation of λᾶας is unexplained. One supposes an old neuter with sec. transition to the masc. (fem.) after λίθος, πέτρος (Brugmann IF 11, 100 ff.). The further evaluation is quite uncertain. After Brugmann orig. nom.-acc. *λῆϜας (\< IE. *lēu̯ǝs-; on the full grade cf. λεύω and λεῖαι), gen., dat. etc. *λᾰ́Ϝᾰσ-ος, -ι (IE. *lǝu̯ǝs-os, -i) \> λᾶ-ος, -ι, to which analogically the nom. λᾶ-ας was formed. The simpler assumption, that only the vowellength in λᾶας (for older *λᾰ́Ϝας) was taken from (gen.) λᾶ-ος etc., is rejected by B. Metrical objections against a contraction of *λᾰ́Ϝᾰσ-ος, -ι to λᾶ-ος, -ι by Ruijgh l.c.; he prefers, with Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 211 to see in λᾶ-ος, -ι etc. an (unenlarged) consonant-stem λᾱϜ-. Who accepts these, not decisive, objections but also does not want to assume heteroclis, might assume a full grade monosyllabic oblique stem *λᾱϜσ- (beside *λᾰϜᾰσ-). The abandoning of the old σ-flection was anyhow connected with the gender-change. - Quite diff. Pedersen Cinq. decl. lat. 44ff. (with de Saussure Rec. 587 f.): λᾶας old masc. ablauting ā-stem: *λᾱϜᾱ-: λᾱϜ(ᾰ)- \< IE. * leh₂ueh₂-: *leh₂u̯(h₂)-; the supposed full grade -ā- (*- eh₂-) is however quite hypothetical, but it would nicely explain the absence of the root-vowel in the inflection; followed by Beekes, Origins (1985)15-17. - The word λᾶας was apparently unknown to Ion.-Attic (Wackernagel Hell. 9 f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1,22; doubts in Björck Alpha impurum 69 and 76 n. 1); Ion.-Att. form shows κραταί-λεως (or only poetical analogy after λαός: Μενέ-λεως a.o.?); thus the free-standing λεύω (s. v.). Connections to λᾶας outside Greek are rare and not without doubt. First Alb. lerë, -a `stone, heap of stones, stony plain, rockslope' from IE. *lā̆uerā (Jokl Rev. int. et. balk. 1, 46ff.; to λαύρα?, s.v.); Illyr. PN Lavo f. prop. "which belongs to the rock (stone)" (from * lava `stone'; Krahe ZNF 19, 72; Spr. d. Illyr. 1,69 f.). One considers further the orig. Celtic Lat. lausiae f. `small stones from stone-cuttings', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. The suffixal agreement between λάϊγγες and OIr. līe, gen. līac (\< Celt. *līu̯ank-; cf. Pok. 683 against Loth Rev. celt. 44, 293; also Lewy Festschr. Dornseiff 226 f.) is no doubt accidental. Further uncertain combinations in Bq, WP. 2, 405 ff., W.-Hofmann s. lausiae. - For Aegaean origin also Chantraine Formation 421, Güntert Labyrinth 5,9. - Since the Myc. form shows that there was no -w- in the form, we must assume *lāh- (but not from *lās-, as the -s- would have been retained. Hence the relation to λεύω, λαύρα has become quite unclear. See Heubeck, IF 66 (1961) 29-34. Fur. 329 compares λέπας; he considers (n. 53) λαίνθη λάρναξ λιθίνη Cyr. as proof of Pre-Greek origin.Page in Frisk: 2,64-66Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λᾶας
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