πολίτης

ἐφαρμ-όζω, [dialect] Att. [suff] ἐφαρμ-όττω, [dialect] Dor. [suff] ἐφαρμ-όσδω Theoc.1.53.

I intr., fit on or to,

πειρήθη δ' ἕο αὐτοῦ ἐν ἔντεσι.. εἰ οἷ ἐφαρμόσσειε Il.19.385

(unless trans.).

2 to be adapted or capable of adaptation to, τινι Arist.APo. 88a33, Pol. 1276b25, al.;

ἐπί τινος Id.Ph. 201b14

, al.; ἐπί τι ib. 228b25, al.;

ὁ.. μάλιστ' ἂν ἐφαρμόσας πολίτης ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς.. πολίτας Id.Pol. 1275a33

: abs., ὁ λόγος οὐκ ἐ. Id.Cael. 308b2, etc.; tally, Id.Resp. 474a10: Geom., coincide,

ἐπί τι Euc. 1.4

, Archim.Con.Sph.18: c. dat., ibid., Papp.244.9:—[voice] Pass., c. dat., Plot.4.4.23.

3 befit, suit, [

οῐνῳ] ἐφαρμόζουσιν ἀοιδαί Panyas.14.2

; to be applicable, of a test,

ἐπί τινος Arist.Pol. 1275b32

.

II trans., fit one thing on to another,

οἱ χροῒ κόσμον Hes.Op.76

;

τοὔνομ'.. ἐλεγείῳ Critias 4

D.; σχοίνῳ [ τοὺς ἀνθέρικας] Theoc.1.53:—[voice] Med.,

ζεῦγλαν ἐφηρμόσατο AP9.19

(Arch.).

b Geom., in [voice] Pass., of a figure, to be applied to another figure,

ἐπί τι Euc.1.4

, Archim.Aequil.Prooem.;

γραμμὴ γραμμῇ Plot.2.7.1

.

2 suit, accommodate,

τὰς δαπάνας ταῖς προσόδοις X.Ages.8.8

;

τοὺς λόγους τοῖς προσώποις D.H.Lys.13

; λόγῳ μέλη καὶ μέτρα καὶ ῥυθμούς, Plu.2.769c, cf. Orph.A. 1001; apply,

τι ἐπί τι Arist.APo. 75b4

; refer,

τι ἔς τινα Luc.Pisc.38

; λόγων τε πίστιν.. ἐφαρμόσαι to add fitting assurance, S.Tr. 623:—[voice] Med.,

χάρματι καὶ λύπῃ μέτρον ἐφηρμόσατο AP9.768

(Agath.), cf. 10.26 (Luc.):—[voice] Pass., adapt oneself to, τινι Epic. ap. Clearch.47, cf. Antig.Mir.25.

ἑτερό-φῡλος, ον,

A of another race or breed, Ael.NA16.27, Scymn. 101; opp. πολίτης, Iamb. VP16.69: generally, differing in kind,

πρός τι Dam.Pr.74

; of different kinds, Simp. in Ph.890.16.

ὀξ-ίνης [pron. full] [ῐ], ου, ὁ,

A sharp, sour,

χυμός Plu.2.913b

(codd. Wyttenb., ὀξὺν codd. Bernardak.) ; ὀξίνης (sc. οἶνος), ὁ, sour wine, Hermipp.91, Thphr.HP9.11.1 ;

ὀ. οἶνος Hp.Vict.2.52

(in pl. ὀξίναι), Thphr.HP 9.20.4, Diph.82 : distd. from ὄξος, Plu.2.732b,1047e.

2 metaph., sour-tempered, tart,

πολίτης Ar.Eq. 1304

;

θυμός Id.V. 1082

.—In Gp. 6.4.2 and Phryn. PSp.92 B., we find ὄξινος :—also ὄξυνος v. l. in Gp. l.c.

ὁμο-πολίτης [pron. full] [ῑ], ου, ὁ,

A fellow-citizen, Mich. in EN474.18.

ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι (sts. written ὅ, τι to dist. it from ὅτι,

A that): Hom. has also the masc. collat. form

ὅτις Od.1.47

, al. (also in Critias 2.9 and [dialect] Ion. and Arc. Prose, Jahresh.12.136 ([place name] Erythrae), IG12(5).22 ([place name] Ios), 5(2).343.34 (Orchom. Arc.)) and the neut.

ὅττι Od.9.402

, al., cf.

ὄττι Alc.45

.—In some forms only the second part is inflected, viz. gen.

ὅτου Th.1.23

, al., [dialect] Ep.

ὅττεο Od.1.124

, later [dialect] Ion. ὅτεο Jahresh.l.c., [var] contr.

ὅττευ Od.17.121

, ὅτευ ib. 421, Hdt.1.7; Lesb.

ὄττω Sapph.Supp.5.3

; dat.

ὅτῳ Th.1.36

, al.; perh. also in [dialect] Ion., Emp. 2.5, Democr.99, Hp.VC14; [dialect] Ep.

ὅτεῳ Od.2.114

, and as disyll., Il.12.428, 15.664; so Hdt.1.86, al., Democr.100, Heraclit.15, SIG194.21 (Amphipolis, iv B. C.); Arc. ὀσέοι IG5(2).262.14 (Mantinea, v B. C.); [dialect] Ep. acc.

ὅτινα Od.8.204

, 15.395; Delph. gen.

ὅτινος IG22.1126.37

(iv B. C.), also Berl.Sitzb.1927.167 ([place name] Cyrene); Delph. dat.

ὅτινι IG 22.1126.25

; Cret. dat. sg.

ὄτιμι Leg.Gort.7.51

, 8.7, al.: pl., nom. masc. Arg.

ὄττινες Mnemos.44.65

(iii B. C.); neut.

ὅτινα Il.22.450

; gen.

ὅτεων Od.10.39

, Hdt.8.65, [dialect] Att.

ὅτων S.OT 414

, X.An.7.6.24 (cj.), Oec.3.2 (cj.) (also in Hes.Fr. 238, Anaxag.12, Hp.Aër.21); dat. ὁτέοισι ([etym.] ν) Il.15.491, Hdt.2.82, [dialect] Att.

ὅτοισι S.Ant. 1335

, Ar.Eq. 758,

ὅτοις S.Tr. 1119

; acc.

ὅτινας Il.15.492

, [dialect] Aeol.

ὄττινας Sapph.12

: in a few forms only the first part is inflected, Cret. gen. sg. ὦτι prob. in Leg.Gort.1.5, 2.50, 11.50, al., GDI4993 ii 10: neut. pl.

ἄτι Leg.Gort.2.47

, al.: of the forms with double inflexion Hom. has only

ὅν τινα Il.2.188

, al.,

ἥν τινα 3.286

, al.,

οἵ τινες Od.4.94

, al.,

οὕς τινας Il.4.240

, al.,

ἅς τινας Od.8.573

; ᾧτινι first in Hes.Op.31,

ἧστινος A.Ag. 1358

,

ᾗ τινι δή Th.8.87

,

οἷστισι Ar. Pax 1279

: [dialect] Att. Inscrr. have ἧστινος ᾗτινι along with masc. and neut. ὅτου ὅτῳ, and this rule holds with few exceptions in Trag. and [dialect] Att. Prose before iv B. C.; ᾡτινιοῦν occurs in Lys.1.37, etc.: ὅτῳ rarely as fem., E.IT 1071.—For the [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. form [full] ἅσσα, [dialect] Att. ἅττα, v. ἅσσα.—On the concord and construction cf.

ὅς B. 1.1

,3, 11.3, 111.2a,b:—Radic. sense, any one who, anything which, whosoever, whichsoever;

ὣς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ ἄλλος, ὅτις τοιαῦτά γε ῥέζοι Od.1.47

;

ἀθανάτων ὅς τίς σε φυλάσσει 15.35

, etc.: freq. without express antec.,

χαίρει δέ μιν ὅς τις ἐθείρῃ Il.21.347

;

ἆσσον ἴτω ὅς τις δέπας οἴσεται 23.667

: hence freq. in maxims or sentiments,

οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. πάντ' ἀνὴρ εὐδαιμονεῖ Ar.Ra. 1217

;

μακάριος ὅ. οὐσίαν καὶ νοῦν ἔχει Men.114

; οὗτος βέλτιστος ἂν εἴη, ὅ. .. Lys.3.4, etc.: freq. in such phrases as ὅστις εἶ, ὅστις ἐστί, v. ὅς B. 111.2; ἔστιν ὅ., freq. with a neg.,

οὐ γὰρ ἔην ὅς τίς σφιν.. ἡγήσαιτο Il.2.687

;

οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτῳ μείζονα μοῖραν νείμαιμ' ἢ σοί A.Pr. 293

(anap.), cf. 989, 1070 (anap.), etc.;

εἰσὶν οἵτινες S.Fr.354.5

; οὐδὲν ὅ τι οὐ .. everything, Hdt. 5.97, Th.7.87:—in these phrases the case of ὅστις commonly depends on that of οὐδείς; but sts. the reverse, v. οὐδείς 1.2: also joined with [comp] Sup., τρόπῳ ὅτῳ ἂν δύνωνται ἰσχυροτάτῳ Foed. ap. Th.5.23;

ὅντινα ἀφανέστατον δύναιντο τρόπον Paus.10.1.5

: in Trag. and [dialect] Att. sts. strengthd. by an antec. πᾶς, but only in sg.,

ἅπας δὲ τραχὺς ὅ. ἂν νέον κρατῇ A.Pr.35

, cf. Th.8.90 ( πάντες ὅσοι being commonly used in pl., not πάντες οἵτινες; but

πᾶσιν.. ὅστις ἐρωτᾷ IG12.410

).

II referring to a definite object, prop. only when a general notion is implied, Πολυκράτεα.., δι' ὅντινα κακῶς ἤκουσε, not the man through whom, but one through whom.., Hdt.3.120; τελευταῖόν σε προσβλέψαιμι νῦν, ὅστις πέφασμαι φύς τ' ἀφ' ὧν οὐ χρῆν may I see thee now for the last time, I who am one born from sinful parentage, S.OT 1184, cf. A.Pr. 38, Ag. 1065; but in quite definite sense,

βωμόν, ὅστις νῦν ἔξω τῆς πόλεώς ἐστι Th.6.3

: sts. even with οὗτος or ὅδε as antec., Hdt.1.167, 2.99, 6.47, E.Hipp. 943, Theoc.8.87.

2 ἐφ' ὅτῳ, = ἐφ' ᾧτε, D.S.16.4; so

ἐφ' ὅτῳ τε Delph.3(2).236

(ii B. C.).

III in indirect questions, Hom., etc.,

εἴπ' ἄγε μοι καὶ τόνδε.., ὅς τις ὅδ' ἐστί Il.3.192

, cf. 167, etc.; ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι, ὅς τις δὴ κτλ. who it was that.., 14.509;

ξεῖνος ὅδ', οὐκ οἶδ' ὅς τις Od.8.28

: in dialogue, when the person questioned repeats the question asked by τίς, as

οὗτος τί ποιεῖς;—ὅ τι ποιῶ

;

Ar.Ra. 198

; ἀλλὰ τίς γὰρ εἶ;—ὅστις;

πολίτης χρηστός Id.Ach. 595

, cf. Pl. 462, Pl.Euthphr.2c, etc.

2 rare and late in direct questions,

ὅ τι ἐστὶ τὸ ἐμποδίζον

;

A.D.Adv.140.12

; ἀνθ' ὅτου .. ; = why? Jul.Ep.82p.109B.-C.; cf. ὅπως.

IV limited or made more indefinite by the addition of Particles:

1 ὅστις γε being one who (cf. ὅσγε), S.OT 1335, OC 810, Ar.Ra. 1184.

2 ὅστις δή (v. δή IV. 1), freq. used without any distinct relative force, θεῶν ὅτεῳ δή to some one or other of the gods, Hdt.1.86;

ὅτευ δὴ χρήματος δεησόμενον Id.3.121

;

ᾗ τινι δὴ γνώμῃ Th.8.87

, etc.; also

ὅ τι δήκοτε πρήξοντα Hdt.6.134

;

ὅστις δήποτ' ὤν Pl.Phdr. 273c

;

ὡς ἀπετύγχαν' ὁτουδήποτε D.19.167

;

ὁτῳδήτινι τρόπῳ PFay.21.11

(ii A. D.); so

b ὁστισοῦν, ὁτιοῦν anybody (anything) whatsoever, Th.4.16, Pl. Smp. 198b, etc.;

μετὰ ὁτουοῦν τρόπου Th.8.27

;

ὁτῳοῦν Pl.Tht. 175a

; εἷς ὁστισοῦν any one person, Arist.Pol. 1286a31: freq. with neg.,

μηδ' ἂν ὁστισοῦν τυγχάνῃ ὤν Pl.Euthphr.5e

, cf. Phd. 78d, etc.; οὐδ' ὁτιοῦν not the least mite, nothing whatsoever, Ar.Nu. 344, Pl. 385;

μηδοτιοῦν Thgn.64

: rarely, = whoever (whatever), as subject of a verb, ὁτιοῦν ἔτυχε τῶν ἐπὶ μέρους (v.l. ὅτι ἄν) Arist.Mu. 391a22.

c

ὁστισδηποτοῦν D.40.8

, Aeschin.1.164.

d so also ὅστις alone, Pl.Hp.Ma. 282d, etc.: with neg., μηδὲ οἵτινες none at all, X.HG1.5.9;

οὐδ' ἧστινος ἂν ἀσχολίας τὸ πρᾶγμα προσεδεῖτο Plb.9.14.6

.

3 ὅστις ποτε whoever, A.Ag. 160(lyr.), cf. Hdt.8.65.

4 ὅστις περ (cf. ὅσπερ), mostly in neut.,

ὅ τι πέρ ἐστ' ὄφελος Ar.Ec.53

, cf. Pl.R. 492e: in masc., D.21.225.

5 ὅστις τε, where τε is otiose as in ὅστε, Il.23.43, al.

V neut. ὅ τι used abs. as a Conj., v. ὅ τι.

VI ἐξ ὅτου from which time, S.OC 345, Tr. 326, Ar.Nu. 528, X.Cyr.8.2.16, etc.;

ἐξ ὅτου περ Ar.Ach. 596

; ἀπ' ὅτευ since.., Hdt.1.7, cf. SIG45.18 (Halic., v B. C.); so

ἕως ὅτου

until..,

Ev.Luc.13.8

.

2 from what cause, S. Tr. 671, E.Cyc. 639.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `order, good behaviour, ornament' (Il.), `world-ordening, world' (Pythag. or Parm.; Kranz Phil. 93, 430ff.), `order of the state, government' (IA.); name of the highest officials in Crete (backformation from κοσμέω?, Leumann Hom. Wörter 285f.; against this Ruijgh L'élément achéen 109).

Compounds: Several compp., e. g. κοσμο-ποιία `creation of the world' (Arist.), κοσμό-πολις m. name of an official of the town (hell.), prop. governing comp. = ὁ κοσμῶν πόλιν; independent is κοσμο-πολίτης `citizen of the world' (hell.; formed by the Cynics?, v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 275); εὔ-κοσμος `in good order' (Sol.).

Derivatives: 1. Diminut. κοσμ-άριον, - ίδιον, - αρίδιον `small ornament' (late); 2. κόσμιος `well-ordered, behaving well, moral, quiet' (IA.), `regarding the world' (Plu., Arr.) with κοσμιότης `civilization' (Att.); 3. κοσμικός `worldly, earthly, of the world' (hell.); 4. κοσμωτός `changed in a world' (hell.); 5. Κοσμώ f. name of a priestess (Lycurg.); Κοσμίας, Κοσμᾶς a. o. PN. - 6. Denomin. verb κοσμέω `order, govern, adorn' (Il.); with several derivv: κοσμητός `well ordered' (η 127; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 17); κόσμησις `order, ornamentation' and κόσμημα `id.' (Att.); κοσμήτωρ `who orders, commander' (Il.) and κοσμητήρ `id.' Epigr. ap. Aeschin. 3, 185; s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 120f.), f. κοσμήτειρα (Ephesos, Orph.; - ήτρια H.); κοσμητής `orderer, commander, who orders, adorns', also name of an official (Att.) with κοσμητεύω (- τέω) `be κοσμητής' (inscr., pap.), - τεία (pap.); κοσμητήριον `place with toilets' (Paus.), κόσμητρον `broom' (sch.); κοσμητικός `belonging to adorning' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. grec 135).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Formation in - μος (Schwyzer 492, Chantraine Formation 132); in spite of several attempts not convincingly explained. Many hypotheses of diff. value: to κεδνός, Κόδρος (Schulze GGA 1896, 235 = Kl. Schr. 698, Pisani AnFilCl 5, 93f., Kranz Phil. 93, 430ff.); to Lat. censeō etc. (Froehde KZ 23, 311, Zupitza Die germ. Gutt. 109, Brugmann Distr. 19, Dumézil BSL 42 p. XVI); to Lat. corpus, Slt. kálpate `be in order' (Brugmann IF 28, 358ff.); to Lat. cinnus `mixed drink' (Walde LEW¹ s. v.); to κομψός (WP. 1, 403); from *χόθμος to IE. * ghodh- `unite, be strongly connected' (Carnoy REGr. 69, 279f.).

Page in Frisk: 1,929-930

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `foreigner, guest, guestfriend, host' (Il.), `mercenary, soldier' (ξ 102, Att.); ξένη (scil. γυνή, γῆ) f. `the foreign, foreign country' (trag., X.); adj. `foreign' (posthom.).

Other forms: ep. Ion. poet. ξεῖνος, Dor. ξένϜος (in Cor. ΞενϜοκλῆς, Corc. El. ΞενϜάρης), ξῆνος (Cyr. Φιλόξηνος), (hyper)Aeol. ξέννος (Hdn.; vgl. Schwyzer 228), (?),

Dialectal forms: Myc. kesenuwo \/ ksenwos\/

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. ξενο-, ξεινο-δόκος m. `receiving foreigners, guests, host' (Il.), φιλό-ξε(ι)νος `loving guests, hospitable' (Od.; on the verbal function of the 1. element Schwyzer 442), πρόξενος, Corc. πρόξενϜος m. `deputy guest, state guest' (posthom.; Risch IF 59, 38 f.); on Εὔξεινος ( πόντος) s. v.

Derivatives: A. Adj. 1. ξένιος, ξείνιος `regarding the foreigner', τὰ ξε(ί)νια `gust-gifts (Il.; Myc. kesenuwija); 2. younger ξε(ι)νικός `id.' (IA.; Chantraine Études, s. Index) ; 3. ξεινήϊος in τὰ ξεινήϊα ( τὸ ξ-ον) = τὰ ξείνια (Hom.), after πρεσβήϊα (Risch ̨ 46); 4. ξενόεις `full of foreigners' (E. in lyr.). B. Subst. 1. ξε(ι)νίη, - ία f. `guest-friendship, guest-right' (since ω); 2. ξεινοσύνη f. `hospitality' (φ 35; Porzig Satzinhalte 226, Wyss - συνη 26); 3. ξενών, - ῶνος m. `guest-room, -house' (E., Pl.; cf. H.Bolkestein Ξενών [MAWNeth. 84 B: 3] 1937); ξενῶνες οἱ ἀνδρῶνες ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν H.; after Pisani AnFilCl 6, 211ff. to the family of χθών(?); 4. ξενίς, - ίδος f. `road leading into foreign countries' (Delph. II^a); 5. ξενίδιον n. `small guesthous' (pap. III<sup>p</sup>); 6. ξεν-ύδριον (Men.), - ύλλιον (Plu.) depreciatory dimin. of ξένος (Chantraine Form. 73 f.). C. Verbs. 1. ξε(ι)νίζω `receive guestly, hospitalize' (Il.), also `wonder' (hell.) with ξένισις f. `hospitality' (Th.), ξενισμός m. `id.' (Pl., inscr., Luc.), also `wonder, innovation' (Plb., D. S., Dsc.); ξενιστής m. `host' (sch.). 2. ξε(ι)νόομαι `accept s.body as a guest' (Pi., IA.), also `live in foreign country, go in..' (S., E.), - όω `embessle' (Hld.); ξένωσις f. `residence abroad' (E. HF 965; cf. v. Wilamowitz ad loc.). 3. ξενιτεύομαι `serve as soldier abroad' (Isoc., Antiph.), -ω `live abroad' (Timae. Hist., J.); after πολιτεύομαι, -ω: πολίτης: πόλις (Georgacas Glotta 36, 173); ξενιτ-εία f. `mercenary, live abroad' (Democr., LXX), - ευτής m. `who lives abroad' (VI^p).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Isolated. The semantic agreement with the old word for `foreigner, guest' in Lat. hostis m. `foreigner, enemy', Germ., e.g. Goth. gasts `guest', OCS gostь `id.', IE * ghosti-s, led to attempts, to connect them also formally, which is possible omly with a mechanic and arbitrary analysis: *ξ-εν-Ϝος to a sero grade and nasalized present *ghs-en-u̯ō (Brugmann IF 1, 172ff.; s also Schwyzer 329 and Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30). Other explanations, also to be rejected, in Bq, WP. 1, 640f., W.-Hofmann s. hostis. -- Jokl (IF 37, 93, after Pedersen) wants to find a lengthened grade * ghsēn- in Alb. huai `foreign'. Very uncertein Newphryg. voc. ξευνε; on it with a Illyrian hypothesis v. Blumenthal Glotta 20, 288. Is it Pre-Greek?

Page in Frisk: 2,

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `citadel, fort, city, city community, state' (Il.; on the meaning in Hom. Hoffmann Festschr. Snell 153ff.).

Other forms: Also (ep. Cypr. Thess.) πτόλις, - εως, Ion. - ιος, - ηος;

Dialectal forms: Myc. potorijo has been interpreted as *Πτολίων.

Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in πτολί-πορθος (- πόρθιος, - πόρθης) `sacking cities, destroyer of cities' (ep. Il.); enlarged in IA. πολιοῦχος (from - ιο-ουχ.); Dor. πολι-ά̄-οχος, - ιᾶχος, ep. πολι-ή-οχος `ruling a city, city protector'; in A. also the unexplained πολισσο- in πολισσοῦχος, πολισσο-νομέω. Very often as 2. member, e.g. ἀκρο-πολις = πόλις ἄκρη `upper town, citadel' (Od.); on this and on the other compp. Risch IF 59, 261 ff.

Derivatives: 1. expressive enlargement πτολί-εθρον n. (ep. Il.); cf. μέλαθρον, θέμεθλα, ἔδεθλον (Schwyzer 533). 2. Diminut. πολίχνη f., often as PlN (IA.) with - ίχνιον (Att.); πολίδιον (ῑ̆) n. (Str.). 3. Πολιεύς (- ηύς) m. `city guardian' (Thera before V<sup>a</sup>, Arist., hell.; Bosshardt 60); f. Πολιάς (IA., Arg.). 4. πολίτης (ῑ; ep., Sapph., Att.), πολι-ά̄-τας, - ή-της (Dor. Aeol., Β 806, Ion.; after οἰκιά-τας, - ιή-της a.o.) m. `citizen, townsman', f. - ῖτις (S., E., Pl.); from this πολιτ-ικός `civic, political' (Hdt. 7, 103, Att.; Chantraine Études 123); - εύομαι, - εύω `to be citizen, to take part in state affairs' (Att. etc.; πολιατεύω Gortyn) with - εία, Ion. - ηίη, - ευμα (Hdt., Att.; on the meaning Wilhelm Glotta 14, 78ff., 83f., Papazoglou REGr. 72, 100ff. resp. Ruppel Phil. 82, 268ff., Engers Mnem. 54, 154ff.); also πολιτισμός `administration' (D. L.; - ισμός analog., Chantraine Form. 143). 5. Denominat. πολίζω, aor. - ίσ(σ)αι, rare a. late with ἐν-, συν- a.o., `to found (a city), to cultivate a place by founding a city' (ep. Ion., X.) with πόλ-ισμα `foundation (of a city)' (Ion. poet., Th.; Chantraine Form. 189), - ισμάτιον (hell.), - ισμός `foundation of a city' (D. H., Lyd.), - ιστής `founder of a city' (Poll. 9, 6; rejected).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [799] * pelH- `fortification' from * pelH- `pout'?

Etymology: The byform πτόλις (also Arc. Πτόλις, name of the castle in Mantinea; Thess. οἱ ττολίαρχοι w. assim.) is not convincingly explained. Hypotheses w. further details in Schwyzer 325 (w. lit.); further Kretschmer Glotta 22, 206, Deroy Ant. class. 23, 305ff., Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 57, Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 75ff., 112 n. 4 (cf. also on πτόλεμος). To be rejected the identification of πόλις from *pu̯olis with Arm. k'alak` `town' (Winter Lang. 31,8).-- Old word for `castle, refugecastle', except in Greek further only in the east attested (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 22, 107, Porzig Gliederung 173): Skt. pū́r f., acc. púr-am, Lith. pilìs f. Both the Skt. and the Lith. word show zero grade, which has also been considered possible for πόλις (Schwyzer 344); the i-stem in πόλ-ις and pil-ìs is secondary enlargement. Thee repeated proposals, to connect this very ancient word for `citadel' with the verb for `fill' ( πίμπλημι; since Pott) or for `dump' (Lith. pìlti; Fick; lastly Fraenkel Zeitschr. slav. Phil. 6, 91), has as unproven hypothesis not much interest. -- WP. 2, 51, Pok. 799, Mayrhofer and Fraenkel s. vv. w. further details a. lit.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `the old, aged one' (poet. Pi., trag.), `president' (Sparta); pl. πρέσβεις most `ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); besides πρεσβ-ῆες (Hes. Sc. 245), - εῦσιν (Lyc.), du. -ῆ (Att.); cf. below on πρεσβεύω.

Other forms: Gen. (rare) - εως, - εος, acc. - υν, voc. -υ.

Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in πρεσβυ-γενής `first-born' (A 249 a.o.).

Derivatives: 1. Comp. forms: πρεσβύ-τερος (with - τέριον `council of elders' [N.T.]), - τατος `old, venerable, the eldest, most venerable' (Il.); also πρέσβιστος `most venerable' (h. Hom., A., S. a.o.) after κράτιστος, κύδιστος, with the cross πρεσβίστ-ατος (Nic.). 2. Feminins: πρέσβα ( θεά) `the venerable', of Hera a.o. (ep. Il.), after πότνα ( θεά)?; πρέσβεα ( μήτηρ; poet. inscr. from Caria II-I^a), metr. cond.; πρέσβειρα ( θεῶν a.o.; h. Ven. etc.), after πίειρα, - άνειρα a.o.; πρεσβηΐς ( τιμή h. Hom.), after βασιληΐς a.o., cf. πρεσβῆες above. 3. πρεσβ-ήϊον n. `gift of honour' (Θ 289), - εῖον `privilege (of age)' (Att., hell.). 4. - εία f. `right, privilege (of age)' (A., Pl.), usu. `embassy' (Att.; to πρεσβεύω). 5. πρεσβύ̄της m. `the old, aged one', enlargement of πρέσβυς after πολίτης a.o. (not with Fraenkel Glotta 34, 301 ff. innovation to πρεσβῦτις; IA.) with f. - ῦτις, adj. - υτικός `senile' (Att. etc.). 6. πρεσβῠ́της, - ητος f., Dor. - τας. - τατος `(higher) age' (inscr. Messene I<sup>a</sup> [completed] a.o.; after νεότης). 7. πρέσβις f. `age, rank', only in κατὰ πρέσβιν (h. Merc., Pl. a.o.); after κατὰ τάξιν a.o. 8. πρέσβος n. `(object of) veneration', after κῦδος, κράτος a.o. 9. πρεσβ-εύω `to be the eldest, to have precedence, to be ambassador', trans. `to attend, venerate like a πρέσβυς', midd. `to send ambassadors', also w. παρα-, συν-, ἀπο- a.o., with - ευτής m. `ambassador, messenger' (Att.; as singulative to πρέσβεις). - ευτικός, - εύτειρα, - ευτεύω, - ευμα, - ευσις; partly also πρεσβεία (s. ab. 4) and, as backformation, πρεσβεῦσιν dat. pl. (Lyc.; s. ab.; cf. Bosshardt 63). -- 10. Shortnames like Πρέσβων (to πρέσβειρα after πέπειρα: πέπων? Fraenkel KZ 43, 216 n.2). Πρέσβος a.o., s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 385. -- On the diff. writings and formations s. Lejeune Mém. de phil. myc. 239ff.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [812] * pres-gʷeu- `who goes in front'

Etymology: Beside the above forms stand in Doric, esp. in Crete, and in Northwestgr. several byforms with γ for β and changing initial syllable: πρεῖγυς, πρείγιστος with comp. πρείγων, πρειγ-εύω with - ευτάς, -ήϊα, - εία; also πρείγα f. `council of elders' (Locris); πρεσγευτάς, πρεγγ-; later πρήγιστος with (Cos) - ιστεύω; πρεσγέα = πρεσβεία (Argos), πρισγε(ι)ες (Boeot.); also σπέργυς πρέσβυς and πέργουν πρέσβεις H. Common basis prob. πρεσγ- (with voiced σ; cf. πρεζβευτάς Delphi); from there through phonetical, in detail uncertain developments the other forms, s. Schwyzer 276, Seiler Steigerungsformen 59, Thumb-Kieckers 158, Kapsomenos Glotta 40, 46ff., Masson Glotta 41, 65ff., Lejeune l.c. (with rejection of Mycenaean interpretations). -- From the interchange β: γ follows an orig. IE labiovelar gʷ; the preceding syllable, prob. to be taken as the 1. member of a compound, contains as is generally assumed a frozen adverb πρές `in front' (s. πρός). The final syllable resp. the final member is debated. By Bezzenberger BB 4, 345, Bloomfield AmJPh 29, 79 ff. compared with Skt. puro-gavá- `leader', of which the 2. member is derived both from gaúḥ = βοῦς (so prop. *"leading bull"), as, and on better grounds, from a word for `go' (in βαίνω, βῆναι resp. Skt. jávate `run') (so prop. *"who goes in fromt"). Thus a.o. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 17 u. 34, 301 ff., who wants to explain also Lith. žmogùs `man' in this way (prop. "going on earth"; s. also Wb. s.v. w. lit.); on the Skt. word esp Mayrhofer s. puráḥ. -- Very temptong is the connection with Arm. erēc̣, gen. eric̣u `elder, priest' (Meillet in Lejeune op. cit. 240 n. 9), of which the ē prob. continues a diphthong ei or oi (IE * preisgʷu-?) and usu. connected with Lat. prīscus. Cf. on μεσσηγύς: the second member continues a root * gʷeu-, a variant of * gʷem-.

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δίκαιος, αία, ον (s. δικαιοσύνη; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① pert. to being in accordance with high standards of rectitude, upright, just, fair

ⓐ of humans

α. In Gr-Rom. tradition a δ. pers. is one who upholds the customs and norms of behavior, including esp. public service, that make for a well-ordered, civilized society (Hom, Od. 6, 120f hospitality and fear of God mark an upright pers.; Dem. 3, 21 a δίκαιος πολίτης gives priority to the interest of the state). Such perspective opened a bridge to Greco-Romans for understanding of Jewish/Christian perspectives: e.g. the description of an eccl. overseer (w. σώφρων, ὅσιος) Tit 1:8. Both polytheistic and monotheistic societies closely associated uprightness, with special reference to behavior toward humans (cp. Pla., Rep. 4, 443; Aristot. EN 5, 1, 1129a-1130a), and piety in reference esp. to familial obligations and deity (Augustus enshrined the perspective, taking pride in being awarded a crown for his δικαιοσύνη and εὐσέβεια Res Gestae 34). In keeping with OT tradition, NT writers emphasize a connection between upright conduct and sense of responsibility to God; δ. like צַדִּיק=conforming to the laws of God and people. General definition ὁ ποιῶν τὴν δικαιοσύνην δ. ἐστιν one who does what is right, is righteous 1J 3:7; cp. Rv 22:11.—Ro 5:7. δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται law does not apply to an upright person 1 Ti 1:9. οὐκ ἔστιν δίκαιος Ro 3:10 (cp. Eccl 7:20); δ. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13; δ. ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 7:1; Job 32:2) Lk 1:6. W. φοβούμενος τὸν θεόν of Cornelius Ac 10:22. W. εὐλαβής (Pla., Pol. 311ab ἤθη εὐλαβῆ κ. δίκαια, τὸ δικαιον κ. εὐλαβές) Lk 2:25. W. ἀγαθός (Kaibel 648, 10; Jos., Ant. 8, 248; 9, 132 ἀνὴρ ἀγ. κ. δίκ.; s. ἀγαθός 2aα) 23:50; ἀθῷος (Sus 53) 1 Cl 46:4; ὅσιος (En 103:9) 2 Cl 15:3; ταπεινός B 19:6. (ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον Just., D. 47, 5). Serving God w. a pure heart makes one δ. 2 Cl 11:1. Hence the δίκαιοι=the just, the upright in a specif. Israelite-Christian sense Mt 13:43 (cp. Da 12:3 Theod.) Lk 1:17; 1 Pt 3:12 (Ps 33:16); 1 Cl 22:6 (Ps 33:16); 33:7; 45:3f; 48:3 (Ps 117:20); 2 Cl 6:9; 17:7; 20:3f; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5f); MPol 14:1; 17:1; also of those who only appear upright (cp. Pr 21:2) Mt 23:28; Lk 18:9; 20:20; specifically of Christians Mt 10:41; Ac 14:2 D; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); Hv 1, 4, 2. W. apostles MPol 19:2; cp. 1 Cl 5:2. Esp. of the righteous of the OT: πατέρες δ. 1 Cl 30:7. W. prophets Mt 13:17; 23:29 (perh. teachers: DHill, NTS 11, ’64/65, 296–302). Of Abel (Did., Gen. 181, 10) Mt 23:35 (construction with τοῦ αἵματος deserves consideration: GKilpatrick, BT 16, ’65, 119); Hb 11:4; Enoch 1 Cl 9:3; Lot 2 Pt 2:7f (Noah: Just., D. 20, 1; 138, 1; δίκαιοι καὶ πατριάρχαι ibid. 67, 7); John the Baptist (w. ἅγιος) Mk 6:20; δ. τετελειωμένοι just persons made perfect (i.e., who have died) Hb 12:23. Opp. ἄδικοι (Pr 17:15; 29:27; En 99:3; 100:7) Mt 5:45; Ac 24:15; 1 Pt 3:18; ἁμαρτωλοί (Ps 1:5; En 104:6 and 12; PsSol 2:34) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17; Lk 5:32; 15:7; ἁμαρτωλοί and ἀσεβεῖς (Ps 1:5f) 1 Ti 1:9; 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); πονηροί (Pr 11:15) Mt 13:49 (μοχθηροί Tat. 3, 2). W. regard to the Last Judgment, the one who stands the test is δ. righteous Mt 25:37, 46.—Ro 1:17 (s. ζάω 2bβ); Gal 3:11; Hb 10:38 (all three Hab 2:4; cp. Larfeld I 494); Ro 5:19. Resurrection of the just Lk 14:14; prayer Js 5:16; cp. 5:6 (1bβ below). Joseph, who is interested in doing the right thing honorable, just, good (Jos., Ant. 15, 106; Diod S 33, 5, 6 ἀνδρὸς εὐσεβοῦς κ. δικαίου; Conon [I B.C.–I A.D.]: 26 Fgm. 1, 17 Jac.; Galen CMG V/10, 3 p. 33, 13f [XVIII/1 p. 247 K.] ἄνδρες δ.) Mt 1:19 (w. connotation of ‘merciful’ DHill, ET 76, ’65, 133f; s. δικαιοσύνη 3b).

β. of things relating to human beings ἔργα 1J 3:12; αἷμα δ. (Jo 4:19; La 4:13=αἷμα δικαίου Pr 6:17, where αἷ. δίκαιον is a v.l.) blood of an upright, or better, an innocent man Mt 23:35 (s. 1bβ below), and esp. 27:4, where δ. is v.l. for ἀθῷον; AcPl Ha 11, 8; ψυχὴ δ. upright soul (cp. Pr 10:3; s. also GrBar 10:5) 2 Pt 2:8; πνεῦμα δ. upright spirit Hm 5, 2, 7; ἐντολή (w. ἁγία and ἀγαθή) Ro 7:12. κρίσις (Dt 16:18; Is 58:2; 2 Macc 9:18; 3 Macc 2:22; Jos., Ant. 9, 4) J 5:30; 7:24; 8:16 v.l.; 2 Th 1:5; B 20:2. Pl. Rv 16:7; 19:2. φύσει δικαίᾳ by an upright nature IEph 1:1 (Hdb. ad loc.; Orig., C. Cels. 5, 24, 8); ὁδὸς δ. (Vi. Aesopi I G 85 P. of the ‘right way’) 2 Cl 5:7; B 12:4; pl. Rv 15:3.

ⓑ of transcendent beings. Because of their privileged status as authority figures, the idea of fairness or equity is associated w. such entities (for δ. in the sense of ‘equitable’ in a very explicit form s. Strabo 4, 18, 7).

α. God (NRhizos, Καππαδοκικά 1856, p. 113: it is gener. assumed that deities are just or fair, but the attribute is esp. affirmed in an ins fr. Tyana Θεῷ δικαίῳ Μίθρᾳ.—JMordtmann, MAI 10, 1885, 11–14 has several exx. of ὅσιος κ. δίκαιος as adj. applied to gods in west Asia Minor.—δικ. of Isis: PRoussel, Les cultes égypt. à Delos 1916, p. 276.—Oft. in OT; Jos., Bell. 7, 323, Ant. 11, 55 [w. ἀληθινός]; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 23, 2) just, righteous w. ref. to God’s judgment of people and nations κριτὴς δ. a righteous judge (Ps 7:12; 2 Macc 12:6; PsSol 9:2; cp. the description of Rhadamanthys, Pind., O. 2, 69) 2 Ti 4:8; δ. ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1; cp. 56:5 (Ps 140:5); πατὴρ δ. J 17:25; cp. Ro 3:26; 1J 2:29; cp. 3:7; ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ δ. AcPlCor 2:12. W. ὅσιος (Ps 144:17; Dt 32:4) Rv 16:5. W. πιστός 1J 1:9.

β. of Jesus who, as the ideal of an upright pers. is called simply ὁ δ. the upright one (HDechent, D. ‘Gerechte’, Eine Bezeichnung für d. Messias: StKr 100, 1928, 439–43) Ac 7:52; 22:14; Mt 27:19, cp. 24 v.l.; 1J 2:1; 3:7b; Lk 23:47 (for Gr-Rom. associations in favor of upright, esp. in Lk 23:47 s. Danker, Benefactor ’82, 345f. GKilpatrick, JTS 42, ’41, 34–36, prefers innocent, so also Goodsp., Probs. 90f, but against this interp. s. RHanson, Hermathena 60, ’42, 74–78; RKarris, JBL 105, ’86, 65–74). W. ἅγιος Ac 3:14. On the qu. whether Js 5:6 applies to Jesus, s. KAland, TLZ ’44, 103 and MDibelius, Commentary (Hermeneia), ad loc. (but s. Greeven’s note in this comm. p. 240, 58: ‘perhaps a veiled, melancholy allusion to the death of James’).—Also of angels Hs 6, 3, 2.

② The neuter denotes that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice, right, fair, equitable (Dio Chrys. 67 [17], 12; Jos., Ant. 15, 376; cp. Strabo 4, 18, 7; s. Larfeld I 494) δ. παρὰ θεῷ it is right in the sight of God 2 Th 1:6. Also δ. ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 4:19; δ. καὶ ὅσιον it is right and holy 1 Cl 14:1, pl. Phil 4:8; δ. ἐστιν it is right Eph 6:1; w. inf. foll. Phil 1:7; 1 Cl 21:4 (cp. Hyperid. 6, 14; PSI 442, 14 [III B.C.] οὐ δίκαιόν ἐστι οὕτως εἶναι; Sir 10:23; 2 Macc 9:12; 4 Macc 6:34); δ. ἡγοῦμαι I consider it right (Diod S 12, 45, 1 δ. ἡγοῦντο) 2 Pt 1:13; τὸ δ. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 97 §409 τὸ δ.=the just cause; Arrian, Anab. 3, 27, 5; Polyb.; IMagnMai; SEG XLI, 625, 5; pap; 2 Macc 4:34; 10:12; 3 Macc 2:25; EpArist; Jos., Bell. 4, 340 Ant. 16, 158; το νῦν δ. Tat. 1, 3) what is right Lk 12:57. τὸ δ. παρέχεσθαι give what is right Col 4:1. ὸ̔ ἐὰν ᾖ δ. δώσω ὑμῖν whatever is right I will give you Mt 20:4 (Diod S 5, 71, 1 τὸ δίκαιον άλλήλοις διδόναι; 8, 25, 4). Abstract for concrete (Philipp. [=Demosth. 12] 23 μετὰ τοῦ δ.; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 6 ἄνευ νόμου κ. δικαίου; Ael. Aristid, 46 p. 302 D.) τὸ δίκαιον ὀρθὴν ὁδὸν ἔχει uprightness goes the straight way Hm 6, 1, 2. Pl. (Diod S 15, 11, 1; 19, 85, 3; Appian, Samn. 11 §4 al.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 30, 1; Jos., Ant. 19, 288; SibOr 3, 257; Just., A I, 68, 3 δ. ἀξιοῦν; D. 28, 4 φυλάσσει τὰ αἰώνια δ.) δίκαια βουλεύεσθαι have upright thoughts Hv 1, 1, 8 (cp. λαλεῖν Is 59:4; ἐκζητήσεται 1 Macc 7:12; κρίνειν Ar. 15, 4; Just., A II, 15, 5).—B. 1180. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ξένος, η, ον (s. prec. four entries; Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① adj. pert. to being unfamiliar because of someth. being unknown, strange

ⓐ in ref. to someth. coming from an external source, strange, foreign

α. because it comes from an external source ξ. δαιμόνια foreign divinities (δαιμόνιον 1 and Achilles Tat. 2, 30, 1; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 251; 267 ξένους θεούς; cp. Plut., Pompey 631 [24, 5] ‘strange sacrifices’) Ac 17:18. ἀνδρὶ ξένῳ AcPl Ox 6, 11 (=Aa I 241, 14). διδαχαί strange teachings (coming fr. outside the community; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 414 θρησκεία ξένη) Hb 13:9; Hs 8, 6, 5 v.l.

β. because it is unheard of, fig. ext. of α: strange in kind, surprising, unheard of, foreign (Aeschyl., Prom. 688; Diod S 3, 15, 6; 3, 52, 2; M. Ant. 8, 14; POxy 1772, 3 οὐδὲν ξένον; Wsd 16:2, 16; 19:5; Philo, Mos. 1, 213; Just., A I, 16, 4, cp. D. 2, 2 τὸ ξ. τῶν λόγων; Tat. 33, 2; Mel., P. 53, 387; τὸ ξ. Did., Gen. 186, 7; ξένον θαῦμα Hippol., Ref. 4, 46, 2) PEg² 64. ὡς ξένου ὑμῖν συμβαίνοντος as though something unheard of were happening to you 1 Pt 4:12. οὐ ξένα ὁμιλῶ I have nothing strange to say Dg 11:1. W. dat. of pers. ἡ ξένη τοῖς ἐκλεκτοῖς τοῦ θεοῦ στάσις the uprising (which is) foreign to God’s chosen people 1 Cl 1:1.—Papias (2:11, Eus. on Papias) ξένας τέ τινας παραβολὰς τοῦ σωτῆρος some strange parables of the Savior.

ⓑ in ref. to an entity that is unacquainted with someth., w. gen. τινός strange to someth., estranged fr. it, unacquainted w. it, without interest in it (Soph., Oed. R. 219; Pla., Apol. 17d; Heliod. 10, 14; POxy 1154, 8 [I A.D.] εἰμὶ ξένος τῶν ἐνθάδε.—B-D-F §182, 3; Rob. 516) ξ. τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας Eph 2:12.

② as subst. an entity involved in experience of unfamiliarity

ⓐ one who comes as a stranger. ὁ ξένος stranger, alien (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 27, 18) Mt 27:7; 3J 5. Opp. πολίτης (cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 163 D.; SIG 495, 115; 708, 16f; 729, 4 al.; OGI 764, 18; Philo, Poster. Cai. 109; Jos., Ant. 11, 159, Vi. 372) Dg 5:5. W. πάροικοι (opp. συμπολίτης) Eph 2:19 (cp. SIG 799, 24f ξ. ἢ μέτοικος). W. παρεπίδημοι (Diod S 4, 27, 3 and OGI 268, 9 τ. παρεπιδημοῦντας ξένους; cp. 339, 29; Just., A I, 67, 6 τοῖς παρεπιδήμοις οὖσι ξένοις) Hb 11:13; οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες ξ. the strangers who lived (or visited) there Ac 17:21 (SIG 1157, 80f τῶν ἐνδημούντων ξένων).—Because of a firmly entrenched code of hospitality in the Mediterranean world (for a Semitic perspective, s. esp. Gen 18:1–8; the Greek world finds its sanction in Homer, s. esp. Od. 6, 198–210 with its description of the Phaeacians in contrast to the inhospitality of Polyphemus Od. 9, 272–80) ξ. freq. implies the status of a suppliant who ought to be treated as a guest: Mt 25:35, 38, 43f (on divine protection of a total stranger cp. Od. 6, 207f [=14, 57f]; 9, 270f; 17, 483–87).

ⓑ ἡ ξένη a foreign country (Soph., Phil. 135; POxy 251, 11; 253, 7; τις ἀπὸ ξένης Hippol., Ref. 9, 20, 1) Dg 5:5. ἐπὶ ξένης (X., Resp. Lac. 14, 4; Epict. 1, 27, 5; Plut., Mor. 576c; BGU 22, 34 [114 A.D.]; 159, 7; PFay 136, 10; ACalderini, ΟΙ ΕΠΙ ΞΕΝΗΣ, JEA 40, ’54, 19–22 (numerous pap cited); 2 Macc 5:9; 9:28; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 15; Jos., Ant. 18, 344) ἐπὶ ξένης κατοικεῖν live in a foreign country Hs 1:1, 6.

ⓒ ὁ ξένος the host, one who extends hospitality and thus treats the stranger as a guest (since Il. 15, 532; also Mel., P. 51, 375 ξένον ᾐδίκησεν) w. gen. (X., An. 2, 4, 15) ὁ ξ. μου καὶ ὅλης τῆς ἐκκλησίας host to me and to the whole congregation, prob. because he furnished space for its meetings Ro 16:23.—B. 1350–52. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

πολιτεία, ας, ἡ (πολίτης; Hdt.+; ins, pap; 2, 3, 4 Macc; TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 7 [Stone p. 56]; ApcMos prol.; Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat.)

① the right to be a member of a sociopolitical entity, citizenship (Hdt. 9, 34; X., Hell. 1, 1, 26; 1, 2, 10; 4, 4, 6; Polyb. 6, 2, 12; Diod S 14, 8, 3; 14, 17, 3; Cyr. Ins. 57; 59; Gnomon [=BGU V 1] 47; 3 Macc 3:21, 23; Jos., Ant. 12, 119) lit., of Roman citizenship (Dio Chrys. 24 [41], 2 Ῥωμαίων π.; Ael. Aristid. 30, 10 K.=10 p. 117 D.; IG IV²/1, 84, 33 [40/42 A.D.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 194 and Vi 423 π. Ῥωμαίων.—WRamsay, The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor ’41) πολιτείαν ἐκτησάμην Ac 22:28.—In a transf. sense, this transl. is poss. (EHaupt, PEwald et al.) for Eph 2:12, but not very probable (s. 2 below).

② a sociopolitical unit or body of citizens, state, people, body politic (Thu. 1, 127, 3; Pla., Rep. 10, 619c; Diod S 5, 45, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 19 §68; Just., A II, 10, 6) ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τ. πολιτείας τοῦ Ἰσραήλ alienated from the people of Israel Eph 2:12 (so HvSoden, MDibelius, NRSV et al.; s. 1 above).

③ behavior in accordance with standards expected of a respectable citizen, way of life, conduct (Athen. 1, 19a; Herm. Wr. in Stob. p. 486, 24 Sc. ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἄγριος πολιτεία; Ps.-Liban., Charact. Ep. p. 34, 2; 47, 8; 10; Biogr. p. 261; TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 7 [Stone p. 56]; ApcMos prol.; Just., A I, 4, 2 al.; Tat.) Dg 5:4; ἀγαθὴ πολ. MPol 13:2; ἡ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ἀνεπίληπτος πολ. 17:1; ἡ πανάρετος καὶ σεβάσμιος πολ. 1 Cl 2:8. οἱ πολιτευόμενοι τὴν ἀμεταμέλητον πολιτείαν τοῦ θεοῦ those who follow God’s way of life, that brings no regrets 54:4 (πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτείαν in Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 126 Jac. and in the Synagogue ins fr. Stobi [c. 100 A.D.] lines 6f: ZNW 32, ’33, 93f).—DELG s.v. πόλις. M-M. TW. Spicq.

πολίτευμα, ατος, τό (πολίτης, cp. the prec. and next entry; Pla. et al.; ins, pap) commonwealth, state (so Polyb. 1, 13, 12; 35, 5; Diod S 19, 75, 4; ins; 2 Macc 12:7; Jos., Ant. 1, 13, C. Ap. 2, 257; fig. Philo, Agr. 81 τῷ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐγγεγραμμέναι πολιτεύματι, Conf. Lingu. 78 πατρίδα τὸν οὐράνιον χῶρον ἐν ᾧ πολιτεύονται.—Schürer III 88f; PBöttger, ZNW 60, ’69, 244–53) ἡμῶν τὸ πολ. ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει our commonwealth is in heaven Phil 3:20 (πολίτευμα oft. denotes a colony of foreigners or relocated veterans CIG 5361, III add. 5866c; PTebt 32, 9; 17 [II B.C.]; EpArist 310. Cp. OGI 737, 2 with note 2 and the lit. in MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.; JdeZwaan, Philippenzen 3:20 en de Κοινή: TSt 31, 1913, 298–300; LFuchs, D. Juden in Ägypten 1924, 89; MEngers, Πολίτευμα: Mnemosyne 54, 1926, 154–61; WRuppel, Politeuma: Philol. 82, 1927, 268–312; 433–52; EPeterson s.v. ἐκκλησία, end; ‘Our home is in heaven, and here on earth we are a colony of heavenly citizens’ MDibelius.—The sense seems to be more general in Menand. Rhet. [II A.D.] III 421, 16 Spengel: the deceased, so the word of consolation goes, πολιτεύεται μετὰ τῶν θεῶν; Hierocles, 3, 2 p. 424: ‘heroes’ convey the souls of the righteous πρὸς τὴν θείαν πολιτείαν. Olympiodorus In Platonis Phaedonem, ed. WNorvin 1913 p. 122, 8 [on Pla., Phd. 69c] of the philosopher: συμπολιτεύεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς καὶ συνοικονομεῖν).—DELG s.v. πόλις. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

πολιτεύομαι (πολίτης; the mid., which is the only voice found in our lit., since Thu., Aristoph.+) 1 aor. ἐπολιτευσάμην, subj. 1 pl. πολιτευσώμεθα; pf. πεπολίτευμαι.

① to be a citizen, have one’s citizenship/home (Philo, Conf. Lingu. 78 [s. πολίτευμα]) of Christians ἐν οὐρανῷ Dg 5:9 (Himerius, Or. 8 [=23], 23 of a deceased person: μετὰ θεῶν πολιτεύεσθαι; Hippol., Ref. 6, 34, 3 of angels: π. ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ τῇ ἄνω; cp. Iren. 4, 5, 3 [Harv. II 156, 8; here opposite ξενιτεύω ‘live away from home’]).

② to administrate a corporate body, rule

ⓐ of a head of state, govern a state abs. (Thu. 2, 15, 1 al.; Jos., Ant. 14, 91 π. ἐν Ἱερος.) of God, who ἐν οὐρανοῖς πολιτεύεται rules in heaven Dg 10:7.

ⓑ of church officials (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 30, 15) 1 Cl 44:6.

③ to conduct one’s life, live, lead one’s life (UPZ 144, 14 [164/163 B.C.] ὁσίως κ. δικαίως; Hierocles 11, 444; Ps.-Liban., Charact. Ep. p. 31, 5 σεμνῶς; 34, 1; 2 Macc 6:1; 11:25; 3 Macc 3:4; 4 Macc 2:8 al.; ApcEsdr 2:9; Philo, Virt. 161, Spec. Leg. 4, 226; Jos., Ant. 12, 142, Vi. 12; Just., Tat., Ath.; Did., Gen. 153, 28 καλῶς) καλῶς κ. ἁγνῶς Hs 5, 6, 6. ὁσίως 1 Cl 6:1. ἀξίως τινός Phil 1:27 (RBrewer, JBL 73, ’54, 76–83: ‘discharge your obligations as citizens’; EMiller, JSNT 15, ’82, 86–96; EKrentz, in Origins and Method, JHurd Festschr., ed. BMcLean ’93, 114–17); 1 Cl 21:1; Pol 5:2. μετὰ φόβου καὶ ἀγάπης 1 Cl 51:2. (W. πορεύεσθαι) πολιτεύεσθαι κατὰ τὸ καθῆκον τῷ Χριστῷ 3:4 (πολ. κατά τι as SIG 618, 12 [188 B.C.]; 2 Macc 11:25; 4 Macc 2:23; EpArist 31; Jos., Ant. 12, 142; Did., Gen. 196, 29); π. πολιτείαν 54:4 (πολιτεία 3). W. a double dat. συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ θεῷ I have lived my life with a clear conscience before God Ac 23:1 (for the dat. τῷ θεῷ cp. PHib 63, 10 [III B.C.] εἰ οὕτως πολιτευσόμεθα ἀλλήλοις).—Straub p. 30. DELG s.v. πόλις. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

Φιλιππήσιος, ου, ὁ person from Philippi (s. Φίλιπποι), the Philippian this form (Stephan. Byz.: ὁ πολίτης Φιλιππεύς [CIG 1578, 13; cp. SIG 267a, 3f w. note 4], Φιλιππηνὸς δὲ παρὰ Πολυβίῳ.—WRamsay, On the Gk. Form of the Name Philippians: JTS 1, 1900, 115f; PCollart, Philippes ’37, 303–5) is found Phil 4:15 and in the titles of Phil and Pol (s. Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II, 14, 8]).—DELG s.v. ἵππος. M-M.

φύσις, εως, ἡ (φύω; Hom.+)

① condition or circumstance as determined by birth, natural endowment/condition, nature, esp. as inherited fr. one’s ancestors, in contrast to status or characteristics that are acquired after birth (Isocr. 4, 105 φύσει πολίτης; Isaeus 6, 28 φύσει υἱός; Pla., Menex. 245d φύσει βάρβαροι, νόμῳ Ἕλληνες; Just., A I, 1, 1 Καίσαρος φύσει υἱῷ; SIG 720, 3; OGI 472, 4; 558, 6 al.; PFay 19, 11.—Theoph. Ant. 1, 13 [p. 86, 16]) ἡμεῖς φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι Gal 2:15 (cp. Ptolemaeus, Περὶ Ἡρῴδου τ. βασιλέως: no. 199 Jac. [I A.D.] Ἰουδαῖοι … ἐξ ἀρχῆς φυσικοί; Jos., Ant. 7, 130; φύσει Λιμναίου IK XXXVII, 15, 3 of the birth daughter of L. in contrast to her adoptive relationship w. one named Arsas). ἡ ἐκ φύσεως ἀκροβυστία the uncircumcision that is so by nature (a ref. to non-Israelites, who lack the moral cultivation of those who are circumcised and yet ‘observe the upright requirements of the law’ [Ro 2:26]. Israelites who violate their responsibilities to God, despite their privileged position indicated by receipt of circumcision and special revelation, run the risk of placing themselves in the condition of the uncircumcised) Ro 2:27. ἤμεθα τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς we were, in our natural condition (as descendants of Adam), subject to (God’s) wrath Eph 2:3 (the position of φύσει betw. the two words as Plut., Mor. 701a; DTurner, Grace Theological Journal 1, ’80, 195–219). The Christians of Tralles have a blameless disposition οὐ κατὰ χρῆσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ φύσιν not from habit, but by nature ITr 1:1 (here the contrast is between perfunctory virtue and spontaneous or instinctive behavior; Pindar sim. extolled the virtues of athletes who, in contrast to those w. mere acquired learning, reflected their ancestral breeding for excellence: O. 7, 90–92; P. 10, 11–14; N. 3, 40–42; 6, 8–16). οἱ κατὰ φύσιν κλάδοι the natural branches Ro 11:21, 24c. ἡ κατὰ φύσιν ἀγριέλαιος a tree which by nature is a wild olive vs. 24a; opp. παρὰ φύσιν contrary to nature vs. 24b; s. lit. s.v. ἀγριέλαιος and ἐλαία 1. On κατὰ and παρὰ φύσιν s. MPohlenz, Die Stoa I ’48, 488c.

② the natural character of an entity, natural characteristic/disposition (χρυσὸς … τὴν ἰδίαν φ. διαφυλάττει Iren. 1, 6, 2 [Harv. I 55, 2]; Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 12) ἡ φύσις ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη human nature (Pla., Tht. 149b, Tim. 90c; Aristot. 1286b, 27; Epict. 2, 20, 18; Philo, Ebr. 166 al.; Aelian, VH 8, 11 τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσις θνητή; TestJob 3:3 ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη φ.; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 52, 13; Just., A II, 6, 3 τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων) Js 3:7b (unless the sense should be humankind, s. 4 below). Euphemistically: παρθένος ἐγέννησεν, ἃ οὐ χωρεῖ ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς while remaining a virgin, a virgin has had a child or a virgin has given birth, something that does not accord w. her natural condition (as a virgin) GJs 19:3. τὸ ἀδύνατον τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσεως the weakness of our nature Dg 9:6. θείας κοινωνοὶ φύσεως sharers in the divine nature 2 Pt 1:4 (cp. ὅσοι φύσεως κοινωνοῦντες ἀνθρω[πίν]ης IReisenKN, p. 371, 46f; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 232 θείας μετεσχηκέναι φύσεως; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 26 of Dionysus: πρὶν εἰς θεῶν φύσιν ἐλθεῖν=before he attained to the nature of the gods; Ar. 13, 5 μία φ. τῶν θεῶν. Difft. AWolters, Calvin Theological Journal 25, ’90, 28–44 ‘partners of the Deity’).—Also specif. of sexual characteristics (Diod S 16, 26, 6 originally παρθένοι prophesied in Delphi διὰ τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀδιάφθορον=because their sexuality was uncorrupted. φύσις of sex and its change Dicaearchus, Fgm. 37 W.; ἑρμαφροδίτου φ. Iren. 1, 11, 5 [Harv. I 108, 8]. Obviously φ. also has the concrete mng. ‘sex organ’: Nicander, Fgm. 107; Diod S 32, 10, 7 φ. ἄρρενος corresponding to φ. θηλείας following immediately; Anton. Lib. 41, 5; Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 1 Jac.). In the context of Mary’s virginal delivery ἐραυνήσω τὴν φύσιν αὐτῆς= I will examine whether she remains a virgin GJs 19:3b; 20:1 (where Tdf. with codd. reads ἔβαλε Σαλώμη τὸν δάκτυλον αὐτῆς εἰς τὴν φύσιν αὐτῆς [cp. J 20:25]). The hyena παρʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἀλλάσσει τὴν φύσιν changes its nature every year, fr. male to female and vice versa B 10:7 (s. ὕαινα). Polytheists worship τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσιν θεοῖς beings that are by nature no gods at all Gal 4:8 (s. CLanger, Euhemeros u. die Theorie der φύσει u. θέσει θεοί: Αγγελος II 1926, 53–59; Mel., P. 8, 58 φύσει θεὸς ὢν καὶ ἄνθρωπος; Synes., Prov. 1, 9 p. 97c τοῖς φύσει θεοῖς; Diod S 3, 9, 1 differentiates between two kinds of gods: some αἰώνιον ἔχειν κ. ἄφθαρτον τὴν φύσιν, others θνητῆς φύσεως κεκοινωνηκέναι κ. διʼ ἀρετὴν … τετευχέναι τιμῶν ἀθανάτων=some ‘have an everlasting and incorruptible nature’, others ‘share mortal nature and then, because of their personal excellence, … attain immortal honors’).—ὅταν ἔθνη φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῶσιν when gentiles spontaneously (i.e. without extraneous legal instruction; cp. the prophetic ideal Jer 31:32–34) fulfill the demands of the (Mosaic) law Ro 2:14 (s. WMundle, Theol. Blätter 13, ’34, 249–56 [the gentile as Christian under direction of the πνεῦμα]; difft. s. 3 below).

③ the regular or established order of things, nature (Ar. 4, 2 κατὰ ἀπαραίτητον φύσεως ἀνάγκην=in accordance with the non-negotiable order of things; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως) μετήλλαξαν τὴν φυσικὴν χρῆσιν εἰς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν they exchanged the natural function for one contrary to nature Ro 1:26 (Diod S 32, 11, 1 παρὰ φύσιν ὁμιλία; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 109 §511; Athen. 13, 605d οἱ παρὰ φύσιν τῇ Ἀφροδίτῃ χρώμενοι=those who indulge in Aphrodite contrary to nature; TestNapht 3:4; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 39 ὁ παιδεραστὴς τὴν παρὰ φύσιν ἡδονὴν διώκει=a lover of boys pursues unnatural pleasure; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 273; Tat. 3:4; Ath. 26, 2; on φ. as definer of order s. JKube, ΤΕΧΝΗ und ΑΡΕΤΗ ’69, esp. 44–46; on relation to κτίσι in Paul, s. OWischmeyer, ZTK 93, ’96, 352–75). ὅταν ἔθνη φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῶσιν when gentiles fulfil the law’s demands by following the natural order (of things) Ro 2:14 (cp. Ltzm., Hdb., exc. on Ro 2:14–16; but s. 2 above). ἡ φύσις διδάσκει ὑμᾶς 1 Cor 11:14 (Epict. 1, 16, 9f; Plut., Mor. 478d; Synes., Calv. [Baldhead] 14 p. 78c φύσις as well as νόμος prescribes long hair for women, short hair for men.—Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.). τὸ ὄνομα, ὸ̔ κέκτησθε φύσει δικαίᾳ the name which you bear because of a just natural order IEph 1:1 (s. Hdb. ad loc.—τῇ φ. τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἀνώφορόν ἐστιν Did., Gen. 21, 5.—JKleist, transl. ’46, 119 n. 2 suggests ‘natural disposition’).—RGrant, Miracle and Natural Law ’52, 4–18.

④ an entity as a product of nature, natural being, creature (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 29 πᾶσα φύσις=every creature; 3 Macc 3:29.—Diod S 2, 49, 4 plants are called φύσεις καρποφοροῦσαι; 3, 6, 2 θνητὴ φ.= a mortal creature. Ps.-Callisth. 1, 10, 1 ἀνθρωπίνη φ. = a human creature. It can also mean species [X. et al.; 4 Macc 1:20; Philo] and then at times disappear in translation: Ps.-Pla, Epin. 948d ἡ τῶν ἄστρων φύσις=the stars; X., Lac. 3, 4 ἡ τῶν θηλειῶν φύσις=the women; Aristot., Part. An. 1, 5 περὶ τῆς ζῳϊκῆς φ.=on animals) πᾶσα φύσις θηρίων κτλ. Js 3:7a. Also prob. ἡ φ. ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη humankind 3:7b; s. 2 above.—Kl. Pauly IV 841–44 (lit.).—DELG s.v. φύομαι C 6. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.