Γλῶσσαι

γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl

γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)

γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl

γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)

γλώσσᾱͅ, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem dat sg (doric aeolic)

γλώσσᾱͅ, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem dat sg (doric ionic aeolic)

γλῶσσι, γλάζω

sing aloud: fut part act masc /neut dat pl (epic)

γλῶσσα, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc sg

γλῶσσαι, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl

γλῶσσαι, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)

γλῶσσι, γλάζω

sing aloud: fut part act masc /neut dat pl (epic)

γλῶσσα, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc sg

γλῶσσαι, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl

γλῶσσαι, γλῶσσα

tongue: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)

γλῶσσα, [dialect] Ion. [full] γλάσσα, Herod.3.84, al., SIG1002.7 (Milet.), Schwyzer 692 ([place name] Chios), [dialect] Att. [full] γλῶττα, ης, ἡ,

A tongue, Od.3.332, etc.

b γ. λάρυγγος, = γλωττίς, larynx, Gal.UP7.13.

2 tongue, as the organ of speech, γλώσσης χάριν through love of talking, Hes.Op. 709, A.Ch. 266;

γλώσσῃ ματαίᾳ Id.Pr. 331

, cf.Eu. 830;

γλώσσης ἀκρατής Id.Pr. 884

(lyr.);

μεγάλης γ. κόμποι S.Ant. 128

; γλώσσῃ δεινός, θρασύς, Id.OC 806, Aj. 1142;

ἡ γ. ὀμώμοχ' ἡ δὲ φρὴν ἀνώμοτος E.Hipp. 612

: with Preps., ἀπὸ γλώσσης by frankness of speech, Thgn.63;

φθέγγεσθαι Pi.O.6.13

(but ἀπὸ γ. ληίσσεται, opp. χερσὶ βίῃ, of fraud opp. violence, Hes. Op. 322); also, by word of mouth, Hdt.1.123, Th.7.10, Arr.An.2.14.1;

τῷ νῷ θ' ὁμοίως κἀπὸ τῆς γ. λέγω S.OC 936

; τὰ γλώσσης ἄπο, i.e. our words, E.Ba. 1049; ἀπὸ γ. φράσω by heart, opp. γράμμασιν, Cratin.122; οὐκ ἀπὸ γλώσσης not from mere word of mouth, but after full argument, A.Ag. 813; μὴ διὰ γλώσσης without using the tongue, E.Supp. 112;

ἐν ὄμμασιν.. δεδορκὼς κοὐ κατὰ γλῶσσαν κλύων S.Tr. 747

:—phrases: πᾶσαν γλῶτταν βασάνιζε try every art of tongue, Ar. V. 547; πᾶσαν ἱέναι γλῶσσαν let loose one's whole tongue, speak withoutrestraint, S.El. 596;

πολλὴν γ. ἐγχέας μάτην Id.Fr. 929

; κακὰ γ. slander, Pi.P.4.283: pl., ἐν κερτομίοις γλώσσαις, i.e. with blasphemies, S.Ant. 962 (lyr.), cf.Aj. 199 (lyr.): βοῦς, κ ῇς ἐπὶ γλώσσῃ, v. βοῦς, κλείς.

3 of persons, one who is all tongue, speaker, of Pericles,

μεγίστη γ. τῶν Ἑλληνίδων Cratin.293

, cf. Ar.Fr. 629 (s. v. l.).

4 ἡ γ. τοῦ ταμιείου the advocacy of the fiscus, Philostr. VS2.29.

II language,

ἄλλη δ' ἄλλων γ. μεμιγμένη Od.19.175

, cf. Il.2.804; γλῶσσαν ἱέναι speak a language or dialect, Hdt.1.57; γ. Ἑλληνίδα, Δωρίδα ἱέναι, Id.9.16, Th.3.112, cf. A.Pers. 406, Ch. 564;

γλῶσσαν νομίζειν Hdt.1.142

, 4.183;

γλώσσῃ χρῆσθαι Id.4.109

;

κατὰ τὴν ἀρχαίαν γ. Arist.Rh. 1357b10

; dialect,

ἡ Ἀττικὴ γ. Demetr.Eloc. 177

; but also

Δωρὶς διάλεκτος μία ὑφ' ἥν εἰσι γ. πολλαί Tryph.

ap. Sch.D.T.p.320 H.

2 obsolete or foreign word, which needs explanation, Arist. Rh. 1410b12, Po. 1457b4, Plu.2.406f: hence Γλῶσσαι, title of works by Philemon and others.

3 people speaking a distinct language, LXX.Ju.3.8 (pl.), interpol. in Scyl.15.

III anything shaped like the tongue (cf.

γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Act.Ap.2.3

).

1 in Music, rced or tongue of a pipe, Aeschin.3.229, Arist.HA 565a24, Thphr.HP4.11.4, etc.

2 tongue or thong of leather, shoe-latchet, Pl.Com.51, Aeschin.Socr.57.

3 tongue of land, App.Pun. 121, cf. 95.

4 ingot,

γ. χρυσῆ LXX Jo.7.21

.

5 marking on the liver, in divination, Hsch. ( γλῶσσα from γλωχ-y[acaron], cf. γλώξ, γλωχίς; γλάσσα from Γλᾰχ-y[acaron], weak grade of same root.)

γλωσσ-ηματικός, ή, όν, (

A

γλῶσσα 11.2

) interlarded with γλῶσσαι, λέξις, φράσις, D.H.Amm.2.2, Th.50, etc. Adv.

- κῶς Tim.Lex.Praef.

γλωσσο-γράφος [ᾰ], ον,

A writer on γλῶσσαι, Str.13.1.19, Ath. 3.114b, 15.699e, Gal.19.106.

κατάξηρ-ος, ον,

A very dry, parched,

γλῶσσαι Hp.Prorrh.1.3

, cf. Arist.de An. 422b5, Thphr.CP6.18.3, etc.;

τὸ κ. τῆς βώλου Alciphr.3.35

: metaph., ψυχὴ κ. LXXNu.11.6;

τὸ κ. τῆς ἐπιθυμίας Alciphr.1.22

; of persons, κ. γινομένους πρός τι ἀπαγορεύειν stale, Plu.2.8c. Adv.

-ρως, πυρέσσειν Antyll.

ap. Orib.9.23.6.

καταφρύγω [pron. full] [ῡ],

A burn away, burn to ashes, of lightning, Ar.Nu. 396:—[voice] Pass., of love, v.l. in Theoc.14.26 (Pap. ined.).

2 parch, consume, of disease, Alex.Trall.Febr.4:—[voice] Pass., to be dried up,

γλῶσσαι καταπεφρυγμέναι Ruf.

ap. Aët.5.95: [tense] fut. -

φρυγήσομαι Hsch.

:—also [suff] καταφρον-φρύς<ς>ω, [suff] καταφρον-φρύττω, Id., Olymp. in Mete.299.11.

στόμα, τό, [dialect] Aeol. [full] στύμα Theoc.29.25; gen. στόματος, but

A

στομάτοιο Hymn.Mag.2(2).10

,28:— mouth, Il.14.467, etc.;

σύν τε στόμ' ἐρεῖσαι Od.11.426

; ἱμείρων γλυκεροῦ ς. Sol.25; of animals, Hes.Sc. 146, 389, S.Ph. 1156 (lyr.), etc.:—pl. is sts. used for sg., ἀμφιπίπτων στόμασιν, of kissing, Id.Tr. 938, cf. E.Alc. 403 (lyr.), and freq. in later Poets, A.R. 4.1607, Nic.Al. 210, 240, etc.: metaph., πτολέμοιο, ὑσμίνης στόμα, the very jaws of the battle, as of a devouring monster, Il.10.8, 20.359 (but cf. infr. 111.1).

2 esp. the mouth as the organ of speech,

δέκα μὲν γλῶσσαι, δέκα δὲ στόματ' 2.489

, cf. Thgn.18;

βραχύ μοι σ. πάντ' ἀνᾱγήσασθαι Pi.N.10.19

; freq. in Trag., σ. τὸ Δῖον the mouth of Zeus, A.Pr. 1032; τὸ Φοίβου θεῖον ἀψευδὲς ς. Id.Fr.350.5, cf. S.OC 603;

τοῦ στόματος τὸ στρογγύλον Ar.Fr. 471

; Μοισᾶν καπυρὸν ς. their mouthpiece, organ, Theoc.7.37, cf. Mosch.3.72; Πιερίδων τὸ σοφὸν ς., of Homer, AP7.4 (Paul. Sil.), cf. 7.6 (Antip. Sid.), 7.75 (Antip.), 9.184;

τὸ μισόχρηστον σ. τῆς κωμῳδίας Phld. Piet.p.93G.

; speech, utterance, S.OT 426, 706, OC 132 (lyr.), etc.; εἰς τόδ' ἐξελθόντος ἀνόσιον ς. ib. 981; κἂν καλὸν φορῇ ς. Id.Fr. 930;

τὸ σὸν.. σ. ἐλεινόν Id.OT 671

;

διδόναι σ. καὶ σοφίαν Ev.Luc.21.15

: in pl. of a single speaker, S.OT 1220 (lyr.):—special phrases: οἴγειν ς. A. Pr. 611; τοὐμὸν οὐ λύω ς. E.Hipp. 1060, cf. Isoc.12.96; διᾶραι τὸ ς. D. 19.112; κοίμησον ς. keep silence, A.Ag. 1247; δάκνειν ς., i.e. to keep a stern silence (cf. ὀδάξ), Id.Fr. 397;

ἴσχε δακὼν σ. σόν S.Tr. 977

(anap.); ὀδόντι πρῖε τὸ ς. Id.Fr. 897; so κλῄσας ς. E.Ph. 865; οὐκ ἐφέξετε ς.; Id.Hec. 1283; σῖγ' ἕξομεν ς. Id.Hipp. 660; εὖ ἔχειν σ.,= εὐφημεῖν, Eup. 381; συγκλῄειν ς. Ar.Th.40(anap.):—of style, τὸ Λυσιακὸν ς. D.H.Lys. 12.

3 with Preps.,

a ἀνὰ στόμα ἔχειν have always in one's mouth, whether for good or ill, E.El.80;

ἀνὰ σ. καὶ διὰ γλώσσης ἔχειν Id.Andr.95

.

b ἀπὸ στόματος εἰπεῖν speak from memory (cf. ἀπὸ γλώσσης), Pl.Tht. 142d, X.Mem.3.6.9, Philem.48, Plu.Sol.8, etc.

c

διὰ στόμα λέγειν A.Th. 579

, cf. E.Or. 103 (so

κατὰ τὸ σ. ᾄδειν Ar.Nu. 158

);

διὰ στόμα ἔχειν Id.Lys. 855

;

οἶκτος οὔτις ἦν διὰ στόμα A.Th.51

; πᾶσι διὰ στόματος 'tis the common talk, Theoc.12.21.

d

ἐν στόμασι εἶχον Hdt.3.157

, 6.136;

πολλῶν κείμενος ἐν στόμασιν Thgn.240

;

ἐν τῷ σ. λέγειν Ar.Ach. 198

.

e ἐξ ἑνὸς σ. with one voice, Id.Eq. 670. Pl.R. 364a, PGiss.36.13 (ii B.C.), Gal.15.763; so ὡς ἀφ' ἑνὸς ς. AP11.159 (Lucill.).

f ἐπὶ στόμα on one's face, face-foremost, ἐξεκυλίσθη πρηνὴς.. ἐπὶ ς. Il.6.43, cf. 16.410;

ὡς κύων ἐπὶ σ. κείμενος Archil.Supp.2.9

; ὗς ἔκειτ' ἐπὶ ς. Men.21; ἐπὶ σ. κεῖται lies prone, of the right ventricle, Hp.Cord.4; ἐπὶ ς.,= pronus, Gloss.;

ἐπὶ σ. πεσόντα Plu.Art.29

;

ἐπὶ σ. φερόμενον ἐν πᾶσι Timae.

ap.Plb.12.8.4; also ὅ τι νῦν ἦλθ' ἐπὶ ς. whatever came uppermost, A.Fr. 351; ἐπὶ στόματος Φαραώ by the command of P., LXX 4 Ki.23.35.

g κατὰ στόμα face to face, Hdt.8.11, E.Heracl. 801, Rh. 409, X.An.5.2.26; οἱ κατὰ σ. θεοί (cf. ἀντήλιοι) E.Fr.781.33; κατὰ σ. τινός confronted with him, Pl.Lg. 855d;

στόμα κατὰ στόμα λαλήσω αὐτῷ LXXNu.12.8

;

στόμα πρὸς στόμα 2 Ep.Jo.12

, 3 Ep.Jo.14, PMag.Berol.1.39.

II mouth of a river, Il.12.24, Od.5.441, A.Pr. 847, Hdt.2.17, etc.; so ἠϊόνος σ. μακρόν the wide mouth of the bay, Il.14.36, cf. Od.10.90;

σ. τοῦ Πόντου Th.4.75

; κόλπου ib.49;

τὸ σ. τῆς ἐσβολῆς Ar.Ec. 1107

; τὸ ἄνω σ. [τῆς διώρυχος] the width of the trench at top, Hdt.7.23 (but τὰ σ. τ. δ. mouths, ib.37).

2 any outlet or entrance,

ἀργαλέον σ. λαύρης Od.22.137

;

σ. τῆς ἀγυιᾶς X.Cyr.2.4.4

;

σ. φρέατος Id.An.4.5.25

;

καδίσκου Ar.Fr. 581

, cf. AP6.251 (Phil.); χθόνιον Ἄιδα ς. Pi.P.4.44; τὰ τῶν διεξόδων ς. Pl.Phdr. 251d; ἑπτάπυλον ς. the seven gates of Thebes, S.Ant. 119 (lyr.): Medic., τῶν μητρέων, τῶν ὑστερέων,= os uteri (not distinguished from the cervix), Hp.Mul.1.36, Aph.5.46;

τῆς κοιλίας Arist.APo. 94b15

, Sor.1.50;

γαστρός Nic.Al.20

, Gal.5.274; [ ἕλκους] Arist.Pr. 863a11.

III foremost part, face, front:

1 of weapons, point,

κατὰ στόμα εἱμένα χαλκῷ Il.15.389

; [

ὁ κριὸς] ἔχει σ. σιδηροῦν Ath.

Mech.24.2;

τὸ σ. τῆς αἰχμῆς Philostr.Her.19.4

; edge of a sword,

μαχαίρας Ascl.Tact.3.5

, Ev.Luc.21.24, etc.: metaph., ἐθηλύνθην ς. S.Aj. 651.

b the front ranks of the battle, the front, ἀπὸ στόματος (opp. ἀπὸ τῆς οὐρᾶς) X.An.3.4.42, cf. HG4.3.4;

τὸ σ. τοῦ πλαισίου Id.An.3.4.43

, cf. 5.4.22, Plb.10.12.7 (so perh. σ. πολέμοιο, ὑσμίνης in Hom., v. supr.1.1).

c

τὸ τῶν λοχαγῶν τάγμα σ. καλεῖται Ascl.Tact.2.5

.

2 ἄκρον σ. πύργων the edge or top of the towers, E.Ph. 1166; πρὸς τῷ σ. τοῦ βίου at the very verge of life, X.Ages.11.15.

3 = ὀμφαλός 111.3, Ael.Tact.7.3. (Cf. Avest. staman-, m. 'mouth (of dog)', Welsh safn 'mouth'.)

τρομ-ώδης, ες,

A trembling, quivering,

τρομώδεις ἔθνῃσκον Str.15.2.6

;

σάρξ Plu.2.689c

; of delirious persons, χεῖρες, γλῶσσαι, Hp.Acut.42, Prorrh.1.20;

πυρετοί Id.Fract. 11

. Adv.

- δῶς Gal.7.69

, Steph. in Hp. 1.99D.

χολ-ώδης, ες,

A = χολοειδής, like bile or gall, bilious, ἐκκρίσιες, ἔμες μα, Hp.Aph.2.15, Epid.6.4.4.;

χυμοί Pl.Ti. 86e

;

ὑγρότης Arist.HA 506b3

;

χλωραὶ γλῶσσαι χολώδεες

caused by biliousness,

Hp.Epid.6.5.8

;

χολώδεις

bilious persons,

Arist. Metaph. 981a12

, Ruf. ap. Orib.7.26.12, Gal.15.568.

2 bile-coloured,

χρώματα Pl.Ti. 71b

, 83b;

οἷς ἂν ἐπὶ τὸ χολωδέστερον ἡ χρόα μεταβάλῃ Gal.17(2).270

.

II bilious, angry,

χ. τι ὑποβλέπειν Luc.Vit. Auct.7

, cf. Philostr.Im.2.12.

ἀπεραντο-λόγος, ον,

A talking without end,

γλῶσσαι Thal.4

Bgk., cf. Ph.1.216: [comp] Comp.

- ώτερος Gal.18(1).254

.

ἀραιός [ᾰ], ά, όν, ([pref] ἁρ- Hdn.Gr.2.108, v.l. in Il.18.411, al.)

A thin, slender, κνῆμαι, χείρ, γλῶσσαι, Il.l.c., 5.425, 16.161;

γαστήρ Nic.Th. 133

; narrow,

εἴσοδος Od.10.90

; of ships, Hes.Op. 809; φάλαγγες ἀ., opp. βαθύτεραι, X.Lac.11.6, cf. Plu.Crass.23; ἀραιᾷ τροφῇ χρῆσθαι meagre, of diet, Arist.Pol. 1335b13.

II later, of the substance of bodies, of loose texture, opp. πυκνός, Anaximen.I, Meliss.7, Anaxag. 12,15, cf. Emp.104 ([comp] Sup.), Thphr.CP2.4.7, etc.; opp. πίων, Arist. Pr. 880a38; freq. in Hp., as VM22;

δέρμα Aph.5.71

;

ὀστέον Art.33

;

εἴρια Mul.1.1

;

ὁμίχλη.. νέφους ἀραιοτέρα Arist.Mu. 394a21

, cf. Mete. 364b25 ([comp] Comp.);

σπόγγοι D.S.3.14

.

b φλύκταιναι ἀ. empty blisters, Nic.Th. 240 (v. Sch.ad loc.), cf. Theoc.12.24.

2 in Tactics,in open order, opp.πυκνός, τὸ ἀραιότατον [διάστημα] Ascl.Tact.4.1, etc.

III intermittent,

πνεῦμα Hp.Epid.1.26

.ά, β; ἆσθμα, βήξ, Aret.SD1.11, etc. Adv.

- ῶς Hp.Nat.Puer.24

; of the pulse, Gal.9.444,al.

IV scanty, few and far between,

τρίχες Arist.Col. 797b27

; ἀκτῖνες ib. 791a27;

φωναί Id.Aud. 803b28

;

ὀδόντες Poll.2.94

, etc.

V ἀραιά (sc. γαστήρ), ἡ, flank, belly, Ruf.Onom. 171.

VI of the voice, thin, Theoc.13.59. (Homeric metre proves ϝαραιός.)

ὀψαρτ-ῡτικός, ή, όν,

A of or for a cook or cookery: ἡ -κή (sc. τέχνη) the art of cookery, Timocl.37, S.E.M.6.33, Phlp. in APo.74.16;

ὀ. καὶ μυρεψική Phld.Mus.p.45

K.: -κόν, τό (with or without βιβλίον), cookery-book, Ath.3.105c, 9.387c, 12.516c; ὀ. λέξεις, γλῶσσαι, Id.1.5b, 9.387d.

γλῶσσα, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestJob 43:12; Test12Patr; JosAs 13:8; GrBar 3:6; ApcSed; AscIs 3:18; Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat.)

① organ of speech, tongue

ⓐ lit. (Did., Gen. 88, 26) Lk 16:24; as an organ of speech (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 31, 195 χαλεπώτατόν ἐστιν τὸ γλώττης κρατεῖν; Did., Gen. 46, 26 ὄργανον λόγου ἐστὶν ἡ γ.) Mk 7:33, 35; (Vi. Aesopi I G 7 P.: Isis heals the mute Aesop τὸ τραχὺ τῆς γλώττης ἀποτεμοῦσα, τὸ κωλῦον αὐτὸν λαλεῖν ‘cutting off the rough part of his tongue that prevented him from speaking’) Lk 1:64; Ro 3:13 (Ps 5:10; 13:3; cp. Hes., Op. 322–26); 14:11 (Is 45:23); Js 1:26; 3:5f, 8 (Apion in the schol. on Od. 3, 341 κράτιστον τῶν μελῶν ἡ γλῶσσα.—JGeffcken, Kynika usw. 1909, 45–53; GAvdBergh vEysinga, NThT 20, ’31, 303–20). 1J 3:18; διὰ τῆς γ. w. the tongue, i.e., in speaking 1 Cor 14:9 (Just., A I, 16, 8 διὰ γλώττης). παύειν τὴν γ. ἀπὸ κακοῦ keep the tongue from (saying) evil things 1 Pt 3:10; 1 Cl 22:3 (both Ps 33:14). Synon. στόμα 35:8 (Ps 49:19); Rv 16:10; 1 Cl 15:4f (Ps 77:36; 11:4f). τὸ ἐπιεικὲς τῆς γ. moderation of the tongue 21:7. μάστιξ γλώσσης words of reproof 56:10 (Job 5:21). Conceited speech 57:2 (cp. 3 Macc 2:17). Of evil tongues Hv 2, 2, 3. ἠγαλλιάσατο ἡ γλῶσσά μου my tongue exulted (the organ for the pers., cp. πούς 1b) Ac 2:26; 1 Cl 18:15 (both Ps 15:9). τὴν γ. προβάλλειν put out the tongue, hiss of a dragon Hv 4, 1, 9.

ⓑ fig., of forked flames Ac 2:3 (=לְשׁוֹן אֵשׁ Is 5:24; cp. En 14:9f).

② a body of words and systems that makes up a distinctive language, language, tongue

ⓐ of the language itself (Hom. et al.; PGiss 99, 9; Philo, Mos. 2, 40; Jos., Ant. 10, 8; 158; Just., D. 102, 4) Ac 2:6 v.l., 11; language λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις Ac 2:4. On this s. ἕτερος 2 end.; B-D-F §480, 3.

ⓑ of language viewed in terms of pers. using it, language, tongue: πᾶσα γ. every language=every person, regardless of the language that pers. speaks Ro 14:11; Phil 2:11 (Is 45:23; cp. POxy 1381, 198: Ἑλληνὶς δὲ πᾶσα γλῶσσα τὴν σὴν λαλήσει ἱστορίαν καὶ πᾶς Ἕλλην ἀνὴρ τὸν τοῦ Φθᾶ σεβήσεται Ἰμούθην; PGM 12, 188) IMg 10:3. As a distinctive feature of nations γ. can be used as a synonym of φυλή, λαός, ἔθνος (Is 66:18; Da 3:4, 7 al.; Jdth 3:8; AscIs 3:18) Rv 5:9; 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15; 2 Cl 17:4 (Is 66:18).

③ an utterance outside the normal patterns of intelligible speech and therefore requiring special interpretation, ecstatic language, ecstatic speech, tongue, γλῶσσαι, γένη γλωσσῶν, (ἐν) γλώσσῃ/-αις λαλεῖν (λαλούντων διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος γλώσσαις Iren. 5, 6, 1 [Harv. II 334, 3]) 1 Cor 14:1–27, 39; 12:10, 28, 30; 13:1, 8; Ac 10:46; 19:6. Always without the article (in 1 Cor 14:22 αἱ is anaphoric; vs. 9 belongs under mng. 1a). There is no doubt about the thing referred to, namely the strange speech of persons in religious ecstasy. The phenomenon, as found in Hellenistic religion, is described esp. by ERohde (Psyche³ 1903, Eng. tr. 1925, 289–93) and Reitzenstein; cp. Celsus 7, 8; 9. The origin of the term is less clear. Two explanations are prominent today. The one (Bleek, Heinrici et al.) holds that γλῶσσα here means antiquated, foreign, unintelligible, mysterious utterances (Diod S 4, 66, 7 κατὰ γλῶτταν=according to an old expression). The other (Rtzst., Bousset et al.) sees in glossolalia a speaking in marvelous, celestial languages. On ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν 1 Cor 12:10 (cp. 14:26) s. ἑρμηνεία.—γλώσσαις καιναῖς λαλεῖν Mk 16:17.—On ‘speaking in tongues’ s. HGunkel, Die Wirkungen d. hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, D. Wirkungen d. Geistes u. d. Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; ELombard, De la Glossolalie chez les premiers chrétiens 1910; EMosiman, Das Zungenreden geschichtl. u. psychol. unters. 1911. WReinhard, D. Wirken d. hl. Geistes 1918, 120ff; KLSchmidt, Die Pfingsterzählung u. d. Pfingstereignis 1919 (against him PSchmiedel, PM 24, 1920, 73–86); HGüntert, Von der Sprache der Götter u. Geister 1921, 23ff; AMackie, The Gift of Tongues 1922; HRust, D. Zungenreden 1924; FBüchsel, D. Geist Gottes im NT 1926, 242ff; 321ff; GCutten, Speaking with Tongues 1927; IMartin, 3rd, Glossolalia in the Apostolic Church: JBL 63, ’44, 123–30; JDavies, Pentecost and Glossolalia: JTS n.s. 3, ’52, 228–31; FBeare, JBL 83, ’64, 229–46; SCurrie, Int 19, ’65, 274–94; RHarrisville, CBQ 38, ’76, 35–48; RAC XI 225–46; EDNT I 251–55.—B. 230; 1260. Frisk. DELG s.v. γλῶχες. M-M. TW. Sv.

διαμερίζω impf. διεμέριζον; fut. διαμεριῶ (LXX, Just.); 1 aor. διεμέρισα. Mid.: 3 pl. διαμερίσονται (TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 26f [Stone p. 80]); 1 aor. διεμερισάμην. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. διαμερισθήσονται Zech 14:1; 1 aor. διεμερίσθην; pf. ptc. διαμεμερισμένος (s. μερίζω, διαμερισμός; Pla. et al.; pap, LXX; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 18 [Stone p. 36]; B 12 p. 116, 26f [Stone p. 80]; TestJob; EpArist 183; Joseph.; Just., D. 113, 3).

① to divide into separate parts, divide, separate (Pla., Leg. 8, 849d; Gen 10:25) the nations 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8).—Mid. διαμεριζόμεναι γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός divided tongues, just like fire (cp. NRSV) Ac 2:3 prob. in imagery of the jagged effect produced by a flame; but s. 2.

② to distribute objects to a series of pers., distribute (Pla., Polit. 289c; LXX) εἴς τινα share with someone Lk 22:17 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 96 §448 ἐς τούσδε διεμέριζεν; PLond III, 982, 4 [IV A.D.] p. 242 διεμερίσαμεν εἰς ἑαυτούς. Cp. the treatment of a defeated enemy Diod S 17, 70, 5). τί τινι (2 Km 6:19; Ezk 47:21) Ac 2:45 (cp. Just., D. 113, 3 γῆν ἑκάστῳ).—Mid. divide among themselves (Jos., Bell. 5, 440) clothes (cp. Artem. 2, 53 γυμνοὶ σταυροῦνται) Mt 27:35; Mk 15:24; Lk 23:34; J 19:24 (B-D-F §310, 2); GP 4:12 (all after Ps 21:19). Some would interpret Ac 2:3 in this sense: like tongues of fire distributed among them (REB).

③ to be divided into opposing units, be divided, fig. ext. of 1, and only pass. (Lucian, Gall. 22 πρὸς τοσαύτας φροντίδας διαμεριζόμενος) ἐπί τινα against someone Lk 11:17f; 12:53; also ἐπί τινι 12:52f. For this sense s. also διαμερισμός.—DELG s.v. μείρομαι. M-M.

καινός, ή, όν (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 27 [Stone p. 16]; Test12Patr; JosAs 14:13 and 15; Philo, Joseph., Just., Mel.) comp. καινότερος; prim. sense ‘new’.

① pert. to being in existence for a relatively short time, new, unused (X., Hell. 3, 4, 28; PGM 36, 265; Judg 15:13; 2 Km 6:3; 4 Km 2:20) ἀσκοί wineskins (Josh 9:13) Mt 9:17; Mk 2:22; Lk 5:38. ἱμάτιον (Artem. 2, 3 p. 86, 3; 3 Km 11:29f) vs. 36. μνημεῖον Mt 27:60; J 19:41 (w. ἐν ᾧ οὐδέπω οὐδεὶς ἦν τεθειμένος added). τὸ κ. the new piece=πλήρωμα Mk 2:21; Lk 5:36. καινὰ καὶ παλαιά Mt 13:52 (perh. with ref. to coins; cp. PGrenf II, 74, 9; 77, 7f).

② pert. to being not previously present, unknown, strange, remarkable, also w. the connotation of the marvelous or unheard-of (Pla., Apol. 24c; X., Mem. 1, 1, 1 ἕτερα καὶ καινὰ δαιμόνια; Just., A I, 15, 9; Orig., C. Cels. 1 58, 15) διδαχή Mk 1:27; Ac 17:19. ἐντολή (κ. νόμος: Menand., Fgm. 238, 3 Kö.; Diod S 13, 34, 6) J 13:34; 1J 2:7f (Polyaenus 2, 1, 13 οὐ καινοὺς νόμους … ἀλλὰ τ. παλαιούς); 2J 5. ὄνομα (Is 62:2; 65:15) Rv 2:17 (here w. ὸ̔ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν εἰ μὴ ὁ λαμβάνων, perh. as antidote to adversarial magic); 3:12. ᾠδή 5:9 (Ps 143:9; cp. Is 42:10; Ps 32:3; 39:4.—Philo, Vi. Cont. 80 ὕμνος κ. [opp. ἀρχαῖος]); 14:3. γλῶσσαι Mk 16:17. κ. γένος of Christians Dg 1. θεώρημα AcPl Ox 6, 1f (διήγημα Aa I, 241, 11). θέαμα GJs 19:2f (Mel., P. 19, 127). Christ as ὁ κ. ἄνθρωπος the new kind of human being IEph 20:1. ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν τι καινότερον either to hear or to say someth. quite new (=‘the latest thing’) Ac 17:21 (s. Kühner-G. II 306f; Norden, Agn. Th. 333ff [but s. HAlmqvist, Plutarch u. d. NT ’46, 79f, w. ref. to Plut.]; B-D-F §244, 2; Rdm. 70 and s. Demosth. 4, 10 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι … λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτʼ ἄν τι καινότερον … ; also Theophr., Char. 8, 2; BGU 821, 6 [II A.D.] ὅταν ᾖ τι καινότερον, εὐθέως σοι δηλώσω; Simplicius, Coroll. De Tempore, in Aristot., Phys. p. 788, 36ff καινοτέραν ἐβάδισεν ὁδόν=he traveled a rather new road [of interpretation]; Jos., Ant. 14, 104; Iren. 1, 18, 1 [Harv. I 169, 3]).

③ pert. to that which is recent in contrast to someth. old, new

ⓐ w. no criticism of the old implied (Herodas 4, 57 καινὴ Ἀθηναίη; Lucian, M. Peregr. 12 κ. Σωκράτης): of the Son of God or Logos, who is old and new at the same time Hs 9, 12, 1ff; Dg 11:4.

ⓑ in the sense that what is old has become obsolete, and should be replaced by what is new. In such a case the new is, as a rule, superior in kind to the old ἡ κ. διαθήκη the new covenant or declaration (Jer 38:31; Just., D. 11, 4 al.; Did., Gen. 46, 4; 156, 5) Mt 26:28 v.l.; Mk 14:24 v.l.; Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31), 13; 9:15. κ. νόμος (Timocles Com. [IV B.C.] Fgm. 32, 4 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τ. καινόν; Just., D. 12, 3; Mel., P. 7, 46) B 2:6. λαὸς κ. 5:7; 7:5; cp. 15:7.—Esp. in eschatol. usage κ. οὐρανοί, κ. γῆ (Is 65:17; 66:22) 2 Pt 3:13; Rv 21:1; Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή vs. 2; 3:12. καινὰ πάντα ποιεῖν 21:5. καινὸν πίνειν τὸ γένημα τῆς ἀμπέλου Mt 26:29; Mk 14:25.—Of the renewing of a pers. who has been converted κ. ἄνθρωπος Eph 4:24; Dg 2:1. κ. κτίσις a new creature 2 Cor 5:17a; cp. 17b (Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 11 p. 370e ἐκ τῆς ἀσθενείας ἐμαυτὸν συνείλεγμαι καὶ γέγονα καινός=out of weakness I have brought myself together and become new; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 6, 67, 33); Gal 6:15; cp. B 16:8. All the Christians together appear as κ. ἄνθρωπος Eph 2:15.—RHarrisville, The Concept of Newness in the NT, ’60; GSchneider, Καινὴ Κτίσις (Paul and background), diss. Trier, ’59, Neuschöpfung oder Wiederkehr? ’61. Qumran: DSwanson, A Covenant Just Like Jacob’s, The Covenant of 11QT 29 and Jeremiah’s New Covenant: New Qumran Texts and Studies, ed. GBrooke/FMartínez ’94, 273–86.—B. 957. Schmidt, Syn. II 94–123. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. S. νεό.

πῦρ, ός, τό (Hom.+) fire

ⓐ of earthly fire, as an important element in creation Dg 7:2.—Mt 17:15; Mk 9:22; Ac 28:5; Js 5:3 (cp. 4 Macc 15:15); ITr 2:3. Melting lead 2 Cl 16:3. Necessary for forging metals Dg 2:3. Testing precious metals for purity 1 Pt 1:7; Hv 4, 3, 4; in metaphor Rv 3:18. For ἄνθρακες πυρός Ro 12:20 s. ἄνθραξ. For κάμινος (τοῦ) πυρός (Iren. 5, 5, 2 [Harv. II 332, 2) 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 8:2 s. κάμινος. For βάλλειν εἰς (τὸ) π. s. βάλλω 1b.—περιάπτειν πῦρ kindle a fire Lk 22:55. κατακαίειν τι πυρί burn someth. (up) with fire, in a pass. construction Mt 13:40; τινὰ ἐν πυρὶ Rv 17:16 (v.l. without ἐν). Pass. construction 18:8. ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακαίεσθαι MPol 5:2 (κατακαίω, end). πῦρ καιόμενον 11:2b (καίω 1a). πυρὶ καίεσθαι Hb 12:18; Rv 8:8 (καίω 1a). Fire is used in comparisons γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Ac 2:3 (Ezek. Trag. 234 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14] ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ φέγγος ὡς πυρὸς ὤφθη ἡμῖν). φλὸξ πυρός a flame of fire (Ex 3:2; Is 29:6; PsSol 15:4; JosAs 14:9): ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός Rv 1:14; cp. 2:18; 19:12.—Of a Christian worker who has built poorly in the congregation it is said σωθήσεται ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved as if through (the) fire, i.e. like a person who must pass through a wall of fire to escape fr. a burning house (Ps.-Crates, Ep. 6 [=Malherbe p. 56] κἂν διὰ πυρός; Jos., Ant. 17, 264 διὰ τοῦ πυρός; Diod S 1, 57, 7; 8 διὰ τοῦ φλογὸς … σωθείς from a burning tent) 1 Cor 3:15 (HHollander, NTS 40, ’94, 89–104; s. σῴζω 3). Cp. Jd 23 (ἁρπάζω 2a).—Of the torture of a loyal confessor by fire IRo 5:3; ISm 4:2; MPol 2:3; 11:2a; 13:3; 15:1f; 16:1; 17:2; cp. Hb 11:34; in imagery of Rome ἀπέρχομαι εἰς κάμινον πυρός AcPl Ha 6, 20 (cp. b below).

ⓑ of fire that is heavenly in origin and nature (cp. Diod S 4, 2, 3 of the ‘fire’ of lightning, accompanying the appearance of Zeus; 16, 63, 3 τὸ θεῖον πῦρ; Just., D. 88, 3 πῦρ ἀνήφθη ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῳ [at Jesus’ baptism]. In gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 14]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 9, 5.—Orig., C. Cels. 4, 13, 19): an angel appears to Moses ἐν φλογὶ πυρὸς βάτου in the flame of a burning thorn-bush Ac 7:30 (s. Ex 3:2; cp. Just., A I, 62, 3 ἐν ἰδέᾳ πυρός.—PKatz, ZNW 46, ’55, 133–38). God makes τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πυρὸς φλόγα (cp. Ps 103:4, esp. in the v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3. Corresp., there burn before the heavenly throne seven λαμπάδες πυρός Rv 4:5 and the ‘strong angel’ 10:1 has πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, but both of these pass. fit equally well in a. Fire appears mostly as a means used by God to execute punishment: in the past, in the case of Sodom ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ Lk 17:29 (Gen 19:24; cp. 1QH 3:31). Cp. Lk 9:54 (4 Km 1:10, 12; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24, 13] ἐξ οὐρανοῦ; Jos., Ant. 9, 23 πῦρ ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν). Quite predom. in connection w. the Last Judgment: the end of the world διʼ αἵματος καὶ πυρός Hv 4, 3, 3; cp. Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3. Also Sib-Or 4, 173; 5, 376f); Rv 8:7. κόσμος αἴρεται ἐν πυρί AcPl Ha 2, 26; 9, 11. The Judgment Day ἐν πυρὶ ἀποκαλύπτεται makes its appearance with fire 1 Cor 3:13a; cp. 13b (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 … Fegfeuer? ’55); 2 Pt 3:7 (on first-century cosmological views s. FDowning, L’AntCl 64, ’95, 99–109, esp. 107f). When Jesus comes again he will reveal himself w. his angels ἐν πυρὶ φλογός (cp. Sir 45:19) 2 Th 1:8. Oft. in Rv: fire is cast fr. heaven upon the earth 8:5; 13:13; 20:9 (καταβαίνω 1b). It proceeds fr. the mouths of God’s two witnesses 11:5 and fr. the mouths of plague-bringing horses 9:17f. See 16:8. For πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 s. ζῆλος 1, end. ἡ χείρ μου πυρὶ ἀποπίπτει ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ my hand falls off me from (burning in) the fire GJs 20:1 (codd.).—The fire w. which God punishes sinners (cp. ApcSed 4:1 κόλασις καὶ πῦρ ἐστιν ἡ παίδευσίς σου) οὐ σβέννυται (cp. Is 66:24) Mk 9:48; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5. Hence it is called (s. PGM 5, 147 τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἀθάνατον): (τὸ) πῦρ (τὸ) αἰώνιον (4 Macc 12:12; TestZeb 10:3; GrBar 4:16; Just., A I, 21, 6 al.; Tat. 17, 1; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 9]) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (opp. τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρόσκαιρον 10:8). πῦρ ἄσβεστον (ἄσβεστος 1) Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 45 v.l.; Lk 3:17; 2 Cl 17:7; IEph 16:2; AcPl Ha 1, 22. It burns in the γέεννα (τοῦ) πυρός (ApcEsdr 1:9 p. 25, 1 Tdf.; s. γέεννα and cp. En 10:13 τὸ χάος τοῦ πυρός) Mt 5:22; 18:9 (cp. 1QS 2:7f); Mk 9:47 v.l.; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus not recorded elsewhere). ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς (καὶ θείου) Rv 19:20; 20:10, 14ab, 15 (cp. Jos As 12, 10 ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρός); cp. Rv 21:8; 14:10, 18; 15:2. The fiery place of punishment as ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός Mt 13:42, 50 (difft. AcPl Ha 6, 20 see at the end of a, above). τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ fire awaits that person AcPlCor 2:37. The fire of hell is also meant in certain parables and allegories, in which trees and vines represent persons worthy of punishment Mt 3:10; 7:19; Lk 3:9; J 15:6. The one whose coming was proclaimed by John the Baptist βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; whether πῦρ in Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16 refers to reception of the Holy Spirit (esp. in Lk 3:16) or to the fire of divine judgment is debatable; for association of πῦρ with πνεῦμα s. Ac 2:3f; AcPlCor 2:13 (βαπτίζω 3b). As Lord of Judgment God is called πῦρ καταναλίσκον Hb 12:29 (Dt 4:24; 9:3.—Mesomedes calls Isis πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον [IAndrosIsis p. 145, 14]).—Of a different kind is the idea that fire is to be worshiped as a god (Maximus Tyr. 2, 4b of the Persians: πῦρ δέσποτα; Theosophien 14 p. 170, 11 τὸ πῦρ ἀληθῶς θεός) Dg 8:2.

ⓒ fig. (Just., D. 8, 1 πῦρ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀνήφθη; Chariton 2, 4, 7 πῦρ εἰς τ. ψυχήν; Ael. Aristid. 28, 110 K.=49 p. 527 D.: τὸ ἱερὸν κ. θεῖον πῦρ τὸ ἐκ Διός; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 5; PGrenf I=Coll. Alex. p. 177 ln. 15 [II B.C.] of the fire of love; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21] of God’s wrath) ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ Js 3:6 (s. γλῶσσα 1a). The saying of Jesus πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 12:49 seems, in the context where it is now found, to refer to the fire of discord (s. vss. 51–53). πῦρ is also taken as fig. in Agr 3, the sense of which, however, cannot be determined w. certainty (s. Unknown Sayings, 54–56) ὁ ἐγγύς μου ἐγγὺς τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας (cp. ἐγγύς 3; ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ πυρός as someth. dangerous also Chariton 6, 3, 9). On the difficult pass. πᾶς πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται Mk 9:49 and its variants s. ἁλίζω and cp. ἅλας b (s. also NColeman, JTS 24, 1923, 381–96, ET 48, ’37, 360–62; PHaupt, Salted with Fire: AJP 45, 1924, 242–45; AFridrichsen, Würzung durch Feuer: SymbOsl 4, 1926, 36–38; JdeZwaan, Met vuur gezouten worden, Mc 9:49: NThSt 11, 1928, 179–82; RHarris, ET 48, ’37, 185f; SEitrem, Opferritus u. Voropfer der Griechen u. Römer 1915, 309–44. JBauer, TZ 15, ’59, 446–50; HZimmermann [Mk 9:49], TQ 139, ’59, 28–39; TBaarda [Mk 9:49], NTS 5, ’59, 318–21).—B. 71; RAC VII 786–90; BHHW I 479f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.