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two-parent+working+family

  • 1 familia

    f.
    family.
    de buena familia from a good family
    no te dé vergüenza, que estamos en familia (figurative) don't be shy — you're among friends
    ser como de la familia to be like one of the family
    venir de familia to run in the family
    familia nuclear nuclear family
    familia numerosa large family
    la familia Real the Royal Family
    * * *
    1 family
    2 (prole) children plural, family
    \
    en familia (con la familia) with the family 2 (con muy poca gente) in private
    estar en familia to be among friends
    sentirse como en familia to feel at home, feel like one of the family
    ser como de la familia to be like one of the family
    ser de buena familia to come from a good family
    ser de familia humilde to be of humble origin
    venir algo de familia to run in the family
    familia numerosa large family
    la Sagrada Familia the Holy Family
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=parentela) family

    ¿cómo está la familia? — how is the family?

    familia numerosa, tiene una familia numerosa — he has a large family

    2) (=hijos)

    ¿cuándo pensáis tener familia? — when are you thinking of starting a family?

    ¿tenéis ya mucha familia? — do you already have lots of children?

    3) (=pariente)

    ¿sois familia? — are you related?

    4) (=comunidad) family
    5) (Bot, Ling, Zool) family
    6) (Tip) fount
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( parientes) family

    es de buena familia or de familia bien — he's from a good family

    b) ( hijos) children
    2) (Bot, Zool) family
    * * *
    = family, home, household.
    Ex. Proper names, for example, names of persons, names of families, names of places.
    Ex. It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.
    Ex. For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    ----
    * biógrafo de familias = family historian.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, head of the family.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * desintegración de la familia = family breakdown.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * enano de la familia, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.
    * familia adoptiva = foster care home, foster family, adoptive family.
    * familia analfabeta = illiterate home.
    * familia biológica = biological family.
    * familia, cabeza de familia = householder.
    * familia casi analfabeta = subliterate home.
    * familia con dos coches = two-car family.
    * familia con dos sueldos = two-income family.
    * familia de acogida = foster care home, foster home.
    * familia de agricultores = farming family.
    * familia de bajos ingresos = low-income family.
    * familia de la madrastra = stepfamily.
    * familia del padrastro = stepfamily.
    * familia dividida = divided family.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.
    * familia hacendada = landholding family.
    * familia monoparental = one parent family, single parent, single-parent working family, single-parent family, lone-parent family.
    * familia nuclear = nuclear family, nuclear family.
    * familia política = in-laws.
    * familia problemática = problem family.
    * familia real = royal family.
    * familia rota = broken family, broken home.
    * joyas de la familia = family jewels.
    * juzgado de familia = divorce court, family court.
    * lectura en familia = family reading.
    * médico de familia = family practitioner, general practitioner (GP), family doctor.
    * miembro de la familia = family member.
    * orientado hacia la familia = family-oriented.
    * oveja negra de la familia, la = black sheep of the family, the.
    * padre de familia = pater familias, family man.
    * principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * reliquia de familia = heirloom.
    * residencia para familias = family residence.
    * secreto de familia = skeleton in the closet.
    * vengador de la familia = avenger of blood.
    * violencia en la familia = family violence.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( parientes) family

    es de buena familia or de familia bien — he's from a good family

    b) ( hijos) children
    2) (Bot, Zool) family
    * * *
    = family, home, household.

    Ex: Proper names, for example, names of persons, names of families, names of places.

    Ex: It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.
    Ex: For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    * biógrafo de familias = family historian.
    * cabeza de familia = head of the household, head of the family.
    * conciliación del trabajo y la familia = reconciliation of work and family.
    * crear una familia = have + a family.
    * desintegración de la familia = family breakdown.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * enano de la familia, el = runt of the litter, the.
    * entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.
    * familia adoptiva = foster care home, foster family, adoptive family.
    * familia analfabeta = illiterate home.
    * familia biológica = biological family.
    * familia, cabeza de familia = householder.
    * familia casi analfabeta = subliterate home.
    * familia con dos coches = two-car family.
    * familia con dos sueldos = two-income family.
    * familia de acogida = foster care home, foster home.
    * familia de agricultores = farming family.
    * familia de bajos ingresos = low-income family.
    * familia de la madrastra = stepfamily.
    * familia del padrastro = stepfamily.
    * familia dividida = divided family.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.
    * familia hacendada = landholding family.
    * familia monoparental = one parent family, single parent, single-parent working family, single-parent family, lone-parent family.
    * familia nuclear = nuclear family, nuclear family.
    * familia política = in-laws.
    * familia problemática = problem family.
    * familia real = royal family.
    * familia rota = broken family, broken home.
    * joyas de la familia = family jewels.
    * juzgado de familia = divorce court, family court.
    * lectura en familia = family reading.
    * médico de familia = family practitioner, general practitioner (GP), family doctor.
    * miembro de la familia = family member.
    * orientado hacia la familia = family-oriented.
    * oveja negra de la familia, la = black sheep of the family, the.
    * padre de familia = pater familias, family man.
    * principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * reliquia de familia = heirloom.
    * residencia para familias = family residence.
    * secreto de familia = skeleton in the closet.
    * vengador de la familia = avenger of blood.
    * violencia en la familia = family violence.

    * * *
    A
    1 (parientes) family
    es de buena familiaor de familia bien he's from a good family
    sus hijos, nietos y demás familia her children, grandchildren and other members of the family
    somos como de la familia we're just like family
    le viene de familia it runs in the family
    pasa hasta en las mejores familias it can happen to the best of us
    hemos pasado las fiestas en familia we spent the holidays with the family
    2
    (hijos): aún no tienen familia they don't have any children o a family yet
    Compuestos:
    foster family
    extended family
    single-parent family
    nuclear family
    (literal) large family; ( Servs Socs) (en Esp) family with more than four children ( entitled to special benefits)
    family of separated parents who arrange for continued family interaction to benefit the children
    B ( Bot, Zool) family
    * * *

     

    familia sustantivo femenino


    mi familia política my wife's/husband's family, my in-laws (colloq);
    es de buena familia or de familia bien he's from a good family;
    somos como de la familia we're just like family;
    le viene de familia it runs in the family


    familia sustantivo femenino family: somos familia numerosa, we are large family
    todos tienen un aire de familia, they all have a family likeness
    ♦ Locuciones: estar en familia, to be among friends
    (con poca gente) en la conferencia de ayer estábamos en familia, there were just a few of us at the conference yesterday
    venir de familia, to run in the family
    ' familia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abusar
    - acoger
    - alma
    - besucón
    - besucona
    - botadura
    - cabeza
    - derecha
    - derrumbarse
    - deshonrar
    - desprecio
    - desunión
    - familiar
    - garbanzo
    - gente
    - honrosa
    - honroso
    - incluso
    - juntar
    - materna
    - materno
    - mía
    - miembro
    - mío
    - nacida
    - nacido
    - pecosa
    - pecoso
    - plena
    - pleno
    - política
    - político
    - proceder
    - recurrir
    - recurso
    - reliquia
    - renegar
    - resto
    - ruin
    - sagrada
    - sagrado
    - sangre
    - seno
    - sí
    - sostén
    - sostener
    - supeditar
    - sustentar
    - tal
    - ultramar
    English:
    black
    - bosom
    - breadwinner
    - comfortable
    - crest
    - desert
    - disgrace
    - eldest
    - family
    - family film
    - folk
    - foster
    - foster child
    - go back
    - greet
    - have
    - honour
    - household
    - immediate
    - in-laws
    - keep
    - large
    - let down
    - likeness
    - maintain
    - middle
    - offshoot
    - plan
    - portrait
    - provide for
    - relationship
    - remember
    - repudiate
    - reunion
    - run
    - seat
    - side
    - such
    - support
    - sustain
    - with
    - average
    - before
    - brains
    - bread
    - bring
    - dot
    - expect
    - fulfillment
    - head
    * * *
    1. [grupo de personas] family;
    un asunto de familia a family matter;
    el director es familia mía the director is a relative of mine;
    ser como de la familia to be like one of the family;
    venir de familia to run in the family;
    en familia [con la familia] with one's family;
    pasamos el fin de año en familia we spent New Year with the family;
    estábamos en familia [casi solos] there were only a few of us;
    no te dé vergüenza, que estamos en familia don't be shy – you're among friends
    familia adoptiva adoptive family;
    familia desestructurada dysfunctional family;
    familia monoparental single parent family;
    familia nuclear nuclear family;
    familia numerosa large family;
    2. [hijos]
    no tuvieron familia they never had children
    3. [linaje] family;
    de buena familia from a good family
    4. [de plantas, animales] family;
    una familia de plantas a family of plants
    5. Ling family;
    una familia de lenguas a family of languages
    * * *
    f family;
    ser de la familia be one of the family;
    de buena familia from a good family
    * * *
    1) : family
    2)
    * * *
    familia n family [pl. families]

    Spanish-English dictionary > familia

  • 2 familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan

    Ex. They have become very popular with library patrons, especially in time-rationed, gridlocked metropolitan areas with a high proportion of two-parent working families.
    * * *

    Ex: They have become very popular with library patrons, especially in time-rationed, gridlocked metropolitan areas with a high proportion of two-parent working families.

    Spanish-English dictionary > familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan

  • 3 trabajar

    v.
    1 to work (en empleo, tarea) (hierro, barro, tierra).
    ¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?
    trabajar de/en to work as/in
    trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm
    ponerse a trabajar to get to work
    Ellos trabajan hoy They work today.
    Ellos trabajan la madera They work the wood.
    2 to act (Cine & Teatro).
    ¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!
    3 to sell, to stock (vender) (producto, género, marca).
    4 to work on or at.
    5 to run.
    Eso trabaja con gasolina That runs on gasoline.
    6 to operate.
    El condensador trabaja The condenser operates.
    7 to work out for.
    Me trabajó el diagrama The diagram worked out for me.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to work
    2 (en obra, película) to act, perform
    ■ ¿quién trabaja en la obra? who's in the play?
    3 figurado (soportar) to be under stress
    1 (materiales) to work (on)
    2 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on
    3 (la tierra) to till
    4 COCINA (pasta) to knead
    1 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on
    2 figurado (a alguien) to persuade
    \
    trabajar a alguien para que haga algo to talk somebody into doing something, try to persuade somebody to do something
    trabajar a destajo to do piecework
    trabajar como un,-a condenado,-a / trabajar como una bestia familiar to slave away
    trabajar de to be, work as
    trabajar de balde to work for nothing
    trabajar el hierro / trabajar la madera to work iron / work wood
    trabajar en balde familiar to work in vain
    trabajar por horas to be paid by the hour
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) [persona] to work

    • trabajar de algo — to work as sth

    • trabajar en algo, ¿en qué trabajas? — what's your job?

    ¿ha trabajado antes en diseño gráfico? — do you have any previous work experience in graphic design?

    • trabajar por horas — to work by the hour

    • trabajar jornada completa — to work full-time

    • trabajar por hacer algo, estamos trabajando por conseguir nuestros derechos — we are working towards getting our rights

    • trabajar a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    2) (=funcionar) [fábrica] to work; [máquina] to run, work

    • hacer trabajar, si quiere hacer trabajar su dinero llámenos — if you want to make your money work for you, give us a call

    3) [tierra, árbol] to bear, yield
    2. VT
    1) [+ tierra, cuero, madera] to work; [+ masa] to knead; [+ ingredientes] to mix in
    2) [+ detalle, proyecto] to work on; [+ mente] to exercise
    3) (Com) (=vender) to sell
    4) [+ caballo] to train
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( en empleo) to work

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo — to work full-time

    trabajar media jornada or (AmL) medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    ¿en qué trabajas? — what do you do (for a living)?

    trabaja en publicidad — she works o is in advertising

    trabajar DE or COMO algo — to work as something

    2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or (un) chino — to work like a slave

    3) ( actuar) to act, perform

    ¿quién trabaja en la película? — who are the actors o who's in the movie?

    4) (operar, funcionar) to work
    2.
    1)
    a) <campo/tierra> to work
    b) <madera/cuero> to work
    c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix
    2) <género/marca> to sell, stock
    3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    3.
    trabajarse v pron (fam)
    a) <premio/ascenso> to work for
    b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    * * *
    = function, work.
    Ex. The DOBIS/LIBIS allows both the library and the computer center to function efficiently and at a lower cost by sharing one system.
    Ex. He represents how much can be accomplished by someone who has worked from the outside.
    ----
    * acabar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * deslomarse trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * empezar a trabajar = take + job.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * hacer que Alguien trabaje exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.
    * mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.
    * ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * que trabajan para él = in its employ.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * trabajando = in post.
    * trabajando con ahínco = hard at work.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar Algo exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.
    * trabajar como persona en prácticas = intern.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * trabajar como residente = intern.
    * trabajar como una hormiguita = beaver away.
    * trabajar como un bellaco = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar como un loco = work off + Posesivo + shoes.
    * trabajar con = operate to, get into.
    * trabajar conjuntamente = work + back to back, interwork.
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * trabajar con tesón = work + hard.
    * trabajar de = serve as.
    * trabajar de aprendiz con Alguien = apprentice.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar de sol a sol = burn + the candle at both ends, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * trabajar duro = labour [labor, -USA], toil, slave away.
    * trabajar en = make + a life's work of.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajar estrechamente = work + closely together.
    * trabajar hacia atrás = work backward.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.
    * trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * trabajar juntos = work together, pull together.
    * trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar mejor = work + best.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * trabajar para = in the employ of, act for.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * trabajar por turnos = work on + a rota, work on + a rota system, work + shifts.
    * trabajar sin descanso = work off + Posesivo + shoes, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin preocupaciones = work along.
    * trabajar sin respiro = work at + full tilt.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( en empleo) to work

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo — to work full-time

    trabajar media jornada or (AmL) medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    ¿en qué trabajas? — what do you do (for a living)?

    trabaja en publicidad — she works o is in advertising

    trabajar DE or COMO algo — to work as something

    2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or (un) chino — to work like a slave

    3) ( actuar) to act, perform

    ¿quién trabaja en la película? — who are the actors o who's in the movie?

    4) (operar, funcionar) to work
    2.
    1)
    a) <campo/tierra> to work
    b) <madera/cuero> to work
    c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix
    2) <género/marca> to sell, stock
    3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    3.
    trabajarse v pron (fam)
    a) <premio/ascenso> to work for
    b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    * * *
    = function, work.

    Ex: The DOBIS/LIBIS allows both the library and the computer center to function efficiently and at a lower cost by sharing one system.

    Ex: He represents how much can be accomplished by someone who has worked from the outside.
    * acabar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * deslomarse trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * empezar a trabajar = take + job.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * hacer que Alguien trabaje exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.
    * mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.
    * ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * que trabajan para él = in its employ.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * trabajando = in post.
    * trabajando con ahínco = hard at work.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar Algo exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.
    * trabajar como persona en prácticas = intern.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * trabajar como residente = intern.
    * trabajar como una hormiguita = beaver away.
    * trabajar como un bellaco = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar como un loco = work off + Posesivo + shoes.
    * trabajar con = operate to, get into.
    * trabajar conjuntamente = work + back to back, interwork.
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * trabajar con tesón = work + hard.
    * trabajar de = serve as.
    * trabajar de aprendiz con Alguien = apprentice.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar de sol a sol = burn + the candle at both ends, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * trabajar duro = labour [labor, -USA], toil, slave away.
    * trabajar en = make + a life's work of.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajar estrechamente = work + closely together.
    * trabajar hacia atrás = work backward.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.
    * trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * trabajar juntos = work together, pull together.
    * trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar mejor = work + best.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * trabajar para = in the employ of, act for.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * trabajar por turnos = work on + a rota, work on + a rota system, work + shifts.
    * trabajar sin descanso = work off + Posesivo + shoes, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin preocupaciones = work along.
    * trabajar sin respiro = work at + full tilt.

    * * *
    trabajar [A1 ]
    vi
    A (en un empleo) to work
    empiezo a trabajar mañana I start work tomorrow
    ¿a qué hora entras a trabajar ? what time do you start work?
    el lunes no se trabaja Monday is a holiday
    trabajar por su cuenta or por cuenta propia to be self-employed
    los que trabajamos jornada completa or a tiempo completo those of us who work full-time
    trabajar fuera (de casa) or ( AmL) trabajar afuera to go out to work
    trabajar en las minas/en el campo to work in o down the mines/on the land
    trabaja para una compañía extranjera she works for a foreign company
    trabajan a jornal fijo they are paid a fixed daily rate
    trabaja bien aunque le falta experiencia she does her job well o she's a good worker although she lacks experience
    los ponían a trabajar desde niños they were sent out to work from an early age
    trabajar EN algo:
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?, what line are you in?, what sort of work do you do?
    trabaja en publicidad she works in o she is in advertising
    trabajar DE or COMO algo to work AS sth
    trabaja de camarero por las noches he works as a waiter in the evenings
    B (en una tarea, actividad) to work
    deja de perder el tiempo y ponte a trabajar stop wasting time and start doing some work o get working
    voy a ir a trabajar un poco a la biblioteca I'm going to go and do some work in the library
    trabajó mucho he worked hard
    nos han tenido trabajando todo el día they've kept us (hard) at it all day ( colloq)
    trabajar EN algo to work ON sth
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel
    trabajamos en la búsqueda de una solución we are working on o working to find a solution
    trabajar EN CONTRA DE/ POR algo:
    trabajamos en contra de la aprobación de la ley we are working to prevent o we are trying to stop the law being passed
    siempre ha trabajado por la paz she has always worked for peace o to promote peace
    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or un enano or un chino ( fam); to work like a slave, to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq)
    C (actuar) to act, perform
    ¿quién trabaja en la película? who's in the movie?, who are the actors in the movie?
    ella trabaja muy bien she's a very good performer o actress o she's very good
    trabajó en una película de Saura he was in one of Saura's films
    D
    (operar, funcionar): la empresa trabaja a pérdida the company is running o operating at a loss
    la fábrica está trabajando a tope the factory is working o operating at full capacity
    tienen mucha maquinaria ociosa, sin trabajar they have a lot of spare machinery standing idle
    los motores trabajan al máximo al despegar the engines work o operate o run at full throttle during take off
    haga trabajar su dinero make your money work for you
    hemos logrado que las mareas trabajen para nosotros we have succeeded in harnessing the tides
    el tiempo trabaja en contra nuestra/en nuestro favor time is (working) against us/is on our side
    un problema que hace trabajar el cerebro a problem which exercises the mind
    ■ trabajar
    vt
    A
    1 ‹masa› (con las manos) to knead, work; (con un tenedor) to mix
    2 ‹madera/cuero/oro› to work
    3 ‹campo/tierra› to work
    B ‹género/marca› to sell, stock
    C (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    hay que trabajar la escena final we must work on the last scene
    tengo que trabajarlo un poco más I have to work on it a bit more o do some more work on it
    D ( fam) (intentar convencer) to work on ( colloq)
    ( fam)
    1 ‹premio/ascenso› to work for
    2 ( enf) ( fam); ‹persona› to work on ( colloq)
    todavía me lo estoy trabajando I'm still working on him
    * * *

     

    trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to work;

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
    trabajar media jornada to work part-time;
    trabajar mucho to work hard;
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
    trabajar DE or COMO algo to work as sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
    ◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work


    2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    trabajar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
    trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
    trabaja bien, he's a good worker
    2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
    2 (la madera) to work
    (un metal) to work
    (la tierra) to work, till
    (cuero) to emboss
    2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
    ' trabajar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ánimo
    - bestia
    - bregar
    - cuenta
    - equipo
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - herniarse
    - hormiguita
    - pausa
    - por
    - señorito
    - seria
    - serio
    - vida
    - aunque
    - balde
    - bartola
    - burro
    - campo
    - chequeo
    - clandestinidad
    - comisión
    - deber
    - demasiado
    - deprisa
    - desgana
    - desmayo
    - destajo
    - duro
    - exceder
    - exceso
    - firme
    - grupo
    - huevada
    - ir
    - jornada
    - jornal
    - junto
    - justificar
    - mucho
    - noche
    - rápido
    - servir
    - sistema
    English:
    act
    - agree
    - attuned to
    - away
    - beaver away
    - bone
    - branch out
    - burn
    - bustle
    - clock
    - cut out
    - done
    - dungarees
    - entitlement
    - exercise
    - expect
    - face
    - finger
    - fit
    - flag
    - for
    - free
    - get down to
    - graft
    - habit
    - hard
    - hindrance
    - keep at
    - knock off
    - knuckle down
    - labour
    - mad
    - mean
    - midnight
    - model
    - must
    - nonstop
    - object
    - often
    - overwork
    - pack up
    - plod
    - probation
    - pull together
    - ridesharing
    - set
    - settle down
    - shift
    - slave
    - slog
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [tener un empleo] to work;
    no trabajes tanto you shouldn't work so hard;
    trabajar a tiempo parcial/completo to work part time/full time;
    ¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?;
    trabaja de o [m5] como taxista he's a taxi driver, he works as a taxi driver;
    trabajar de autónomo to be self-employed;
    trabajar de voluntario to do voluntary work;
    trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm;
    trabaja en personal she works in personnel;
    trabaja para una multinacional she works for a multinational;
    trabajar por horas to work by the hour;
    trabajar por cuenta propia/ajena to be self-employed/an employee;
    Am
    trabajar afuera to work outside the home;
    Am
    trabajar en casa to work at o from home
    2. [realizar una tarea] to work;
    tiene que trabajar más si quiere aprobar she has to work harder if she wants to pass;
    ponerse a trabajar to get to work;
    está trabajando en un nuevo guión he's working on a new script;
    trabajamos mucho con empresas japonesas we do a lot of business with Japanese companies
    3. [actor] to act;
    trabajaba en “Vértigo” she was in “Vertigo”;
    ¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!
    4. [funcionar] to work;
    la central nuclear trabaja ya a pleno rendimiento the nuclear power station is now operating at maximum capacity;
    los pulmones son los que trabajan it demands a lot of your lungs;
    hacer trabajar una máquina to load a machine;
    hacer trabajar un músculo to exercise a muscle
    ♦ vt
    1. [hierro, barro, madera, cuero] to work;
    [la tierra, el campo] to work; [masa] to knead
    2. [vender] [producto, género, marca] to sell, to stock;
    sólo trabajamos esta marca we only sell o stock this brand
    3. [mejorar] to work on o at;
    debes trabajar la pronunciación you need to work on o at your pronunciation;
    trabajar los músculos to build up one's muscles
    4. Fam [convencer]
    trabajar a alguien (para que haga algo) to work on sb (to get them to do sth)
    * * *
    I v/i work;
    trabajar de camarero work as a waiter
    II v/t work; tema, músculos work on;
    trabajar media jornada work part-time
    * * *
    1) : to work
    trabaja mucho: he works hard
    trabajo de secretaria: I work as a secretary
    2) : to strive
    trabajan por mejores oportunidades: they're striving for better opportunities
    3) : to act, to perform
    trabajar en una película: to be in a movie
    1) : to work (metal)
    2) : to knead
    3) : to till
    4) : to work on
    tienes que trabajar el español: you need to work on your Spanish
    * * *
    trabajar vb to work
    ¿de qué trabajas? what do you do?

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajar

  • 4 miembro

    f. & m.
    1 member, supporter, fellow member.
    2 limb, member, extremity, extremitas.
    3 associate.
    m.
    1 member (integrante).
    miembro fundador founder member
    2 limb, member.
    miembros superiores/inferiores upper/lower limbs
    * * *
    2 (viril) member
    3 (socio) member
    4 MATEMÁTICAS member
    \
    estado miembro member state
    miembro viril male member, penis
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) limb
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) (Anat) limb, member

    miembro viril — male member, penis

    2) (Ling, Mat) member
    2.
    SMF [de club] member; [de institución, academia] fellow, associate

    hacerse miembro de — to become a member of, join

    3.
    ADJ member antes de s
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de organización, asociación) member
    b) (como adj) <estado/países> member (before n)
    c) (Mat) member
    2) (Anat) limb

    miembros anteriores/posteriores — fore/back limbs

    •
    * * *
    = fellow, member, subscriber, insider.
    Ex. He was also Council on Library Resources fellow, and he's published several articles, the most recent with Whitney Coe.
    Ex. Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex. Access is available from any suitable terminal to BLAISE subscribers.
    Ex. All libraries, particularly those with rare book or manuscript collections, should take steps to minimise insider thefts.
    ----
    * asociación miembro = associate member.
    * biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.
    * entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.
    * estado miembro = member government, member state.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.
    * institución miembro de una asociación = partner institution.
    * miembro asociado = affiliated member, associateship.
    * miembro correspondiente = corresponding member.
    * miembro de honor = honorary member.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * miembro de la familia = family member.
    * miembro delantero = forelimb.
    * miembro de la plantilla = staffer.
    * miembro de la resistencia = resister.
    * miembro de la tripulación = crew member.
    * miembro del Congreso = congressman [congresswoman, -fem.], congresswoman [congressman, -masc.].
    * miembro del consejo de administración = trustee.
    * miembro del cuerpo = limb.
    * miembro del panel = panellist [panelist, -USA].
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * miembro destacado = leading member.
    * miembro de una comisión = commissioner.
    * miembro de una cuadrilla = crew member.
    * miembro de una milicia = militiaman [militiamen, -pl.].
    * miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].
    * miembro de un sindicato = unionist, trade unionist.
    * miembro electo = elected member.
    * miembro fundador = founder member, founding member.
    * miembro honorario = honorary member.
    * miembro institucional = institutional member, member institution.
    * miembro invitado = co-opted member.
    * miembro nato = ex officio.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * miembros = membership.
    * miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * miembros superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.
    * miembro tipo A = A-member.
    * miembro tipo B = B-member.
    * miembro tipo C = C-member.
    * no miembro = non-member [nonmember].
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * organización miembro de una asociación = partner organisation.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de organización, asociación) member
    b) (como adj) <estado/países> member (before n)
    c) (Mat) member
    2) (Anat) limb

    miembros anteriores/posteriores — fore/back limbs

    •
    * * *
    = fellow, member, subscriber, insider.

    Ex: He was also Council on Library Resources fellow, and he's published several articles, the most recent with Whitney Coe.

    Ex: Its primary function is to provide a centre for software and hardware expertise for its members.
    Ex: Access is available from any suitable terminal to BLAISE subscribers.
    Ex: All libraries, particularly those with rare book or manuscript collections, should take steps to minimise insider thefts.
    * asociación miembro = associate member.
    * biblioteca miembro de una cooperativa = member library.
    * entre los miembros de la familia = intergenerational.
    * estado miembro = member government, member state.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * institución compuesta de miembros = membership organisation.
    * institución miembro de una asociación = partner institution.
    * miembro asociado = affiliated member, associateship.
    * miembro correspondiente = corresponding member.
    * miembro de honor = honorary member.
    * miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.
    * miembro de la familia = family member.
    * miembro delantero = forelimb.
    * miembro de la plantilla = staffer.
    * miembro de la resistencia = resister.
    * miembro de la tripulación = crew member.
    * miembro del Congreso = congressman [congresswoman, -fem.], congresswoman [congressman, -masc.].
    * miembro del consejo de administración = trustee.
    * miembro del cuerpo = limb.
    * miembro del panel = panellist [panelist, -USA].
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * miembro destacado = leading member.
    * miembro de una comisión = commissioner.
    * miembro de una cuadrilla = crew member.
    * miembro de una milicia = militiaman [militiamen, -pl.].
    * miembro de un comité = committeeman [committeemen, -pl.].
    * miembro de un sindicato = unionist, trade unionist.
    * miembro electo = elected member.
    * miembro fundador = founder member, founding member.
    * miembro honorario = honorary member.
    * miembro institucional = institutional member, member institution.
    * miembro invitado = co-opted member.
    * miembro nato = ex officio.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * miembros = membership.
    * miembros inferiores = lower extremities, lower limbs.
    * miembros superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.
    * miembro tipo A = A-member.
    * miembro tipo B = B-member.
    * miembro tipo C = C-member.
    * no miembro = non-member [nonmember].
    * nuevo miembro = entrant.
    * organización miembro de una asociación = partner organisation.
    * países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.
    * país miembro = member country.
    * país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.
    * seguro por pérdida de un miembro del cuerpo = dismemberment insurance.
    * todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una organización, asociación) member
    dos de los miembros de la expedición two members of the expedition
    2 ( como adj) ‹estado/países› member ( before n)
    3 ( Mat) member
    Compuestos:
    full member
    full member
    B
    ( Anat) limb
    miembros anteriores/posteriores fore/back limbs
    Compuesto:
    ( euf); male member ( euph)
    * * *

     

    miembro sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (de organización, asociación) member

    b) ( como adj) ‹estado/países› member ( before n)

    2 (Anat) limb;
    ◊ miembros anteriores/posteriores fore/back limbs

    miembro sustantivo masculino
    1 (parte integrante) member
    los miembros de mi familia, the members of my family
    2 Anat limb
    (pene) penis
    ' miembro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alargar
    - cafre
    - decana
    - decano
    - ecologista
    - empresaria
    - empresario
    - II
    - militar
    - paralizarse
    - plena
    - pleno
    - readmitir
    - realeza
    - turgente
    - adormecimiento
    - anquilosarse
    - apéndice
    - director
    - muñón
    - rigidez
    - seleccionador
    - socio
    - vitalicio
    English:
    artificial
    - congressman
    - congresswoman
    - contra
    - fellow
    - foot
    - juror
    - limb
    - member
    - membership
    - on
    - pleb
    - Satanist
    - serve
    - sever
    - stump
    - trustee
    - commissioner
    - congress
    - disqualify
    - elder
    - governor
    - marshal
    - Member
    - tribe
    * * *
    1. [integrante] member;
    los países miembros de la OTAN NATO's member states
    miembro fundador founder member;
    2. [extremidad] limb, member
    miembros inferiores lower limbs;
    miembros superiores upper limbs
    3. Euf [pene]
    miembro (viril) male member
    * * *
    m
    1 ( socio) member;
    estado/país miembro member state/country
    2 ( extremidad) limb, member fml ;
    miembros pl ANAT limbs
    * * *
    1) : member
    2) extremidad: limb, extremity
    * * *
    1. (persona) member

    Spanish-English dictionary > miembro

  • 5 dos1

    = twin, two (2).
    Ex. These twin objectives are, in practice, not possible to achieve simultaneously.
    Ex. The second part of this volume combines the proceedings of the two 1977 institutes held in New York and Los Angeles.
    ----
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.
    * arma de dos filos = double-edged sword.
    * asalto a dos bandas = two-pronged attack.
    * autobús de dos pisos = double-decker bus.
    * cada dos = every other.
    * cada dos años = biennially.
    * cada dos días = every other day.
    * cada dos minutos = every other minute.
    * cada dos por tres = all the time, now and again, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], frequently, every other minute, every five minutes, every few minutes.
    * cada dos semanas = biweekly [bi-weekly].
    * comer a dos carrillos = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * Comida + de dos platos = two course + Comida.
    * comida de dos platos y postre = three-course meal.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod.
    * con dos caras = double-faced.
    * con dos facetas = double-faced.
    * con las dos manos = two handed [two-handed].
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con tejado a dos aguas = gabled.
    * de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.
    * de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].
    * de dos en dos = two at a time.
    * de dos letras = two-letter.
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de dos páginas = two-page.
    * de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].
    * de dos patas = two-legged.
    * de dos piernas = two-legged.
    * de dos pies = two-legged.
    * de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].
    * de dos tonalidades = bitonal.
    * de dos tonos = bitonal.
    * de dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.
    * dos años = two-year period.
    * dos entuertos no hacen un derecho = two wrongs do not make a right.
    * dos no se pelean si uno no quiere = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * dos peniques = tuppence.
    * dos puntos (:) = colon (:).
    * dos semanas = fortnight.
    * dos son compañía, tres multitud = two is a company, three is a crowd.
    * dos tercios (2/3) = two thirds (2/3).
    * dos veces = doubly, twice.
    * dos veces al año = twice yearly [twice-yearly], semiannual [semi-annual].
    * dos veces a la semana = twice-weekly, biweekly [bi-weekly], twice a week.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * entre dos fuegos = crossfire.
    * en un dos por tres = in a flash, at the drop of a hat, in the blink of an eye, in no time, right away, in a jiffy, in a trice.
    * en uno o dos segundos = in an instant or two.
    * espada de dos filos = sword with two edges, two-edged sword.
    * estar a dos velas = not have a bean.
    * familia con dos coches = two-car family.
    * familia con dos sueldos = two-income family.
    * familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.
    * hender en dos = rend in + two.
    * los dos = both, both of them, both of which.
    * medir a dos raseros = double standard.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * nadar entre dos aguas = sit on + the fence, fall between + two stools.
    * ninguno de los dos = neither, neither of them.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.
    * no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.
    * pagar dos veces = double-pay.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * partir en dos = halve, rend in + two.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * provechoso para los dos = mutually beneficial.
    * rasgar en dos = rend in + two.
    * ser arma de dos filos = be a mixed blessing.
    * ser dos mundos completamente distintos = be poles apart.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * sofá de dos plazas = love seat, two-seater sofa.
    * sofá para dos = love seat, two-seater sofa.
    * tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * uno de los dos investigadores principales = co-principal investigator.
    * vehículo de dos ruedas en línea = two-wheeler.
    * verificar dos veces = double-check [doublecheck].

    Spanish-English dictionary > dos1

  • 6 dos

    adj.
    1 two, twain.
    2 second.
    f. & m.
    two, number two.
    m.
    DOS, disk operating system.
    m.pl.
    plural of do/C (Music).
    * * *
    1 (cardinal) two; (ordinal) second
    1 (número) two; (fecha) second
    \
    cada dos por tres familiar every five minutes
    como dos y dos son cuatro familiar as sure as night follows day, as sure as eggs is eggs
    de dos en dos in twos, in pairs
    dos veces twice
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ INV PRON
    1) [gen] two; [ordinal, en la fecha] second

    de dos en dos — in twos, two by two

    2) (=dos personas)

    los dos — the two of them/us etc, both of them/us etc

    es para los dos — it's for both of you/us etc

    2.
    SM (=número) two; (=fecha) second

    estamos a dos — (Tenis) the score is deuce

    DOS El uso de "both" Los dos con el sentido de ambos se traduce por both, pero el lugar que ocupa en la oración y la construcción en la que se usa depende de varios factores: Como sujeto de "be" o un verbo auxiliar/modal ► Con nombre solo: Las dos hermanas son cantantes Both (of the) sisters are singers The sisters are both singers Los dos castillos fueron construidos en el siglo XVIII Both (of the) castles were built in the 18th century The castles were both built in the 18th century ► Con nombre y demostrativo/posesivo: Estos dos niños son huérfanos Both (of) these children are orphans These children are both orphans Mis dos hijos han emigrado Both (of) my sons have emigrated My sons have both emigrated ► Sin nombre: Los dos son jóvenes Both of them are young They're both young Los dos sabemos esquiar Both of us can ski We can both ski Como sujeto de otro verbo ► Con nombre solo: Los dos chicos quieren estudiar medicina Both (of the) boys want to study medicine The boys both want to study medicine ► Con nombre y demostrativo/posesivo: Mis dos tíos viven solos Both (of) my uncles live alone My uncles both live alone ► Sin nombre: Los dos beben más de la cuenta Both of them o They both drink too much Como objeto de un verbo o preposición Los hemos invitado a los dos We've invited both of them o them both Los dos me tenéis harta I'm fed up with both of you o you both Cuando los dos no puede substituirse por ambos, se traduce por the two + ((NOMBRE EN PLURAL)) o the two of us/ you/ them: ¿Tienes los dos libros que te dejé? Have you got the two books (that) I lent you? Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre two

    entraron de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — they came in two at a time o two by two; ( para más ejemplos ver tb cinco)

    cada dos por tres: me llama cada dos por tres he phones me up every five minutes; se me avería cada dos por tres it's always breaking down on me; como (que) dos y dos son cuatro as sure as the day is long (AmE), as sure as night follows day (BrE); no hay dos sin tres misfortunes/these things always come in threes; ya somos dos — that makes two of us

    II

    hacer del dos — (Méx, Per fam) to do a pooh (used to or by children)

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre two

    entraron de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — they came in two at a time o two by two; ( para más ejemplos ver tb cinco)

    cada dos por tres: me llama cada dos por tres he phones me up every five minutes; se me avería cada dos por tres it's always breaking down on me; como (que) dos y dos son cuatro as sure as the day is long (AmE), as sure as night follows day (BrE); no hay dos sin tres misfortunes/these things always come in threes; ya somos dos — that makes two of us

    II

    hacer del dos — (Méx, Per fam) to do a pooh (used to or by children)

    * * *
    dos1
    = twin, two (2).

    Ex: These twin objectives are, in practice, not possible to achieve simultaneously.

    Ex: The second part of this volume combines the proceedings of the two 1977 institutes held in New York and Los Angeles.
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * a dos velas = skint, penniless, broke.
    * argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.
    * arma de dos filos = double-edged sword.
    * asalto a dos bandas = two-pronged attack.
    * autobús de dos pisos = double-decker bus.
    * cada dos = every other.
    * cada dos años = biennially.
    * cada dos días = every other day.
    * cada dos minutos = every other minute.
    * cada dos por tres = all the time, now and again, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], frequently, every other minute, every five minutes, every few minutes.
    * cada dos semanas = biweekly [bi-weekly].
    * comer a dos carrillos = stuff + Posesivo + face.
    * Comida + de dos platos = two course + Comida.
    * comida de dos platos y postre = three-course meal.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod.
    * con dos caras = double-faced.
    * con dos facetas = double-faced.
    * con las dos manos = two handed [two-handed].
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con tejado a dos aguas = gabled.
    * de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.
    * de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].
    * de dos en dos = two at a time.
    * de dos letras = two-letter.
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de dos páginas = two-page.
    * de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].
    * de dos patas = two-legged.
    * de dos piernas = two-legged.
    * de dos pies = two-legged.
    * de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].
    * de dos tonalidades = bitonal.
    * de dos tonos = bitonal.
    * de dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * dividir en dos = halve, bisect, rend in + two.
    * dos años = two-year period.
    * dos entuertos no hacen un derecho = two wrongs do not make a right.
    * dos no se pelean si uno no quiere = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * dos peniques = tuppence.
    * dos puntos (:) = colon (:).
    * dos semanas = fortnight.
    * dos son compañía, tres multitud = two is a company, three is a crowd.
    * dos tercios (2/3) = two thirds (2/3).
    * dos veces = doubly, twice.
    * dos veces al año = twice yearly [twice-yearly], semiannual [semi-annual].
    * dos veces a la semana = twice-weekly, biweekly [bi-weekly], twice a week.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * entre dos fuegos = crossfire.
    * en un dos por tres = in a flash, at the drop of a hat, in the blink of an eye, in no time, right away, in a jiffy, in a trice.
    * en uno o dos segundos = in an instant or two.
    * espada de dos filos = sword with two edges, two-edged sword.
    * estar a dos velas = not have a bean.
    * familia con dos coches = two-car family.
    * familia con dos sueldos = two-income family.
    * familia en la que los dos padres trabajan = dual-income family.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * grado de proximidad entre dos = betweenness.
    * hender en dos = rend in + two.
    * los dos = both, both of them, both of which.
    * medir a dos raseros = double standard.
    * molde de dos hojas = two-sheet mould.
    * nadar entre dos aguas = sit on + the fence, fall between + two stools.
    * ninguno de los dos = neither, neither of them.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.
    * no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.
    * pagar dos veces = double-pay.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * partir en dos = halve, rend in + two.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * provechoso para los dos = mutually beneficial.
    * rasgar en dos = rend in + two.
    * ser arma de dos filos = be a mixed blessing.
    * ser dos mundos completamente distintos = be poles apart.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * sofá de dos plazas = love seat, two-seater sofa.
    * sofá para dos = love seat, two-seater sofa.
    * tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * uno de los dos investigadores principales = co-principal investigator.
    * vehículo de dos ruedas en línea = two-wheeler.
    * verificar dos veces = double-check [doublecheck].

    DOS2 (Sistema Operativo de Disco)

    Ex: These routines are often collectively known as a DOS or Disk Operating System.

    * prompt del DOS = DOS prompt.

    * * *
    ( Inf) DOS
    * * *

     

    dos adj inv/m/pron
    two;

    sujétalo con las dos manos hold it with both hands;
    llamó dos veces he called twice;
    caminaban de dos en dos they walked in pairs;
    entraron de dos en dos they came in two at a time o two by two;
    dos puntos colon;
    en un dos por tres in a flash;
    para más ejemplos ver cinco
    dos
    I adjetivo
    1 (cardinal) two: tiene dos hijos, he has two children
    las dos hermanas son pelirrojas, both the sisters have red hair
    2 (ordinal) second: el día dos de cada mes, the second of every month
    II pron
    1 (cardinal) two: compra solo dos, buy only two
    dos de ellos estaban vigilando a los niños, two of them were watching the children
    estaban los dos muy contentos, both of them were very happy
    vosotros dos estáis castigados, both of you are to be punished
    III sustantivo masculino two
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cada dos por tres, every other minute

    ' dos' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abrazarse
    - abuelo
    - acostumbrar
    - adelgazar
    - adherencia
    - adiós
    - agraciada
    - agraciado
    - alrededor
    - amante
    - antelación
    - antes
    - apéndice
    - ascender
    - asestar
    - atrás
    - aunque
    - balanza
    - bastar
    - batir
    - batirse
    - caber
    - cada
    - cara
    - carrillo
    - casar
    - cepillarse
    - cero
    - citar
    - clavar
    - clavada
    - clavado
    - coleta
    - combinar
    - como
    - compaginación
    - comprometerse
    - conectar
    - conocerse
    - convergencia
    - cotejar
    - cotizarse
    - cuadrada
    - cuadrado
    - cualquiera
    - de
    - decálogo
    English:
    A
    - advance
    - ago
    - agree
    - all
    - alliance
    - amazing
    - amicable
    - apart
    - argue
    - as
    - assistant
    - attain
    - augment
    - average out at
    - baptism
    - bar
    - bass
    - beat up
    - better
    - bird
    - blueberry
    - book
    - both
    - by
    - carry
    - cement
    - choice
    - claim
    - clash
    - closely
    - club sandwich
    - coin
    - collide
    - colon
    - come in
    - compromise
    - consecutive
    - couple
    - daily
    - delivery
    - deposit
    - derby
    - destroy
    - diametrically
    - dilute
    - distinguish
    - dock
    - DOS
    - double
    * * *
    DOS [dos] nm
    Informát (abrev de disk operating system) DOS
    * * *
    adj
    1 two;
    de dos en dos in twos, two by two;
    los dos both;
    conozco a los dos hermanos I know both (of the) brothers;
    anda con ojo con los dos watch out for both of o the pair of them;
    dos contra uno en baloncesto double team
    2
    :
    cada dos por tres all the time, continually;
    en un dos por tres in a flash
    * * *
    dos adj & nm
    : two
    * * *
    dos num
    2. (en fechas) second

    Spanish-English dictionary > dos

  • 7 familia monoparental

    f.
    lone-parent family, single-parent household, one-parent family, single-parent family.
    * * *
    (n.) = one parent family, single parent, single-parent working family, single-parent family, lone-parent family
    Ex. Allied to these sections were the compilation of self-help packs of information, each dealing with a particular problem or area of enquiry, eg buying or selling a house, one parent families, legal aid, redundancy etc.
    Ex. Single parents are given priority in applying for help and divorced women automatically receive maintenance from the local authority who then claim it from the husband.
    Ex. They have become very popular with library patrons, especially in time-rationed, gridlocked metropolitan areas with a high proportion of single-parent working families.
    Ex. Also, even juvenile fiction could be better accessed by applying more specific descriptors when possible; for example, single-parent family instead of the catch-all FAMILY.
    Ex. This article examines the effects of changes in family structure (from a family with two original parents to a lone-parent family or a stepfamily) on young children.
    * * *
    (n.) = one parent family, single parent, single-parent working family, single-parent family, lone-parent family

    Ex: Allied to these sections were the compilation of self-help packs of information, each dealing with a particular problem or area of enquiry, eg buying or selling a house, one parent families, legal aid, redundancy etc.

    Ex: Single parents are given priority in applying for help and divorced women automatically receive maintenance from the local authority who then claim it from the husband.
    Ex: They have become very popular with library patrons, especially in time-rationed, gridlocked metropolitan areas with a high proportion of single-parent working families.
    Ex: Also, even juvenile fiction could be better accessed by applying more specific descriptors when possible; for example, single-parent family instead of the catch-all FAMILY.
    Ex: This article examines the effects of changes in family structure (from a family with two original parents to a lone-parent family or a stepfamily) on young children.

    Spanish-English dictionary > familia monoparental

  • 8 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
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    837. Taylor, G. J. (1977) Alexithymia and countertranceference. Psychother & Psychosom., 28.
    838. Ticho, E. (1972) Termination of psychoanalysis. PQ, 41.
    839. Tolpin, M. (1970) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 25.
    840. Tolpin, M. (1971) On the beginnings of a cohesive self. PSOC. 26.
    841. Tolpin, M. & Kohut, H. (1980) The disorders of the self. In: The Course of Life, ed. S. Greenspan & G. Pollock. Washington, B. C.: U. S. Dept. Health and Human Services.
    842. Turkle, S. (1986) A review of Grosskurth, P.: Molanie Klein. New York: Times Books, Review, May 18, 1986.
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    844. Tyson, P. (1982) A developmental line of gender identity, gender role, and choice of love object. JAPA, 30.
    845. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. Development. PMC. Forthcoming.
    846. Tyson, P. & Tyson, R. L. The psychoanalitic theory of development. PMC. Forthcoming.
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    849. Valenstein, A. F. (1979) The concept of "classical" psycho-analysis. JAPA. 27. (suppl.).
    850. Volkan, V. D. (1981) Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    851. Waelder, R. (1930) The principle of multiple function. PQ, 5.
    852. Waelder, R. (1962) Book review of Psychoanalysis, Scientific Method and Philosophy, ed. S. Hook. JAPA, 10.
    853. Waelder, R. (1962) Psychoanalysis scientific method, and philosophy. JAPA, 10.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 9 pareja

    adj.&f.
    feminine of PAREJO.
    f.
    1 pair.
    por parejas in pairs
    formar parejas to get into pairs
    2 couple.
    vivir en pareja to live together
    pareja de hecho unmarried couple
    la pareja de este calcetín the other sock of this pair
    4 spouse, consort, partner.
    5 sex partner.
    * * *
    1 (gen) pair
    2 (de personas) couple; (de baile) partner
    ■ ¿vendrás con pareja? will you come with a partner?
    ■ ¡pareja, venir aquí! you two, come over here!
    \
    hacer buena pareja to make a good couple
    hacer pareja to be two of a kind
    por parejas in pairs
    vivir en pareja to live with somebody
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) pair
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=par) pair
    2) [de esposos, compañeros sentimentales] couple

    pareja reproductora — (Orn) breeding pair

    3) (=compañero) partner; (=cónyuge) spouse
    4) [de calcetín, guante, zapato]
    5) [de hijos]
    6) [de guardias civiles] pair of Civil Guard officers on patrol
    7) LAm (=caballos) pair ( of horses); [de tiro] team ( of draught animals); [de bueyes] yoke ( of oxen)
    PAREJA Para traducir el sustantivo pareja referido a dos personas, hay que tener en cuenta la diferencia entre los sustantivos pair y couple: ► Se traduce por couple cuando se trata de un matrimonio o de dos personas que parecen tener una relación íntima, o cuando se refiere a una pareja de baile: En Salford conocí a una pareja de Ecuador In Salford I met a couple from Ecuador Algunas parejas prefieren no tener hijos Some couples prefer not to have children Había muchas parejas mayores bailando There were a lot of older couples dancing ► En un contexto de trabajo o de competiciones deportivas o cuando a la pareja no se le asocia ningún vínculo afectivo, se traduce por pair: Ahora vamos a trabajar por parejas Now we're going to work in pairs Detuvieron a la pareja al cruzar la frontera The pair were arrested when they were crossing the border ► La expresión pareja de se puede traducir tanto por couple of como por pair of cuando tiene el sentido de par de: Una pareja de pillos me robaron el reloj A couple o A pair of thugs stole my watch Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada see PAR
    * * *
    1)
    a) (equipo, conjunto) pair

    ya tienen la parejita — (fam) now they have one of each ( a boy and a girl)

    b) ( en una relación) couple
    c) ( en naipes) pair
    2)
    a) (de baile, juego) partner
    b) (de guante, zapato)
    * * *
    = bedfellow, twosome, partner, dyad, sexual partner, couple.
    Ex. I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.
    Ex. The article 'Computers and children: a compatible twosome' discusses the setting up of a computer programme for children at a public library.
    Ex. This project did not attempt to look at more personal factors such as partners and dependants on this occasion.
    Ex. Despite differences in citation behaviour, there seems to be at least some exchange of information within this dyad.
    Ex. Mating strategies also appeared to be influenced by birth order, most notably in the area of infidelity, with middleborns being the least likely birth order to cheat on a sexual partner.
    Ex. The author discusses the steps a marriage and family therapist goes through in working with couples who are considering divorce.
    ----
    * búsqueda de pareja = mate finding.
    * en parejas = in pairs.
    * formar parejas = pair up, pair off.
    * matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo = same-sex marriage.
    * pareja de ancianos = elderly couple.
    * pareja de hecho = common-law husband, common-law wife, common-law marriage.
    * pareja de recién casados = newlywed couple.
    * pareja heterosexual = heterosexual couple.
    * pareja homosexual = homosexual couple.
    * pareja perfecta = perfect match, perfect couple.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * salir en pareja con = date.
    * selección de la pareja = mate selection.
    * ser pareja = be an item.
    * una pareja ideal = a match made in heaven.
    * una pareja perfecta = a match made in heaven.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (equipo, conjunto) pair

    ya tienen la parejita — (fam) now they have one of each ( a boy and a girl)

    b) ( en una relación) couple
    c) ( en naipes) pair
    2)
    a) (de baile, juego) partner
    b) (de guante, zapato)
    * * *
    = bedfellow, twosome, partner, dyad, sexual partner, couple.

    Ex: I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.

    Ex: The article 'Computers and children: a compatible twosome' discusses the setting up of a computer programme for children at a public library.
    Ex: This project did not attempt to look at more personal factors such as partners and dependants on this occasion.
    Ex: Despite differences in citation behaviour, there seems to be at least some exchange of information within this dyad.
    Ex: Mating strategies also appeared to be influenced by birth order, most notably in the area of infidelity, with middleborns being the least likely birth order to cheat on a sexual partner.
    Ex: The author discusses the steps a marriage and family therapist goes through in working with couples who are considering divorce.
    * búsqueda de pareja = mate finding.
    * en parejas = in pairs.
    * formar parejas = pair up, pair off.
    * matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo = same-sex marriage.
    * pareja de ancianos = elderly couple.
    * pareja de hecho = common-law husband, common-law wife, common-law marriage.
    * pareja de recién casados = newlywed couple.
    * pareja heterosexual = heterosexual couple.
    * pareja homosexual = homosexual couple.
    * pareja perfecta = perfect match, perfect couple.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * salir en pareja con = date.
    * selección de la pareja = mate selection.
    * ser pareja = be an item.
    * una pareja ideal = a match made in heaven.
    * una pareja perfecta = a match made in heaven.

    * * *
    A
    1 (equipo, conjunto) pair
    los niños salieron por parejas the children came out in pairs o two at a time
    para este juego es necesario formar parejas you have to get into pairs for this game
    ya tienen una parejita ( fam); now they have one of each o now they have a boy and a girl
    hacen una bonita pareja they make a lovely couple
    vivir en pareja to live together
    Compuesto:
    (heterosexual) co-habiting couple; (homosexual) co-habiting same-sex couple
    B
    1 (de convivencia, baile, juego) partner
    no tengo pareja para el baile I don't have a partner for the dance, I don't have anyone to go to the dance with
    vengan todos y traigan a sus parejas you must all come and bring your partners
    2
    (de un guante, zapato): la pareja the other one ( of a pair)
    no encuentro la pareja de este calcetín I can't find the other sock that goes with this one o my other sock, I can't find the pair to this sock
    * * *

     

    pareja sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (equipo, conjunto) pair;


    formar parejas to get into pairs



    2

    b) (de guante, zapato) pair;


    un calcentin sin pareja an odd sock
    parejo,-a
    I adjetivo same, similar
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 (de objetos) pair: ¿dónde está la pareja de este calcetín?, where's the other sock of this pair?
    2 (hombre y mujer) couple: hacen muy buena pareja, they make a very nice couple
    3 (compañero sentimental, de juego, baile) partner
    ♦ Locuciones: correr parejas, to be very similar: nuestras vidas corren parejas, our lives are very similar
    vivir en pareja, to live with one's partner
    ' pareja' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alejarse
    - amante
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - carabina
    - compañera
    - compañero
    - comprometida
    - comprometido
    - divertida
    - divertido
    - enamorada
    - enamorado
    - incompatible
    - ligue
    - mariposear
    - matrimonio
    - novia
    - novio
    - parejo
    - prometerse
    - retozar
    - romper
    - ronda
    - acaramelado
    - empatar
    - hacer
    - íntimo
    - jalar
    - juntar
    - ley
    - terapia
    English:
    argue
    - carefree
    - couple
    - court
    - difficulty
    - duo
    - man
    - match
    - mate
    - mess about
    - mess around
    - middle-aged
    - mismatch
    - odd
    - pair
    - pair up
    - partner
    - see
    - separate
    - single parent
    - split up
    - twosome
    - unsuited
    - victim
    - well-matched
    - double
    - make
    - single
    * * *
    pareja nf
    1. [par] pair;
    por parejas in pairs;
    formar parejas to get into pairs
    2. [de novios] couple;
    vivir en pareja to live together
    pareja de hecho unmarried couple
    3. [sentimental] partner;
    [en baile] (dancing) partner;
    no tiene pareja estable she doesn't have a steady partner
    4. [de naipes] pair
    5. [guante, zapato] other one;
    la pareja de este calcetín the other sock of this pair
    6. Esp
    una pareja [de la Guardia Civil] a pair of Civil Guards, a Civil Guard patrol
    * * *
    f
    1 ( conjunto de dos) pair
    2 en una relación couple;
    hacen buena pareja they make a good couple
    3 de una persona partner
    4 de un objeto other one
    * * *
    pareja nf
    1) : couple, pair
    2) : partner, mate
    * * *
    3. (compañero) partner
    Si se trata de zapatos, etc, se dice the other...

    Spanish-English dictionary > pareja

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 allowance

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) эк. тр. содержание (денежное на определенный срок, напр., суточные); денежное пособие, денежная помощь; прибавка*, надбавка* (сумма, выплачиваемая в дополнение к обычному вознаграждению в качестве компенсации или поощрения; напр., надбавка к заработной плате за знание иностранных языков, надбавка к заработной плате за работу в неблагоприятных условиях и т. д.; также любые выплаты, призванные компенсировать расходы, понесенные данным лицом, напр., выплаты в счет покрытия транспортных расходов коммивояжера, выплаты работникам на приобретение спецодежды, командировочные и т. п.)

    He had a comfortable allowance from his father and would not have had to worry at all about money. — Он получал от отца достаточное денежное содержание и мог вовсе не беспокоится о деньгах.

    See:
    attendance allowance, away from home allowance, Basic Allowance for Housing, Basic Allowance for Quarters, bereavement allowance, board allowance, burial allowance, carer allowance, carer's allowance, child care allowance, child disability allowance, children's allowance, clothing allowance, cost-of-living allowance, dearness allowance, decorating allowance, disability allowance, disability living allowance, Disability Working Allowance, dismissal allowance, education maintenance allowance, Emergency Maintenance Allowance, enterprise allowance, entertainment allowance 2), family allowance, family separation allowance, finish-out allowance, funeral allowance, guardian's allowance, hardship allowance, higher duties allowance, Hill Livestock Compensatory Allowance, hospitality allowance, housing allowance, injury allowance, installation allowance, Independent Circumstances Allowance, job search allowance, jobseeker's allowance, language allowance, living allowance, living away from home allowance, lodging allowance, maternity allowance, mature age allowance, mileage allowance 2), mobility allowance, newstart allowance, night duty allowance, northern allowance, on-call allowance, overtime allowance, paternity allowance, per diem allowance, pharmaceutical allowance, qualification allowance, reduced earnings allowance, relocation allowance, rent allowance, responsibility allowance, retention allowance, seniors concession allowance, severance allowance, severe disability allowance, severe disablement allowance, shift allowance, sickness allowance, special responsibility allowance, subsistence allowance, telephone allowance, temporary duty travel allowance, temporary lodging allowance, tenant improvement allowance, Trade Readjustment Allowance, training allowance, Training Incentive Allowance, travel allowance, uniform allowance, Variable Housing Allowance, weekend allowance, widowed mother's allowance, widowed parent's allowance, widow's allowance, youth allowance, basic pay
    б) эк. карманные деньги; деньги на мелкие расходы (напр., школьника)
    в) мн., эк., воен. довольствие (продовольственное, вещевое и денежное снабжение военнослужащего)
    2)
    а) общ. рацион, порция; паек; норма отпуска, норма выдачи; квота

    to put on short allowance — перевести на ограниченную норму, урезать норму

    See:
    б) общ. норма времени
    See:
    3) торг. скидка (вычет из фактурной стоимости товара, предоставляемый продавцом покупателю в случае быстрой оплаты товара, особых условий сделки (напр., обещание покупателя рекламировать товар) либо в случае, если товар был поставлен позже оговоренного срока или прибыл в поврежденном состоянии; термин обычно не распространяется на скидки с прейскурантной цены товара)

    tariff allowance — скидка с тарифа, тарифная скидка

    Syn:
    deduction 2) б)
    See:
    4) гос. фин. налоговая скидка
    Syn:
    See:
    5) общ. учет; допущение; поправка (напр., на погрешность измерительного прибора при измерении), принятие в расчет, во внимание
    See:
    6)
    а) общ., редк. разрешение, допущение, позволение; легальность
    б) эк., юр., пат. признание (обоснованным, законным и т. п., напр., решение предварительной экспертизы о патентоспособности)
    7) учет, фин. резерв (средства, зарезервированные для будущего покрытия запланированных расходов и компенсирования возможных убытков, напр., резерв под обесценение финансовых вложений, по сомнительным долгам и т. п.; также часть названия бухгалтерских счетов, предназначенных для отражения таких резервов)
    See:
    8)
    а) эк., тех. допуск, допустимое отклонение (напр., размера детали от нормы)
    See:
    б) учет допустимая потеря* (потеря количества или качества, рассматриваемая как нормальная для данного производства)
    2. гл.
    1) общ. ограничивать (кого-л.) строго определенным количеством; рационировать потребление

    I am allowanced two glasses three hours before dinner. — Мне разрешают выпить два бокала за три часа до ужина.

    2) эк. назначать [выдавать\] паек, содержание и т. п.

    * * *
    1) налоговая скидка; 2) денежное содержание, командировочные, карманные деньги; 3) допущение; 4) резерв против плохих долгов; 5) резерв для корректировки стоимости актива, амортизации в бухгалтерском учете; 6) скидка с цены; 7) скидка со стоимости счета-фактуры, разрешенная продавцом-производителем товара для покрытия порчи или недостачи, а также расходов на маркетинг товара; см. brokerage allowance;
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    см. discount
    -----
    освобождаемая от налога сумма, которая вычитывается из налогооблагаемого дохода перед калькуляцией суммы налога

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > allowance

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