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121 πύκα
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `dense, solid', metaph. `careful, sensible' (Hom.).Derivatives: Beside it πυκάζω, Dor. - άσδω (Theoc.), aor. πυκά-σ(σ)αι, pass. - σθῆναι, perf. midd. πεπύκασμαι, quite rarely with περι- a.o., `to tighten, to enclose tightly, to encase compactly, to cover' (ep. poet., late prose) with πύκασμα n. `encased, covered object' (Sm.). Adj. πυκνός, ep. lyr. also πυκινός, `dense, solid, compacted, numerous, strong, brave, clever' (Il.), often as 1. member, e.g. πυκνό-σαρκος `with solid flesh' (Hp., Arist.). From it πυκν-ότης f. `density, closeness etc.' (IA.), - άκις = πολλάκις (Arist.), - όω `to make dense, to tighten etc.' (IA.) with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός; - άζω `to be numerous' (EM, Gloss.). As 1. member πυκι- in πυκι-μηδής (- μήδης) = μήδεα πυκνά (Γ 202, 208) ἔχων, `with close mind, considerate, sensible' (α 438, h. Cer., Q. S.; Bechtel Lex. s.v.). -- On ἄμπυξ s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The forms πύκα: πυκνός: πυκι-μηδής form a system; with πύκα: πυκνός cf. esp. the in meaning close θαμά: θάμνος (s. vv.). To this πυκινός (after πυκι-μηδής?) like (he analog. built?) θαμινός, ἁδινός a.o. (Schwyzer 490). To be rejected Szemerényi Syncope in Greek and I.-Eur. 82 ff., 87 ff. (also on the etymology): πυκνός, θάμνος from πυκινός, *θάμυνος syncopated. The further analysis is hypothetic. The pair of words that certainly belong together ἄμ-πυξ: Av. pus-ā `diadem' [but see my doubts s.v.], which agrees with πρόσ-φυξ: φυγ-η, points to a primary verb IE *puḱ- `fasten etc.' (WP. 2, 82, Pok. 849), which in Greek was replaced by πυκάζω. As denominative of πύκα without doubt explainable (Schwyzer 734), πυκάζω because of the very limited use of πύκα can as well be understood as a formal enlargement of the older primary present. -- Against adducing Alb. puth `I kiss', puthtohem `clothe myself narrow, string myself, embrace' (since G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 356) Szemerényi l.c. Toch. A puk `all, complete, every' remains far already because the B-form po; cf. v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v. -- The evidence for IE *puḱ- (Pok. 849) is very meagre; Furnée 317 assumes that πυκνός etc. is Pre-Greek, but on quite meagre evidence.Page in Frisk: 2,622-623Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πύκα
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122 πυνθάνομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: to find out, learn, to ask, to inquire, to investigate' (Il.); act. πεύθω, πεῦσαι `to announce, to cite' (Crete).Other forms: ep. also πεύθομαι (metr. easier; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 111, 282, 308), fut. πεύσομαι, aor. 2. πυθέσθαι, redupl. opt. πεπύθοιτο, perf. πέπυσμαι.Derivatives: With zero grade: 1. πύστις f. `questioning, inquiry, tidings' (Att., A.; cf. below) with πυστι-άομαι `to interrogate' (Plu., Phot., H.); 2. πύσμα n. `question, interrogation' with - ματικός `interrogative, asking' (late); 3. πυστός (EM, Eust.), always as 2. member, resp. in the prefixcompp., e.g. ἄ-πυστος, ἀνά-πυστος (Od.). With full grade: 4. πευθώ f. `tidings' (A. Th. 370); 5. πεῦσις ( ἀνά-) f. `information' (Ph., Plu.; older πύστις, cf. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 27 w. lit.); 6. πευθήν, - ῆνος m. `spy' (Luc., Arr.; Solmsen Wortforsch. 143); 7. Adj. πευστικός `interrogating' (A. D., Ph.); 8. as 2. member, after the ες-stems (Schwyzer 513), - πευθής, e.g. ἀ-πευθ-ής `uninvestigated, unaware' (Od.); 9. with dentalsuffix φιλό-πευσ-τος (Phot., Suid.), - της (Ptol.) `who loves questioning' with - πευστέω, - πευστία (hell.).Etymology: The full grade thematic root-present πεύθομαι has exact formal agreements in several languages: Skt. bódhati, midd. -te `watch, observe, understand', Av. baođaiti, -te `id.', also `smell after', Germ., e.g. Goth. ana-, faur-biudan `order, arrange' resp. `forbid', OWNo. bjōða 'offer, present, make known', Slav., e.g. OCS bljudǫ, bljusti `preserve, guard, observe', Russ. bljudú, bljustí `observe, perceive', IE * bheudh-e(-ti, - toi) `observes, is attent'. The deviating meaning of the Germ. verbs agrees mainly to the (prob. secondary) active Cret. πεύθω and is related to an old opposition of the diatheses; a corresponding meaning shows a.o. the Skt. causative bodháyati `wake, instruct, inform'. The meaning `find out, ask' is a Greek innovation. -- With ( ἐ-)πύθοντο agrees exactly Skt. budhánta so these are in origin identical; complete formal congruence is also found between ( ἄ-)πυστος and Skt. buddhá-, which functions as ptc. of the caus. bodháyati ('wakes, illuminates'), to which also Av. hupō. bus-ta- `well scented'; thus as between πύστις and Skt. buddhi- f. `insight, intelligence, spirit', between ( ἀ-)πευθής and Av. baođah- n. `observation'; in all these cases one must reckon with independent innovations. A nasalized present like πυν-θάνομαι is also found in Lith. bu-n-dù, inf. bústi `wake' (with the suffixed caus. búd-inu, - inti) and in Celt., e.g. OIr. ad-bond- `give notice, announce'. Through the strong productivity of these formations is also here original identity doubtful; cf. Schwyzer 701 w. lit. -- Further forms from the diff. languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 147f., Pok. 150, Mayrhofer s. bódhati, Fraenkel s. budė́ti, Vasmer s. bljudú.Page in Frisk: 2,625-626Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πυνθάνομαι
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123 σαθρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `unsound, broken, broke, unhealthy, weak' (IA.).Derivatives: σαθρ-ότης f. `unsoundness' (late), - όομαι, - όω `to be, to make unsound' (LXX, pap. VIp) with - ωσις, - ωμα (pap. VIp, H.); σάθραξ φθείρ H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained. By Fick (s. Bq) compared with ψαθυρός `brittle' (to ψῆν); Chantraine Form. 224 a. 373 thinks of σήθω (rejected by Benveniste Origines 202). Perh. cross of σαπρός with an unknown word? -- From there with metathesis NGr. θράσιον, θράσο `meat of animals that have died' (Hatzidakis Glotta 2, 299). -- Furnée 196 also compares ψαθυρός, ψαιδρά ἁραιότριχα H. and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,671Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σαθρός
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124 σάφα
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `surely, certainly, definitely', esp. with οῖ᾽δα, also w. other verbs of ḳnowing and saying (Il.).Derivatives: Besides σαφής adj. `sure, definite, apparent, clear, evident' (Pi., A.; σαφές h. Merc.; s. bel.) with adv. σαφέως, σαφῶς `id.' (h. Cer.). Expressive enlargement σαφ-ηνής, Dor. -ᾱνής, adv. - ηνέως (Pi., trag.; adv. also Hdt.), after ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής a. o. (to be rejected Prellwitz Glotta 19, 95ff.), with σαφήν-εια f. `clarity, clearness' (Att. since A., Alcmaion; opposite ἀσάφεια from ἀ-σαφής), - ίζω `to make clear, to explain' (IA.) with - ισμός, - ιστικός (late). -- Quite doubtful σαφήτωρ μάντις ἀληθής, μηνυτής, ἑρμηνευτής H., as if from *σαφέω ( διασαφέω since E.); certainly only arisen from a v. l. Ι 404 (for ἀφήτωρ).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]; PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Of the above words the earliest attested adv. σάφα (on the formation Schwyzer 622) seems to be the oldest; from this σαφέως (as τάχα: ταχέως), the ntr. σαφές ( σαφες δ' οὑκ οῖ᾽δα h. Merc. 208) with σαφέστερον, and to this at last σαφής (Leumann Hom. Wörter 112 n. 77). -- Unexplained. Often analysed as in σα-φής with the 2. member of φάος, φαίνω; before this σα- as strengthening element, and this either with Prellwitz BB 22, 81 ff. to σάος (* tuh₂-; s. σῶς and τύλη) or with Brugmann IF 39, 114ff. to τίς (* kʷih₂-); prop. exclamation; cf. Σίσυφος and σοφός. Against this after Grošelj Živa Ant. 1, 127 to Ion. σάω `sieve' (s. διαττάω and σήθω), so prop. *'sieved'; - φα as in μέσφα. Older proposals in Bq and W.-Hofmann s. faber, sapiō and tabula. -- Estensively on σάφα Luther "Wahrheit" u. "Lüge" 61 ff.; s. also Frisk GHÅ 41 (1935): 3, 20 (Kl. Schr. [Göteborg 1966] 18). -- Furnée suggests several connections, which are not evident (index s.v.); he concludes to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,684Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σάφα
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125 σεμνός
Grammatical information: adj.Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σεμνό-μαντις m. `venerable seer' (S.; Risch IF 59, 273), ἄ-σεμνος `unworthy, ignoble' (Arist. etc.; Frisk Adj. priv. 15).Derivatives: 1. σεμν-ότης f. `dignity, noble being, proud' (Att.), 2. - εῖον n. `holy building' (Ph.; after ἀρχεῖον a.o.); 3. - ύνομαι, - ύνω, also w. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ- a. o. `to allege one's dignity, to exalt oneself, to be proud' resp. `to make venerable, to exalt, to praise' (Hdt., Att.; after θρασύνομαι, - ύνω, αἰσχύνομαι a.o.; cf. Fraenkel Denom. 37); to this, prob. as backformations (cf. Strömberg Prefix Studies 98), ὑπέρ-, ἐπί-σεμνος (late); 4. - όω = - ύνω (Hdt.) with - ωμα n. `dignity, majesty' (Epicur.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1086] *ti̯egʷ- `with shame, respect withdraw for'Etymology: Formation as ἁγνός a. o.; old verbal adj. (from *σεβ-νός) to σέβομαι (s. v.) with possible connection to the σ-stem in σέβας (cf. Benveniste Origines 33). -- On σεμνός a. cogn. in Plato de Vries Mnem. 3: 12, 151 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,692-693Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σεμνός
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126 σῖγα
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `silently, in silence', also interj. `be quiet!, hush!' (trag.).Derivatives: Besides σιγάω (Hom. only ipv. σίγα; ind. since h. Merc.), fut. σιγήσομαι (S., E., Ar. a. o.), - ήσω (AP, D. Chr. a. o.), perf. σεσίγηκα (Aeschin.), pass. σιγ-άομαι (S.), aor. - θῆναι (Hdt., E.), -ᾱθῆναι (Theoc.), fut. - ηθήσομαι (E.), perf. σεσίγ-ημαι, Dor. -ᾱμαι (Pi., E.), sometimes with κατα- a. o., 'to be quiet, to keep secret', pass. `to be kept secret'. Subst. σιγή, Dor. -ά (Pi.) f. `silence, secrecy' (Il.; Hom. only σιγῃ̃; cf. below); late innovation σῖγος n. `id.' (An. Ox.; cf. Schwyzer 512). -- Derivations. 1. From σιγή: σιγ-αλέος `silent' (AP, Orph.), - άζω (Pi., X., D.C. a.o.; κατα- σῖγα Arist. a.o.) `to make silent'; κατασιγαίνει H to πραΰνει. 2. From σιγάω: σιγ-ηλός, Dor. (Pi.) -ᾱλός `silent' (Hp., S., Arist. etc.; may also come from σιγή, Thieme Studien 50 A. 3), - ηρός `id.' (Men., LXX a. o.), - ητής m. `silent person' (Latium IIp), - ητικός `silent' (Hp.), -ημονᾳ̃ς σιγᾳ̃ς H. -- On the unclear σιγ-άρνης m. (Call. Epigr. 45, 6) s. Schwyzer RhM 75, 447 a. 77, 105.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: As basis of this wordgroup is prob. to be considered the first interjectival adv. σῖγα; from there the ipv. σίγα and the instrumental dat. σιγῃ̃ (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 74) of a gradually built verbal and nominal inflection (Schwyzer 722 n. 3 a. 726, Schw.-Debr. 257 n. 1, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 357; diff. Georgacas Glotta 36, 181 f.). -- For σῖγα onomatop. origin is prob., s. Schwyzer 307 w. lit. On the other hand ῥίγα (i.e. Ϝίγα) σιώπα H. points to orig. *σϜιγ-, which fits best to the WestGerm. verb for `schweigen (be silent)' in OHG swīgēn (only the velar is genetically deviant); on the anlaut cf. the doublet ὗς: σῦς. Further forms w. lit. and hypothetic connections in Bq, WP. 2, 534, Pok. 1052. -- Cf. σιωπάω, -ή. On the IE expressions for `be silent' Porzig Gliederung 107.Page in Frisk: 2,700-701Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σῖγα
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127 σπένδω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to offer a libation, to pour, to bestow'; `to make a ceasefire agreement (whilst performing a libation)'; the last also in the sense of `to reassure, to promise' resp. `to secure smth.' (Gortyn; on this Willetts Glotta 43, 251 ff.).Other forms: Aor. σπεῖσαι (Il.), fut. σπείσω (Hdt. etc.), perf. ἔσπεικα (Plu.) midd. σπένδομαι, σπείσασθαι, σπείσομαι, ἔσπεισμαι (IA.)Derivatives: σπονδή f. `libation, offering of wine' (Β 341 = Δ 159), pl. usu. `ceasefire agreement (sanctified with a libation), truce, peace treaty, pax dei' (IA. etc.). Compp., z.B. σπονδο-φόρος m. `herald of the truce, the pax dei' (Pi.); often as 2. member, e.g. ὑπό-σπονδος `under a ceasefire agreement, under safe-conduct' (IA). From this σπονδ-εῖος `belonging to the offering', also metr. `spondeus' (D.H. a. o.), - εῖον n. `libation vessel' (hell.); also - ειακός, - ειάζω, - ειασμός (late); - ικός `belonging to the offering' (pap.); - ήσιμα n. pl. `id.' (Philem.; after ὀνή-σιμος a. o.; cf. also παρασπόνδησις [Plb.] from παρασπονδ-έω [: παρά-σπονδος] and Arbenz 83); - ῖτις ( σταγών) `id.' (AP; Redard 114); σπόνδικες οἱ τὰς σπονδὰς χέοντες H. (Schwyzer 497). -- Extensive treatment in A. Citron Semantische Untersuchung zu σπένδεσθαι - σπένδειν - εὔχεσθαι (Winterthur 1965).Etymology: Old expression of cult- and juridical language, also retained in Hitt. and Latin: Hitt. šipant- (e.g. 3. sg. šipant-i [= σπένδει], 3. pl. - anzi) `bring a fluid sacrifice, libate, consecrate (by sprinkling?), execute a ritual' (Kronasser Etymologie 1, 522 ff. with some doubt about the etym.); Lat. spondeō (iterative) `promise ceremonially, assure, guarantee'. Details in Ernout-Meillet a. W.-Hofmann s. v. (w. lit.).Page in Frisk: 2,763Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπένδω
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128 στεῖρα 1
στεῖρα 1.Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `infertile', of cow, goat, woman, also metaph. (Od., Hp., hell. a. late), `virginal' (Lyc., Luc.), second. στεῖρος (E. Andr. 711 as v. l. to στερρός), εὑνούχους στείρους (Man.), κατάστειρος (Vett. Val.; cf. κάτ-ισχνος a.o.).Derivatives: στειρ-ώδης `(looking) infertile' (Hp., sp.), - όομαι, - όω `to become resp. to make infertile resp.' (LXX, Phld., Ph. a.o.) with - ωσις, - ωτικός; - εύω `to be infertile' (Gal.).Etymology: Formation like πίειρα, χίμαιρα, μοῖρα a.o. (Schwyzer 494, Chantraine Form. 98). Old designation of an infertile animal, also of an infertile woman, in several languages retained. With στεῖρα agree esp. well Arm. sterǰ `infertile' from *ster-i̯- (as anurǰ: ὄνειρος; diff. Pedersen KZ 38, 244 a.o.; s. WP. 2, 640) and Skt. starī́-ḥ `infertile cow', all from * ster-ih₂. Another formation is seen in Lat. sterilis `infertile' (after gracilis, fertilis? Leumann Glotta 42, 118 against Mastrelli), Germ., e.g. Goth. staírō f. `infertile woman' (innovation; Schulze Kl. Schr. 60 n. 6), Alb. shtjerrë `joung cow, lamb' (- rr- polyinterpr., cf. Mann Lang. 28, 37) a.o. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. l.c., Pok. 1031 and esp. W.-Hofmann s. sterilis. See Eichner, Sprache 20 (1974) 26-39. Cf. στερεός, στέριφος.Page in Frisk: 2,783Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στεῖρα 1
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