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1 local

local ['ləʊkəl]

1 adjective

(a) (gen) local; (hospital, shop) de quartier; (inhabitants) du quartier, du coin;

∎ a local woman une femme du quartier ou du coin;

∎ the local doctor le médecin du quartier;

∎ they voted for the local man ils ont voté pour le candidat local;

∎ local traders les commerces mpl de proximité

(b) Administration & Politics (services, council) local, communal, municipal

(c) Medicine (infection, pain) localisé

2 noun

(a) (person) habitant(e) m,f (du lieu);

∎ the locals les gens mpl du pays ou du coin;

∎ ask one of the locals demande à quelqu'un du coin

(b) British familiar (pub) troquet m du coin;

∎ it used to be our local c'est là qu'on allait boire un pot

(c) American (train) omnibus m; (bus) bus m local

(d) American (union branch) section f syndicale

(e) familiar (anaesthetic) anesthésie f locale^□

(f) French Canadian Telecommunications poste m;

∎ local 476 please le poste 476, s'il vous plaît

(g) American Press (item) nouvelle f locale

►► Medicine local anaesthetic anesthésie f locale;

∎ to give sb a local anaesthetic faire une anesthésie locale à qn;

Computing local area network réseau m local;

Politics local authorities autorités fpl locales ou régionales;

local authority administration f locale; (in town) municipalité f;

Computing local bus bus m local;

local bus card carte f de bus local;

Telecommunications local call communication f locale;

local colour couleur f locale;

local currency monnaie f locale;

local edition édition f locale;

local education authority direction f régionale de l'enseignement (en Angleterre et au pays de Galles);

Commerce Local Exchange Trading System = système d'échange de services dans une communauté donnée, basé sur une monnaie nominale;

local government administration f municipale;

local government elections élections fpl municipales;

local government official fonctionnaire mf de l'administration municipale;

local health authority services mpl municipaux de la santé;

local housing department ≃ antenne f logement (de la commune);

Administration local management of schools = système où l'administration des écoles publiques est confiée à l'échelon local;

Local Mean Time = heure locale;

local news informations fpl régionales;

local paper journal m local;

local radio radio f locale;

local radio station station f de radio locale;

British local rate number numéro m à tarification locale;

local showers averses fpl éparses;

American Finance local taxes impôts mpl locaux;

local television télévision f locale;

local time heure f locale;

∎ 6 a.m. local time 6 heures du matin heure locale;

local train (train m) omnibus m

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > local
2 ♦ local

♦ local /ˈləʊkl/
A a.

1 locale; del luogo; del posto; del quartiere: local customs, consuetudini (o usi) locali; local government, amministrazione locale; the local doctor, il dottore del luogo; a local train, un treno locale; local line, linea ( d'autobus, ecc.) locale; local rates, imposte locali

2 d'interesse locale: local news, notizie d'interesse locale (o di cronaca cittadina)

3 tipico; caratteristico: ( cucina) a local dish, un piatto tipico

4 campanilistico; limitato; ristretto: local outlook, vedute ristrette

5 (gramm.) di luogo; locativo: a local adverb, un avverbio di luogo

6 (med.) localizzato; locale: local anaesthesia, anestesia locale

B n.

1 treno (o autobus) locale

2 notizia d'interesse locale (o di cronaca cittadina)

3 dottore (o avvocato, ecc.) del luogo

4 predicatore del luogo

5 (fam.) pub della zona; locale pubblico che uno frequenta

6 (spesso al pl.) persona del luogo: one of the locals, uno del luogo

7 ( USA) sezione locale di un sindacato

8 (med.) anestetico locale
FALSI AMICI: local non indica un generico locale pubblico
● ( scritto sulla busta d'una lettera) «local», «città» □ (in GB) local authority, ente locale ( consiglio comunale, di contea, ecc.) □ (telef.) local call, chiamata (o telefonata) urbana □ (elettr.) local cell, cella galvanica □ local colour, colore locale □ ( sport: calcio) the local derby, il derby cittadino; il derby □ local elections, elezioni amministrative □ local council elections, elezioni comunali □ ( sport) the local favourite, il favorito di casa □ (in GB) local loan, mutuo di ente locale □ local newspaper, giornale locale □ (autom.) local service area, area di servizio □ (comm.) local terms, condizioni della piazza □ local time, ora locale.

English-Italian dictionary > ♦ local
3 local

'ləukəl
adjective

(belonging to a certain place or district: The local shops are very good; local problems.) local, del barrio, de la zona

- locally
- locality
- locate
- location
- on location

local adj local / del barrio / de la zona

the local football team el equipo local de fútbol

local adjetivo local;
◊ el equipo local the home team
■ sustantivo masculino premises (pl)
local
I adjetivo local
anestesia local, local anesthesia
II sustantivo masculino
1 (para instalar un comercio, negocio, etc) premises pl
2 (negocio) un local de la Quinta Avenida, a business on Fifth Avenue; un local de copas, a pub
un local de mala muerte, a dive ' local' also found in these entries: Spanish: abarrotada - abarrotado - acondicionada - acondicionado - administración - ambientada - ambientado - anestesia - antro - baja - bajo - barrio - billar - bodega - botiquín - caché - cachet - cacique - capacidad - cine - clausura - comarca - delegación - desierta - desierto - elección - estimativa - estimativo - foral - insonorización - lugar - lugareña - lugareño - magnificar - marchosa - marchoso - nave - paisana - paisano - pintoresca - pintoresco - proveedor - proveedora - timba - tipismo - tugurio - uso - vecinal - acondicionar - acústica English: academy - area code - backroom - band - christen - colour - daily - exhaustive - guild - local - local call - local council - practice - practise - premise - venue - bus - corner - dealer - ground - home - LST - man - rate - vernacular - wash

local

tr['ləʊkəl]

adjective

1 (in general) local

2 (person) del barrio, de la zona

3 (government) municipal, regional

noun

1 familiar (person) vecino,-a

■ one of the locals uno de los vecinos

2 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar bar nombre masculino, pub nombre masculino (del barrio)

3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (train) tren nombre masculino de cercanías; (bus) autobús nombre masculino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

local area network SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL red nombre femenino de área local

local authority ayuntamiento

local call llamada urbana

local time hora local

local ['lo:kəl] adj

: local

local n

1) : anestesia f local

2)

the locals : los vecinos del lugar, los habitantes

local

adj.

• local adj.

• tópico, -a adj.

• vecinal adj.

n.

• anestesia local s.f.

I 'ləʊkəl
adjective

1) <dialect/custom/newspaper> local; <council/election> ≈municipal

he's a local man — es de aquí (or de allí)

the local community — los vecinos or habitantes de la zona

a local specialty — una especialidad de la localidad (or de la región etc)

2) ( Med) < anesthetic> local; < infection> localizado

II

noun

a) ( inhabitant)

he's not a local — no es de aquí (or de allí)

the locals say it's true — los (vecinos) del lugar dicen que es verdad

b) ( pub) (BrE colloq)

our local — el bar de nuestro barrio (or de nuestra zona etc)

['lǝʊkǝl]
1. ADJ

1) (=in or of the area) [custom, newspaper, radio] local; [school, shop, doctor] del barrio; [bus, train] urbano; [news, weather forecast] regional

• the local community — el vecindario, el barrio; (wider) la zona, el área

• local currency — moneda f local, moneda f del país

• to be of local interest — ser de interés local

• he's a local man — es de aquí

• local residents have complained to the council — los residentes del barrio or de la zona se han quejado al ayuntamiento

• local train services have been cut — han reducido los servicios locales de tren

• whatever you do, don't drink the local wine — hagas lo que hagas no bebas el vino del lugar

2) (=municipal) [administration, taxes, elections] municipal

at (the) local level — a nivel municipal or local

3) (Med) [pain] localizado

2. N

1) * (=local resident)

the locals — los vecinos; (wider) la gente de la zona

he's a local — es de aquí

2) (Brit) * (=pub) bar de la zona donde alguien vive

3) (Med) * (=local anaesthetic) anestesia f local

4) (US) (Rail) tren, autobús etc que hace parada en todas las estaciones

3.

CPD

local anaesthetic, local anesthetic (US) N — anestesia f local

under local anaesthetic — bajo anestesia local

local area network N — red f de área local

local authority N — (Brit, New Zealand) gobierno m local; [of city, town] ayuntamiento m

local call N — (Telec) llamada f local

local colour, local color (US) N — (esp Literat, Cine) ambiente m local, ambiente m del lugar

local council N — ayuntamiento m, municipio m

local education authority N — secretaría f municipal de educación

local government N — (Brit) administración f municipal

local government elections NPL — elecciones fpl municipales

local government expenditure N — gastos mpl municipales

local politics N — la vida política local

local time N — hora f local

* * *

I ['ləʊkəl]
adjective

1) <dialect/custom/newspaper> local; <council/election> ≈municipal

he's a local man — es de aquí (or de allí)

the local community — los vecinos or habitantes de la zona

a local specialty — una especialidad de la localidad (or de la región etc)

2) ( Med) < anesthetic> local; < infection> localizado

II

noun

a) ( inhabitant)

he's not a local — no es de aquí (or de allí)

the locals say it's true — los (vecinos) del lugar dicen que es verdad

b) ( pub) (BrE colloq)

our local — el bar de nuestro barrio (or de nuestra zona etc)

English-spanish dictionary > local
4 local

1. adjective
1) lokal (bes. Zeitungsw.); Lokal[teil, -nachrichten, -sender]; Kommunal[politiker, -wahl, -abgaben]; (of this area) hiesig; (of that area) dortig; ortsansässig [Firma, Familie]; [Wein, Produkt, Spezialität] [aus] der Gegend

she's a local girl — sie ist von hier/dort

local resident — Anwohner, der/Anwohnerin, die

local bus — (serving immediate area) Nahverkehrsbus, der

2) (Med.) lokal [Schmerzen, Entzündung]; örtlich [Betäubung]
2. noun
1) (inhabitant) Einheimische, der/die

2) (Brit. coll.): (pub) [Stamm]kneipe, die

* * *
['ləukəl]
adjective

(belonging to a certain place or district: The local shops are very good; local problems.) Orts-...

- academic.ru/43500/locally">locally
- locality
- locate
- location
- on location
* * *

lo·cal

[ˈləʊk^əl, AM ˈloʊ-]

I. adj

1. (neighbourhood) hiesig, örtlich

\local accent/dialect/custom hiesiger Akzent/Dialekt/Brauch

\local celebrity örtliche Berühmtheit

the \local gentry BRIT ( dated) der ortsansässige [o hiesige] Adel

\local hero Lokalmatador m

\local jurisdiction regionale Gerichtsbarkeit

a \local legend eine hiesige Legende

\local official Kommunalbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f

the \local police die örtliche Polizei

\local politics Kommunalpolitik f

\local radio station Lokalsender m

\local television station Regionalfernsehen nt

\local branch Filiale f; of a bank, shop Zweigstelle f, Zweigniederlassung f

2. MED lokale Infektion

\local pain lokaler Schmerz

\local swelling lokale Schwellung

3. COMPUT lokal, Lokal-, lokal-

II. n

1. usu pl (inhabitant) Ortsansässige(r) f(m), Einheimische(r) f(m)

2. BRIT ( fam: pub) Stammlokal nt, Stammkneipe f fam, Stammbeisl nt ÖSTERR, Stammbeiz f SCHWEIZ fam, Dorfkrug m NORDD

3. (bus) Bus m; (in the inner city) Stadtbus m; (in the immediate locality) Nahverkehrsbus m; (train) Nahverkehrszug m

4. AM (trade union) örtliches Gewerkschaftsbüro

she's a member of union \local 1103 sie ist ein Mitglied des Gewerkschaftsbüros Nummer 1103

5. STOCKEX Börsenmitglied, das nur auf eigene Rechnung handelt

* * *
['ləUkəl]
1. adj
örtlich; (= in this area) hiesig; (= in that area) dortig; anaesthetic lokal, örtlich
local radio — Lokalradio nt

local radio station — Regionalsender m

local news — Lokalnachrichten pl

local newspaper — Lokalzeitung f

local politician — Kommunalpolitiker( in) m(f)

all the local residents — alle Ortsansässigen pl

he's a local man — er ist ein Ortsansässiger, er ist von hier (inf)

local community — Kommune f

local taxes — Kommunalabgaben pl

local currency — Landeswährung f

at local level — auf lokaler Ebene

it's only of local interest — es ist nur für die Einheimischen interessant

local opinion is against the change — die öffentliche Meinung am Ort ist gegen die Änderung

the latest local gossip — der neueste Klatsch (hier/dort)

local bus — Stadtbus m; (serving the immediate locality) Nahverkehrsbus m

local time — Ortszeit f

local train — Nahverkehrszug m

local traffic — Ortsverkehr m

local TV — Lokalfernsehen nt

go into your local branch — gehen Sie zu Ihrer Zweigstelle

vote for your local candidate —

accents with the usual local variations — Dialekte mit den üblichen regionalen Unterschieden

one of our local sons — einer der Söhne unserer Gemeinde/Stadt

we used the local shops when we were in Spain —

our village hasn't got a local butcher — unser Dorf hat keinen eigenen Schlachter

there are two local grocers (esp Brit) — es gibt zwei Lebensmittelhändler am Ort

the local shops aren't very good — die dortigen/hiesigen Geschäfte sind nicht sehr gut

our local doctor back home in Canada — unser Arzt zu Hause in Kanada

what are their main local products there? — was wird dort (in der Gegend) hauptsächlich erzeugt?

the best local wine —

the local wine over there will make you sick — von dem dortigen Wein wird es einem schlecht

2. n

1) (Brit inf

= pub) the local (in village) — der Dorfkrug, die Dorfkneipe (inf); (in community) das Stammlokal

our local — unsere Stammkneipe (inf), unser Stammlokal nt

2) (born in) Einheimische(r) mf; (living in) Einwohner(in) m(f)

3) (MED inf = local anaesthetic) örtliche Betäubung

4) (US) (= branch) Zweigstelle f; (= train) Nahverkehrszug m

* * *

local [ˈləʊkl]

A adj (adv → locally)

1. lokal, örtlich, Lokal…, Orts…:

local adverb LING lokales Adverb, Umstandswort n des Ortes;

local area network lokales (Rechner)Netz;

local authority POL Br Kommunalbehörde f;

local bill ( oder draft) WIRTSCH Platzwechsel m;

local branch Zweigstelle f, Filiale f;

local bus Nahverkehrsbus m;

local call TEL Ortsgespräch n;

local derby SPORT Lokalderby n;

local elections Kommunalwahlen;

local examination SCHULE Br von einer Universitätskommission abgehaltene Prüfung an einer höheren Schule;

local government

a) Gemeinde-, Kommunalverwaltung f,

b) örtliche Selbstverwaltung;

local hero besonders SPORT Lokalmatador(in);

local news pl (als sg konstruiert) Lokalnachrichten pl;

local newspaper Lokalzeitung f;

local oscillator ELEK eingebauter Oszillator;

local patriotism Lokalpatriotismus m;

local politician Lokal-, Kommunalpolitiker(in);

local politics pl (oft als sg konstruiert) Lokal-, Kommunalpolitik f;

local rate TEL Ortstarif m;

local rival SPORT Ortsrivale m, -rivalin f;

local rivalry SPORT Lokalrivalität f;

local tax US Kommunalsteuer f;

local time Ortszeit f;

local traffic Lokal-, Orts-, Nahverkehr m;

local train

a) Nahverkehrszug m,

b) Personenzug m; → color A 5, option 1

2. Orts…, ortsansässig, hiesig:

the local doctor;

the local hotels die Hotels am Ort;

he’s a local man er stammt aus der Gegend;

local team SPORT einheimische Mannschaft

3. lokal, örtlich (beschränkt), Lokal…:

local an(a)esthesia MED Lokalanästhesie f, örtliche Betäubung;

local custom ortsüblicher Brauch;

local expression LING Lokalismus m;

local inflammation MED örtliche oder lokale Entzündung

4. lokal(patriotisch):

from a local point of view von einem rein lokalen Gesichtspunkt aus

B s

1. a) Nahverkehrsbus m

b) Nahverkehrs- oder Personenzug m

2. Zeitung: besonders US Lokalnachricht f

3. RADIO, TV US Regionalprogramm n

4. US Ortsgruppe f, -verband m (einer Gewerkschaft etc)

5. a) Ortsansässige(r) m/f(m), Einheimische(r) m/f(m)

b) pl SPORT US einheimische Mannschaft

6. Br umg (nächstgelegene) Kneipe, besonders Stammkneipe f

7. MED örtliche Betäubung

* * *
1. adjective
1) lokal (bes. Zeitungsw.); Lokal[teil, -nachrichten, -sender]; Kommunal[politiker, -wahl, -abgaben]; (of this area) hiesig; (of that area) dortig; ortsansässig [Firma, Familie]; [Wein, Produkt, Spezialität] [aus] der Gegend

she's a local girl — sie ist von hier/dort

local resident — Anwohner, der/Anwohnerin, die

local bus — (serving immediate area) Nahverkehrsbus, der

2) (Med.) lokal [Schmerzen, Entzündung]; örtlich [Betäubung]
2. noun
1) (inhabitant) Einheimische, der/die

2) (Brit. coll.): (pub) [Stamm]kneipe, die

* * *

(pub, bar) n.

Stammkneipe f. adj.

hiesig adj.

lokal (Mathematik) adj.

lokal adj.

ortsansässig adj.

örtlich adj.

örtliches adj.

English-german dictionary > local
5 local

I n

1. місцева партійна або профспілкова організація

2. місцеві новини в газеті

II adj місцевий

- local allegiance обов'язок іноземця підкорятись місцевим законам

- local authority місцеві органи влади, муніципалітет

- local committee місцевий комітет

- local customs місцеві звичаї

- local elections вибори до місцевих органів влади

- local government місцеве самоврядування, місцеві власті

- local order of precedence місцевий порядок старшинства

- local precedence місцеве старшинство

- local protocol service місцева протокольна служба

- recognition de jure of the local government визнання де-юре місцевого уряду

English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > local
6 local

['ləʊkəl] UK / US
1. adj

(traffic, time etc) Orts-, (radio, news, paper) Lokal-, (government, authority) Kommunal-, (anaesthetic) örtlich

local call TEL — Ortsgespräch nt

local elections — Kommunalwahlen pl

local time — Ortszeit f

local train — Nahverkehrszug m

the local shops — die Geschäfte am Ort

2. n

(pub) Stammlokal nt

the locals pl — die Ortsansässigen pl

English-German mini dictionary > local
7 local

['ləʊkəl] UK / US
1. adj

(traffic, time etc) Orts-, (radio, news, paper) Lokal-, (government, authority) Kommunal-, (anaesthetic) örtlich

local call TEL — Ortsgespräch nt

local elections — Kommunalwahlen pl

local time — Ortszeit f

local train — Nahverkehrszug m

the local shops — die Geschäfte am Ort

2. n

(pub) Stammlokal nt

the locals pl — die Ortsansässigen pl

English-German mini dictionary > local
8 local

local [ˈləʊkəl]

1. adjective

local ; [shops, library] du quartier ; [pain] localisé

• he's a local man il est du coin (inf)

• a local call une communication locale

• of local interest d'intérêt local

2. noun

a. ( = person) (inf) personne f du coin (inf)

• the locals les gens du coin (inf)

b. (British = pub) (inf) bistrot (inf) m du coin

• my local le pub où je vais

3. compounds

► local anaesthetic noun anesthésie f locale

► local area network noun réseau m local

► local authority noun collectivité f locale

► local education authority noun autorité locale chargée de l'enseignement

► local government noun administration f locale

• local government elections élections fpl municipales ► local time noun heure f locale

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

‼|/b] [b]local is not always translated by the French word local.

* * *
['ləʊkl] 1.
noun

1) ( person)

is he a local? — il est du coin?

the locals — les gens mpl du coin

2) ( pub) pub m du coin
2.
adjective

1) ( neighbourhood) [library, shop] du quartier

2) ( of the town) [newspaper] local

3) ( regional) [radio, news] régional; [speciality] du pays; [tradition] local; [business] de la région

4) ( of a country) [currency, time] local

English-French dictionary > local
9 à l'approche des élections municipales

as the local elections draw near

Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > à l'approche des élections municipales
10 Cantonales, élections

Local government elections, whose purpose is to elect members of Departmental (county) councils (Conseils généraux). These elections take place every three years, with half the seats in each council being up for reelection each time. As for most elections in France, voting takes place in two stages, and candidates can only go through to the second round if they have obtained the votes of at least 10% of registered voters.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Cantonales, élections
11 elección

f.

1 election, referendum, votation, voting.

2 choice, selection, pick, preference.

3 choosing, choice, elective, election.

* * *

elección

► nombre femenino

1 (nombramiento) election

2 (opción) choice

■ lo dejamos a tu elección we'll leave it up to you

■ el color es a elección del cliente the choice of colour is left up to the customer

► nombre femenino plural elecciones

1 elections

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

convocar elecciones to call an election

no tener elección to have no choice, have no option

elecciones generales general election sing

* * *

noun f.

1) election

2) choice, selection

* * *

SF

1) (=selección) choice

una elección muy acertada — an excellent choice

lo dejo a su elección — I'll leave the choice to you

no tuve otra elección que irme — I had no choice o alternative but to leave

no queda otra elección — there is no choice o alternative

su patria de elección — his chosen country

elección al azar — (Mat) random sampling

2) (Pol) election (a for)

elecciones autonómicas — regional election sing

elecciones generales — general election sing

elecciones legislativas — parliamentary election sing

elecciones municipales — local elections

elecciones primarias — primaries

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción de escoger) choice

dejo la fecha a su elección — I will leave it up to you to choose the date

llévate tres, a tu elección — take o choose any three

b) (Pol) ( de candidato) election

2) elecciones femenino plural (Pol) election

convocaron elecciones — they called an election

elecciones legislativas/municipales — legislative/local elections

* * *

= choice, designation, election.

Ex. Users are able to use terminals many miles distant to search the computer data base of their choice, with the support of a telecommunications network to link terminal to computer.

Ex. It distinguishes between pure anonymity, official designations or descriptions which render the author's identity unmistakable.

Ex. After the election of a new president, government executives have two opportunities to propose agenda items to the new administration.

----

* celebrar elecciones = hold + elections.

* como primera elección = as a first preference.

* día de las elecciones = election day.

* elección al congreso = congressional race.

* elección del gobierno = political election.

* elecciones = elections.

* elecciones a la alcaldía = mayoral election.

* elecciones generales = general election.

* elecciones municipales = municipal elections.

* elección para gobernador = gubernatorial election.

* elección política = political election.

* elección presidencial = presidential election.

* elección primaria = primary election.

* elección profesional = career choice.

* ganar una elección = win + election.

* hacer elección = make + choices.

* libertad de elección = freedom of choice.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.

* ser la elección lógica = be a/the natural choice.

* ser la elección natural = be a/the natural choice.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( acción de escoger) choice

dejo la fecha a su elección — I will leave it up to you to choose the date

llévate tres, a tu elección — take o choose any three

b) (Pol) ( de candidato) election

2) elecciones femenino plural (Pol) election

convocaron elecciones — they called an election

elecciones legislativas/municipales — legislative/local elections

* * *

= choice, designation, election.

Ex: Users are able to use terminals many miles distant to search the computer data base of their choice, with the support of a telecommunications network to link terminal to computer.

Ex: It distinguishes between pure anonymity, official designations or descriptions which render the author's identity unmistakable.

Ex: After the election of a new president, government executives have two opportunities to propose agenda items to the new administration.

* celebrar elecciones = hold + elections.

* como primera elección = as a first preference.

* día de las elecciones = election day.

* elección al congreso = congressional race.

* elección del gobierno = political election.

* elecciones = elections.

* elecciones a la alcaldía = mayoral election.

* elecciones generales = general election.

* elecciones municipales = municipal elections.

* elección para gobernador = gubernatorial election.

* elección política = political election.

* elección presidencial = presidential election.

* elección primaria = primary election.

* elección profesional = career choice.

* ganar una elección = win + election.

* hacer elección = make + choices.

* libertad de elección = freedom of choice.

* por elección propia = by choice.

* presentarse a una elección = stand for + election, run for + election.

* ser la elección lógica = be a/the natural choice.

* ser la elección natural = be a/the natural choice.

* * *

elección

feminine

A

1 (acción de escoger) choice

dejo la fecha a su elección I will leave it up to you to choose the date, I will leave the choice of date to you

el formato es a elección del cliente the choice of format is left up to the client

hicimos una mala elección it was a bad choice

llévese tres, a su elección, por el precio de dos take o choose any three for the price of two

2 ( Pol) (de un candidato) election

B elecciones fpl ( Pol):

convocaron elecciones anticipadas they called an early election

llamaron a elecciones generales ( AmL); they called a general election

las elecciones municipales the local elections

se presentó a las elecciones por el Partido Radical he stood as a Radical Party candidate

elecciones legislativas legislative elections

* * *

elección sustantivo femenino
a) ( acción de escoger) choice;

◊ llévate tres, a tu elección take o choose any three

b) (Pol) ( de candidato) election

c)

◊ elecciones sustantivo femenino plural (Pol) election;

convocar elecciones to call an election
elección sustantivo femenino
1 choice
2 Pol election (usu en pl) elecciones, election(s): han decidido convocar elecciones para noviembre, it has been decided to call elections for November
se presentó a las elecciones generales/municipales, she stood in the general/local election(s)
' elección' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acierto
- albedrío
- concurrir
- desgraciada
- desgraciado
- errar
- opción
- sufragio
- acertado
- afortunado
- planilla
- por
- voluntario
English:
choice
- election
- fair
- gain
- pick
- primary
- return
- selection
- uncontested
- win

* * *

elección

♦ nf

1. [opción de escoger] choice;

no tenemos elección we have no choice;

el color lo dejo a tu elección I'll leave the (choice of) colour up to you;

un regalo de su elección a gift of his own choosing

2. [por nombramiento] appointment;
[por votación] election;
su elección como ministro his appointment as minister;

la elección del árbitro no llevó mucho tiempo it didn't take long to choose the referee

♦ elecciones nfpl
[votación] election;
convocar elecciones to call an election;

las elecciones se celebrarán en octubre the elections will be held in October;

presentarse a las elecciones to run o Br stand in the elections

Comp
elecciones anticipadas an early election;
convocar elecciones anticipadas to call an early election;

elecciones autonómicas elections to the regional parliament;

elecciones generales elections to the national parliament, Br ≈ general election, US ≈ congressional elections;

elecciones legislativas elections to the national parliament, Br ≈ general election, US ≈ congressional elections;

elecciones municipales local elections;

elección parcial by-election;

elecciones presidenciales presidential election;

elecciones primarias primary election

* * *

elección

f choice

* * *

elección nf, pl - ciones

1) selección: choice, selection

2) : election

* * *

elección n (selección) choice

una elección acertada a good choice

no tienes elección you've got no choice

Spanish-English dictionary > elección
12 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
13 municipal

municipal, e (masculine plural - aux) [mynisipal, o]

1. adjective

municipal

2. plural feminine noun

municipales

• les municipales the local elections

* * *

municipale, mpl - aux mynisipal, o adjectif Administration [conseil, conseiller] ( de petite ville) local, town (épith); ( de grande ville) city (épith); [impôt, élections, arrêté] local; [parc, piscine, bibliothèque] municipal

* * *
mynisipal, o municipal, -e
municipaux mpl adj

ADMINISTRATION municipal, (d'une commune) town modif

la bibliothèque municipale — the public library

* * *

municipal, municipale, mpl - aux

A adj Admin [conseil, conseiller] ( de petite ville) local, town ( épith); ( de grande ville) city ( épith); [impôt, élections, arrêté] local; [parc, piscine, bibliothèque] municipal.

B municipales nfpl local elections.

( féminin municipale, pluriel masculin municipaux) [mynisipal, o] adjectif

[élection, conseil] local, municipal

[bibliothèque, parc, théâtre] public, municipal

————————

municipales nom féminin pluriel

POLITIQUE local ou council (UK) elections (to elect the Conseil municipal)

MUNICIPALES

These elections, held every six years, are for the town councils ( conseils municipaux). Electors vote for a list of council members headed by the tête de liste, who will then become the mayor.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > municipal
14 Sampaio, Jorge

(1939-)

Lawyer, socialist politician and leader, and president of the republic (1996-2006). Born in Lisbon, his father a physician and his mother a domestic with an experience of education in England and a knowledge of English, Sampaio was educated in leading Lisbon high schools. In 1961, he took a law degree in the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon. Active as a student leader early on, especially in oppositionist student movements that criticized the Estado Novo during 1959-62 at the University of Lisbon, Sampaio began to practice law in 1963.

Following association with more radical leftist groups, Sampaio joined the Socialist Party (PS) in 1978 and, in 1979, became part of that party's leadership. During 1979-83, he was a PS deputy in the Assembly of the Republic. Reelected as a deputy to that body in the 1985 and 1987 elections, he was elected secretary-general of the PS in 1989. In the local elections of December 1989, he was elected president of the Câmara Municipal, Lisbon, a key position, and he continued in that arduous post until he was elected president of the republic in the general elections of January 1996. In the January 2001 elections, he was reelected to the same post. His second term expired in 2006.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Sampaio, Jorge
15 see

I si: past tense - saw; verb
1) (to have the power of sight: After six years of blindness, he found he could see.) ver

2) (to be aware of by means of the eye: I can see her in the garden.) ver

3) (to look at: Did you see that play on television?) ver

4) (to have a picture in the mind: I see many difficulties ahead.) ver, imaginarse

5) (to understand: She didn't see the point of the joke.) comprender, entender, ver

6) (to investigate: Leave this here and I'll see what I can do for you.) ver

7) (to meet: I'll see you at the usual time.) ver

8) (to accompany: I'll see you home.) acompañar

•

- see about
- seeing that
- see off
- see out
- see through
- see to
- I
- we will see
II si: noun
(the district over which a bishop or archbishop has authority.) sede

see vb

1. ver

turn the light on, I can't see anything enciende la luz; no veo nada

have you seen Lesley recently? ¿has visto a Lesley últimamente?

I saw a film about mountaineering vi una película sobre el alpinismo

2. entender / ver

I don't see why we can't go in no entiendo por qué no podemos entrar

3. quedar / ver

I'll see you at ten quedamos a las diez / nos vemos a las diez

4. ir / ver

my tooth hurts, I'll have to see a dentist me duele una muela, tendré que ir al dentista

I'll see ya veremos

can I have a dog for my birthday? I'll see para mi cumpleaños me gustaría un perro ya veremos

let's see a ver / vamos a ver

see you hasta luego

El pasado de see es saw y el participio pasado es seen; el gerundio se escribe seeing

see

tr[siː]

noun

1 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL sede nombre femenino

————————

see

tr[siː]

transitive verb (pt saw tr[sɔː], pp seen tr[siːn], ger seeing)

1 (gen) ver

■ I can't see anything no veo nada

■ did you see who it was? ¿has visto quién era?

■ you can see the sea from here desde aquí se ve el mar

■ have you seen any good films lately? ¿has visto una buena película últimamente?

■ see page 123 véase la página 123

■ she could see that he hadn't listened to a single word veía que no había escuchado ni una sola palabra

■ I can see you're busy ya veo que estás ocupado

■ we don't know what she sees in him no sabemos qué es lo que ve en él

■ this year sees the cinema's centenary este año se celebra el centenario del cine

2 (meet, visit) ver; (receive) ver, atender; (go out with) salir con

■ guess who I saw on Saturday? ¿a que no sabes a quién vi el sábado?

■ you should see a doctor deberías ir al médico

■ I'm seeing Pat on Friday he quedado con Pat el viernes

■ I want to see the manager quiero ver al director

■ they've been seeing each other for a month hace un mes que salen juntos

3 (understand) comprender, entender, ver

■ do you see what I mean? ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir?

■ I can see why you're worried entiendo por qué estás preocupado

■ I don't see why I have to go no entiendo por qué tengo que ir yo

■ I can see your point entiendo tu punto de vista

4 (visualize, imagine) imaginarse, ver; (envisage) creer

■ I can't see him working in a factory no me lo imagino trabajando en una fábrica

■ I can't see Dad lending you the money no creo que papá te vaya a dejar el dinero

■ I can't see that it matters no creo que tenga importancia

■ they saw it coming lo vieron venir

5 (find out, discover) ver; (learn) oír, leer

■ I'll see what I can do veré lo que puedo hacer

■ go and see what she's up to vete a ver qué hace

■ I see that Chirac has won the French elections veo que Chirac ha ganado las elecciones francesas

■ I see in the paper that Major did badly in the local elections he leído que a Major le fueron mal las elecciones locales

6 (ensure, check) asegurarse de, procurar

■ see that you arrive on time procura llegar a la hora

■ see that he gets complete rest asegúrate de que tenga reposo completo

■ could you see that all the doors are locked? ¿podría asegurarse de que todas las puertas estén cerradas con llave?

7 (accompany) acompañar

■ he saw me home me acompañó a casa

■ we saw her to her car la acompañamos a su coche

■ I saw the old lady across the road ayudé a la anciana a cruzar la calle

8 (in cards) ver, ir

intransitive verb

1 (gen) ver

■ she can't see without her glasses no ve sin las gafas

■ I can't see to read no veo para leer

■ she can see into the future ve el futuro

2 (find out, discover) ver

■ we'll have to see ya veremos

3 (understand) entender, ver

■ oh, I see ah, ya veo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

I'll be seeing you! ¡hasta luego!

let me see/let's see a ver, vamos a ver

seeing is believing ver para creer

see you around ya nos veremos

see you later/soon/Monday! ¡hasta luego/pronto/el lunes!

to be seeing things ver visiones

to have seen better days haber conocido tiempos mejores

to see for oneself comprobarlo uno,-a mismo,-a

to see a lot of somebody ver a alguien a menudo

to see one's way (clear) to doing something poder hacer algo, estar dispuesto,-a a hacer algo

to see reason ver la razón

to see red ponerse rojo,-a (de ira)

to see stars ver las estrellas

to see the back/last of somebody perder a alguien de vista

to see the joke verle la gracia, entender el chiste

to see the light ver la luz

not to see the point no ver el sentido, no ver para qué

we'll soon see about that! ¡ya lo veremos!

you see (in explanations) verás 2 (in questions) ¿sabes?, ¿ves?

see ['si:] v, saw ['sɔ] ; seen ['si:n] ; seeing vt

1) : ver

I saw a dog: vi un perro

see you later!: ¡hasta luego!

2) experience: ver, conocer

3) understand: ver, entender

4) ensure: asegurarse

see that it's correct: asegúrese de que sea correcto

5) accompany: acompañar

6)

to see off : despedir, despedirse de

see vi

1) : ver

seeing is believing: ver para creer

2) understand: entender, ver

now I see!: ¡ya entiendo!

3) consider: ver

let's see: vamos a ver

4)

to see to : ocuparse de

see n

: sede f

the Holy See: la Santa Sede

see

n.

• sede s.f.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: saw, seen) = observar v.

• percibir v.

• ver v.

(§pres: veo, ves...) imp. ve-•)

I
1. siː
1) (past saw; past p seen) transitive verb

Sense I

2)

a) ver*

I can't see a thing! — no veo nada!

we haven't seen her for a while — hace un tiempo que no la vemos

there wasn't a policeman to be seen — no había ningún policía

to see somebody/something + inf: I didn't see her arrive no la vi llegar; we'll be sorry to see her go nos va a dar pena que se vaya; to see somebody/something -ing: I can see somebody coming this way veo venir a alguien; I thought I was seeing things pensé que estaba viendo visiones; I'll believe it when I see it hasta que no lo vea no lo creo; to be glad to see the back of somebody — alegrarse de que alguien se vaya

b) \<\<film/play\>\> ver*

c) (look at, inspect) ver*

see page 20 — ver página 20

may I see your ticket? — ¿me permite su entrada (or boleto etc)?

3)

a) (perceive, notice) ver*

I don't know what she sees in him — no sé qué es lo que le ve or qué es lo que ve en él

anyone can see she's upset — cualquiera se da cuenta de que está disgustada

b) (learn from reading, hearing)

I see Mrs Baker's retiring — así que se jubila la señora Baker

I see from your application form that... — he leído en su solicitud que...

4) ( understand) ver*

he didn't see the joke — no le vio la gracia (al chiste)

do you see what I mean? — ¿entiendes?, ¿te das cuenta?

I can see (that) you're in a difficult position, but... — me doy cuenta de or comprendo que estás en una situación difícil, pero...

5) (consider, regard) ver*

the way I see it, as I see it — a mi modo de ver, tal como yo lo veo

I see nothing wrong in it — yo no le encuentro nada de malo

6)

a) ( visualize)

can you see him as a teacher? — ¿te lo imaginas de profesor?

b) (envisage, foresee)

I can see there'll be problems — veo que va a haber problemas

to see something/somebody -ING: I can't see it working no creo que vaya a funcionar; I can see her working abroad — la imagino trabajando en el extranjero

c) ( accept) (AmE colloq)

we could move Johnson over to Sales - OK, I can see that — podríamos pasar a Johnson a Ventas - bueno, eso me parece bien

7)

a) (find out, determine) ver*

I'll have to see what I can do — tendré que ver qué puedo hacer

we'll have to (wait and) see — habrá que esperar y ver

that remains to be seen — eso está por verse

b) ( ensure)

to see that: see that it doesn't happen again — que no vuelva a suceder

8)

a) (experience, undergo)

I doubt if I'll live to see it — no creo que yo llegue a verlo or que yo llegue a ver el día

I want to travel and see (a bit of) life — quiero viajar y ver mundo

b) ( be the occasion of) (journ)

in a week which has seen the start of... — en una semana que ha visto el inicio de...

next Thursday sees the launch of the new model — el próximo jueves es la fecha señalada para el lanzamiento del nuevo modelo

Sense II

9)

a) ( meet) ver*

I'm seeing him on Tuesday — lo voy a ver el martes

when can I see you again? — ¿cuándo nos podemos volver a ver?

b) ( go out with) (colloq) salir* con

they've been seeing each other for two months — hace dos meses que salen juntos

c) ( saying goodbye) (colloq)

see you! — hasta luego!, hasta la vista!

see you around! — nos vemos!

see you later/tonight/soon/on Saturday! — hasta luego/esta noche/pronto/el sábado!

(I'll) be seeing you! — hasta pronto!

10) ( visit)

a) ( socially) ver*

b) ( for consultation) ver*

you should see a specialist — deberías ver a or ir a un especialista

I want to see the manager — quisiera ver al gerente or hablar con el gerente

to see somebody about something: can I see you about something privately? — ¿podría hablar con usted de un asunto privado?

11) ( receive) ver*, atender*

the doctor will see you now — el doctor lo verá or lo atenderá ahora

12) (escort, accompany) acompañar

to see somebody to the door — acompañar a alguien a la puerta

2.

vi

1)

a) ver*

I can see better from here — desde aquí veo mejor

seeing is believing — ver para creer

b) (look, inspect) ver*

let me see! — déjame ver!

see for yourself! — compruébalo tú mismo!

2) (understand, realize) ver*

can't you see he loves you? — ¿no te das cuenta de or no ves que te quiere?

as far as I can see — por lo que yo veo

I see — ( expressing realization) ya veo; ( accepting explanation) entiendo

3) (consider, think) ver*

let's see — vamos a ver, veamos

I'll see, but I can't promise anything — voy a ver, pero no te puedo prometer nada

4) ( find out) ver*

will it work? - try it and see — ¿funcionará? - prueba a ver

what's going on? - you'll soon see — ¿qué pasa? - ya lo verás

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- see about

- see in

- see off

- see out

- see over

- see through

- see to

II

noun ( diocese) sede f

the Holy See — la Santa Sede

I

[siː]
(pt saw) (pp seen) VT VI
1) (gen) ver

I saw him yesterday — lo vi ayer

I can't see — no veo nada

to see sb do or doing sth — ver a algn hacer algo

I saw him coming — lo vi venir

(go and) see who's at the door — ve a ver quién llama (a la puerta)

he was seen to fall — se le vio caer

I saw it done in 1988 — lo vi hacer en 1988

see page eight — véase la página ocho

did you see that Queen Anne is dead? — ¿has oído que ha muerto la reina Ana?

• he's seen it all — está de vuelta de todo

• there was nobody to be seen — no se veía ni nadie

there was not a house to be seen — no se veía ni una sola casa

• as you can see — como ves

as far as the eye can see — hasta donde alcanza la vista

from here you can see for miles — desde aquí se ve muy lejos

• I'll see him damned first — antes le veré colgado

• I never thought I'd see the day when... — nunca pensé ver el día en que...

this car has seen better days — este coche ha conocido mejores tiempos

• this dress isn't fit to be seen — este vestido no se puede ver

he's not fit to be seen in public — no se le puede presentar a los ojos del público

• see for yourself — velo tú

• I'll go and see — voy a ver

• now see here! — (in anger) ¡mira!, ¡oiga!, ¡escuche!

• I see nothing wrong in it — no le encuentro nada malo

I don't know what she sees in him — no sé lo que encuentra en él

I see in the paper that... — sale en el periódico que...

• let me see, let's see — (=show me/us) a ver; (=let me/us think) vamos a ver

• she's certainly seeing life — es seguro que está viendo muchas cosas

• we'll not see his like again — no veremos otro como él

• he's seen a lot of the world — ha visto mucho mundo

• so I see — ya lo veo

• I must be seeing things * — estoy viendo visiones

• I can't see to read — no veo lo suficiente para leer

• can you see your way to helping us? — (fig) ¿nos hace el favor de ayudarnos?

• we'll see — ya veremos, a ver

• I'll see what I can do — veré si puedo hacer algo

• she won't see 40 again — los 40 ya no los cumple

2) (=visit, meet) ver, visitar; (=have an interview with) tener una entrevista con, entrevistarse con

the minister saw the Queen yesterday — el ministro se entrevistó or tuvo una entrevista con la Reina ayer

I'm afraid I can't see you tomorrow — lamento no poder verle mañana

• I want to see you about my daughter — quiero hablar con usted acerca de mi hija

what did he want to see you about? — ¿qué asunto quería discutir contigo?, ¿qué motivo tuvo su visita?

• we'll be seeing them for dinner — vamos a cenar con ellos

• to see the doctor — ir a ver al médico, consultar al médico

you need to see a doctor — tienes que ir a ver or consultar a un médico

• to go and see sb — ir a ver a algn; (a friend) visitar a algn

• we don't see much of them nowadays — ahora les vemos bastante poco

• see you! * — chau *

see you on Sunday! — ¡hasta el domingo!

see you tomorrow! — ¡hasta mañana!

see you later! — ¡hasta luego!

see you soon! — ¡hasta pronto!

3) (=understand, perceive) entender

I see — lo veo

I see! — ya entiendo

this is how I see it — este es mi modo de entenderlo, yo lo entiendo así

I saw only too clearly that... — percibí claramente que...

it's all over, see? * — se acabó, ¿entiendes?

• I can't or don't see why/how etc... — no veo or entiendo por qué/cómo etc...

I don't see it, myself — yo no creo que sea posible

he's dead, don't you see? — está muerto, ¿me entiendes?

• the Russians see it differently — los rusos lo miran desde otro punto de vista, el criterio de los rusos es distinto

• I fail to see how — no comprendo or entiendo cómo

• as far as I can see — por lo visto, por lo que yo veo

• the way I see it — a mi parecer

4) (=accompany) acompañar

• he was so drunk we had to see him to bed — estaba tan borracho que tuvimos que llevarle a la cama

• to see sb to the door — acompañar a algn a la puerta

• to see sb home — acompañar a algn a casa

may I see you home? — ¿puedo acompañarte a casa?

5) (=try) procurar

see if... — ve a ver si..., mira a ver si...

6) (=imagine) imaginarse

I can just see him as a teacher — me lo imagino de profesor

I don't see her as a minister — no la veo or no me la imagino de ministra

I can't see myself doing that — no me imagino con capacidad para hacer eso

I can't really see myself being elected — en realidad no creo que me vayan a elegir

I can't see him winning — me parece imposible que gane

7) (=ensure)

to see (to it) that — procurar que + subjun

see that he has all he needs — procura que tenga todo lo que necesita

to see that sth is done — procurar que algo se haga

see that you have it ready for Monday — procura tenerlo listo para el lunes

see that it does not happen again — y que no vuelva a ocurrir

- see about

- see in

- see into

- see off

- see out

- see over

- see through

- see to

II

[siː]
N (Rel) sede f ; [of archbishop] arzobispado m ; [of bishop] obispado m
the Holy See — la Santa Sede

* * *

I
1. [siː]
1) (past saw; past p seen) transitive verb

Sense I

2)

a) ver*

I can't see a thing! — no veo nada!

we haven't seen her for a while — hace un tiempo que no la vemos

there wasn't a policeman to be seen — no había ningún policía

to see somebody/something + inf: I didn't see her arrive no la vi llegar; we'll be sorry to see her go nos va a dar pena que se vaya; to see somebody/something -ing: I can see somebody coming this way veo venir a alguien; I thought I was seeing things pensé que estaba viendo visiones; I'll believe it when I see it hasta que no lo vea no lo creo; to be glad to see the back of somebody — alegrarse de que alguien se vaya

b) \<\<film/play\>\> ver*

c) (look at, inspect) ver*

see page 20 — ver página 20

may I see your ticket? — ¿me permite su entrada (or boleto etc)?

3)

a) (perceive, notice) ver*

I don't know what she sees in him — no sé qué es lo que le ve or qué es lo que ve en él

anyone can see she's upset — cualquiera se da cuenta de que está disgustada

b) (learn from reading, hearing)

I see Mrs Baker's retiring — así que se jubila la señora Baker

I see from your application form that... — he leído en su solicitud que...

4) ( understand) ver*

he didn't see the joke — no le vio la gracia (al chiste)

do you see what I mean? — ¿entiendes?, ¿te das cuenta?

I can see (that) you're in a difficult position, but... — me doy cuenta de or comprendo que estás en una situación difícil, pero...

5) (consider, regard) ver*

the way I see it, as I see it — a mi modo de ver, tal como yo lo veo

I see nothing wrong in it — yo no le encuentro nada de malo

6)

a) ( visualize)

can you see him as a teacher? — ¿te lo imaginas de profesor?

b) (envisage, foresee)

I can see there'll be problems — veo que va a haber problemas

to see something/somebody -ING: I can't see it working no creo que vaya a funcionar; I can see her working abroad — la imagino trabajando en el extranjero

c) ( accept) (AmE colloq)

we could move Johnson over to Sales - OK, I can see that — podríamos pasar a Johnson a Ventas - bueno, eso me parece bien

7)

a) (find out, determine) ver*

I'll have to see what I can do — tendré que ver qué puedo hacer

we'll have to (wait and) see — habrá que esperar y ver

that remains to be seen — eso está por verse

b) ( ensure)

to see that: see that it doesn't happen again — que no vuelva a suceder

8)

a) (experience, undergo)

I doubt if I'll live to see it — no creo que yo llegue a verlo or que yo llegue a ver el día

I want to travel and see (a bit of) life — quiero viajar y ver mundo

b) ( be the occasion of) (journ)

in a week which has seen the start of... — en una semana que ha visto el inicio de...

next Thursday sees the launch of the new model — el próximo jueves es la fecha señalada para el lanzamiento del nuevo modelo

Sense II

9)

a) ( meet) ver*

I'm seeing him on Tuesday — lo voy a ver el martes

when can I see you again? — ¿cuándo nos podemos volver a ver?

b) ( go out with) (colloq) salir* con

they've been seeing each other for two months — hace dos meses que salen juntos

c) ( saying goodbye) (colloq)

see you! — hasta luego!, hasta la vista!

see you around! — nos vemos!

see you later/tonight/soon/on Saturday! — hasta luego/esta noche/pronto/el sábado!

(I'll) be seeing you! — hasta pronto!

10) ( visit)

a) ( socially) ver*

b) ( for consultation) ver*

you should see a specialist — deberías ver a or ir a un especialista

I want to see the manager — quisiera ver al gerente or hablar con el gerente

to see somebody about something: can I see you about something privately? — ¿podría hablar con usted de un asunto privado?

11) ( receive) ver*, atender*

the doctor will see you now — el doctor lo verá or lo atenderá ahora

12) (escort, accompany) acompañar

to see somebody to the door — acompañar a alguien a la puerta

2.

vi

1)

a) ver*

I can see better from here — desde aquí veo mejor

seeing is believing — ver para creer

b) (look, inspect) ver*

let me see! — déjame ver!

see for yourself! — compruébalo tú mismo!

2) (understand, realize) ver*

can't you see he loves you? — ¿no te das cuenta de or no ves que te quiere?

as far as I can see — por lo que yo veo

I see — ( expressing realization) ya veo; ( accepting explanation) entiendo

3) (consider, think) ver*

let's see — vamos a ver, veamos

I'll see, but I can't promise anything — voy a ver, pero no te puedo prometer nada

4) ( find out) ver*

will it work? - try it and see — ¿funcionará? - prueba a ver

what's going on? - you'll soon see — ¿qué pasa? - ya lo verás

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- see about

- see in

- see off

- see out

- see over

- see through

- see to

II

noun ( diocese) sede f

the Holy See — la Santa Sede

English-spanish dictionary > see
16 reventar

v.

1 to burst.

si no se lo digo, reviento (figurative) I'd have exploded if I hadn't said anything to him

por mí, como si revienta (informal figurative) he can drop dead as far as I'm concerned

El globo reventó The balloon exploded.

2 to break down (echar abajo).

3 to ruin, to spoil.

reventar los precios (commerce) to make massive price cuts

4 to shatter (informal) (cansar mucho).

5 to annoy (informal) (fastidiar).

me revienta que… it really bugs me that…

6 to explode (informal) (perder los nervios).

7 to crack, to split-open, to crack open.

El golpe reventó el coco The blow cracked the coconut.

8 to blow up, to make explode, to detonate.

El chico reventó la bomba The boy blew up the bomb.

9 to vex, to get up someone's nose.

Todo eso me revienta! All that gets up my nose!

* * *

reventar

Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen) to burst

2 (neumático) to puncture, burst

3 (romper) to break, smash

4 (estropear) to ruin, spoil

5 figurado (agotar) to exhaust, tire out

6 familiar figurado (hacer fracasar) to spoil, mess up, ruin

■ aquel grupo reventó la función that group spoiled the performance

► verbo intransitivo

1 familiar (fastidiar) to annoy

■ me revientan sus preguntas her questions get on my nerves

2 familiar (disgustar) to disgust, make sick

■ me revienta su hermana his sister makes me sick

3 (estallar) to burst

■ la cañería reventó the pipe burst

■ el sitio donde revientan las olas the place where the waves break

4 (rajarse) to split

5 familiar (tener un deseo) to be dying ( por, to)

■ está que revienta por hablar she's dying to talk

6 familiar (morir) to kick it, snuff it

► verbo pronominal reventarse

1 (estallar) to burst

2 familiar (cansarse) to tire oneself out

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

reventar de cansancio to be dead tired

reventar de orgullo to be bursting with pride

reventar de rabia to be furious, be fuming

reventar de risa to die laughing

* * *

verb

to burst

* * *

1. VT

1) [por presión] [+ globo, neumático, tubería, ampolla] to burst; [+ espinilla] to squeeze

tengo una cubierta reventada — I've got a puncture, I have a flat tyre

el ruido de las discotecas me revienta los oídos — I find the racket inside clubs deafening, the noise in clubs is enough to burst your eardrums

"reventamos los precios" — "prices slashed"

tanto alcohol le va a reventar el hígado — all this drink is going to do his liver in *

2) [por una explosión] [+ puente, vehículo] to blow up; [+ cristales] to shatter, blow out

la granada le reventó la mano — the grenade blew off his hand

los ladrones reventaron la caja fuerte — the robbers blew (open) the safe

reventaron la puerta de un disparo — they shot open the door

3) (=estropear) to ruin

reventarás la moto conduciendo así — you'll ruin the motorbike riding it like that

4) (=agotar) [+ caballo] to ride into the ground

5) * (=golpear)

lo reventaron a palos — they beat the living daylights out of him *

te voy a reventar a patadas — I'm going to kick your face in *

si me desobedece lo reviento — if he doesn't obey me, I'll kill him *

6) * (=hacer fracasar) [+ plan, espectáculo] to wreck; [+ asamblea, mitin, ceremonia] to disrupt; [+ huelga] to smash, quash; [+ manifestación] to break up

le encanta reventar nuestros planes — he loves wrecking our plans

un grupo de sindicalistas intentó reventar la intervención del conferenciante — a group of trade union members heckled the delegate's speech o tried to shout down the delegate during his speech

7) * (=fastidiar)

le revienta tener que levantarse temprano — he can't stand having to get up early

me revienta que nos traten así — being treated like that really bugs me *

2. VI

1) (=explotar) [globo, tubería, depósito] to burst; [neumático] to burst, blow out; [granada, proyectil] to blow up; [cristal] to break, shatter

la presa reventó e inundó el valle — the dam burst, flooding the valley

parecía que las venas del cuello le iban a reventar — it looked as if the veins in his neck were about to burst

le va a reventar el pantalón — his trousers are going to split

hacer reventar — [+ neumático] to burst; [+ costuras] to split

- a todo reventar

es bastante joven, a todo reventar tiene 30 años — he's pretty young, 30 years old at the most

no llegué tan tarde anoche, a todo reventar debían ser las once — I didn't get back so late last night, it must have been eleven at the latest

2) [persona]

a) [por estar lleno]

no puedo comer más, voy a reventar — I can't eat any more, I'm full to bursting

necesito entrar al baño, voy a reventar — I need to go to the toilet, I'm bursting *

b) [por enfado] to explode

cuando dijeron que no querían trabajar, reventé — when they told me they didn't want to work, I just exploded

como esto dure un día más, creo que reviento — if this carries on one more day, I think I'll explode

sus relaciones son tan tensas que van a reventar en cualquier momento — relations between them are so tense that things are going to blow up at any moment

3) [lugar]

el teatro estaba a reventar — the theatre was packed full, the theatre was full to bursting

más de 20.000 personas llenaron la plaza de toros a reventar — more than 20,000 people packed the bullring, the bullring was full to bursting with more than 20,000 people

4)

reventar de: reventaba de ganas de decirlo todo — I was dying o bursting to tell him all about it

reventar de cansancio — to be worn out, be shattered

reventar de indignación — to be bursting with indignation

reventar de ira — to be livid, be absolutely furious

reventar de risa — to kill o.s. laughing, split one's sides (laughing)

5)

reventar por — to be dying to, be bursting to

reventaba por ver lo que pasaba — he was dying o bursting to see what was going on

revienta por saber lo que dicen — she's dying o bursting to know what they're saying

6) * (=morir) to drop dead *

por mí como si revientas — you can drop dead for all I care *

7) [ola] to break

3.

See:

reventarse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) globo to burst, pop; neumático to blow out, burst; ampolla/tubería to burst; ola to break; capullo to burst open

b) (fam) prenda to split

2)

a) persona ( uso hiperbólico)

si sigue comiendo así va a reventar — if he carries on eating like that, he'll burst!

que reviente! — he can go to hell! (colloq)

reventaba de indignación — she was bursting with indignation

b) (fam) ( de ganas)

cuéntamelo, que si no vas a reventar — come on, I can see you're bursting to tell me (colloq)

c) ( de ganas de orinar)

estoy que reviento — I'm bursting (to go) (colloq)

d) (fam) ( de cansancio)

trabajan hasta reventar — they work their butts off (AmE colloq), they slog their guts out (BrE colloq)

3) (fam) ( molestar) to rile (colloq), to make... mad (colloq)

me revienta su tonito paternal — that patronizing tone of his really gets me (colloq)
2.
reventar vt

a) <globo/neumático> to burst

b) (fam) ( destrozar)

reventó la puerta a patadas — he kicked the door down

le reventó la nariz de un puñetazo — he punched him and broke o smashed his nose

c) (fam) ( agotar) < caballo> to ride... into the ground
3.
reventarse v pron

1)

a) globo, etc reventar 1) a)

b) (fam) ( agotarse) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out (BrE colloq)

2) (refl) < grano> to squeeze; < ampolla> to burst

* * *

= bust, burst, pop, rupture.

Ex. 'That new project he's been busting himself and everyone else over is way behind schedule and Peterson is getting fed up'.

Ex. The article 'Will the CD bubble burst: conflicting messages on the future of electronic publishing' considers the future of the CD-ROM market.

Ex. The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.

Ex. In conversing with her you hadn't got to tread lightly and warily, lest at any moment you might rupture the relationship, and tumble into eternal disgrace.

----

* a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.

* hablar hasta reventar = talk + Reflexivo + blue in the face.

* lleno a reventar = bursting, bursting at the seams, packed to capacity, packed to the rafters.

* reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1)

a) globo to burst, pop; neumático to blow out, burst; ampolla/tubería to burst; ola to break; capullo to burst open

b) (fam) prenda to split

2)

a) persona ( uso hiperbólico)

si sigue comiendo así va a reventar — if he carries on eating like that, he'll burst!

que reviente! — he can go to hell! (colloq)

reventaba de indignación — she was bursting with indignation

b) (fam) ( de ganas)

cuéntamelo, que si no vas a reventar — come on, I can see you're bursting to tell me (colloq)

c) ( de ganas de orinar)

estoy que reviento — I'm bursting (to go) (colloq)

d) (fam) ( de cansancio)

trabajan hasta reventar — they work their butts off (AmE colloq), they slog their guts out (BrE colloq)

3) (fam) ( molestar) to rile (colloq), to make... mad (colloq)

me revienta su tonito paternal — that patronizing tone of his really gets me (colloq)
2.
reventar vt

a) <globo/neumático> to burst

b) (fam) ( destrozar)

reventó la puerta a patadas — he kicked the door down

le reventó la nariz de un puñetazo — he punched him and broke o smashed his nose

c) (fam) ( agotar) < caballo> to ride... into the ground
3.
reventarse v pron

1)

a) globo, etc reventar 1) a)

b) (fam) ( agotarse) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out (BrE colloq)

2) (refl) < grano> to squeeze; < ampolla> to burst

* * *

= bust, burst, pop, rupture.

Ex: 'That new project he's been busting himself and everyone else over is way behind schedule and Peterson is getting fed up'.

Ex: The article 'Will the CD bubble burst: conflicting messages on the future of electronic publishing' considers the future of the CD-ROM market.

Ex: The azaleas are popping, the redbuds are in their finest attire, and the dogwoods are lacy jewels at the edge of the wood.

Ex: In conversing with her you hadn't got to tread lightly and warily, lest at any moment you might rupture the relationship, and tumble into eternal disgrace.

* a reventar (de) = jam-packed (with), filled to capacity.

* hablar hasta reventar = talk + Reflexivo + blue in the face.

* lleno a reventar = bursting, bursting at the seams, packed to capacity, packed to the rafters.

* reventarse la cabeza = smash + Posesivo + head.

* * *

reventar [A5 ]

vi

A

1 «globo» to burst, pop; «neumático» to blow out, burst; «ampolla» to burst; «tubería» to burst

las olas reventaban contra el acantilado the waves were breaking against the cliff

capullos a punto de reventar buds about to burst open

2 ( fam); «prenda» to split

B

1

«persona» (uso hiperbólico): si sigue comiendo así va a reventar if he carries on eating like that, he'll burst!

por mí ¡que reviente! as far as I'm concerned, he can go to hell! ( colloq)

estaba que reventaba de rabia she was absolutely furious o livid, she was seething with rage

reventaba de indignación she was bursting with indignation

2 ( fam)

(de ganas): anda, cuéntamelo, que si no, vas a reventar come on, then, I can see you're bursting o dying to tell me ( colloq)

3

(de ganas de orinar): no puedo aguantar más, estoy que reviento I can't hold on any longer, I'm bursting (to go) ( colloq)

4 ( fam)

(de cansancio): trabajaron hasta reventar they worked until they dropped ( colloq), they worked their butts off ( AmE colloq), they slogged their guts out ( BrE colloq)

■ reventar

vt

1 ‹globo/neumático› to burst

2 ( fam)

(destrozar): reventó la puerta a patadas he kicked the door down

le reventó la nariz de un puñetazo he punched him and broke o smashed his nose

¡o lo haces o te reviento! ( AmS); do it or I'll wallop you o ( BrE) I'll thump you ( colloq), if you don't do it, I'll knock you into the middle of next week! ( colloq)

3 ( fam) (agotar) ‹caballo› to ride … into the ground

4 (hacer fracasar) ‹marcha/mitin› to break up; ‹plan/reunión/fiesta› to wreck

planean reventar el homenaje al escritor they are planning to disrupt the ceremony in honor of the writer

hay muchos interesados en reventar las elecciones locales there are a lot of people who have an interest in wrecking the local elections

5 ( fam) (irritar, molestar) to rile ( colloq), to make … mad ( colloq)

me revienta su tonito paternal that patronizing tone of his really riles me o makes me mad o gets me ( colloq)

■ reventarse

v pron

A

1 «globo, etc» reventar vi A 1.

2 ( fam) (agotarse) to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq)

B ( refl) ‹grano› to squeeze; ‹ampolla› to burst

se reventó un dedo con el martillo ( fam); he banged up ( AmE) o ( BrE) banged his finger with the hammer ( colloq)

iban a 120 y se reventaron contra un árbol ( AmS fam); they were doing 120 and they smashed straight into a tree

* * *

reventar ( conjugate reventar) verbo intransitivo
1 [ globo] to burst, pop;
[ neumático] to blow out, burst;
[ampolla/tubería] to burst;
[ ola] to break
2
a) [ persona] ( uso hiperbólico):

◊ si sigue comiendo así, va a reventar if he carries on eating like that, he'll burst!

b) (fam) ( irritar) to rile (colloq), to make … mad (colloq);

◊ me revienta cocinar I hate cooking

verbo transitivo ‹globo/neumático› to burst
reventarse verbo pronominal
a) [globo/tuberia] See Also→ reventar verbo intransitivo 1

b) ( refl) ‹ grano› to squeeze;

‹ ampolla› to burst
reventar
I verbo intransitivo
1 (un globo, una rueda) to burst
2 (un caballo) to die of exhaustion
3 (una situación) to blow up, (una persona) to explode: está que revienta, he is fuming
reventábamos de orgullo, we were bursting with pride
4 fam (de deseos, ganas) to be dying: revienta de ganas de preguntarnos, he is dying to ask us
II verbo transitivo
1 (a un caballo) to ride to death
2 (una propuesta, huelga) to break
3 (molestar mucho, enfadar) to annoy, bother: le revienta que le lleven la contraria, he hates it when people cross him
4 (un globo, las costuras) to burst
5 (una puerta, cerradura, ventana, caja fuerte: con explosivos) to blow open
(: con palanca) to lever open
' reventar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
estallar
- revienta
English:
blow
- burst
- pop
- rupture
- seam
- split
- pound

* * *

reventar

♦ vt

1. [hacer estallar] to burst;

el hielo reventó las tuberías the ice burst the pipes

2. [romper] to break;
[echar abajo] to break down; [con explosivos] to blow up
3. Andes, RP Fam [golpear]
si no me devolvés eso te reviento if you don't give that back to me I'm going to thump you one

4. [hacer fracasar] to ruin, to spoil;
Com
reventar los precios to make massive price cuts

5. [boicotear] to disrupt

6. Fam [cansar mucho] to shatter;

el jinete reventó al caballo the jockey rode the horse into the ground

7. Fam [fastidiar] to get;

me revienta que… it really gets me that…;

me revienta que nunca cuenten conmigo it bugs the hell out of me that they never include me

♦ vi

1. [estallar] [globo, neumático] to burst;

el jarrón reventó al estrellarse contra el suelo the vase shattered when it hit the ground;
Fig
si no se lo digo, reviento I'd have exploded if I hadn't said anything to him;
Fam
por mí, como si revienta he can drop dead as far as I'm concerned

2. [estar lleno]
reventar de to be bursting with;
Fam
estoy que reviento [estoy lleno] I'm stuffed;

el estadio reventaba de espectadores the stadium was packed to the rafters;

la sala estaba (llena) a reventar the room was bursting at the seams

3. [desear mucho]
reventar por hacer algo to be bursting to do sth;

reventaba por contarnos el último cotilleo she was dying o bursting to tell us the latest gossip

4. Fam [cansarse mucho]
trabajaron hasta reventar they worked their socks off

5. Fam [perder los nervios] to explode (de with);
al final reventó de impaciencia her impatience finally got the better of her

♦ See also the pronominal verb reventarse

* * *

reventar

I 1 v/i burst;

lleno a reventar bursting at the seams, full to bursting;

reventar de risa burst out laughing;

reventar de orgullo be bursting with pride

2 ( molestar)

:

me revienta que … it really irritates me that …

3

:

si no va revienta he’ll be so disappointed if he doesn’t go

II v/t puerta etc break down

* * *

reventar {55} vi

1) estallar, explotar: to burst, to blow up

2)

reventar de : to be bursting with

reventar vt

1) : to burst

2) fam : to annoy, to rile

* * *

reventar vb (globo, neumático, cañería) to burst [pt. & pp. burst]

reventó el globo he burst the balloon

me revienta... I hate...

me revienta tener que pedirte dinero I hate having to ask you for money

Spanish-English dictionary > reventar
17 à l'approche des municipals

as the local elections draw near

Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > à l'approche des municipals
18 élection

élection [elεksjɔ̃]

feminine noun

election

• se présenter aux élections to stand (Brit) or run (US) as a candidate in the election

• patrie d'élection country of one's own choosing

► élections législatives legislative elections ≈ general election

► élection partielle ≈ by-election

► élection présidentielle presidential election

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

ÉLECTIONS

Presidential elections are held in France every seven years, while legislative elections (for the « députés » who make up the « Assemblée nationale ») take place every five years.

On a local level the most important elections are the « élections municipales » for the « Conseil municipal » (or the « Conseil d'arrondissement » in Paris, Marseille and Lyon).

All public elections take place on a Sunday in France, usually in school halls and « mairies ». → CANTON COMMUNE DÉPARTEMENT

* * *

Public elections are held on Sundays, with a week's delay (two weeks in the élections présidentielles) between first and second rounds if absolute majority is not achieved immediately. Voters, who must present their carte d'électeur and proof of identity, collect slips and in the privacy of the polling booth choose the slip containing the name of their preferred candidate or list and place it in an envelope and then in the polling box or urne

* * *
elɛksjɔ̃
1. nf

1) POLITIQUE election

2) (= choix)

sa terre d'élection — the land of one's choice

sa patrie d'élection — the country of one's choice

2. élections nfpl

POLITIQUE election(s)

* * *

élection nf

1 Pol election (à to); se présenter aux élections to stand in the elections GB, to run for office US, to run in the elections; des élections libres free elections; élection présidentielle presidential election; élections primaires/législatives/locales primary/legislative/local elections; élections générales general election; élection partielle by-election GB, off-year election US; le premier tour des élections the first ballot; après son élection after being elected;

2 ( choix) choice; mon pays d'élection my chosen country.Élection Public elections are held on Sundays, with a week's delay (two weeks in the élections présidentielles) between first and second rounds if absolute majority is not achieved immediately. Voters, who must present their carte d'électeur and proof of identity, collect slips and in the privacy of the polling booth choose the slip containing the name of their preferred candidate or list and place it in an envelope and then in the polling box or urne.

[elɛksjɔ̃] nom féminin

1. [procédure] election, polls

les élections ont lieu aujourd'hui it's election ou polling day today

procéder à une élection to hold an election

se présenter aux élections to stand in the elections (UK), to run for office ou as a candidate (US)

élections cantonaleselections held every three years to elect half the members of the Conseil général

élections législatives general elections (held every five years)

élections municipales local ou council (UK) elections (held every six years)

élection partielle by-election

élection présidentielle presidential election

élections régionales elections held every six years to elect members of the Conseil régional

élections sénatorialeselections held every three years to elect one third of the members of the Sénat

2. [nomination] election

son élection à la présidence her election as president ou to the presidency

3. DROIT

élection de domicile choice of domicile

————————

d'élection locution adjectivale

[choisi - patrie, famille] of one's own choice ou choosing, chosen

ÉLECTIONS

All French citizens aged eighteen or over are entitled to vote in elections, after they have registered on the electoral rolls. Elections usually take place on a Sunday and polling stations are often set up in local schools. Voters go to a booth and put their voting slip in an envelope which is placed in the ballot box ( l'urne) supervised by an assesseur, who then utters the words a voté !

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > élection
19 municipal

adj.

town, municipal.

las fiestas municipales local o town festival

f. & m.

(local) policeman, (f) policewoman (guardia). (peninsular Spanish)

* * *

municipal

► adjetivo

1 (gobierno) town, municipal; (instalaciones) council

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 (hombre) policeman; (mujer) policewoman

► nombre femenino plural las municipales

1 local elections

* * *

adj.

municipal

* * *

1.

ADJ [elección] municipal; [concejo] town antes de s, local; [empleado, oficina] council antes de s ; [impuesto] local, council antes de s ; [piscina] public

la empresa municipal de transportes — the municipal transport company

2.

SMF (=guardia) local policeman/policewoman

* * *
I
adjetivo < impuestos> local; <elecciones/piscina/mercado> municipal
II
masculino y femenino (Esp) policía 2)

* * *

= civic, municipal.

Ex. Like many other civic facilities in the town, the public library is used by only a minority of the population.

Ex. Public library budgets continue to be cut in the USA as they compete with other county and municipal services for shrinking fiscal resources.

----

* biblioteca municipal = town library, city library, community library.

* bibliotecario municipal = city librarian.

* centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.

* concejal municipal = city council-man.

* concejo municipal = city council.

* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.

* elecciones municipales = municipal elections.

* impuesto municipal = city tax.

* impuestos municipales = rates, local taxes.

* ingeniería municipal = municipal engineering.

* oficina municipal = council office.

* perrera municipal = dog pound.

* policía municipal = traffic warden.

* * *
I
adjetivo < impuestos> local; <elecciones/piscina/mercado> municipal
II
masculino y femenino (Esp) policía 2)

* * *

= civic, municipal.

Ex: Like many other civic facilities in the town, the public library is used by only a minority of the population.

Ex: Public library budgets continue to be cut in the USA as they compete with other county and municipal services for shrinking fiscal resources.

* biblioteca municipal = town library, city library, community library.

* bibliotecario municipal = city librarian.

* centro municipal de información = local authority information outlet.

* concejal municipal = city council-man.

* concejo municipal = city council.

* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.

* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.

* elecciones municipales = municipal elections.

* impuesto municipal = city tax.

* impuestos municipales = rates, local taxes.

* ingeniería municipal = municipal engineering.

* oficina municipal = council office.

* perrera municipal = dog pound.

* policía municipal = traffic warden.

* * *

municipal¹

adjective

‹impuestos› local; ‹elecciones/piscina/mercado› municipal

municipal²

masculine and feminine

( Esp)

1 policía f B. (↑ policía)

2 municipales fpl local elections, municipal elections

* * *

municipal adjetivo ‹ impuesto› local;
‹elecciones/piscina/mercado› municipal
municipal
I adjetivo municipal
II m (policía) policeman
' municipal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
archivo
- comerciante
- donar
- exhibir
- policía
- término
- asistencia
- comunal
- guardia
- intendencia
- presidencia
English:
borough
- by-law
- civic
- municipal
- rate
- by
- council
- impound
- local
- mayor

* * *

municipal

♦ adj
[cementerio, polideportivo] municipal; [policía, elecciones] local; [instalaciones] public;
trabajadores municipales council o municipal workers;

las fiestas municipales the local o town o city festival

♦ nmf
Esp [guardia] (local) policeman, f policewoman
* * *

municipal

adj municipal

* * *

municipal adj

: municipal

* * *

municipal adj town

la banda municipal the town band

guardia municipal / policía municipal (individuo) policeman [pl. policemen / policewoman [pl. policewomen (cuerpo) local police force

Spanish-English dictionary > municipal
20 выборы выбор·ы

election(s)

бойкотировать выборы — to boycott an election

выиграть выборы — to gain / to win an election

выйти победителем на выборах — to emerge the winner in the election

идти на выборы — to go to the polls

лидировать на выборах — to head the poll, to outpoll

назначить дату выборов — to set a day for elections

назначить новые выборы — to call new elections

оглашать результаты выборов — to make the results of the elections public

одержать полную победу на выборах — to sweep the elections

оспаривать результаты выборов — to dispute an election

отложить выборы — to postpone an election

победить на выборах — to win / to carry / to swing an election

потерпеть поражение на выборах — to lose an election; to be defeated in an election

представительствовать на выборах — to officiate at an election

призвать к проведению свободных выборов — to call for free elections

признать выборы недействительными — to null / to nullify an election; to invalidate the balloting амер.

принимать участие / участвовать в выборах — to participate / to take part in the elections

провалить кого-л. на выборах — to vote smb. down

провалить правящую партию на выборах — to vote a party out of power

проводить выборы — to hold an election, to conduct elections

пройти на выборах от какого-л. округа — to get in for a constituency

пройти на выборах со значительным перевесом — to win an election by considerable odds

"прокатить" кого-л. на выборах — to row smb. up Salt River амер. жарг.

фальсифицировать выборы — to stuff the ballot-box(es)

альтернативные выборы, выборы на альтернативной основе (на которых выступает несколько кандидатов) — contested / multicandidate election

внеочередные выборы — off-year election, snap election

всеобщие выборы — general / national / popular election(s)

двухступенчатые выборы — two-stage election

дополнительные выборы — by-election

досрочные выборы — early / pre-term election

инсценированные выборы — farcical election

многостепенные / непрямые выборы — multi-stage / indirect elections

неявившийся на выборы — nonvoter

очередные выборы — regular / next elections

парламентские выборы — parliamentary elections

предварительные выборы — pre-election; primaries, primary-election амер.

закрытые предварительные выборы (в которых могут участвовать только члены данной партии) — closed primaries амер.

открытые предварительные выборы — (в которых могут участвовать члены любой партии) open primaries амер.

предстоящие выборы — forthcoming / upcoming election(s)

президентские выборы, выборы президента — presidential election(s)

пропорциональные выборы (на основе пропорционального представительства) — elections on a population basis

прямые выборы (в отличие от многостепенных) — direct election

голосование на прямых выборах (в отличие от голосования в коллегии выборщиков) — popular vote

путём прямых выборов — by'direct vote

свободные выборы — free election / franchise

фиктивные выборы — eye-wash / sham election

выборы в Конгресс, проводимые в год, когда не избирается президент, промежуточные выборы (США) — mid-term elections

выборы в местные органы власти — local elections, elections to local bodies

выборы в местные Советы народных депутатов ист. — elections to the local Soviets of People's Deputies

выборы, на которых борьба ведётся вокруг насущных вопросов (цен, налогов, безработицы и т.п.) — bread-and-butter election

выборы, происходящие раз в четыре года — quadrennial elections

выборы путём тайного голосования — suffrage by secret ballot

выборы с несколькими баллотировками / в несколько туров — successive ballots

выборы (кандидатов) списком — voting for a list

выборы были признаны недействительными — the election was null

год выборов — election year

год выборов президента — presidential year

день выборов — election day

исход выборов — outcome of an election

это решило исход выборов — this swung the elections

итоги / результаты выборов — election results / results / returns

блестящая победа на выборах — landslide (victory) амер.

одержать блестящую победу на выборах — to landslide

подтасовывать / фальсифицировать результаты выборов — to rig an election; to fix an eljection жарг.

положение о выборах — elective constitution. Statute of Elections, Election(s) Regulations

помещение для (проведения) выборов — polling station / place

порядок проведения / процедура выборов — procedure for elections, election procedure

сводка о ходе выборы ов (передаваемая по радио) — bulletin flash

участие в выборах — voting

право участия в выборах — right to vote in the election

процент участия в выборах — poll

высокий процент участия в выборах — heavy poll

низкий процент участия в выборах — poor / light poll

фальсификация выборов — stealing of elections; ballot-box stuffing амер. разг.

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > выборы выбор·ы

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Serbian local elections, 2008 — Local elections were held in Serbia on 11 May 2008. According to the Constitutional Law adopted by the National Assembly on 30 September 2006 that proclaimed the new constitution, the parliamentary Speaker (at that time Oliver Dulić from DS) had… … Wikipedia
Greek local elections, 2002 — The 2002 Greek local elections elected representatives to Greece s super prefectures, 54 prefectures, provinces, and approximately 1,033 communities and municipalities. The local elections in Greece traditionally occur during the month of October … Wikipedia
Croydon local elections — Elections for the Council in the London Borough of Croydon are held every four years to elect 70 councillors. At the last elections, which were held in May 2010, 37 Conservative councillors and 33 Labour councillors, providing a Conservative… … Wikipedia
New Zealand local elections, 2010 — Logo used for promotion of the local body elections. The 2010 New Zealand local elections were triennial elections to select local government officials and district health board members. All elections are conducted by postal ballot, with election … Wikipedia
Norwegian local elections, 2011 — Norway This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Norway … Wikipedia
Kosovan local elections, 2007 — Municipal elections were held in Kosovo on November 17 2007, at the same time as elections to the Assembly of Kosovo, with a second round for the mayoral elections held on 2007 12 08. [http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics article.php?yyyy=2007 mm … Wikipedia
Polish local elections, 2006 — 2006 local elections were held in Poland on November 12 and November 26, 2006. In the first round there were elected 39,944 municipal ( gmina ) councillors, 6284 county ( powiat ) councillors and 561 voivodeship councillors. Additionally, 2460… … Wikipedia
Slough local elections — Slough is a district in the South East England Region.Slough Borough Council is normally elected by thirds, with Councillors serving a four year term. The Borough Council is a unitary authority.lough local government historical summarySlough has… … Wikipedia

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