tempĕrans

* * *

tempĕro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old pres. subj. temperint, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 41; collat. dep. form tempĕror, Lact. 7, 5, 12), v. a. and n. [tempus].

Act., to divide or proportion duly, mingle in due proportion; to combine or compound properly; to qualify, temper, etc. (class.; cf.: modifico, misceo).

Lit.:

nec vero qui simplex esse debet, ex dissimilibus rebus misceri et temperari potest,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 119:

qui (orbium motus) acuta cum gravibus temperans varios aequabiliter concentus efficit,

id. Rep. 6, 18, 18:

ea cum tria sumpsisset, unam in speciem temperavit,

id. Univ. 7:

tale quiddam esse animum, ut sit ex igni atque animă temperatum,

id. N. D. 3, 14, 36:

aes conflare et temperare,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 197:

ferrum,

id. 34, 14, 41, § 145:

herbas,

Ov. F. 5, 402:

acetum melle,

Plin. 14, 17, 21, § 114:

vinum,

id. 29, 3, 11, § 50: pocula, to flavor, i. e. to fill, Hor. C. 1, 20, 11; id. Epod. 17, 80; Mart. 9, 12, 7:

venenum,

Suet. Ner. 2 fin.:

unguentum,

Plin. 13, 2, 2, § 18:

collyrium,

id. 27, 10, 59, § 83:

colores,

id. 2, 18, 16, § 79 et saep.:

ejusdem solis tum accessus modici tum recessus et frigoris et caloris modum temperant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

Etesiarum flatu nimii temperantur calores,

id. ib. 2, 53, 131; cf.:

vitis solem umbra temperans,

Plin. 17, 12, 18, § 91: quis aquam (i. e. balneum) temperet ignibus, who shall temper, i. e. warm, Hor. C. 3, 19, 6; so, balneum, Mart. 3, 25, 1:

scatebrisque arentia temperat arva,

i. e. waters, Verg. G. 1, 110; so,

arva (Galesus),

Claud. Cons. Prob. 260.—

Transf., to rule, regulate, govern, manage, arrange, order:

rem publicam institutis et legibus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; cf.:

constituere et temperare civitates,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

Lycurgus, qui Lacedaemoniorum rem publicam temperavit,

id. Div. 1, 43, 96; cf.:

qui (Juppiter) res hominum ac deorum, Qui mare ac terras variisque mundum Temperat horis,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 16:

terram, mare, urbes, etc. (corresp. to regere),

id. ib. 3, 4, 45:

mare,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1:

aequor,

Verg. A. 1, 146:

orbem,

Ov. M. 1, 770; 15, 869:

arces aetherias,

id. ib. 15, 859:

undas,

id. ib. 12, 580:

ratem,

id. ib. 13, 366:

solus id navigii genus temperans,

Vell. 2, 107:

omnia pretio temperata,

id. 2, 60:

senem delirum,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 71:

ora frenis,

id. C. 1, 8, 7 et saep.:

genius qui natale temperat astrum,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

annum,

id. ib. 1, 12, 16; Plin. 2, 6, 4, § 13:

caeli fulgura,

Cic. Leg. 8, 21:

fortunam suo arbitrio,

Petr. 137.— Poet.:

carmen impositis articulis,

i. e. to tune, Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 80; cf.:

testudinis aureae strepitum,

Hor. C. 4, 3, 18:

Musam pede Archilochi,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 28 sq.:

citharam nervis,

i. e. to string, Ov. M. 10, 108.—

Trop.

To regulate, rule, etc.:

non modice temperatam sed nimis meracam libertatem sitiens haurire,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 96; cf.:

cujus acerbitas morum immanitasque naturae ne vino quidem permixta temperari solet,

id. Phil. 12, 11, 26:

quod (genus) erit aequatum et temperatum ex tribus optimis rerum publicarum modis,

id. Rep. 1, 45, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 39, 65:

ita in variā et perpetuā oratione hi (numeri) sunt inter se miscendi et temperandi,

id. Or. 58, 197; so,

joined with miscere,

id. Off. 3, 33, 119 (on the contrary, opp. miscere, id. Rep. 2, 23, 42); cf.:

at haec interdum temperanda et varianda sunt,

id. Or. 29, 103; 18, 60; 52, 176:

iracundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare,

id. Marcell. 3, 8:

amara lento Temperet risu,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 27: annonam macelli quotannis temperandam censuit, to be regulated, i. e. fixed at moderate prices, Suet. Tib. 34:

(Aeolus) Sceptra tenens mollitque animos et temperat iras,

soothes, allays, Verg. A. 1, 57:

sumptus,

Ov. Am. 1, 3, 10:

Mercurius temperat astra,

Stat. Th. 1, 305.—

Se temperare ab aliquā re, to refrain from, abstain from, forbear, etc. (late Lat.): temperare se a rectorum suorum reprehensione, Greg. M. in Job, 25, 38 init.; 18, 3: ab utro se temperat, Aug. c. Faust. 6, 5 fin.; id. Trin. 3 prooem.

Neutr., to observe proper measure; to moderate or restrain one ' s self; to forbear, abstain; to be moderate or temperate (class.; cf. moderor).

In gen., constr. with in aliquā re, alicui rei, ab aliquā re, a simple abl., an inf., or ne or quin with subj.

With in and abl.:

jam istoc probior es, cum in amore temperes,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8:

in multa temperarunt tribuni,

Liv. 2, 52, 5; Sall. J. 85, 9.—

With dat.:

linguae tempera,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 28; so,

linguae,

Liv. 28, 44, 18:

linguae,

Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 2:

manibus,

Liv. 2, 23, 9; 4, 3, 6; 32, 20, 3; Curt. 7, 2, 24:

oculis,

Liv. 21, 22, 7:

irae,

id. 33, 20, 7:

victoriae,

Sall. C. 11, 8:

gulae,

Plin. Ep. 2, 6, 5:

lacrimis,

Curt. 7, 2, 7.—

With ab and abl.:

temperare ab injuriā et maleficio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

a maleficio,

Auct. Her. 2, 19, 29:

a lacrimis,

Verg. A. 2, 8:

precibus ducis mitigati ab excidio civitatis temperavere,

Tac. H. 1, 63.—Rarely with sibi, etc.:

cum sibi in contionibus credas a mendacio temperaturum?

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

ne a necessariis quidem sibi rabies temperat,

Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 4.—

With abl. alone:

lacrimis,

Liv. 30, 20; Tac. A. 15, 16:

a venatibus,

Claud. III. Laud. Stil. 270:

risu,

Liv. 32, 34, 3: neque verbis adversus principem neque factis, Suet. Vit. Lucan.—

With inf.:

matronae Canorā hic voce suā tinnire temperent,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 33:

dormire,

id. ib. 22:

maledicere huic,

id. ib. 5, 2, 76: tollere puerum, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. v. 67 Vahl.):

exordiri rem novam,

Gell. 4, 9, 5. —

With ne and subj.:

quoi male faciundi est potestas, quom ne id faciat temperat,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 60:

quod in pluribus libris ne facerem temperavi,

Lact. 4, 3, 5.—

With quin (post-Aug.):

non temperante Tiberio quin premeret,

Tac. A. 3, 67: ne sedato quidem tumultu temperare potuit, quin, etc., Suet. Claud. 41; id. Calig. 54:

vix temperabat, quin diceret,

Sen. Contr. 10, 1 (30), 7:

Arruntius non temperavit, quin, etc.,

id. Ep. 114, 19.—

With sibi or animis (so not in Cicero):

neque sibi homines feros temperaturos existimabat, quin, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33:

vix sibi temperant quin, etc.,

Sen. Ben. 2, 29, 2; Vell. 1, 16, 1: usque mihi temperavi, dum perducerem eo rem, ut, etc., Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 7, 2:

nequeo mihi temperare, quominus, etc.,

Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 41; 1, praef. §

30: non quivit temperare sibi in eo (signo), etc.,

id. 34, 8, 19, § 62; Plin. Ep. 6, 17, 1:

vix temperavere animis, quin, etc.,

Liv. 5, 45, 7.—

Impers. pass.:

aegre temperatum est, quin, etc.,

they with difficulty refrained, Liv. 32, 10, 8:

nec temperatum manibus foret, ni, etc.,

id. 2, 23, 10:

jam superfundenti se laetitiae vix temperatum est,

id. 5, 7, 8:

ab oppugnatione urbium temperatum,

id. 7, 20, 9:

a caedibus,

id. 25, 25, 9.—

In partic., pregn., to forbear, abstain, or refrain from; to spare, be indulgent to any thing (cf.: parco, abstineo); constr. with dat. or ab:

ut si cuiquam ullā in re umquam temperaverit, ut vos quoque ei temperetis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

superatis hostibus (shortly after, parcere),

id. ib. 2, 2, 2, §

4: sociis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 59, §

154: alicui in aliquā re,

id. ib. 2, 2, 6, §

17: amicis,

id. Balb. 27, 60:

privignis,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 18:

ingenio suo,

Quint. 10, 1, 98 al.:

in quo ab sociis temperaverant,

Liv. 6, 17, 8:

ab his sacris,

id. 39, 10, 9:

quamvis a plerisque cibis singuli temperemus,

Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 8; cf.:

a mulso sibi temperare,

Cels. 4, 31.— Impers. pass.:

templis deum temperatum est,

Liv. 1, 29, 6 Drak. N. cr.:

nec ab ullo temperatum foret,

id. 24, 31, 11.—Hence,

tempĕ-rans, antis, P. a., observing moderation, sober, moderate, temperate (syn.:

modestus, abstinens): aut temperantem (dices), qui se in aliquā libidine continuerit, in aliquā effuderit?

Cic. Par. 3, 1, 21:

homo in omnibus vitae partibus moderatus ac temperans, etc.,

id. Font. 18, 40; so,

homo,

id. Att. 15, 1, 1.— Sup.:

homo sanctissimus et temperantissimus,

Cic. Font. 17, 38:

principes graviores temperantioresque a cupidine imperii,

refraining, abstaining, Liv. 26, 22, 14 Drak. N. cr. —With gen.:

famae temperans,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 41:

temperans gaudii seraeque laetitiae,

Plin. Pan. 52, 5:

potestatis temperantior,

Tac. A. 13, 46.—Hence, adv.: tempĕranter, with moderation, moderately, Tac. A. 4, 33; 15, 29. — Comp., Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 2.— Sup. seems not to occur.—

tempĕrātus, a, um, P. a.

Duly arranged or prepared:

prela,

Cato, R. R. 12.—

Limited, moderate, temperate.

Lit.:

temperatae escae modicaeque potiones,

Cic. Div. 1, 51, 115:

regiones caeli neque aestuosae neque frigidae sed temperatae,

Vitr. 1, 4; cf. Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 26.— Comp.:

loca temperatiora,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12:

o temperatae dulce Formiae litus,

Mart. 10, 30, 1:

mitis ac temperatus annus,

Col. 3, 20, 1; cf. in sup.:

temperatissimum anni tempus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 14.—

Trop., of moral character, of speech, etc., moderate, sober, calm, steady, temperate:

est autem ita temperatis moderatisque moribus, ut summa severitas summā cum humanitate jungatur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 27:

justi, temperati, sapientes,

id. N. D. 3, 36, 87: in victoriā tem, peratior, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 1:

mens in bonis Ab insolenti temperata Laetitiā,

Hor. C. 2, 3, 3:

vim temperatam di provehunt In majus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 66:

animum temperatum virtutibus fuisse,

Liv. 1, 18, 4:

hoc multo fortius est... illud temperatius,

Sen. Ep. 18, 3:

aequabile et temperatum orationis genus,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 3:

oratio modica ac temperata,

id. Or. 27, 95.— Comp.:

temperatior oratio,

Cic. de Or. 2, 53, 212.— Sup.:

temperatissimi sanctissimique viri monumentum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 83. — Adv.: tempĕrātē, in due proportion, with moderation, moderately, temperately.

Lit.:

tepebit,

Cato, R. R. 69, 2:

arbores umoris temperate, parum terreni habentes,

Vitr. 2, 9 med. —

Trop.:

agere,

Cic. Att. 12, 32, 1:

temperatius scribere,

id. ib. 13, 1, 1:

temperatissime et castissime vivere,

Aug. Mus. 6, 15.

tempĕro, āvi, ātum, 1 (old pres. subj. temperint, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 41; collat. dep. form tempĕror, Lact. 7, 5, 12), v. a. and n. [tempus].

Act., to divide or proportion duly, mingle in due proportion; to combine or compound properly; to qualify, temper, etc. (class.; cf.: modifico, misceo).

Lit.:

nec vero qui simplex esse debet, ex dissimilibus rebus misceri et temperari potest,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 119:

qui (orbium motus) acuta cum gravibus temperans varios aequabiliter concentus efficit,

id. Rep. 6, 18, 18:

ea cum tria sumpsisset, unam in speciem temperavit,

id. Univ. 7:

tale quiddam esse animum, ut sit ex igni atque animă temperatum,

id. N. D. 3, 14, 36:

aes conflare et temperare,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 197:

ferrum,

id. 34, 14, 41, § 145:

herbas,

Ov. F. 5, 402:

acetum melle,

Plin. 14, 17, 21, § 114:

vinum,

id. 29, 3, 11, § 50: pocula, to flavor, i. e. to fill, Hor. C. 1, 20, 11; id. Epod. 17, 80; Mart. 9, 12, 7:

venenum,

Suet. Ner. 2 fin.:

unguentum,

Plin. 13, 2, 2, § 18:

collyrium,

id. 27, 10, 59, § 83:

colores,

id. 2, 18, 16, § 79 et saep.:

ejusdem solis tum accessus modici tum recessus et frigoris et caloris modum temperant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:

Etesiarum flatu nimii temperantur calores,

id. ib. 2, 53, 131; cf.:

vitis solem umbra temperans,

Plin. 17, 12, 18, § 91: quis aquam (i. e. balneum) temperet ignibus, who shall temper, i. e. warm, Hor. C. 3, 19, 6; so, balneum, Mart. 3, 25, 1:

scatebrisque arentia temperat arva,

i. e. waters, Verg. G. 1, 110; so,

arva (Galesus),

Claud. Cons. Prob. 260.—

Transf., to rule, regulate, govern, manage, arrange, order:

rem publicam institutis et legibus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; cf.:

constituere et temperare civitates,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 3:

Lycurgus, qui Lacedaemoniorum rem publicam temperavit,

id. Div. 1, 43, 96; cf.:

qui (Juppiter) res hominum ac deorum, Qui mare ac terras variisque mundum Temperat horis,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 16:

terram, mare, urbes, etc. (corresp. to regere),

id. ib. 3, 4, 45:

mare,

id. ib. 4, 12, 1:

aequor,

Verg. A. 1, 146:

orbem,

Ov. M. 1, 770; 15, 869:

arces aetherias,

id. ib. 15, 859:

undas,

id. ib. 12, 580:

ratem,

id. ib. 13, 366:

solus id navigii genus temperans,

Vell. 2, 107:

omnia pretio temperata,

id. 2, 60:

senem delirum,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 71:

ora frenis,

id. C. 1, 8, 7 et saep.:

genius qui natale temperat astrum,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 187:

annum,

id. ib. 1, 12, 16; Plin. 2, 6, 4, § 13:

caeli fulgura,

Cic. Leg. 8, 21:

fortunam suo arbitrio,

Petr. 137.— Poet.:

carmen impositis articulis,

i. e. to tune, Prop. 2, 34 (3, 32), 80; cf.:

testudinis aureae strepitum,

Hor. C. 4, 3, 18:

Musam pede Archilochi,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 28 sq.:

citharam nervis,

i. e. to string, Ov. M. 10, 108.—

Trop.

To regulate, rule, etc.:

non modice temperatam sed nimis meracam libertatem sitiens haurire,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 96; cf.:

cujus acerbitas morum immanitasque naturae ne vino quidem permixta temperari solet,

id. Phil. 12, 11, 26:

quod (genus) erit aequatum et temperatum ex tribus optimis rerum publicarum modis,

id. Rep. 1, 45, 69; cf. id. ib. 2, 39, 65:

ita in variā et perpetuā oratione hi (numeri) sunt inter se miscendi et temperandi,

id. Or. 58, 197; so,

joined with miscere,

id. Off. 3, 33, 119 (on the contrary, opp. miscere, id. Rep. 2, 23, 42); cf.:

at haec interdum temperanda et varianda sunt,

id. Or. 29, 103; 18, 60; 52, 176:

iracundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare,

id. Marcell. 3, 8:

amara lento Temperet risu,

Hor. C. 2, 16, 27: annonam macelli quotannis temperandam censuit, to be regulated, i. e. fixed at moderate prices, Suet. Tib. 34:

(Aeolus) Sceptra tenens mollitque animos et temperat iras,

soothes, allays, Verg. A. 1, 57:

sumptus,

Ov. Am. 1, 3, 10:

Mercurius temperat astra,

Stat. Th. 1, 305.—

Se temperare ab aliquā re, to refrain from, abstain from, forbear, etc. (late Lat.): temperare se a rectorum suorum reprehensione, Greg. M. in Job, 25, 38 init.; 18, 3: ab utro se temperat, Aug. c. Faust. 6, 5 fin.; id. Trin. 3 prooem.

Neutr., to observe proper measure; to moderate or restrain one ' s self; to forbear, abstain; to be moderate or temperate (class.; cf. moderor).

In gen., constr. with in aliquā re, alicui rei, ab aliquā re, a simple abl., an inf., or ne or quin with subj.

With in and abl.:

jam istoc probior es, cum in amore temperes,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8:

in multa temperarunt tribuni,

Liv. 2, 52, 5; Sall. J. 85, 9.—

With dat.:

linguae tempera,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 28; so,

linguae,

Liv. 28, 44, 18:

linguae,

Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 2:

manibus,

Liv. 2, 23, 9; 4, 3, 6; 32, 20, 3; Curt. 7, 2, 24:

oculis,

Liv. 21, 22, 7:

irae,

id. 33, 20, 7:

victoriae,

Sall. C. 11, 8:

gulae,

Plin. Ep. 2, 6, 5:

lacrimis,

Curt. 7, 2, 7.—

With ab and abl.:

temperare ab injuriā et maleficio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

a maleficio,

Auct. Her. 2, 19, 29:

a lacrimis,

Verg. A. 2, 8:

precibus ducis mitigati ab excidio civitatis temperavere,

Tac. H. 1, 63.—Rarely with sibi, etc.:

cum sibi in contionibus credas a mendacio temperaturum?

Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:

ne a necessariis quidem sibi rabies temperat,

Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 4.—

With abl. alone:

lacrimis,

Liv. 30, 20; Tac. A. 15, 16:

a venatibus,

Claud. III. Laud. Stil. 270:

risu,

Liv. 32, 34, 3: neque verbis adversus principem neque factis, Suet. Vit. Lucan.—

With inf.:

matronae Canorā hic voce suā tinnire temperent,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 33:

dormire,

id. ib. 22:

maledicere huic,

id. ib. 5, 2, 76: tollere puerum, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 21, 42 (Trag. v. 67 Vahl.):

exordiri rem novam,

Gell. 4, 9, 5. —

With ne and subj.:

quoi male faciundi est potestas, quom ne id faciat temperat,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 60:

quod in pluribus libris ne facerem temperavi,

Lact. 4, 3, 5.—

With quin (post-Aug.):

non temperante Tiberio quin premeret,

Tac. A. 3, 67: ne sedato quidem tumultu temperare potuit, quin, etc., Suet. Claud. 41; id. Calig. 54:

vix temperabat, quin diceret,

Sen. Contr. 10, 1 (30), 7:

Arruntius non temperavit, quin, etc.,

id. Ep. 114, 19.—

With sibi or animis (so not in Cicero):

neque sibi homines feros temperaturos existimabat, quin, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33:

vix sibi temperant quin, etc.,

Sen. Ben. 2, 29, 2; Vell. 1, 16, 1: usque mihi temperavi, dum perducerem eo rem, ut, etc., Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 7, 2:

nequeo mihi temperare, quominus, etc.,

Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 41; 1, praef. §

30: non quivit temperare sibi in eo (signo), etc.,

id. 34, 8, 19, § 62; Plin. Ep. 6, 17, 1:

vix temperavere animis, quin, etc.,

Liv. 5, 45, 7.—

Impers. pass.:

aegre temperatum est, quin, etc.,

they with difficulty refrained, Liv. 32, 10, 8:

nec temperatum manibus foret, ni, etc.,

id. 2, 23, 10:

jam superfundenti se laetitiae vix temperatum est,

id. 5, 7, 8:

ab oppugnatione urbium temperatum,

id. 7, 20, 9:

a caedibus,

id. 25, 25, 9.—

In partic., pregn., to forbear, abstain, or refrain from; to spare, be indulgent to any thing (cf.: parco, abstineo); constr. with dat. or ab:

ut si cuiquam ullā in re umquam temperaverit, ut vos quoque ei temperetis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

superatis hostibus (shortly after, parcere),

id. ib. 2, 2, 2, §

4: sociis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 59, §

154: alicui in aliquā re,

id. ib. 2, 2, 6, §

17: amicis,

id. Balb. 27, 60:

privignis,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 18:

ingenio suo,

Quint. 10, 1, 98 al.:

in quo ab sociis temperaverant,

Liv. 6, 17, 8:

ab his sacris,

id. 39, 10, 9:

quamvis a plerisque cibis singuli temperemus,

Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 8; cf.:

a mulso sibi temperare,

Cels. 4, 31.— Impers. pass.:

templis deum temperatum est,

Liv. 1, 29, 6 Drak. N. cr.:

nec ab ullo temperatum foret,

id. 24, 31, 11.—Hence,

tempĕ-rans, antis, P. a., observing moderation, sober, moderate, temperate (syn.:

modestus, abstinens): aut temperantem (dices), qui se in aliquā libidine continuerit, in aliquā effuderit?

Cic. Par. 3, 1, 21:

homo in omnibus vitae partibus moderatus ac temperans, etc.,

id. Font. 18, 40; so,

homo,

id. Att. 15, 1, 1.— Sup.:

homo sanctissimus et temperantissimus,

Cic. Font. 17, 38:

principes graviores temperantioresque a cupidine imperii,

refraining, abstaining, Liv. 26, 22, 14 Drak. N. cr. —With gen.:

famae temperans,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 41:

temperans gaudii seraeque laetitiae,

Plin. Pan. 52, 5:

potestatis temperantior,

Tac. A. 13, 46.—Hence, adv.: tempĕranter, with moderation, moderately, Tac. A. 4, 33; 15, 29. — Comp., Cic. Att. 9, 2, A, 2.— Sup. seems not to occur.—

tempĕrātus, a, um, P. a.

Duly arranged or prepared:

prela,

Cato, R. R. 12.—

Limited, moderate, temperate.

Lit.:

temperatae escae modicaeque potiones,

Cic. Div. 1, 51, 115:

regiones caeli neque aestuosae neque frigidae sed temperatae,

Vitr. 1, 4; cf. Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 26.— Comp.:

loca temperatiora,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12:

o temperatae dulce Formiae litus,

Mart. 10, 30, 1:

mitis ac temperatus annus,

Col. 3, 20, 1; cf. in sup.:

temperatissimum anni tempus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 14.—

Trop., of moral character, of speech, etc., moderate, sober, calm, steady, temperate:

est autem ita temperatis moderatisque moribus, ut summa severitas summā cum humanitate jungatur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 27:

justi, temperati, sapientes,

id. N. D. 3, 36, 87: in victoriā tem, peratior, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 1:

mens in bonis Ab insolenti temperata Laetitiā,

Hor. C. 2, 3, 3:

vim temperatam di provehunt In majus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 66:

animum temperatum virtutibus fuisse,

Liv. 1, 18, 4:

hoc multo fortius est... illud temperatius,

Sen. Ep. 18, 3:

aequabile et temperatum orationis genus,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 3:

oratio modica ac temperata,

id. Or. 27, 95.— Comp.:

temperatior oratio,

Cic. de Or. 2, 53, 212.— Sup.:

temperatissimi sanctissimique viri monumentum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 83. — Adv.: tempĕrātē, in due proportion, with moderation, moderately, temperately.

Lit.:

tepebit,

Cato, R. R. 69, 2:

arbores umoris temperate, parum terreni habentes,

Vitr. 2, 9 med. —

Trop.:

agere,

Cic. Att. 12, 32, 1:

temperatius scribere,

id. ib. 13, 1, 1:

temperatissime et castissime vivere,

Aug. Mus. 6, 15.

* * *

concentus, ūs, m. [concino], sounds blending harmoniously together, symphony, harmony, harmonious music (class.).

Prop.

In gen.:

ille sonus...qui acuta cum gravibus temperans varios aequabiliter concentus efficit,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18:

concentum servare,

id. Fin. 4, 27, 75:

vocis lyraeque,

Ov. M. 11, 11:

avium,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21; Verg. G. 1, 422 (quoted in Quint. 5, 9, 16); cf.:

et tepidum volucres concentibus aëra mulcent,

Ov. F. 1, 155:

tubarum ac cornuum,

Liv. 9, 41, 17; Quint. 1, 10, 14; cf.

signorum,

id. 9, 4, 11 (al. congestu, id. 10, 7, 16;

v. Spald., Wolf, and Zumpt, dub.): rauci,

Stat. Th. 6, 227.—

Meton., of a choir singing in harmony, Cic. de Or. 3, 80, 196.—

In partic., a concordant acclamation of people in a theatre, Plin. Pan. 2, 6; 46, 2.—

Trop., concord, agreement, harmony, unanimity (also class.): quā ex conjunctione naturae et quasi concentu atque consensu, quam sumpatheian Graeci vocant, etc., Cic. Div. 2, 14, 34; cf.

actionum,

id. Off. 1, 40, 145; and:

omnium doctrinarum,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 21:

virtutis,

Tac. G. 3:

omnium laudum,

Plin. Pan. 4, 6: nunc age, quid nostrum concentnm dividat audi, * Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 31.—Of the harmony of colors, Plin. 37, 6, 24, § 91; and of the blending of sweet odors, Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 86 (Sillig, conceptum).

con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, 2, v. a. and n. [teneo].

Act., to hold or keep together.

In gen. (rare).

Lit. (syn.:

coërceo, conjungo): contine quaeso caput,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 26:

quod omnem continet amplexu terram,

Lucr. 5, 319; cf.:

mundus omnia conplexu suo coërcet et continet,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 58:

vitem levi nodo,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 187:

magni refert primordia saepe cum quibus... contineantur,

Lucr. 1, 818; 1, 908; 2, 761;

2, 1008: pars oppidi, mari dijuncta angusto, ponte adjungitur et continetur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 52, § 117.—

Of places, to bound, limit, enclose (very rare in act.):

reliquum spatium mons continet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

Oceanus ponto qua continet orbem,

Tib. 4, 1, 147; but more freq. in pass., to be comprised, enclosed, surrounded, encompassed, environed by:

qui vicus altissimis montibus undique continetur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1; so,

undique loci naturā Helvetii,

id. ib. 1, 2:

mare montibus angustis,

id. ib. 4, 23:

una pars Galliae Garumnā flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum,

id. ib. 1, 1.—

Trop.:

omnes artes quasi cognatione quādam inter se continentur,

hang together, Cic. Arch. 1, 2.—Far more freq. in all periods and species of composition.,

With partic. access. ideas.

With the access. idea of firmness, quiet, permanence, etc., to hold or keep together, to keep, hold fast, preserve, retain (syn. servo).

Lit.:

(alvus) arcet et continet... quod recepit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

merces (opp. partiri),

id. Vatin. 5, 12; cf.

exercitum (opp. dividere),

Liv. 28, 2, 16:

arida continent odorem diutius,

Plin. 21, 7, 18, § 39.—

Trop.:

nec ulla res vehementius rem publicam continet quam fides,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84:

Remos reliquosque Belgas in officio,

Caes. B. G. 3, 11:

in officio Dumnorigem,

id. ib. 5, 7:

te in exercitatione,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19 fin.:

te in tuis perenuibus studiis,

id. Brut. 97, 332:

ceteros in armis (plaga),

Liv. 9, 41, 15:

alicujus hospitio,

Nep. Lys. 1, 5.—

With the access. idea of hindering, preventing motion, to keep, keep still, detain, restrain, repress, enclose.

Lit.: milites [p. 449] sub pellibus, Caes. B. G. 3, 29; cf.:

pecudem sub tecto,

Col. 7, 10, 3:

exercitum castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 2, 11; Liv. 31, 26, 6; 28, 9, 14 al.; cf.:

nostros in castris (tempestates),

Caes. B. G. 4, 34; 6, 36; and:

copias in castris,

id. B. C. 1, 66; 3, 30; Auct. B. Afr. 1; 7; Liv. 36, 17, 9:

Pompeium quam angustissime,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

aliquem limine,

Liv. 34, 1, 5:

ora frenis,

Phaedr. 3, 6, 7:

ventos carcere,

Ov. M. 11, 432:

animam in dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261 et saep.:

se ruri,

to stay, remain, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 17; cf.:

se domi,

Suet. Caes. 81:

suo se loco,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34:

oppido sese,

id. ib. 2, 30:

castris se continere,

id. B. C. 3, 37:

se vallo,

id. B. G. 5, 44:

se finibus Romanis,

Liv. 39, 17, 4; 34, 58, 3:

moenibus sese,

id. 42, 7, 4:

agrorum suorum terminis se,

id. 38, 40, 2:

se moenibus,

Ov. M. 13, 208:

sese intra silvas,

Caes. B. G. 2, 18:

suos intra munitionem,

id. ib. 5, 57;

5, 58: milites intra castrorum vallum,

id. B. C. 3, 76; Liv. 31, 34, 9;

Auct. B. Afr. 24: intra castra militem,

Tac. H. 4, 19:

praesidibus provinciarum propagavit imperium, ut a peritis et assuetis socii continerentur,

Suet. Aug. 23 et saep.:

an te auspicium commoratum est? an tempestas continet?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 67.—

Trop., to hold back, detain, repress, hold in check, curb, check, stay, stop, tame, subdue, etc. (syn. cohibeo):

adpetitiones animi,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 9, 22:

omnis cupiditates,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 32:

modeste insolentiam suam,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 18:

risum,

id. Fin. 4, 25, 71 et saep.:

formido mortales omnes,

Lucr. 1, 151:

Etruriam non tam armis quam judiciorum terrore,

Liv. 29, 36, 10:

oppida magis metu quam fide,

id. 30, 20, 5; cf.:

quosdam continet metus,

Quint. 1, 3, 6:

solo metu,

id. 12, 7, 2 et saep.:

animum a consuetā libidine,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

temeritatem ab omni lapsu (with cohibere),

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 45:

suos a proelio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

manum juventus Metu deorum,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 37 al.:

se ab adsentiendo,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 104; so,

se ab exemplis,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 62:

temperans, qui se in aliquā libidine continuerit,

id. Par. 3, 1, 21:

se male continet amens,

Ov. M. 4, 351:

male me, quin vera faterer, Continui,

id. ib. 7, 729:

nequeo continere quin loquar,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 28.—

Mid.: contineri, quin complectar, non queo,

restrain myself, refrain, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 128; cf.:

vix me contineo, quin, etc.,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 20:

jam nequeo contineri,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 60; cf.:

vix contineor,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 9:

quae vera audivi, taceo et contineo optime,

keep it to myself, conceal it, id. Eun. 1, 2, 23:

ea quae continet, neque adhuc protulit, explicet nobis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 206:

dicta,

id. ib. 2, 55, 222.—

With the access. idea of containing, to comprise, contain, involve, comprehend something in itself (syn. complector):

(aqua gelum) quod continet in se, mittit,

Lucr. 6, 877; cf.:

ut omnia, quae aluntur et crescunt, contineant in se vim caloris,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 23; so,

in se,

Quint. 1, 6, 31; 2, 10, 2:

Quattuor aeternus genitalia corpora mundus Continet,

Ov. M. 15, 240:

rem militarem,

Liv. 5, 52, 16:

panis innumeras paene continet medicinas,

Plin. 22, 25, 68, § 138:

(linea) centum continet (pedes),

Quint. 1, 10, 44:

Idus Martiae magnum mendum continent,

Cic. Att. 14, 22, 2:

paucas species (vox),

Quint. 11, 3, 18:

tales res, quales hic liber continet,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; Plin. Ep. 5, 9, 1:

narrationes, quae summam criminis contineant,

Quint. 4, 2, 10:

fabula stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

liber primus ea continebit, quae, etc., Quint. prooem. § 21: tertia epistula continebat, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 9, 28, 5.—With subj.-clause:

quando ipsos loqui deceat, quartus liber continet,

Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Esp. freq.,

In pass.: contineri aliquā re, to be contained in something, be composed of, consist of or in, to rest upon, to be supported by, etc.:

terreno corpore,

Lucr. 1, 1085:

non venis et nervis et ossibus continentur (dii),

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

artem negabat esse ullam, nisi quae cognitis penitusque perspectis... rebus contineretur,

id. de Or. 1, 20, 92:

forma honestatis, quae tota quattuor his virtutibus... continetur,

id. Fin. 2, 15, 48:

versus paucis (pedibus) continetur,

Quint. 9, 4, 60: quae philosophorum libris continentur, id. prooem. § 11; cf. id. 5, 10, 111 et saep.: artes, quae conjecturā continentur et sunt opinabiles, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

foedere,

Liv. 41, 23, 9:

actu,

Quint. 2, 18, 5; 12, 9, 1; 3, 7, 28.—Rarely with in and abl.:

forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur,

Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2; cf.:

quibus (legibus) in singulis civitatibus res publica continetur,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23.—

Neutr., to hold together in itself, to hang together (in the verb. finit. very rare; but freq. as P. a.; cf. also the deriv. continuus):

per hortum utroque commeatus continet,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 43.—Hence,

contĭnens, entis, P. a.

(Acc. to II.) Holding or hanging together (freq. and class.).

Bordering upon, neighboring, contiguous, lying near, adjacent (syn.: junctus, adjunctus, contiguus); constr. with dat., cum, or absol.

Prop.:

aër mari,

Cic. N. D. 2, 45, 117:

continentia atque adjuncta praedia huic fundo,

id. Caecin. 4, 11:

(mare) dissimile est proximo ei continenti,

id. Ac. 2, 33, 105 al.:

Cappadociae pars ea, quae cum Cilicià continens est,

id. Fam. 15, 2, 2:

(Morini) continentes silvas ac paludes habebant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28; cf. so absol.:

parum locuples continente ripā,

Hor. C. 2, 18, 22; cf.:

pars eorum, qui propiores erant continenti litori,

Liv. 44, 28, 12.— Subst.: contĭnentĭa, ĭum, n. (sc. loca), adjoining places, the neighborhood:

Cherronesum et continentia usque Atho montem,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 215 al.:

urbis,

the suburbs, Dig. 50, 16, 147.—

Trop., in time, following, next:

continentibus diebus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84;

and of other abstract things: motus sensui junctus et continens,

Cic. N. D. 1, 11, 26:

timori perpetuo ipsum malum continens fuit,

followed at its heels, Liv. 5, 39, 8.—

Holding together, cohering in itself, connected, continuous, uninterrupted.

Prop.:

continens agmen migrantium,

Liv. 1, 29, 4:

agmen,

id. 2, 50, 7; 8, 8, 13 al.:

ruinae,

id. 21, 8, 5; terra, the mainland, continent, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 100 P.; Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 274, 6; Nep. Them. 3, 2; and in the same sense far more freq. subst.: contĭnens, entis, f. (rarely masc., Curt. 4, 2, 1 Zumpt, dub.; abl. in e and i equally used;

v. the 4th and 5th books of Caes. B. G.),

Caes. B. G. 4, 27; 4, 28; 4, 31; 4, 36 bis et saep.; Nep. Milt. 7, 3; Liv. 35, 43, 4; Plin. 5, 31, 34, § 128; Suet Aug. 65; id. Tib. 40 et saep.—

Trop., in time, continual, consecutive, uninterrupted:

labor omnium dierum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63; Liv. 42, 54, 3:

bella,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

imperium usque ad nos,

Liv. 7, 30, 8:

imber per noctem totam,

id. 23, 44, 6:

biduo,

Suet. Calig. 19:

febres sine intermissione,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.:

e continenti genere,

in continuous descent, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61:

spiritus,

id. de Or. 3, 57, 216 et saep.: ex continenti (sc. tempore), instantly, immediately, = continuo, statim, Just. 1, 9; so,

in continenti,

Dig. 44, 5, 1.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. b.) That restrains his passions, continent, moderate, temperate, enkratês (rare, but in good prose):

continentior in vitā hominum quam in pecuniā,

Caes. B. C. 1, 23:

cum reges tam sint continentes, multo magis consularis esse oportere,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 1:

puer,

id. Att. 6, 6, 3:

Epaminondas,

Nep. Epam. 3, 2 al. — Sup., Cic. Par. 1, 1, 7; Suet. Aug. 71.—

(Acc. to I. B. 3.) In rhet., subst.: contĭnens, entis, n., that on which something rests or depends, the chief point, hinge:

causae,

Cic. Part. Or. 29, 103; id. Top. 25, 95:

intuendum videtur, quid sit quaestio, ratio, judicatio, continens, vel ut alii vocant, firmamentum,

Quint. 3, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. § 18 sqq.— Adv.: contĭnen-ter.

(Acc. to A. 2.)

In space, in unbroken succession, in a row. continenter sedetis, Cat. 37, 6.—More freq. and class.,

In time, continuously, without interruption:

totā nocte ierunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26:

jam amplius horis sex pugnaretur,

id. ib. 3, 5:

biduum lapidibus pluit,

Liv. 25, 7, 7:

usque ad ipsum negotium,

Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 37:

ferri imagines,

id. N. D. 1, 39, 109.—

(Acc. to B.) Temperately, moderately (rare):

vivere,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 106; in sup.:

vivere,

Aug. Ep. 199; id. Conf. 6, 12.—Hence also,

contentus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 2. b.); medial., satisfying one's self with, contented, satisfied, content (freq. in all periods and species of composition); constr. in gen. with the abl.; more rarely absol.; after the Aug. per. very freq. with the inf.

With abl.: his versibus, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 264, 3:

suis rebus,

Cic. Par. 6, 3, 51:

paucis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 16:

illā (sorte),

id. ib. 1, 1, 3:

viverem uti contentus eo quod mī ipse parasset,

id. ib. 1, 4, 108; cf. Suet. Aug. 82:

solā Dianā,

Verg. A. 11, 582.—

Absol.:

cum ipsum audires sine comparatione, non modo contentus esses, sed melius non quaereres,

Cic. Brut. 35, 134; so comp., Plaut. Poen. 2, 15.—

With inf.:

indagare,

Ov. M. 1, 461:

edidicisse,

id. ib. 2, 638:

retinere titulum provinciae,

Vell. 2, 49:

hostes sustinuisse,

id. 2, 112:

indicare,

Quint. 4, 2, 128:

ostendere,

id. 5, 10, 31:

id consequi, quod imiteris,

id. 10, 2, 7 et saep.— Adv.: contentē (ante-and post-class., and rare), in a restrained manner, closely:

arte contenteque habere aliquem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63:

parce contenteque vivere,

Pacat. Pan. Theod. 13.

frendo and frendeo, frendui, frēsum and fressum (v. infra), 2 and 3, v. n. and a. [cf. Gr. chrem-izô, to neigh, chromê; Germ. greinen, grinsen, Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 72].

Neutr., to gnash the teeth (for syn. cf. fremo):

ego illum male formidabam, ita frendebat dentibus,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 5; id. Truc. 2, 7, 41:

Nemeaeus leo Frendens efflavit graviter extremum halitum, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22: frendens aper,

Ov. A. A. 1, 46:

et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit,

Verg. G. 4, 452:

tumidā frendens Mavortius irā,

Ov. M. 8, 437:

(Hannibal) frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dicitur legatorum verba audisse,

Liv. 30, 20, 1:

frenduerunt super me dentibus suis,

Vulg. Psa. 34, 16.— Poet. transf.:

dolor frendens,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 693.—With acc.: nec, machaera, audes dentes frendere, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 447, 18.—

To crush, bruise, or grind to pieces (as if gnashing the teeth):

porci dicuntur nefrendes ab eo, quod nondum fabam frendere possunt, id est frangere,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 17: saxo fruges frendas, Att. ap. Non. 437, 21 (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 478); Pac. ib. (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 11):

fresi et aqua macerati ervi sextarius,

Col. 6, 3, 4:

fresa cicera,

id. 2, 10, 35:

faba fresa,

id. 2, 11, 7; 6, 3, 5;

for which: faba fressa,

Cels. 5, 18, 21.—

To lament over with rage, gnash the teeth at: frendēre noctes, misera, quas perpessa sum, Pac. ap. Non. 447, 17 (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 10).—With object-clause:

frendente Alexandro, eripi sibi victoriam e manibus,

Curt. 4, 16, 3.

frendo and frendeo, frendui, frēsum and fressum (v. infra), 2 and 3, v. n. and a. [cf. Gr. chrem-izô, to neigh, chromê; Germ. greinen, grinsen, Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 72].

Neutr., to gnash the teeth (for syn. cf. fremo):

ego illum male formidabam, ita frendebat dentibus,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 5; id. Truc. 2, 7, 41:

Nemeaeus leo Frendens efflavit graviter extremum halitum, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 9, 22: frendens aper,

Ov. A. A. 1, 46:

et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit,

Verg. G. 4, 452:

tumidā frendens Mavortius irā,

Ov. M. 8, 437:

(Hannibal) frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans dicitur legatorum verba audisse,

Liv. 30, 20, 1:

frenduerunt super me dentibus suis,

Vulg. Psa. 34, 16.— Poet. transf.:

dolor frendens,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 693.—With acc.: nec, machaera, audes dentes frendere, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 447, 18.—

To crush, bruise, or grind to pieces (as if gnashing the teeth):

porci dicuntur nefrendes ab eo, quod nondum fabam frendere possunt, id est frangere,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 17: saxo fruges frendas, Att. ap. Non. 437, 21 (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 478); Pac. ib. (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 11):

fresi et aqua macerati ervi sextarius,

Col. 6, 3, 4:

fresa cicera,

id. 2, 10, 35:

faba fresa,

id. 2, 11, 7; 6, 3, 5;

for which: faba fressa,

Cels. 5, 18, 21.—

To lament over with rage, gnash the teeth at: frendēre noctes, misera, quas perpessa sum, Pac. ap. Non. 447, 17 (Rib. Fragm. Trag. v. 10).—With object-clause:

frendente Alexandro, eripi sibi victoriam e manibus,

Curt. 4, 16, 3.

frūgālĭtas, tātis, f. [frugalis, II.], economy, temperance, thriftiness, frugality; and in gen., worth, virtue (the Gr. sôphrosunê; class.).

Prop.:

omnes in illo sunt rege virtutes, sed praecipue singularis et admiranda frugalitas... ego frugalitatem, id est modestiam et temperantiam, virtutem maximam judico,

Cic. Deiot. 9, 26: vitae genus cum luxu aut cum frugalitate, Cels. praef. med.; cf.:

ex contrariis: frugalitas bonum, luxuria enim malum,

Quint. 5, 10, 73:

quod cessat ex reditu, frugalitate suppletur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 4, 3:

bona valetudo, quaeque eam maxime praestat frugalitas,

Quint. 10, 3, 26; 11, 3, 19; 12, 1, 8; Petr. 115:

frugalitas autem paupertas voluntaria est,

Sen. Ep. 17, 5:

luxurioso frugalitas poena est,

id. ib. 71, 23; id. Tranq. An. 1, 9.—Of speech:

quadam eloquentiae frugalitate contentos,

measure, Quint. 12, 10, 21.—

Transf., in concr. for fruges, fruits of the earth, App. M. 9, p. 233, 29.—

In a gen. sense, worth, virtue: temperans, quem Graeci sôphrona appellant, eamque virtutem sôphrosunên vocant, quam soleo equidem tum temperantiam, tum moderationem appellare, nonnumquam etiam modestiam:

sed haud scio an recte ea virtus frugalitas appellari possit, etc.... reliquas etiam virtutes frugalitas continet, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 16 sq.; cf. id. ib. 4, 16, 36; Quint. 1, 6, 17; 29.

grăvis, e, adj. [Sanscr. gurus (root gar-); Gr. barus, heavy; gravis, for gar-uis; cf. also Brutus]. With respect to weight, heavy, weighty, ponderous, burdensome; or pass., loaded, laden, burdened (opp. levis, light; in most of its significations corresp. to the Gr. barus; cf. onerosus, onerarius).

Lit. Absol. or with abl.

In gen.: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll.; so,

tellus,

Ov. M. 7, 355:

corpora,

Lucr. 2, 225 sq.; cf. id. 5, 450 sq.:

limus,

id. 5, 496:

in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

navigia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8, 4; cf.:

tot ora navium gravi Rostrata duci pondere,

Hor. Epod. 4, 17:

cum gravius dorso (aselli) subiit onus,

id. S. 1, 9, 21:

sarcina,

id. Ep. 1, 13, 6: inflexi grave robur aratri, Verg. G. 1, 162:

cujus (tibicinae) Ad strepitum salias terrae gravis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26: terra, burdened (by the heavy body), Ov. M. 12, 118:

naves hostilibus spoliis graves,

heavily laden, Liv. 29, 35, 5; cf.:

agmen grave praedā,

id. 21, 5, 8;

for which also simply: grave agmen,

id. 31, 39, 2:

miles,

heavy-armed, Tac. A. 12, 35:

gravis aere dextra,

Verg. E. 1, 36:

cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo,

i. e. filled, full, id. A. 6, 516 (an imitation of Maximo saltu superavit Gravidus armatis equus, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; v. gravidus, II. b):

graves imbre nubes,

Liv. 28, 15, 11:

graves fructu vites,

Quint. 8, 3, 8:

gravis vinculis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 10.—

In partic.

With respect to value or number, heavy, great. So, aes grave, heavy money, money of the oldest standard, in which an as weighed a full pound: grave aes dictum a pondere, quia deni asses, singuli pondo libras, efficiebant denarium, etc., Paul. ex Fest. p. 98 Müll.:

et quia nondum argentum signatum erat, aes grave plaustris quidam (ex patribus) ad aerarium convehentes, etc.,

Liv. 4, 60, 6; 10, 46, 5; 22, 33, 2 et saep.:

populus Romanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est: librales appendebantur asses. Quare aeris gravis poena dicta,

Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42: argentum, i. e. uncoined = rude:

placet argentum grave rustici patris sine ullo opere et nomine artificis,

Sen. Tranq. 1, 4:

notavit aliquos, quod pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati graviore fenore collocassent,

at a higher rate, Suet. Aug. 39; cf.:

in graviore annona,

id. ib. 25: grave pretium, a high price, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 314, 25.—With respect to number: graves pavonum greges, great or numerous flocks, Varr. ap. Non. 314, 31. —

For the usual gravidus, with young, pregnant ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

regina sacerdos Marte gravis,

Verg. A. 1, 274; cf.

uterus (shortly after: gravidus tumet venter),

Ov. M. 10, 495:

balaenae utero graves (shortly before, gravidae),

Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—

Transf.

Of hearing or sound, deep, grave, low, bass (opp. acutus, treble):

vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. id. ib. 3, 57, 216:

qui (sonus) acuta cum gravibus temperans, varios aequabiliter concentus efficit,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 17; 42: sonus, 2, 8, 15; 5, 10, 125; 11, 3, 41; Ov. M. 12, 203:

tenor,

Quint. 1, 5, 26:

syllaba,

i. e. unaccented, id. 1, 5, 22 sq.; 12, 10, 33.—

Of smell or flavor, strong, unpleasant, offensive:

an gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis,

rank, Hor. Epod. 12, 5:

chelydri,

Verg. G. 3, 415:

ellebori,

id. ib. 3, 451:

odor calthae,

strong, Plin. 21, 6, 15, § 28; cf.:

herba odore suaviter gravi,

id. 25, 9, 70, § 118; cf.

117: habrotonum odore jucunde gravi floret,

id. 21, 10, 34, § 60: absynthium ut bibam gravem, i. e. bitter, Varr. ap. Non. 19, 27, and 314, 14.—

Of the state of the body or health, gross, indigestible, unwholesome, noxious, severe; sick:

(Cleanthes) negat ullum esse cibum tam gravem, quin is die et nocte concoquatur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 24; so,

genera cibi graviora,

Cels. 2, 18:

gravissima bubula (caro),

id. ib.:

pisces gravissimi,

id. ib.:

neque ex salubri loco in gravem, neque ex gravi in salubrem transitus satis tutus est,

id. 1, 3; cf.:

solum caelumque juxta grave,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra,

Verg. E. 10, 75:

anni tempore gravissimo et caloribus maximis,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16, 1; cf.:

gravis auctumnus in Apulia circumque Brundisium ex saluberrimis Galliae et Hispaniae regionibus, omnem exercitum valetudine tentaverat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 2 fin.:

grave tempus et forte annus pestilens erat urbi agrisque,

Liv. 3, 6, 1; cf. also id. 3, 8, 1:

aestas,

Verg. G. 2, 377:

morbo gravis,

sick, id. ib. 3, 95; cf.:

gravis vulnere,

Liv. 21, 48, 4:

aetate et viribus gravior,

id. 2, 19, 6:

gravior de vulnere,

Val. Fl. 6, 65:

non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas,

sick, feeble, Verg. E. 1, 50; so absol.:

aut abit in somnum gravis,

heavy, languid, Lucr. 3, 1066.

Trop.

In a bad sense, heavy, burdensome, oppressive, troublesome, grievous, painful, hard, harsh, severe, disagreeable, unpleasant (syn.: molestus, difficilis, arduus): qui labores morte finisset graves, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 115:

quod numquam tibi senectutem gravem esse senserim... quibus nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis aetas gravis est,

Cic. de Sen. 2, 4; cf.:

onus officii,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 112; id. Rep. 1, 23:

et facilior et minus aliis gravis aut molesta vita est otiosorum,

id. Off. 1, 21, 70; id. Rep. 1, 4:

miserior graviorque fortuna,

Caes. B. G. 1, 32, 4:

haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo illa gravius aestimare debere, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 14 fin.:

velim si tibi grave non erit, me certiorem facias,

Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2:

grave est homini pudenti petere aliquid magnum,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 4:

est in populum Romanum grave, non posse, etc.,

id. Balb. 7, 24:

verbum gravius,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret... quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20, 1 and 4:

gravissimum supplicium,

id. ib. 1, 31, 15:

habemus senatusconsultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

edictum,

Liv. 29, 21, 5:

gravioribus bellis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 40:

gravis esse alicui,

id. Fam. 13, 76, 2; cf.:

adversarius imperii,

id. Off. 3, 22, 86:

gravior hostis,

Liv. 10, 18, 6:

senes ad ludum adolescentium descendant, ne sint iis odiosi et graves,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43:

gravis popularibus esse coepit,

Liv. 44, 30, 5.—Prov.:

gravis malae conscientiae lux est,

Sen. Ep. 122.—

In a good sense, weighty, important, grave; with respect to character, of weight or authority, eminent, venerable, great:

numquam erit alienis gravis, qui suis se concinnat levem,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 58:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducetur?

Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 6:

ea (honestas) certe omni pondere gravior habenda est quam reliqua omnia,

id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. Deiot. 2, 5:

cum gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus,

id. ib. 1, 29, 103:

auctoritas clarissimi viri et in rei publicae maximis gravissimisque causis cogniti,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf. causa, Lucil. ap. Non. 315, 31; Quint. 1, 2, 3; Caes. B. C. 1, 44, 4:

gravius erit tuum unum verbum ad eam rem, quam centum mea,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 107:

ut potentia senatus atque auctoritas minueretur: quae tamen gravis et magna remanebat,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

sententiis non tam gravibus et severis quam concinnis et venustis,

id. Brut. 95, 325:

gravior oratio,

id. de Or. 2, 56, 227:

nihil sibi gravius esse faciendum, quam ut, etc.,

id. Clu. 6, 16:

inceptis gravibus et magna professis,

Hor. A. P. 14:

exemplum grave praebet ales, etc.,

id. C. 4, 11, 26:

non tulit ullos haec civitas aut gloria clariores, aut auctoritate graviores, aut humanitate politiores,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154:

et esse et videri omnium gravissimus et severissimus,

id. ib. 2, 56, 228:

homo prudens et gravis,

id. ib. 1, 9, 38:

neque oratio abhorrens a persona hominis gravissimi,

id. Rep. 1, 15 fin.:

auctor,

id. Pis. 6, 14:

testis,

id. Fam. 2, 2:

non idem apud graves viros, quod leviores (decet),

Quint. 11, 1, 45:

vir bonus et gravis,

id. 11, 3, 184:

gravissimi sapientiae magistri,

id. 12, 1, 36:

tum pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem Conspexere,

Verg. A. 1, 151:

gravissima civitas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3:

gravem atque opulentam civitatem vineis et pluteis cepit,

an important city, Liv. 34, 17, 12.— Hence, adv.: grăvĭter.

Weightily, heavily, ponderously (very rare):

aëra per purum graviter simulacra feruntur,

Lucr. 4, 302; cf.:

graviter cadere,

id. 1, 741; Ov. P. 1, 7, 49.—

Transf.

Of tones, deeply:

natura fert, ut extrema ex altera parte graviter, ex altera autem acute sonent,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18; Lucr. 4, 543.—Far more freq.,

Vehemently, strongly, violently:

graviter crepuerunt fores,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 52; so,

spirantibus flabris,

Lucr. 6, 428; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 2:

pertentat tremor terras,

Lucr. 6, 287:

ferire aliquem,

Verg. A. 12, 295:

conquassari omnia,

Lucr. 5, 105; cf.:

quae gravissime afflictae erant naves,

Caes. B. G. 4, 31, 2.—

Trop.

Vehemently, violently, deeply, severely; harshly, unpleasantly, disagreeably:

graviter aegrotare,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 32:

se habere,

id. Att. 7, 2, 3:

neque is sum, qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear,

Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 2:

gravissime dolere,

id. ib. 5, 54 fin.:

quem ego amarem graviter,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.: placere occoepit graviter, postquam est mortua, [p. 829] Caecil. ap. Non. 314, 19:

tibi edepol iratus sum graviter,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 2:

cives gravissime dissentientes,

Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27:

si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17:

graviter angi,

id. Lael. 3, 10:

tulit hoc commune dedecus jam familiae graviter filius,

with chagrin, vexation, id. Clu. 6, 16; cf.:

graviter et acerbe aliquid ferre,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152:

graviter accipere aliquid,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 211; Tac. A. 13, 36; cf.:

adolescentulus saepe eadem et graviter audiendo victus est,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 62:

nolo in illum gravius dicere,

more harshly, id. Ad. 1, 2, 60; cf.:

de amplissimis viris gravissime acerbissimeque decernitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 4; id. B. G. 3, 16, 4; cf.

also: severe et graviter et prisce agere,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33:

ut non gravius accepturi viderentur, si nuntiarentur omnibus eo loco mortem oppetendam esse,

more sorrowfully, Liv. 9, 4, 6.—

In an impressive or dignified manner, impressively, gravely, seriously, with propriety or dignity:

his de rebus tantis tamque atrocibus neque satis me commode dicere neque satis graviter conqueri neque satis libere vociferari posse intelligo. Nam commoditati ingenium, gravitati aetas, libertati tempora sunt impedimento,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 9:

(Scipio) utrumque egit graviter,

with dignity, id. Lael. 21, 77:

res gestas narrare graviter,

id. Or. 9, 30; cf.:

locum graviter et copiose tractare,

id. Fin. 4, 2, 5.

in-tempĕrans, antis, adj., intemper, ate, immoderate.

Lit.:

intemperans atque immoderata permixtio,

App. Dogm. Plat. 1, p. 11.— Comp., Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6, 3.—

Trop.

That cannot govern himself, without moderation, extravagant, immoderate, intemperate:

intemperantis esse arbitror scribere, quod occultari velit,

Cic. Ac. 1, 1:

fui paulo intemperantior fortasse, quam debui,

i. e. I ought to have exhibited more moderation, id. Vatin. 1:

intemperans sum in ejus rei cupiditate,

id. Att. 13, 26:

intemperans militaris in forti viro gloria,

id. Tusc. 2, 17:

in augendo eo non alius intemperantior est,

Liv. 36, 38:

avidi atque intemperantes animi,

id. 24, 25:

in voluptates,

Sen. Ira, 1, 3:

ad vescendum,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 6.—

Incontinent, profligate, debauched:

inter impudicas mulieres, et intemperantes viros versari,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 68, § 160:

libidinosa et intemperans adulescentia,

id. de Sen. 9, 29:

impurissima atque intemperantissima pecus,

id. Pis. 29.— Adv.: intempĕranter, immoderately, extravagantly, intemperately:

nimis iracunde hoc quidem, et valde intemperanter,

Cic. Phil. 1, 5: intemperanter abuti et otio et litteris, [p. 975] id. Tusc. 1, 3:

lacerare aliquem,

Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

ne intemperantius opibus suis utatur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 18:

insequi,

Liv. 31, 37:

amare,

Plin. Pan. 68: adesse adversus aliquem. Suet. Claud. 38.— Sup.:

intemperantissime gloriari,

App. Mag. p. 321, 33.

in-tempĕrans, antis, adj., intemper, ate, immoderate.

Lit.:

intemperans atque immoderata permixtio,

App. Dogm. Plat. 1, p. 11.— Comp., Sen. Cons. ad Helv. 6, 3.—

Trop.

That cannot govern himself, without moderation, extravagant, immoderate, intemperate:

intemperantis esse arbitror scribere, quod occultari velit,

Cic. Ac. 1, 1:

fui paulo intemperantior fortasse, quam debui,

i. e. I ought to have exhibited more moderation, id. Vatin. 1:

intemperans sum in ejus rei cupiditate,

id. Att. 13, 26:

intemperans militaris in forti viro gloria,

id. Tusc. 2, 17:

in augendo eo non alius intemperantior est,

Liv. 36, 38:

avidi atque intemperantes animi,

id. 24, 25:

in voluptates,

Sen. Ira, 1, 3:

ad vescendum,

Aur. Vict. Epit. 6.—

Incontinent, profligate, debauched:

inter impudicas mulieres, et intemperantes viros versari,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 68, § 160:

libidinosa et intemperans adulescentia,

id. de Sen. 9, 29:

impurissima atque intemperantissima pecus,

id. Pis. 29.— Adv.: intempĕranter, immoderately, extravagantly, intemperately:

nimis iracunde hoc quidem, et valde intemperanter,

Cic. Phil. 1, 5: intemperanter abuti et otio et litteris, [p. 975] id. Tusc. 1, 3:

lacerare aliquem,

Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

ne intemperantius opibus suis utatur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 18:

insequi,

Liv. 31, 37:

amare,

Plin. Pan. 68: adesse adversus aliquem. Suet. Claud. 38.— Sup.:

intemperantissime gloriari,

App. Mag. p. 321, 33.

mŏdĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [modus], to moderate a thing (in verb. fin. only anteand post-class.).

Lit.

With acc.: neque tuum te ingenium moderat, Pac. ap. Non. 471, 7.—

With dat.:

ego voci moderabo meae,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 115.—

Transf., to regulate, Dig. 3, 5, 14:

ita res moderatur, ut, etc.,

ib. 23, 3, 39.—Hence, mŏdĕrātus, a, um, P. a., keeping within due bounds, observing moderation, moderate (Ciceron.).

Of persons:

moderati senes tolerabilem agunt senectutem,

Cic. Sen. 3, 7:

in omnibus vitae partibus moderatus ac temperans,

id. Font. 14, 40:

moderatum esse in re aliquā,

id. Phil. 2, 16, 40; cf.:

Gracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus,

Sall. J. 42, 2.—

Of things, moderated, kept within due measure or bounds, moderate:

convivium moderatum atque honestum,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ventus,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 57:

mores,

Cic. Fam. 12, 27, 1:

otium,

id. Brut. 2, 8:

doctrina,

id. Mur. 29, 60:

oratio,

id. de Or. 2, 8, 34.— Comp.: quando annona moderatior? Vell. 2, 126, 3. — Sup.: moderatissimus sensus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 5.—Hence, adv.: mŏdĕ-rātē, with moderation, moderately (Ciceron.):

moderate dictum,

Cic. Font. 10, 31:

omnia humana placate et moderate feramus,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 4:

moderate et clementer jus dicere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 20.— Comp.:

moderatius id volunt fieri,

Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 2. — Sup.:

res moderatissime constituta,

Cic. Leg. 3, 5, 12.