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1 study objective
Клинические исследования: цель клинического исследования -
2 objective
əbˈdʒektɪv
1. сущ.
1) цель;
стремление (тж. objective point) ;
воен. объект( наступления) economic objective ≈ экономическая задача long-range objective ≈ долгосрочная цель military objective ≈ военная цель to attain an objective, gain an objective, win an objective ≈ достичь цели Syn: goal, purpose, aspiration, striving
2) грам. объектный падеж, косвенный падеж (тж. objective case)
3) оптика объектив (тж. objective glass)
2. прил.
1) а) объективный, реальный (существующий независимо от нашего сознания) objective reality ≈ объективная действительность objective data ≈ объективные данные Dragons have no objective existence. ≈ Драконы не существуют в действительности. б) предметный;
вещественный Syn: corporeal, real в) мед. объективный (о симптомах)
2) филос. объективный;
действительный, реальный
3) беспристрастный, непредвзятый, объективный an objective study ≈ объективное исследование an objective history of the war ≈ объективная история войны an objective judgment ≈ беспристрастное суждение Syn: disinterested, impartial, unprejudiced
4) целевой, относящийся к цели objective point ≈ конечная цель;
воен. цель движения, объект действий
5) грам. относящийся к дополнению - objective case цель, задача;
стремление - * of a military mission цель боевого задания - I don't see his * я не понимаю, к чему он стремится (военное) объект (наступления) - military *s военные объекты (грамматика) объектный или косвенный падеж( оптика) объектив объективный, действительный;
материальный - * fact объективный факт - * evidence объективные данные;
(юридическое) показания - to render smth. * доказать что-л. непредубежденный, беспристрастный, объективный - * opinion объективное мнение( военное) относящийся к цели вещественный предметный - * world вещественный мир объективный - * plane объективный план - * point точка в перспективе на плоскости (медицина) объективный - * symptom обхективный симптом (грамматика) относящийся к дополнению - * case объективный или косвенный падеж (философское) объективный, реально существующий, действительный;
материальный - * reality объективная реальность charter ~ цель чартера compatibility ~ вчт. требование по совместимости conflicting ~s вчт. противоречивые требования design ~s цели проектирования function ~ вчт. функциональное требование monetary policy ~ цель денежно-кредитной политики multipie set of ~s множественная система целей objective действительный ~ вчт. задание ~ задача ~ (воен.) объект (наступления) ~ воен. объект (наступления) ~ опт. объектив ~ филос. объективный;
реальный, действительный;
objective method индуктивный метод ~ объективный, беспристрастный ~ объективный, беспристрастный ~ объективный ~ грам. объектный или косвенный падеж ~ грам. относящийся к дополнению;
objective case объектный (или косвенный) падеж ~ предметный;
вещественный;
objective table предметный столик( микроскопа) ~ стремление ~ целевой ~ целевой;
objective point воен. цель движения, объект действий;
перен. конечная цель ~ вчт. цель ~ цель ~ цель;
стремление ~ грам. относящийся к дополнению;
objective case объектный (или косвенный) падеж ~ филос. объективный;
реальный, действительный;
objective method индуктивный метод ~ целевой;
objective point воен. цель движения, объект действий;
перен. конечная цель ~ предметный;
вещественный;
objective table предметный столик( микроскопа) performance ~ вчт. требуемые рабочие характеристики performance ~ цели профобучения с точки зрения результатов quality ~ заданный уровень качества sales ~ цель продажи statutory ~ установленное законом уведомление наследниковБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > objective
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3 objective
[əb'ʤektɪv], [ɔb-] 1. сущ.1)а) = objective point цель; стремлениеto attain / gain / win an objective — достичь цели
Syn:б) воен. объект ( наступления)2) лингв.; = objective case объектный падеж, косвенный падеж3) физ.; = objective glass объектив2. прил.1) беспристрастный, непредвзятый, объективныйSyn:2)а) объективный, реальныйDragons have no objective existence. — Драконы не существуют в действительности.
б) филос. объективный; действительный, реально существующийSyn:real I 1.в) мед. объективный ( о симптомах)objective point — конечная цель; воен. цель движения, объект действий
4) лингв. относящийся к дополнению -
4 objective
1. сущ.1)а) общ. цель, стремлениеб) общ. задача, задание (одна из ближайших целей, обычно имеющая конкретную количественную формулировку, в отличие от миссии или стратегической цели компании; напр., задача компании — поддержание рентабельности на определенном уровне)Can the sales force meet its financial objectives? — Может ли торговый персонал выполнить стоящие перед ним финансовые задачи?
Syn:See:2) общ. цель, объект ( наступления)3) тех. объективSyn:2. прил.1) общ. беспристрастный, непредвзятый, объективный2)а) общ. объективный, реальныйб) общ. объективный (существующий независимо от сознания, от восприятия человека)
* * *
1) цель, задача, стремление, объект наступления; 2) объективный, действительный. -
5 study
разработка (напр. штабная, исследовательская) ; доклад по отдельному вопросу; исследование; учебаArmy Air Defense C2 study — разработка по вопросам оперативного управления силами и средствами ПВО СВ
— vulnerability staff study -
6 Objective of a Study
Задача, которую призвано решить данное исследование. Исследование может иметь основную и дополнительные цели. Следует однако стремиться к тому, чтобы исследование имело только одну цель. Для всех дополнительных целей лучше провести отдельные исследования.English-Russian dictionary of terms used in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products > Objective of a Study
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7 objective study
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > objective study
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8 amphibious objective study
AOS, amphibious objective studyEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > amphibious objective study
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9 amphibious objective study
Военный термин: разработка морской десантной операцииУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > amphibious objective study
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10 amphibious objective study
English-Russian military dictionary > amphibious objective study
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11 objetivo
objetivo 1
◊ -va adjetivoobjective
objetivo 2 sustantivo masculino 1 ( finalidad) objective, aim; (Mil) objective 2 (Fot, Ópt) lens
objetivo,-a
I adjetivo objective
II sustantivo masculino
1 (finalidad) objective, aim: su objetivo es disuadir a los vendedores, her aim is to put the sellers off
2 (de un misil, disparo) target: 007 es nuestro objetivo, 007 is our target
3 Cine Fot lens ' objetivo' also found in these entries: Spanish: angular - consecución - ideal - meta - objetiva - orientarse - pasearse - perseguir - pretensión - alcanzar - conseguir - cumplir - fin - final - inaccesible - lo - lograr - logro - mira - patente - plazo - por - primario - primero - primordial English: accomplish - accomplishment - achievement - aim - attain - barrage - calculate - detached - end - exercise - gain - goal - lens - main - object - objective - set - short - study - target - target audience - target market - ultimate - unemotional - wide-angle - dispassionate - out - unbiased -
12 Mind
It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)[Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive AnalysesRecent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind
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13 объект
муж.
1) object
2) (предприятие, учреждение) establishment, works;
unit;
installation
3) воен. objective -
14 law
nзакон, право; законодательство, правовая нормаto abolish / to abrogate a law — отменять закон
to administer law — отправлять / осуществлять правосудие
to adopt a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to alter / to amend a law — вносить поправки в закон
to be above the law — быть неподсудным / выше закона / над законом
to be at law with smb — судиться с кем-л.
to be exempt from the law — быть неподсудным / неподвластным закону
to break a law — нарушать / преступать закон
to contravene a law — нарушать закон; противоречить закону
to defy law — не подчиняться закону, игнорировать закон
to draw up a law — разрабатывать закон / законопроект
to enact legislation into law — принимать законопроект, придавать законопроекту силу закона
to enforce law — обеспечивать выполнение закона, следить за соблюдением закона
to flout law — попирать / не выполнять закон
to go beyond the law — совершать противозаконный поступок; обходить закон
to honor the law — уважать / соблюдать закон
to implement a law — выполнять закон; вводить закон в действие
to infringe law — нарушать / преступать закон
to institute / to introduce law — вводить закон
to keep in with the law — подчиняться закону, не нарушать закон
to keep within the law — держаться в рамках / придерживаться закона
to lay down the law — распоряжаться, командовать
to make a law — издавать закон; составлять закон
to override law — не признавать закон, не считаться с законом
to pass a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to practice law — заниматься адвокатурой / юриспруденцией
to put a law into effect / operation — вводить закон в действие
to take the law in(to) one's own hands — устраивать самосуд
to take the law of smb — привлекать кого-л. к суду
- abuse of the lawto violate a law — нарушать / преступать / попирать закон
- according to the law
- active law
- administration of laws
- administrative law
- air law
- ambassadorial law
- amnesty law
- antilabor law
- antipollution law
- antismoking law
- antiterrorist law
- antitrust laws - basic law
- binding in law
- breach of law
- breakdown of law and order
- business law
- by law
- campaign-financing laws
- canon law
- case law
- changes to the electoral law
- child-labor laws
- civil law
- clemency law
- club law - common law
- company law
- compliance with law
- conflict of interest law
- conflict with the law
- conscription law
- constitutional law
- consular law
- contrary to law
- contrary to military law
- controversial law
- conventional international law
- cosmic law
- court of law
- criminal law
- crown law
- customary law
- definite law
- development of international law
- discriminatory law
- disdain for the law
- disregard of the law
- doctor of law
- domestic law
- draft law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- economic laws of the development of society
- election law
- electoral law
- emergency law
- enforcement of a law
- existent laws
- existing laws
- export control law
- extension of martial law
- extradition law
- family law
- federal laws - fundamental law
- general international law
- general law
- gun control law
- gun law prevails
- gun law
- humanitarian law
- immigration laws
- in British law
- in conformity with the law
- in law
- in the eyes of the law
- individual labor law
- infringement of the laws
- institutions of international law
- internal law
- internal security laws
- international administrative law
- international humanitarian law
- international law
- international monetary law
- international private law
- international public law
- international trade law
- international treaty law
- interstate commerce laws
- inviolable law
- irreversible law
- Islamic holy laws
- Jim Crow law
- judicial law
- jungle law
- labor laws
- land law
- language law - law goes through
- law is in force
- law is invalid
- law is subject to yearly review
- law is the law
- law merchant
- law must be upheld
- law of actions
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflicts
- law of contracts
- law of criminal procedure
- law of international trade
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of property
- law of state responsibility
- law of succession
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of treaties
- law of value
- law on leasing
- law on religion
- law on smth
- law provides for
- law should follow its normal course
- laws and customs
- laws and regulations
- laws are being ignored
- laws governing social development
- laws governing the economy
- laws in force
- laws of historical development of society
- laws of honor
- laws restraining the press
- local law
- loop-hole in the law
- Lynch law
- maritime law
- maritime safety law
- martial law is in force
- martial law
- military law
- minions of law
- municipal law
- national law
- natural law
- nature laws
- no-knock search law
- object of international law
- objective economic laws
- objective laws
- observance of the laws
- offence of law
- outer space law
- passage of the law
- penal law
- political law
- power to execute laws
- press law
- principles of law
- private international law
- private law
- property law
- provision in the law
- public international law
- public law
- race law
- racist law - retreat of the law
- right-to-know law
- right-to-work laws
- rules of law
- secession law
- security law
- segregation law
- settled law
- shield laws
- slip law
- source of law
- space law
- state law
- statute law
- strict observance of the law
- subject of international law
- substantive law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- system of law
- the spirit and the letter of the law
- under an amnesty law
- under local law
- under the law
- under the new law
- universal historical laws
- vagrancy law - war-time laws
- within bounds of international law -
15 design
1. n часто умысел2. n рел. божье провидение, божественный промысл3. n цель, намерениеwith design — с намерением, с целью
by design — намеренно; преднамеренно, предумышленно
design objective — цели проектирования; проектные параметры
4. n замысел; план, проект5. n планирование6. n вчт. проектирование; конструирование7. n чертёж, эскиз; конструкция; проект; расчёт8. n рисунок, узорpoor design — плохо выполненный, бедный, бедного рисунка
9. n модель10. n композиция11. n искусство композиции12. n дизайн; внешний вид, исполнение13. n произведение искусства14. v замышлять; намереваться; планировать15. v предназначать16. v составлять план, схему; планировать, проектировать, конструировать17. v вынашивать замысел; задумать18. v чертить; вычерчивать схему19. v заниматься проектированием, проектировать; быть проектировщиком, конструктором20. v исполнять, выполнять21. v книжн. собираться поехатьСинонимический ряд:1. figure (noun) device; figure; motif; motive; pattern; style2. intent (noun) aim; animus; end; goal; intendment; intent; intention; notion; object; objective; point; purpose; reason; target; thought; view3. makeup (noun) architecture; composition; constitution; construction; formation; makeup4. meaning (noun) drift; meaning; purport5. outline (noun) depiction; draft; illustration; ornament; outline; painting; stamp6. plan (noun) arrangement; blueprint; game plan; idea; lay out; layout; map; plan; plot; project; proposal; proposition; schema; scheme; strategy7. contrive (verb) conceive; contrive; fashion; hatch; model; think8. mean (verb) aim; contemplate; intend; mean; project; propose; purpose9. plan (verb) arrange; blueprint; cast; chart; devise; draw; draw up; frame; lay out; map; map out; plan; project; set out10. sketch (verb) delineate; outline; sketchАнтонимический ряд:accident; accomplish; achieve; artlessness; candour; chance; change; conjecture; construction; execute; execution; fairness; fluke; fortuity; guess -
16 TEOC
1) Военный термин: Technical Objective Camera2) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Sakhalin II Project. Phase 2. TEOC for the Integrated Development of Piltun-Astokhskoye and Lunskoye License Areas, TEOC for the Integrated Development of Piltun-Astokhskoye & Lunskoye License Areas, feasibility study of construction, Technical and Economical Justification for Construction (Russian)3) Сахалин Р: Technical and Economic Substantiation of Construction -
17 pursue
pə'sju:1) (to follow especially in order to catch or capture; to chase: They pursued the thief through the town.) perseguir2) (to occupy oneself with (studies, enquiries etc); to continue: He is pursuing his studies at the University.) seguir, dedicarse a•- pursuer- pursuit
pursue vb perseguirtr[pə'sjʊː]2 (seek) buscar; (strive for) esforzarse por conseguir, luchar por3 (carry out - policy) llevar a cabo; (- matter) investigar4 (continue with - studies) seguir, dedicarse a; (- profession, career) ejercer1) chase: perseguir2) seek: buscar, tratar de encontrarto pursue pleasure: buscar el placer3) follow: seguirthe road pursues a northerly course: el camino sigue hacia el norte4) : dedicarse ato pursue a hobby: dedicarse a un pasatiempov.• asenderear v.• correr v.• dedicarse a v.• ejercer v.• perseguir v.• proseguir v.• seguir v.pər'suː, pə'sjuː1)a) ( chase) perseguir*b) (seek, strive for) \<\<pleasure/happiness\>\> buscar*; \<\<hopes/rights\>\> luchar por, reivindicar*2) (carry out, continue with)a) \<\<policy/course of action\>\> continuar* con; \<\<research/study\>\> continuar* con, proseguir* (frml)b) \<\<profession\>\> ejercer*, dedicarse* al ejercicio de[pǝ'sjuː]VT1) (=chase) perseguir, seguirshe was often pursued by fans — a menudo la perseguían or la acosaban sus admiradores
he has been pursued by bad luck all his life — se ha visto perseguido por la mala suerte toda su vida
2) (=engage in) [+ interests, career] dedicarse a; [+ studies, war, talks] proseguir; [+ profession] ejercer, dedicarse a3) (=continue with) [+ course of action] seguir; [+ policy, reform] aplicar4) (=strive for) [+ aim, objective, peace] luchar por; [+ happiness, pleasure] buscar; [+ success, fame] perseguir, buscar; [+ rights] reivindicar* * *[pər'suː, pə'sjuː]1)a) ( chase) perseguir*b) (seek, strive for) \<\<pleasure/happiness\>\> buscar*; \<\<hopes/rights\>\> luchar por, reivindicar*2) (carry out, continue with)a) \<\<policy/course of action\>\> continuar* con; \<\<research/study\>\> continuar* con, proseguir* (frml)b) \<\<profession\>\> ejercer*, dedicarse* al ejercicio de -
18 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
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19 подходить
несовер. - подходить;
совер. - подойти без доп.
1) (к кому-л./чему-л.;
приближаться) approach;
go/come/walk/step up (to) ;
draw near (о времени)
2) (кому-л./чему-л.;
соответствовать) suit (быть к лицу) ;
fit (по размеру) ;
match( под пару) ;
do (for), be right( for)
3) (к кому-л./чему-л.;
с определенной точки зрения) approach ∙ подходить к концу ≈ to come to an end, to be nearing its end, подойти
1. (к дт., приближаться) come* up (to), approach (smb., smth.), он подошёл к девушке he went up to the girl;
поезд подходит к станции the train is approaching a station;
2. (наступать - о событии, времени и т. п.) draw* near, near;
время подошло к полудню it was nearing midday;
работа подходит к концу the work is nearing completion;
3. (к дт., приниматься за что-л., приступать к чему-л.) proceed (to), approach (smth.) ;
подойти к изучению дробей proceed to the study of decimals;
4. (относиться как-либо) approach;
подойти объективно к оценке работы take* an objective attitude/approach in judging the work;
5. (быть годным) suit;
(пo размеру) fit;
эта работа ему не подходит it isn`t the right work for him;
~ к концу be* nearly over, be* nearing its end, come* to аn end.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > подходить
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20 object
̈ɪˈɔbdʒɪkt I сущ.
1) предмет;
вещь material object, physical object ≈ материальное, физическое предмет unidentified flying object ≈ НЛО (неопознанный летающий объект) I see an object in the distance. ≈ Я вижу вдали какой-то предмет.
2) объект (нечто материальное или абстрактное, на которое направлены мысли, чувства, действия) an object for study ≈ объект изучения the object of my affection ≈ объект моего внимания
3) а) цель the object of his visit ≈ цель его визита Their object is to investigate the matter thoroughly. ≈ Их цель - тщательно расследовать это дело. to fail in object ≈ не достичь цели to succeed in object ≈ достичь цели sex object ≈ человек, рассматриваемый исключительно как сексуальный партнер;
объект сексуального вожделения Syn: purpose, end, aim, objective б) причина, основание беспокойства be no object
4) филос. объект (в противоп. субъекту)
5) грам. дополнение direct object ≈ прямое дополнение indirect object ≈ косвенное дополнение
6) разг. в более раннем употреблении - человек, вызывающий жалость, страдалец;
в соврем. употреблении - человек или вещь жалкого, смешного вида, см. guy, fright, sight II гл.
1) возражать, протестовать;
выдвигать возражения to object strenuously, strongly, violently ≈ яростно возражать to object to new taxes ≈ противиться новым налогам No one objected. ≈ Никто не возражал. She objected that the accusation was based on hearsay. ≈ Она выступила против того, что обвинение основывалось на слухах. They objected that the price was too high. ≈ Они протестовали против слишком высоких цен.
2) относиться неодобрительно, неприязненно;
не любить I think I'll have a smoke, if you don't object. ≈ Я бы выкурил сигарету, если вы не против. Syn: disapprove, dislike, to feel disapproval of предмет;
вещь - distant * отдаленный предмет - minute * мелкий предмет - the names of these *s названия этих предметов - *s about us окружающие нас предметы объект, предмет - * of pity объект сострадания - an * of public charity объект благотворности - * of thorough investigation предмет тщательного изучения (конечная) цель;
намерение;
движущий мотив - the * of one's life цель жизни - an * of our visit цель нашего прихода - an * for a walk цель прогулки - with this * in mind преследуя эту цель, с этой целью, имея это в виду - to have no * in life не иметь цели в жизни - to achieve one's * достичь своей цели - what's the * of doing that? зачем это делать? (грамматика) дополнение - direct прямое дополнение (философское) объект (в противоп. субъекту) (разговорное) нелепый человек;
смешная, необычная вещь - a nice * he looked with a black eye! ну и вид же у него был с фонарем под глазом! > no * не имеет значения, не важно > money no * плата по соглашению > buy it for me, money no * купи это для меня, я заплачу любые деньги > distance no * расстояние не имеет значения (в объявлении) возражать, протестовать;
противиться (чему-л.) ;
выдвигать возражение;
выражать неодобрение - I don't * to a cup of coffee я бы не прочь выпить чашечку кофе - you should have *ed in time нужно было высказывать свои возражения вовремя - he *ed in strong language он выразил свой протест в резкой форме - do you * to smoking? вы против курения? - the new plan is much *ed to новый план вызывает немалые возражения - he *ed that... он возразил, что... не любить, не одобрять;
не переносить;
испытывать неприязнь - I * very much to a wet summer я не выношу сырого лета collective ~ коллективная цель corporeal ~ материальная вещь curve ~ вчт. объект типа кривая data ~ вчт. объект данных database ~ вчт. объект базы данных money (time) no ~ оплата (часы работы) по соглашению (в объявлениях) ;
distance no object расстояние не имеет значения (в объявлениях) ~ цель;
to fail (to succeed) in one's object не достичь (достичь) цели functional ~ вчт. функциональный объект geometric ~ вчт. геометрический объект ~ возражать, протестовать (to, against) ;
I object to smoking я возражаю против курения incidental ~ случайная вещь insurance ~ объект страхования insured ~ застрахованный объект intangible ~ неосязаемый предмет investment ~ объект инвестирования leased ~ предмет аренды legal ~ объект права manned flying ~ пилотируемый летательный аппарат money (time) no ~ оплата (часы работы) по соглашению (в объявлениях) ;
distance no object расстояние не имеет значения (в объявлениях) mouse-sensitive ~ вчт. объект чувствительный к перемещению мыши what an ~ you look in that hat! ну и вид же у тебя в этой шляпе!;
no object не имеет значения object вещь ~ разг. человек или вещь необычного (жалкого, смешного и т. п.) вида ~ возражать, протестовать (to, against) ;
I object to smoking я возражаю против курения ~ возражать ~ выражать неодобрение ~ грам. дополнение ~ задача ~ намерение ~ не любить, не переносить ~ филос. объект (в противоп. субъекту) ~ объект (изучения и т. п.) ~ вчт. объект ~ объект ~ предмет;
вещь ~ предмет ~ протестовать ~ цель ~ цель;
to fail (to succeed) in one's object не достичь (достичь) цели ~ of exchange предмет обмена ~ of taxation объект налогообложения pledged ~ заложенная вещь tangible ~ материальный объект what an ~ you look in that hat! ну и вид же у тебя в этой шляпе!;
no object не имеет значения
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